Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

OUTCOMES:

CA:  In the walnut rootstock development effort, several multi-pathogen resistant accessions were identified. One accession was resistant against Pratylenchus vulnus, Meloidogyne incognita, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Phytophthora spp., and grew vigorously under nematode-infested conditions. Several more had three or two positives of these traits.

CA: In orchard trialing of prior selections, at least one rootstock accession performed superior to commercial comparatives in regards to vigor and early yield, and is currently assessed for possible release.

CA: A logistically and potentially economically feasible application method for the allyl iso thiocyanate (AITC) -containing “Dominus” was developed and repeatedly corroborated as being effective in reducing preplant population densities of P. vulnus. When coupled with postplant applications, this treatment was competitive with soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) or combinations of 1,3-D and chloropicrin.

CA: Anaerobic soil disinfestation can be applied without plastic tarp and drip irrigation lines. When substrate is incorporated with a moldboard plow, and soil kept moist at the same prescribed irrigation schedule as used under tarp, slightly reduced efficacies are found. This change in application pattern potentially reduces expenses of the application to an acceptable level.

FL: Expanded the host range of the foliar nematode Aphelenchoides pseudobessyi to include several additional fern and aster plant species.

FL: Identified the new fluopyram-containing nematicide/fungicide Resilia as being very efficacious against the grass root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminis on golf greens, while using only 25% the amount of fluopyram from the standard fluopyram nematicide Indemnify.

FL: Published first report of nematicide resistance in plant-parasitic nematodes and initiated nematicide resistance management trials.

FL: Organized a NE2140-sponsored symposium on Beech Leaf Disease at the Society of Nematologists annual meeting.

HI:  Documented that velvet bean as a cover crop prior to sweet potato planting improved soil health (increasing soil carbon, ammonia nitrogen, boosting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and indigenous entomopathogenic fungi, improving soil water infiltration and soil moisture content) while suppressing reniform nematodes. Velvet bean was the only cover crop treatment that significantly reduced rough sweet potato weevil damage compared to 3 other nematode suppressive tropical cover crops (sorghum, sunn hemp and marigold). Thus, we contributed new information for organic sweet potato farmers in Hawaii to manage challenging pests they are facing.

MI: The SCN Coalition’s profit checker had about 20,000 users during the first 90 days after it was released in September 2023.

MI: The 2012-2022 Michigan potato soil health survey detected increases in soil water capacity, organic matter and active carbon in all sixty-four commercial sites in addition to a decline in root-lesion nematodes in all sites.

MI: Planting PI-437654 soybeans immediately after wheat harvest resulted in increased soybean yields when the SCN populations were above 1,000 per 100 cm³ soil, but not when the population density was below 1,000 cm³ soil. 

PA:  Adapted a collection method for plant-parasitic nematodes in a forest setting.

RI:  It was determined that soil drench applications have no impact on reducing the severity of BLD on American Beech and while polyphosphite applications have been shown to be effective in Ohio on smaller diameter trees, these applications did not have an impact on trees larger than 8 dbh when conducted for two consecutive years.  Additional years and higher rates are likely to be required.

TN:  The effects of LDPE microplastic particles (250 μm diameter) on Meloidogyne incognita root invasion of cucumber were investigated in a sandy mix in the greenhouse. Treatments were 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% by weight. Ten days after infestation, root invasion and root weights were not significantly different across treatments

TN: One hundred USDA germplasm accessions tested were susceptible to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) HG Type 1.2.5.7 and one was moderately resistant. Out of 64 soybean varieties available to growers in Tennessee, mostly moderately susceptible and susceptible reactions to HG Type 1.2.5.7 were recorded. Two hundred eighty-three soybean entries were tested for reaction to HG Types 2.5.7 and 1.2.5.7 for the 2023 Uniform Soybean Tests – Southern States, resulting in mostly susceptible reactions to SCN for maturity groups IV through VIII.

TN: If planting a soybean cyst nematode susceptible variety, do not use a prior cover crop of Austrian winter pea. This particular cover crop significantly increased soybean cyst nematode reproductive factor compared to other cover crop treatments of wheat and hairy vetch.

WV: Long-term rotation trials in an organic farming system did not produce significant differences in population densities of most plant parasitic nematodes, but compost amendments increased the bacteriovore/fungivore ratio in soybean.

