Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

• Welcome, Drs. Orhan Sahin (Chair) and Glenn Zhang (Secretary)
• Opening remarks - Dr. Frank Blecha, NC1202 Administrative Advisor (via Zoom)
• Self-introductions among onsite and remote attendees
• Recognition of the NC1202 members who were recently elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Microbiology, or the CRWAD
• Business Meeting: Discussed budget, student awards, initiation of 1-2 keynote talks each year in the future, the possibility of having a luncheon or mixer
• USDA-NIFA updates on funding and perspectives - Dr. Michelle Colby (National Program Leader for Animal Biosecurity) and Dr. Kathe Bjork (National Program Leader for Animal Health). Dr. Michelle Colby gave a presentation and participated the entire meeting. Also, Dr. Bjork and Dr. Tim Sullivan joined the afternoon session.
• 10 Progress Reports and Presentations (25 min + 5 min Q&A; 11am – 6:15)

1. Demonstrated that inhibitors for a unique bacterial-type lactate dehydrogenase (CpLDH) and plant-like pyruvate kinase (CpPyK) enzymes of the glycolytic pathway can stop the growth of Cryptosporidium parvum and prevent disease development in a mouse model.
2. Demonstrated the efficacy of a multivalent vaccine, MecVax, against ETEC toxin-mediated clinical diarrhea in pigs and against intestinal colonization in rabbits.
3. Developed and evaluated multivalent vaccine candidates for cross-protection against different Shigella species and serogroups or different Vibrio cholerae serotypes in a mouse pulmonary model or cholera in a rabbit model.
4. Cloned and expressed bsh gene and evaluated its efficacy of deconjugating taurodeoxycholic acid to deoxycholic acid on inhibiting Clostridium perfringens
5. Identified and evaluated microbiota-metabolized cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid on influencing Campylobacter jejuni
6. Collected 200 coli isolates from fecal cattle samples and performed whole genome sequencing for future comparison with wildlife samples to assess antimicrobial resistance.
7. Found CD45RO not to be ubiquitously expressed in cattle and thus challenged the current paradigm of CD45RO⁺and CD45RA^- as markers specific for bovine memory T cells.
8. Showed that sialylated oligosaccharide motifs on the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of Guillain Barré Syndrome-associated jejuni strains act as both the Siglec-1-ligand for phagocytosis, as well as the epitope for autoimmunity.
9. Showed that host genetic background, Campylobacter jejuni genome sequence and surface modifications, and gut microbiota all impact susceptibility to Guillain Barré Syndrome.
10. Engineered a recombination-resistant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) by targeting the transcriptional regulatory sequences for live attenuated vaccine development
11. Studied the role of stress-induced proteins, RpoS and YicC, in the persistence of Salmonella Typhimurium in tomato plants
12. Studied host factors involved in combatting disease caused by coronavirus infections
13. Defined the pathogenesis in extraintestinal organs of porcine deltacoronavirus, which is a newly emerged coronavirus that causes diarrhea, dehydration, and anorexia, leading to decreased body weight gain and deaths.
14. Studied the impact of vitamin A deficiency and supplementation on gut-mammary gland immune trafficking in sows and passive protection of the piglets against PEDV and rotavirus A infection and diseases
15. Generated a rotavirus A reverse genetics system to study the mechanisms of the virus virulence and receptor interactions
16. Discovered that the globally disseminating fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Kentucky ST198 strains are metabolically more efficient than the domestically prevalent fluoroquinolone-susceptible Salmonella Kentucky ST152 strains
17. Identified two novel regulatory mechanisms essential for high-level polymyxin resistance in coli, which are controlled by the RpoE stress response pathway and PmrR.
18. Determined global microRNA profile underlying interferon-mediated antiviral response in porcine macrophages and determined phylogenic diversification of non-classical interferon subtypes in Xenopus and livestock
19. Investigated the effect of subcutaneous enrofloxacin and danofloxacin on local and systemic pharmacokinetics values, gut microbiota, and fluoroquinolone resistance development in jejuni in healthy and diseased calves.
