Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The meeting was called to order 8:00am MST am by Francisco Gomez, Chair W-4150.

1) Introduction (8:00 AM-8:05 AM)

2) Approve minutes of last meeting (Scottsbluff, NE, 2021) (8:05 AM-8:07 AM)

3) Secretary election (Tim Porch) (8:07 AM-8:10 AM) 1^st Francisco Gomez, 2^nd Judith Brown

4) Dr. David R. Gang, W4150 Administrator (8:10 AM-8:40 AM)

David Gang, Project Administrator

The W-4150 renewal was well reviewed and received. There was good justification for the project. Since the project is National in scope this aids in its funding success. NIFA has changed its reporting system and now it is similar to the Annual Reports of multi-state projects. The Vice-chair (Juan Osorno) is responsible for compiling the annual report (David Gang will send the format--word document) from each participant. The accomplishments from each participant need to focus on impact and should be only 2-3 sentences. This a high-level document. The accomplishments should fit under one of the areas of the project. We need to emphasize how interacting and working together as a group has improved or increased our accomplishments (e.g. joint publications/grant proposals). This report is due in 60 days.

We will also have a Mid-term review after about 2.5 years of the project. The committee reviews the project and will focus on the perform presented in the annual reports.

There should be a big push to participate in collaborative projects as a group. We can look for opportunities, e.g. NIFA Specialty crops, NSF-Plant Genome, Pulse Health, and Industry matching funds. We can leverage these efforts using recent reviews of the crops (e.g. Vulnerability report, accepted in Plant Breeding reviews). We can focus on vulnerability and resilience of common bean as a species.

5) State Reports (maximum 10 minutes each) (8:40- 12:00)

There are 16 participant states. Report by state (if two participants from each state split the time). Start with SC state reports (due to a conflicting meeting), and we will continue alphabetically.

Sandra Branham, Clemson University, South Carolina

Started 2 years ago as Assistant Professor and working on 7 crops, one of which is snap beans. There is a processing facility near Charleston that wants to increase snap bean production and processing. The main challenges are high temperatures, insects and diseases.

The work has focused on the Snap Bean diversity panel (genotypic data and seeds provided by others). A total of 378 snap bean accessions were genotyped that represent the history of snap beans. Seneca foods contributed through increasing seed of the panel. About 30k SNPs were identified with a GBS-based approach. The results indicate similar diversity represented by the BeanCAP snap bean accessions versus new Snap panel accessions. About 266 commercial bush types were trialed in field trials that included 2 planting dates, 3 replications, and 2 years of trials. The purpose was to test production under ideal (April planting) versus heat stress conditions (May planting). Data being collected include days to flower, days to harvest, and yield per plant. If others are interested in collaborating, the plan is to develop a magic population for heat/disease resistance in snap beans.

Jenna Hershberger, Clemson University, South Carolina

We welcome Jenna Hershberger who has started as a lima bean breeder at Clemson University. The objectives will be heat tolerance in lima beans starting with a small trial in the Fall.

Judy Brown, University of Arizona, Arizona

The focus of research is on BCMV in tepary bean. We are looking at the diversity in virus genomes across tepary bean BCMV isolates. We are also working with diverse sources of tepary bean germplasm for evaluation of their response to the virus. The co-evolution of host and virus has resulted in minimal effects on plant growth and development when the disease is present. Additional BCMV isolates are needed—and welcomed from others in the group.

Paul Gepts, University of California Davis, California

Approximately ½ of U.S. national lima bean production is in CA, while the lygus pest is the major constraint. Most of rest of California production of pulses is garbanzo and cowpea, bush and pole beans. We are studying yield in backcross populations to increase yield in large limas. The current Lygus resistance is in UC Haskel and Bella Flor (developed by Steve Temple)—both of which are baby limas  with partial resistance. A student, Kimberly Gibson, is looking at interaction between lima and lygus in the field using a remote sensing system. In this study, there are 270 lines from Yucatan and 100 breeding lines. Current efforts involve the study of cyanide production in lima bean using GBS/GWAS.

There are several ongoing projects including evaluation of the CDBN with Antonia Palcovic in a NIFA-AFRI looking on drought tolerance and remote sensing (tepary as controls). There is a Gates Foundation Project, led by Christine Diepenbrock, that is focused on drought and heat in common bean, cowpea and sorghum using AI and genomics modeling. Christine Diepenbrock will replace Paul Gepts on the W-4150.

We are also working on the reversion in snap beans to dry bean pod type. This happens at a high rate with reversion from the snap bean pod type to a stringy pod (New phytologist publication). This is a major issue for seed companies that requires expensive rouging efforts.

The UC Davis field day in on Sept. 1.