WV: All cultivars of Cannabis sativa are moderate hosts for Pratylenchus penetrans, but P. scribneri reproduction was low.

WV: DNA of the Beech Leaf Disease nematode, Litylenchus crenatae maccannii, was detected in fecal samples of birds.  Further work on birds as vectors is underway.

OUTPUTS

CA:  4 refereed articles.

FL: One book chapter, 2 refereed publications, 14 Presentations to grower groups, 5 field days, 1 Grower workshops, 6 In-service trainings for extension agents, 4 Extension volunteer training events, 5 papers presented at scientific meetings, >5000 diagnostic samples.

HI: 2 peer reviewed refereed journal articles, 1 M.S. Student Thesis, 6 extension articles, 4 invited presentations, 4 guest lectures to new farmers, 9 conference presentations, 2 YouTube videos (e.g. https://youtu.be/iCb9xFQjY2Y), 2 public media (NE2140 Multistate Research Fund Impacts; pod cast), 5 field days/workshops presentations or displays; and secure 1 extramural grant. We also generate an app for Cover Crop Plant-Available Nitrogen calculation (https://oahurcd.org/cover-crop-calculator/).

MI:  9 refereed articles, 1 book, 1 book chapters, 6 oral research presentations, 19 research posters, 5 Extension publications and 38 Extension presentations (field days and grower talks).

PA:  1 refereed article, 1 abstract, 2 oral presentations and 2 press articles.

TN:  3 refereed articles (referenced below), 2 extension publications (referenced below), 6 abstracts (Society of Nematologists, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Southern Soybean Disease Workers, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America, and American Phytopathological Society), 9 presentations (University of Tennessee-Martin, American Phytopathological Society Graduate Student Committee, Society of Nematologists, Embrapa/University of Florida/USDA-ARS, and University of Tennessee), 1 international meeting (Brasilia, Brazil for the US-Brazil Fertilize 4 Life initiative), and 782 diagnostic samples evaluated for free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes. Furthermore, “notice of release of conventional soybean germplasm lines JTN-4119 and JTN-4419 with novel source of resistance to multiple cyst nematode populations” is currently under review.

RI:  1 refereed article, 1 book chapter, 3 presentations to golf course superintendents (300 total attendees) and approximately 1000 disease and nematode assays

NY: Hay, F.S.; Hoepting, C.A. 2023. ‘Stubby root nematode’ Presentation to Oswego onion growers, March 22, 2023 (Phoenix, NY) (20 attendees).

WV:  Two Refereed publications in 2023, See below for previous years that may not have been reported, 3 Abstracts published, 3 non-technical presentations to growers

VT: Three refereed articles.

ACTIVITIES

Objective 1: Develop and integrate management tactics for control of plant-parasitic nematodes including biological, cultural (such as rotation or cover crops and plant resistance), and chemical controls.

CA:  In the walnut and the almond program, accessions are moved into orchard trialing. Here, superior elites are produced as completed trees and tested under nematode-infested conditions under commercial production practices.

CA: Different application patterns of ASD are under investigation. Simplifications of the application method and substrate used are examined.

FL:  Conducted turfgrass field trials evaluating different nematicide and bionematicide programs.  Conducted greenhouse trials evaluating biological seed treatments for nematode control in cotton and corn and soil bionematicides for nematode control on turf, peanut, and ornamental plants.

HI:  We conducted sweetpotato field trials (8 in Hawaii and 2 in Alabama and 2 North Carolina) to evaluate 1) soil health benefits of locally adapted cover crop on sweetpotato crops, 2) effects of entomopathogenic nematodes and entomopathogenic fungi biological control agents on key insect pests of sweetpotato crops.

HI: We successfully developed a companion cover cropping method (mix of white clover, black oat and buckwheat) to establish white clover with minimal weed management effort for soil health improvement in orchard and trellis cropping systems. We are finalizing the projects with several publications.

MI:  Facilitated commercial Michigan potato grower increased use of compost and cover crops in addition to decreases in toxic chemical inputs and reduced tillage for soil health improvement.  Developed PI-437654 as a non-cash crop for management of SCN.