20. Developed swine enteroids, which represent a novel model for the evaluation of new therapeutics, vaccine candidates, and host-pathogen interactions.
21. Developed a rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tool for multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica typing in cattle.

1. Khan S.M., Hernandez A.G., Allaie I.M., Grooms G.M., Li K., Witola W.H., Stec J. 2022. Activity of (1-benzyl-4-triazolyl)-indole-2-carboxamides against Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 19: 6-20.
2. Khan S.M., Zhang X., Witola W.H. Cryptosporidium parvum pyruvate kinase inhibitors with in vivo anti-cryptosporidial efficacy. Front. Microbiol. 12: 800293.
3. Upadhyay I, S Li, H Seo, DA Sack, W Zhang.   A polyvalent protein antigen and rabbit colonization and infant passive protection models for a multivalent cholera vaccine.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 119(50): e2202938119.
4. Upadhyay I, KL Lauder, S Li, G Ptacek, W Zhang.   Intramuscularly administered enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine candidate MecVax prevented H10407 intestinal colonization in an adult rabbit colonization model.  Microbiol Spect 10(4): e0147322.
5. Li, S, X Han, I Upadhyay, Zhang. 2022. Characterization of functional B-cell epitopes at the amino terminus of Shigella invasion plasmid antigen B (IpaB).  Appl Environ Microbiol 88(15):e0038422.
6. Seo H, Q Duan, I Upadhyay, W Zhang.   Evaluation of multivalent enterotoxigenic E. coli vaccine candidate MecVax antigen dose-dependent effect in a murine model. Appl Environ Microbiol 88(17):e0095922.
7. Brumfield KD, H Seo, NIC Artman, W Zhang, D Sack, J Goepp. 2022. Feasibility of Avian Antibodies as Prophylaxis against Diarrheal Illness. Front Immun 13: e1011200.
8. Garcia YC, H Seo, DA Sack, Zhang. 2022.  Intradermally administered enterotoxigenic E. coli vaccine candidate MecVax induces functional serum IgG antibodies against seven adhesins (CFA/I, CS1-CS6) and both toxins (STa, LT).  Appl Environ Microbiol, 88(4):e0213921.
9. Jones R, H Seo, W Zhang, DA Sack. A multi-epitope fusion antigen (MEFA) candidate vaccine for ETEC is protective against strain B7A colonization in a rabbit model.  PLOS Negl Trop Dis, 16(2):e0010177.
10. Li S, KH Lee, W Zhang.   Multiepitope fusion antigen: MEFA, an epitope- and structure-based vaccinology platform for multivalent vaccine development.  Methods Mol Biol 2412:151-169.
11. Seo H, C Garcia, XS Ruan, QD Duan, DA Sack, W Zhang. MecVax, a novel structure- and epitope-based multivalent enterotoxigenic E. coli vaccine for broad protection against ETEC-associated diarrhea.  Infect Immun 89(7):e00106-21 (Spotlight Selection/Vaccines).
12. Fu, Y., Almansour, A., Bansal, M., Alenezi, T., Alrubaye, B., Wang, H., Sun, X. Vaccines using Clostridium perfringens sporulation proteins reduce necrotic enteritis in chickens. Microorganisms, 10(6), 1110.
13. Fu, Y., Alenezi, T., Sun, X. Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic diseases: An Overview. Immuno 2 (2), 387-407.
14. Kandel, A., L. Li, A. Hada, Xiao 2022. Differential Expression of CD45RO and CD45RA in Bovine T Cells. Cells 11(11): 1844.
15. Kandel, A., A. Hada, Xiao 2022. Are CD45RO+ and CD45RA- genuine markers for bovine memory T cells? Animal Diseases 2 (1):23.