Colorado—no report

There is a possibility that Jessica Davis, a professor of pulse agronomy (chickpea,) would be interested in joining the W-4150. Jim Hietholt will contact her.

Emily Ernest, University of Delaware,  Delaware

We are working with the Lima Bean Diversity Panel that has a total of 255 members (1/2 from the US; ½ photoperiod sensitive). Areas of study include resistance to root rot nematode and white mold (no results yet). The white mold screening uses the straw test and potential sources of resistance have been identified. Root knot nematode screening is being conducted by a student who is looking at the effects on yield and identifying resistant varieties using egg counts and galling rates. A Delaware line is performing well. In the breeding program a number of lines are under development. There is good yield in early lines, but poor seed quality. It appears ADM is now the only producer of seed for green baby limas.

Donna Winham, Iowa State University, Iowa

The focus of research is on Objective 2: Nutrition and health. We recently published a paper with Karen Cichy involving results from a survey with the industry on Pulse flour and their perceptions/attitudes/needs. We found the industry to be restrictive with information and focused on Pea Protein. A Pulse health initiative grant (with Karen Cichy) focuses on black bean pastas on blood sugar and flatulence. Many consumers don’t try common bean products due to this issue. There was no difference between black bean pastas, in the normal glycemic population, versus the whole bean diet. We are also conducting a survey about sustainability and common bean focused on college students and plant-based meat proteins. Most products are based on pea protein and the common bean component is often lost. We have another clinical trial in the works with Christine Diepenbrock at UC Davis

We are looking for a Masters student for Fall 2023 semester.

Comments:

Fava beans have less beany flavor than common bean. They also have a foaming characteristic—could serve as an egg replacement. Peas has good protein texture while Fava bean does not. Soybean allergies are an issue for that crop, while Peas have some allergy issues. Mung bean is another replacement possibility. The protein fraction is important—it can be extracted and then additional products can be added for flavor. Another idea is to block the beany flavor compound in common bean. Pea protein costs have gone up since Beyond, Impossible and other companies buying large amounts.

Karen Cichy, Michigan State University, Michigan

We have studied the yellow bean collection in NE/MI looking at GxE interaction for seed iron and iron bioavailability. The high Ph soils in NE likely resulted in lower, however NE showed high iron bioavailability.  The slow darkening gene has a significant impact on bioavailability (similar to the story in pintos) with slow dark or non-dark types showing higher bioavailability. PCHI funding was used to study nutritional and functional traits in pasta, cookies, etc. using dry bean as an ingredient. We found a strong relationship between the protein/starch ratio due to compensation, consistent within genotype results, and a GxE interaction. Breeding for high protein could have an impact. We also have OAREI funding for organic bean production. We evaluated a subset of US ADP lines for seed coat quality/canning/etc. In addition, we evaluated the seed coat check/cracking issue using a screening protocol (Gillard and Park, 2000). We compared the effects of threshers on seed quality ad found that the belt thresher results in higher quality canning quality than combine harvested bean and that it is a heritable trait. Yield and quality appear to be negatively correlated.

Francisco Gomez, Michigan State University, Michigan

The following trials were completed as part of the multi-state project: CDBN, MRPN, DBDN. We are waiting to harvest and collect data from these trials. We had significant effects due to weather including high temperatures last year resulting early maturity—1 to 2 weeks early. The conditions are more variable. This season we experienced early season drought and late season rains.

In terms of releases, Adams is with growers for the first time this year, Charro will be planted by growers next year. We also have Eiger and Yellowstone. Denali (K16924), a white kidney, was released this year and it is doing well. It is smaller than Snowdon and has a bullet shape for the cannellini market. Coral was released this year (S18904), a pink bean, and had the best performance under drought among the pink beans. It cans well.

For White mold and root rot research we have a seed grant project from MSU on Fusarium in Kidney beans. We are using remote sensing and image analysis to automate root rot screening protocols. The NSI multi-state screening project will now be led by MSU (previously led by UNL; Sydney Everhart). Over 90% of farmers in Michigan use desiccants. Continuing to look at maturity and dry down to avoid using desiccants.

Minnesota—no report

There is a new pulse pathologist that can be approached to participate in the W-4150. Juan Osorno will contact.

Talo Pastor Corrales, USDA-ARS, Maryland

Collaborations with NDSU on registrations of snap beans with rust resistance in Guatemala (Ur-11 and some Ur-3), and with ARS-WA on markers for Ur-11, Ur-5 and Ur-7

The following are KASP markers for rust that have been developed: Ur-3, SS-68; Ur-4, SS-240; Ur-5, SS-183; and Ur-11, SS-322. Ur-11 marker has been problematic so working with Miklas on developing new markers.