NY: Onion growers in the Oswego region of NY have indicated issues of poorly growing areas of onion in some of their fields.  An investigation of four fields in 2022 indicated that poorly growing onion was associated with high numbers of stubby root nematode (Paratrichodorus spp.).  Stubby root nematode has been reported causing stunting of onion and reduced yield in other parts of the US.   A survey detected stubby root nematode in all the main onion growing regions in NY, i.e. Genesee/Orleans, Wayne, Oswego and Orange counties in 10/14 fields.  Other potentially yield limiting nematodes including root knot (Meloidogyne hapla) and lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.), were detected in 1/14 and 8/14 fields respectively and, where detected, occurred at low (non-damaging) population density.   Work is on-going to investigate efficacy of nematicides and appropriate rotational crops for managing stubby root nematode in NY onion. 

NY: Diagnosis of garlic seed samples for bloat nematode continued, with 10 samples processed.  Bloat nematode was found in bulb samples of one grower, leading to complete loss of crop in the affected variety and necessitating fallowing of the affected area.

RI:  Trials were conducted at golf courses to determine the efficacy or various new nematicides at multiple rates and application regimens.   

TN:  A field trial was established in May 2023 to investigate mixing different ratios of soybean cyst nematode-resistant varieties to reduce soybean cyst nematode population densities and stabilize yield. The third year of a field trial was established in October 2022 to determine plant-parasitic and free-living nematode population densities in response to cover crop, burn down timing, and seed treatments. An additional long-term cropping system trial was sampled for soybean cyst nematode in May and October 2023. Nematode population densities (free-living and plant-parasitic) from soil samples obtained from these trials have been counted using an inverted microscope and data are being analyzed.

TN: Three greenhouse trials with collaborators were conducted over the past year (USDA soybean germplasm screening, Uniform Soybean Tests – Southern States, and Tennessee soybean variety tests).

WV:  A long-term organic farming systems trial was continued.  Evaluation of crop yields, pest populations, and soil quality continued.  A new project evaluated food nutritional quality by comparing the content of the amino acid ergothioneine in wheat from plots with or without compost.  Nematode biological control activity is being monitored.  Susceptibility of hemp cultivars to lesion nematodes was compared.

Objective 2: Determine the ecological interactions between nematode populations, nematode communities, ecosystems and soil health.

MI:  Showed that changes in potato grower management practices in 64 Michigan sites resulted in improvement of soil health indicators.

MI: Demonstrate that the efficacy of PI-437654 for SCN management was nematode density dependent.

TN: The influence of microplastics on nematode communities and root invasion are being investigated. This work includes analysis of communities maintained in microplastic contaminated field soil, population dynamics of bacterivores in culture and effects on individual species of root-knot and cyst nematodes.

TN:  The third year of a collaborative field trial concluded in 2023 with five soil sampling dates (preplant, midseason roots, midseason rhizosphere, final roots and final rhizosphere) to investigate the nematode community (fungivores, omnivores, bacterivores, predators) in the roots and rhizosphere of charcoal rot-resistant and susceptible soybean. Final root samples had greater numbers of nematodes (all trophic groups) than any of the other sampling dates while preplant contained the fewest.

WV:  Nematode biological control activity is being monitored in long-term farming systems trials.  Susceptibility of nematodes to trapping fungi is being assessed in laboratory experiments.

Objective 3:  Detect and evaluate the distribution and movement of invasive and emerging nematode pests.

FL:  Conducted a survey of botanical gardens in Florida to determine the distribution and ornamental plant hosts of foliar nematodes Aphelenchoides spp.

HI:  We collaborated with nematologists from California and Florida and led to a publication on Morphological and molecular diversity among pin nematodes of the genus Paratylenchus (Nematoda: Paratylenchidae) from Florida and other localities and molecular phylogeny of the genus.

PA:  Assessed multiple BLD sites across different counties (Centre, Mifflin, Clearfield, Lycoming) to find the best location for conducting long term monitoring. Conducted local BLD transmission studies. Identified a plot in a Penn State owned forest affected by beech leaf disease and, in collaboration with PA Department of Conservation, we established a long-term monitoring for BLD.

RI:  Three different trials were established and evaluated to determine chemical efficacy against Litylenchus crenatae mccannii on both American and European beech trees in southern Rhode Island. 

TN: Numerous diagnostic samples were evaluated for plant-parasitic nematodes, mainly recovering soybean cyst nematode. Continued HG Type Testing efforts yielded mostly HG Type 1.2.5.7 in west Tennessee fields.