16. Brudvig J.M., Cluett M.M., Gensterblum-Miller E.U., Chen J., Bell J.A., and Mansfield L.S. Th1/Th17-mediated Immunity and Protection from Peripheral Neuropathy in Wildtype and IL10-/- BALB/c Mice Infected with a Guillain-Barré Syndrome-associated Campylobacter jejuni Strain. Comparative Medicine 72(2): 63-77.
17. Charles, J.L., Brooks, P.T., Bell, J.A., Manning S.D., Mansfield L.S. 2022. Zoonotic transmission of Campylobacter jejuni to caretakers from sick pen calves carrying a mixed population of strains with and without Guillain Barré Syndrome-associated lipooligosaccharide loci. Frontiers in Microbiology 2022; 13: 800269.
18. Malik A., Brudvig J.M., Gadsden B.J., Ethridge A.D., Mansfield L.S.Campylobacter jejuni induces autoimmune peripheral neuropathy via Sialoadhesin and Interleukin-4 axes, Gut Microbes 2022; 14(1): 2064706.
19. Alhamo MA, PA Boley, M Liu, X Niu, KK Yadav, C Lee, LJ Saif, Q Wang, and SP Kenney. 2022. Characterization of the Cross-Species Transmission Potential for Porcine Deltacoronaviruses Expressing Sparrow Coronavirus Spike Protein in Commercial Poultry. Viruses 14: 1225.
20. Niu X, F Kong, J Xu, M Liu, Q Wang. 2022. Mutations in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nsp1 cause increased viral sensitivity to host interferon responses and attenuation in vivo. J Virol. 96:e0046922.
21. Niu X, Q Wang. 2022. Prevention and Control of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea: The Development of Recombination-Resistant Live Attenuated Vaccines. Viruses 14:1317.
22. Kong F, Q Wang, SP Kenney, K Jung, A Vlasova, LJ Saif. 2022. Porcine deltacoronaviruses: Origin, evolution, cross-species transmission and zoonotic potential. Pathogens 11(1): 79.
23. Helmy YA, Closs G Jr, Jung K, Kathayat D, Vlasova A, Rajashekara G. 2022. Effect of Probiotic coli Nissle 1917 Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Immune Responses, Intestinal Morphology, and Gut Microbes of Campylobacter jejuni Infected Chickens. Infect Immun. 90(10): e0033722.
24. Cruz-Pulido, D; Ouma, W.Z., Kenney, S.P. Differing coronavirus genres alter shared host signaling pathways upon viral infection. Sci Rep 12: 9744.
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26. Wang, Q. Isolation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from clinical samples. In: Wang, L. (eds) Animal Coronaviruses. Springer Protocols Handbooks. Humana, New York, NY.
27. Keusch, G.T., Amuasi, J.H., Anderson, D.E., Daszak, P., Eckerle, I., Field, H., Koopmans, M., Lam, S.K., Das Neves, C.G., Peiris, M., Perlman, S., Wacharapluesadee, S., Yadana, S., Saif, L. 2022. Pandemic origins and a One Health approach to preparedness and prevention: Solutions based on SARS-CoV-2 and other RNA viruses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 119, e2202871119.
28. Chepngeno, J., Amimo, J.O., Michael, H., Jung, K., Raev, S., Lee, M.V., Damtie, D., Mainga, A.O., Vlasova, A.N., Saif, L.J. Rotavirus A Inoculation and Oral Vitamin A Supplementation of Vitamin A Deficient Pregnant Sows Enhances Maternal Adaptive Immunity and Passive Protection of Piglets against Virulent Rotavirus A. Viruses 14(11): 2354
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30. Adetunji A, Casey T, Franco J, Shah D, Fasina Y. 2022. Proteomic Analysis of the Effect of Salmonella Challenge on Broiler Chicken. Molecules 27(21): 7277.
31. Xu J, Xie Y, Paul NC, Roopesh MS, Shah DH, Tang J. 2022. Water sorption characteristics of freeze-dried bacteria in low-moisture foods. Int J Food Microbiol. 362:109494.
32. Awosile B, Rahman MK, Williams RB, Loneragan GH. 2022. Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from food-producing animals: Ecological study from selected national surveillance programs. Prev Vet Med. 206: 105710.