For G19833 rust resistance on Pv04, the 12k chip was used to study resistance in F2 populations and inoculation was conducted with 4 races. There is a poster presentation on this work available. A second article was published this year on rust in snap beans (Ur-11).          

Juan Osorno, North Dakota State University, North Dakota

Presenting on behalf of Juan Osorno and Phil McLean. Malaika Ebert is the new pulse pathologist (beans, peas, chickpeas…). In beans, she will focus on Fusarium and pathogens. Jody (technician) retired after 42 years of service in April. We have hired new technicians and the field program is thus ½ size this year. The MRPN trial was lost due to early flooding. The total rainfall is the same, but large rainfall events result in flooding.

In terms of releases, ND Polar is a new navy bean with high yield that does well in stressful years. About 50% of its parents are are black beans and it has good levels of CBB resistance. ND Twilight was released last year with resistance to rust in ND. It has two VAX lines in its pedigree.

GWAS is being conducted on lines in the breeding program. Rust resistance in breeding program has been evaluated. The KASP marker for slow dark is being used in the F3 generation.

Phil McLean is focused on seed coat colors (V locus publication). Another publication on the continental-scale variation in fitness and heritability in common bean (Crop Sci) was published. Also, on Fiber and Oligosaccharides with Mark Brick showed low GxE interaction. We also published a white mold genetics paper using a magic population.

In the FtF Future LSIL project on Bruchid resistance, Kelvin Kamfwa is transferring bruchid resistance into local seed classes in Zambia. There is also development of markers for bruchid resistance.

We continue to develop slow darkening pintos that have the added benefits of fast cooking time and high Iron bioavailability. About 35-40% of acreage of pintos in ND are slow dark.

Carlos Urrea, University of Nebraska, Nebraska

The Secretary Director of Dry Bean Commission was presented Lynn Reuter. Bob Harveson is working with bean pathology (Bacterial wilt), and Carlos Urrea is coordinating the CBDN and DBDN. Nebraska also participates in the MRPN. There is collaboration on Shuttle breeding for drought with PR and with

Delaware on Epigenetics. Bob Harveson is working on environmentally friendly options to copper-based compounds (Oxidate, Sanidate, etc).

We have found that Interspecific hybrids and use of bridging parents are an effective approach to move genes across species. There is bacterial wilt genetics work being conducted by a PhD student showing a QTL on Pv08. This year two shuttle breeding lines—SB-DT2, DT3—were released in the Journal of Plant Registrations. This year the drought experiments only received 1.7” total precipitation and experienced 90-95F daytime temperatures.

We are releasing NE1-17-10 as White pearl, NE1-17-36 (Not named), NE1-17-18 as White hat.

Michael Mazourek, Cornell University, New York

We are working with a diversity panel of 150 common bean lines that are good combiners—Bean Potluck Panel (high and low fiber). The increasing of the lines in the greenhouse has been problematic due to issues with CBB. How best to clean-up seed?

We plan to publish the genotypic information in a BIC publication and to make this data publicly available.  We are evaluating Organic/Ecological production using Roller/crimper equipment to loosen-up soil and cover and thinking about no-till systems for planting into residue. Another option is the Soybean system that plants into Rye and then cuts the residue once the beans germinate and grow. This has been a challenging year with drought. In the organic system, cultivars Montcalm, Yellowstone, others are doing well in the system.

Consuelo Estevez and Jim Beaver, U. of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico

Mesoamerican pink bean line PR1519-25 has resistance to BGYMV and BCMV, erect plant type and produced a mean seed yield > 2,500 kg/ha over seven planting dates at Isabela Puerto Rico. PR1519-25 will be released as ‘Rosalinda’. A description of the cultivar will be published in the J. of Agriculture of the UPR. [Vol. 106(2): In print]. PR1654-7 is a multiple virus and CBB resistant red mottled bean germplasm line adapted to the humid tropics that was developed and will be released cooperatively by the UPR, the Instituto Dominicano de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales and the USDA-ARS. PR1654-7 possesses the bgm-1 gene for resistance to BGYMV and the I and bc-3 loci that confer resistance to BCMV and BCMNV, respectively, and the SAP 6 QTL for resistance to CBB.  PR1654-7 produced a mean seed yield of 1,597 kg ha^-1 in eight trials planted in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Haiti.

            White, black and small red bean populations have been developed to combine improved agronomic type and seed yield potential with resistance to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV and bruchids.

Yellow and snap bean breeding lines have been selected that combine genes for resistance to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV. Determinate Lima bean breeding lines were selected that produced seed yields > 2,500 kg/ha in trials planted in 2021 at the Isabela Substation.