WV: Songbirds are being evaluated as vectors for the Beech Leaf disease nematode, Litylenchus crenatae mccannii. Surveys for Soybean Cyst Nematode are on-going, but no detections have been found in West Virginia.

Objective 4:  Outreach, Public Relations and Extension - Compile and present/ publish guidance on nematode management and management effects on soil health for different crops under different conditions

FL:  Provided nematode IPM education for turfgrass professionals at numerous seminars and webinars in Florida, Georgia, Alabama and nationwide, and at 5 field days in Florida and Alabama to a combined audience of 1490 stakeholders.

HI: We summarized our NIFA OREI Organic Sweet Potato project through “The Alabama Crops Report Podcast” where PI of the project and graduate students from Alabama and Hawaii shared our research findings most pertinent to organic sweet potato farmers at  https://www.aces.edu/blog/podcast/season-3-episode-11-aloha-from-alabama-extension/

HI:  Besides hosting 4 field days/workshops related to cover crop and soil health projects, we co-organized a Western Region Cover Crop Council retreat meeting (Jan 17-18, 2023) on the Island of Hawaii where 10 council members actively working on cover crop projects from the Western Region of the U.S. visited 3 farms in Hawaii to study and share knowledge about cover crop adoption and challenges faced by farmers in Hawaii.

HI: We were invited to present at a symposium “How Will Regenerative Agricultural Practices Affect Parasitic Nematode Populations?” during the Society of Nematologists 62^nd Annual Conference in Ohio where we shared our studies in a talk titled “Nematode linkage to regenerative agriculture in the tropics/subtropics”. We were also invited to present a similar topic to 60 faculty, students and staff members at the Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND (October 14, 2023).

HI:  We continue to share cover crop and soil health management strategies to 4 cohorts of new farmers through GoFarm Hawaii New farmers training program throughout 2023. A total of 98 farmers participated through online learning platforms. More than 110 audience (scientists, students etc) attended our invited conference or special seminar presentations. We published 6 extension articles in Haina’Ai with >1000 subscribers.

MI: Presented on soil health at the 2023 Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America.  Presented on soil health at the 2023 Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists.  Presented on SCN management at the 2023 Annual Meeting of the Society of Nemagtologists.  Presented on potato soil health morally and as a poster at the 2023 Great Lakes Fruit and Vegetable Exposition.  Served on the Executive Work Group of the SCN Coalition.  Edited the SCN Coalition Monthly New Letter.

TN:  Published an extension publication “Soybean variety tests in Tennessee” through the University of Tennessee Extension. Also contributed to the United Soybean Board-funded “Uniform Soybean Tests – Southern States” annual report. Served as the USDA-ARS Group 2 (Biological Products, Soil Biology, and Soil Health) lead for the US-Brazil Fertilize 4 Life Initiative, which has included 6 meetings (in-person in the US and Brazil as well as online) since November 2022. Nematology in this initiative will include evaluating and improving dynamic assessment tools (i.e., nematode ecological indices) to quantify site-specific soil health response to land management.

MILESTONES

HI:  Initiate or continue long-term experiments to examine new soil amendment materials and techniques against Meloidogyne spp. in vegetables, and other nematodes on crops.

HI: Evaluate the effects of identified non-host or nematode-suppressive rotational crops against different nematodes in multiple states under field conditions.

MI and TN:  Adjusted cover- and rotation-crop experimental designs based on previous results

TN:  Tested nematode management practices for potential to induce suppressive soils

Multiple States: Conduct grower education, annual short courses, webinars, field day

Multiple States: Evaluate new nematicidal products for efficacy in turfgrass, perennial and field crops

Multiple States: Continue germplasm resistance screening in multiple crops

Multiple States: Continue long-term experiments to examine non-target effects of nematode treatments on soil biology

Multiple States:  Continue screening for new and emerging nematode pathogens

Multiple States: Maintain nematode diagnostic services for growers and extension specialists.

PEER REVIEWED ARTICLES and BOOKS/BOOK CHAPTERS:

1. Alvarez-Ortega, S., Subbotin, S. A., Wang, K-H., Stanley, J. D., Vau, S., Crow, W., and Inserra, R. N.  2023.  Morphological and molecular diversity among pin nematodes of the genus Paratylenchus (Nematoda: Paratylenchidae) from Florida and other localities and molecular phylogeny of the genus.  Plants 12:2770.