33. Awosile BB, Agbaje M, Adebowale O, Kehinde O, Omoshaba E. 2022. Beta-lactamase resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae from Nigeria. Afr J Lab Med. 2022 Feb 22;11(1):1371.
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35. Hinenoya, A., H. Wang, E.M. Patrick, X. Zeng, L. Cao, X.P. Li, R.L. Lindsey, B. Gillespie, Q. He, S. Yamasaki, Lin. 2022. Longitudinal surveillance and comparative characterization of Escherichia albertii in wild raccoons in the United States. Microbiological Research. 262:127109.
36. Cui, Y., H. Wang, F. Guo, X. Cao, X. Wang, X. Zeng, G. Cui, Lin, F. Xu. 2022. Monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive ELISA for quantitative detection of Enterobacteriaceae siderophore enterobactin. Food Chemistry. 391:133241.
37. Nguyen, X.D., Y. Zhao, Lin, L. Schneider, B. Voy, S. Hawkins, J. Purswell. 2022. Evaluation of bioaerosol samplers for airborne Escherichia coli carried by poultry litter particles. Journal of the ASABE. 65(4): 825-833. 
38. Poudel, S., G.T. Tabler, Lin, W. Zhai, L. Zhang. 2022. Riboflavin and Bacillus subtilis effects on growth performance and woody-breast of Ross 708 broilers with or without Eimeria spp. challenge. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 64(3): 443–461.
39. Wang, H., L. Zhang, L. Cao, X. Zeng, B. Gillespie, Lin. 2022. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia albertii originated from the broiler farms in Mississippi and Alabama. Veterinary Microbiology 267:109379.
40. Tang, B., J. Chang, Y. Chen, J.H. Lin, X.N. Xiao, X.D. Xia, Lin, H. Yang, G. Zhao. 2022. Escherichia fergusonii, an underrated repository for antimicrobial resistance in food animals. Microbiology Spectrum 10: e01617-21
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42. Li J, Sang ER, Adeyemi O, Miller LC, Sang Y. Comparative transcriptomics reveals small RNA composition and differential microRNA responses underlying interferon-mediated antiviral regulation in porcine alveolar macrophages. Front Immunol. 13:1016268.
43. Fleming DS, Miller LC, Li J, Geelen AV, Sang Y. Transcriptomic Analysis of Liver Indicates Novel Vaccine to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Virus Promotes Homeostasis in T-Cell and Inflammatory Immune Responses Compared to a Commercial Vaccine in Pigs. Front. Vet. Sci. 9:791034
44. Brito-Goulart D, AF Beyi, Z Wu, MC Adiguzel, S Wilson, C Xu, J Pang, R Dewell, G Dewell, PJ Plummer, Q Zhang, O Sahin. 2022. Influence of Single Dose Enrofloxacin Injection on Development of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni in Calves. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1407.
45. Brito-Goulart D, AF Beyi, Z Wu, MC Adiguzel, A Schroeder, K Singh, C Xu, MM Ocal, R Dewell, G Dewell, PJ. Plummer, Q Zhang, O Sahin. 2022. Effect of Danofloxacin Treatment on the Development of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni in Calves. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 531.
46. Beyi AF, D Brito-Goulart, T Hawbecker, B Ruddell, A Hassall, R Dewell, G Dewell, O Sahin, Q Zhang, PJ Plummer. 2021. Enrofloxacin Alters Fecal Microbiota and Resistome Irrespective of Its Dose in Calves. Microorganisms. 2021, 9, 2162.
47. Beyi AF, D Brito-Goulart, T Hawbecker, C Slagel, B Ruddell, A Hassall, R Dewell, G Dewell, O Sahin, Q Zhang, PJ Plummer. 2021. Danofloxacin Treatment Alters the Diversity and Resistome Profile of Gut Microbiota in Calves. Microorganisms. 2021, 9, 2023.
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