2. Crow, W.T., Mitkowski, N.A. and LaMondia, J.A.  2023.  Nematode Problems in Ornamentals and Turf and their Sustainable Management.  Chapter 27, pages 655-683. In: Kahn and Quintanilla (eds.) Nematode Diseases of Crops and their Sustainable Management.  Academic Press.

3. Darling, E., Palmisano, A., Chung, H. and Quintanilla, M. 2023 A new biological product showing promising control of the northern root knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, in greenhouse tomatoes. Journal of Nematology

4. Eberlein, C., A. Westphal. 2023. Suppression of Meloidogyne incognita by co-application of chitin and Streptomyces nigrescens (AMV1033). Biocontrol Science and Technology 33: 484-498. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2204513

5. Faske, T.R., Mueller, J., Becker, J.O., Bernard, E.C., Bradley, C., Bond, J., Desager, J., Eisenback, J., Grabau, Z., Hu, J., Kemerait, R., Koehler, A., Lawrence, K., Mehl, H., Rudolph, R.E., Sikora, E.J., Thomas, S., Walker, N., Wheeler, T., Wrather, A.J., Ye, W. and Zhang, L. 2023. Summarized distribution of the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in field crops in the United States. Plant Health Progress 24(4): 522-524. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-04-23-0031-BR

6. Gibson, K.S., Neher, D.A., Johnson, N.C., Parmenter, R., and Antoninka, A. 2023. Heavy logging machinery impacts soil physical properties more than nematode communities. Forests 14:1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061205.

7. Howland, A., Cole, E., Poley, K., and Quintanilla, M.  2022.  Alternative management strategies and impact of the northern root-knot nematode in daylily production.  Plant Health Progress. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-08-22-0076-RS.

8. Howland, A.D., Quintanilla, M^. 2023. Plant-parasitic nematodes and their effects on ornamental plants. Journal of Nematology. https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0007.

9. Kahn and Quintanilla (eds.) 2023. Nematode Diseases of Crops and their Sustainable Management.  Academic Press.  705 pp.

10. Kammerer, C. L., Harmon, P. H., and Crow, W. T.  2023 Reduced sensitivity to fluopyram in Meloidogyne graminis following long-term exposure in golf turf.  Journal of Nematology 5:e2023-0048.

11. Kane, J., J. Kotcon, Z. Freedman, and E. Morrissey.  2022.  Fungivorous nematodes drive microbial diversity and carbon cycling in soil.  Ecology. http://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3844

12. King, A. E., J. Amsili, C. Cordova, S. Culman, S. J. Fonte, J. Kotcon, M. Masters, K. McVay, D. Olk, A. Prairie, M. Schipanski, S. Schneider, C. Stewart, and M. F. Cotrufo.  2023.  A soil matrix capacity index to predict mineral-associated but not particulate organic carbon across a range of climate and soil pH.  Biogeochemistry 165:1–14. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01066-3

13. Liang, J., Levi, A., A. Westphal. Walnut Growers’ Preferences Regarding Rootstock Attributes. California Agriculture. In Press.

14. Liu, K., C. Eberlein, A. Edalati, R. Zhang, A. Westphal. 2023. Nematode-suppressive potential of digestates to Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera schachtii. Plant Disease 107: 2384-2394. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-22-2101-RE

15. Maltais-Landry, G., James, M., Wilson, C., Schumacher, L., Grabau, Z., Sidhu, S., and George, S. 2023. Long-term integration of bahiagrass into a cover-cropped and strip-tilled peanut-cotton rotation has a limited effect on soil carbon and other soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20602.

16. Neher, D.A. 2023. Moving up within the food web: Protists, nematodes and other microfauna. Chapter 16. Pages 157-168 in: Uphoff, N. and Thies, J. Biological Approaches to Regenerative and Resilient Soil Systems, Second Edition. CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003093718-18, ISBN 9780367554712

17. Neher, D.A., and Powers, T.O. (2023) Nematodes. In: Goss, Michael and Oliver, Margaret (eds.) Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment. 11: 105-111. Oxford: Elsevier.

18. Oliveira, C.J., van Santen, E., Marin, M., Schumacher, L.A., Peres, N.A., and Desaeger, J. 2023. Susceptibility of seven strawberry cultivars to Belonolaimus longicaudatus and interaction with Phytophthora cactorum. Nematology 25(5):531-542.

19. Pitiki, M., R. Paudel, J. Mew, and K.-H. Wang. Examining susceptibility of white clover, buckwheat, black oat and forage radish as a long-term cover crop mix to Meloidogyne incognita.  Nematropica (accepted pending on revision, Dec 2023).

20. Rahman, M., Islam, T., Jett, L. and Kotcon, J.  2021.  Biocontrol agent, biofumigation, and grafting with resistant rootstock suppress soil-borne disease and improve yield of tomato in West Virginia.  Crop Protection 145 (2021) 105630.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105630

21. Rahman, M., T. Islam, L. and J. Kotcon.  2023.  Probiotic bacteria, anaerobic soil disinfestation and mustard cover crop biofumgation suppress soilborne disease and increase yield of strawberry in a perennial organic production system.  Plant Disease 10.1094/PDIS-10-22-2402-RE.

22. Thapa, S., Darling, E., Cole, E., Poley, K., and Quintanilla, M. 2023.  Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in Michigan corn fields.  Journal of Nematology. https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2022-0015. Journal impact Factor: 1.442

23. Vieira, P., Kantor, M.R., Jansen, A., Handoo, Z.A. and Eisenback, J.D., 2023. Cellular insights of beech leaf disease reveal abnormal ectopic cell division of symptomatic interveinal leaf areas. Plos one, 18(10), p.e0292588.DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292588

24. Westphal, A., Maung, Z.T.Z., Buzo, T., Brown, P.J., Leslie, C.A., Browne, G.T., Ott, N.J., McClean, A., and Kluepfel^, D.A. Identifying walnut rootstocks with resistance to multiple soil-borne plant pathogens. eJHS: In Review

EXTENSION and TECHNICAL WORKS

1. Bird, G. 2023. Healthy soils: A key component of successful agriculture. Michigan Farm News Column, December 13, 2023.

2. Gillen, A.M. Uniform Soybean Tests, Southern States 2022. USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776. 2023. (Annual Report) Available: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60661000/UniformSoybeanTests/2022SoyBook.pdf.

3. Pitiki, M., B. Wiseman, L. Wong, B. Sipes, J. Silva, J. Uyeda, R. Mandhar and K.-H. Wang. 2023. Sustainable Pest and Soil Health Management for Sweet Potato Production. HānaiʻAi 51: September 2023. https://gms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/gs/handler/getmedia.ashx?moid=72226&dt=3&g=12

4. Sykes, V., Blair, R., Kelly, H.M., Schumacher, L.A., Palacios, F., Keadle, B., Thelin, A., and Pantalone, V. Soybean variety tests in Tennessee. University of Tennessee Extension Publication. 2022. (Technical Bulletin) Available: https://search.utcrops.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-Soybean-Publication-Full-FINAL.pdf.

5. Tay, J.-W., R. Manandhar, and K.-H. Wang. 2023. Hydrogel baits for ant control and the combined use of hydrogel baits and tanglefoot for citrus sooty mold control. HānaiʻAi 51: September 2023. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/IP-55.pdf

6. Wang, K.-H., R. Paudel, J. Mew, and J. Silva. 2023. Akamai Cover Crop Mix (White clover, buckwheat, black oat): Does it benefit soil health? HānaiʻAi 52: December, 2023 (in press).

7. Wang, K.-H., and B. S. Sipes. 2023. Prescription for soil health by cover cropping in Hawaii: for annual cropping systems. HānaiʻAi 50: June 2023.

8. Wang, K.-H., J. Mew and J. Silva. 2023. Akamai cover crop mix: How to establish? Partial cost analysis and its benefits. HānaiʻAi 49: March 2023. https://gms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/gs/handler/getmedia.ashx?moid=72076&dt=3&g=12

9. Wang, K.-H., B. S. Sipes, A. Ahmad and J. Uyeda. Integrated pest management against Chinese rose beetles for cacao. HānaiʻAi 49: March 2023. 4 pp. https://gms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/gs/handler/getmedia.ashx?moid=72062&dt=3&g=12