            The black bean line PR1933-5 and the dark red line PR1933-7 continue to be the best Mesoamerican sources of bruchid resistance in the UPR bean breeding program. Un-fumigated seed from replicated field trials planted at the Isabela Substation in February and June 2021 and January 2022 including PR1933-5, PR1933-7, Bella and Verano was stored in plastic trays to observe the levels of natural infestation. Results from three growing seasons were consistent in that after three months of storage PR1933-5 and PR1933-7 had lower incidences of infestation and less seed damage from the common bean weevil than the susceptible checks Verano and Bella. PR1933-5 and PR1933-7 are under consideration for release in 2023 for release as improved bean germplasm.

            Common bean lines from the BASE 120 nursery and advanced lines developed by USDA- Puerto Rico have been identified with resistance to root rot caused by Fusarium solani. We are evaluating the reactions of common bean lines in field trials to Fusarium root rot to identify new sources of resistance.

Tim Porch, USDA-ARS, Puerto Rico

Andean lines with elevated levels of drought and heat tolerance have been developed from the collaborative PIC bulk breeding populations. Several are being considered for release. Two shuttle breeding lines were released in collaboration with NE (Carlos Urrea), SB-DT2 and SB-DT3, in the JPR. A tepary bean germplasm, TARS-Tep 23, with broad adaptation, rust, and CBB resistance was released the JPR in collaboration with NE, CA, MD and Honduras. A tepary cultivar is being prepared for release with tolerance to Bean golden mosaic virus, powdery mildew, and the leaf hopper insect pest, and with fast cooking time and seed quality. MSU (MI) interspecific lines are being used to introgress traits across species.

Using the novel SNP/KASP markers developed by the bean community (led by Phil Miklas), about 3,000 lines were evaluated using 25 KASP markers on the Intertek platform for marker assisted selection. Breeding lines were evaluated from the UPR, USDA, NE, and the Dominican Republic.

Phil Miklas, USDA-ARS-Prosser, Washington State

The new set of markers developed as Tm Shift assays were presented in an Excel spreadsheet and are available on the BIC website. A number of these markers have been converted to KASP markers and are available through the Intertek platform. There is information on each marker presented in the excel table. Alvaro indicates that it is possible to visualize some of these markers on thick agarose gels. For the SD slow dark marker, the Tm shift assays work well. It would be helpful if we could all share all of our findings on the BIC website and our experience with these markers. For example, some only work in certain backgrounds and this information needs to be added.

For the cloning of the I gene, BCMV virus resistance, we evaluated the BAT 93 EMS mutant population (PR) and identified one mutant. The mutation is located in an NLR gene. In addition, Valerie Geoffroy has found a transposable element in another mutant for the I gene. In genotypes with resistance, they have repeated transposable elements in the I gene, while Jalo for example just has one copy.

Several releases with the slow dark trait that were selected from RIL populations include ND Palomino and Scout. In addition, Diamondback has good seed size, slow dark traits and the I and bc3 genes.  In terms of regular pintos, Rattler has the I and bc3 genes and Basin (PT10-12-10) and Cody. A pink bean, Sunrise Pink    (SR16-2-5) was also released.

There are updates on the genetics of BCMV/BCMNV resistance in common bean. The bc-u^d gene has been added, bc-1^2 doesn’t exist, bc-2 is an escort gene (bc-2 with bc-u^d provides resistance), and bc-4 is an escort gene on pv5 that requires bc-2. We will need to now update the host differentials.

BCT incidence in the field is the highest it has been in Washington for many years. The wet Spring may have affected leaf hoppers. Resistance is holding up well in common bean.

Sarah Dohle, USDA-ARS-Pullman, Washington State

We welcome the new curator of Phaseolus beans, Sarah Dohle who arrived in Pullman last week.

Jim Heitholt, U. of Wyoming, Wyoming

The CBDN was lost this year. However, Adams has been on top, PT9-5-6 (Cody) is very good, and Othello is an early check. In the novelty heirloom trial, the CO nuña  lines are late, but very high yielding, >4000 lb/acre. The planting date trail in Powel (NW, Wyoming), Max (Kelly bean) was the best in the early planted trial (one of earliest maturity too). PT9-5-6 did very well also.

In the seeding rate, row spacing trial there were 3 Irrigations--60, 80, 100%. The goal was to find the best planting and irrigation regime for direct harvest. Monterrey had the lowest loss with direct harvest. There are not many doing direct harvest at this point. For pod location we used a visual scoring method and found Monterrey superior. In the NPK Micro fertility trials, there were 3 rates of N and K and no effects of fertilization regime were found. Again, PT9-5-6 was superior in the trial. There were no effects of micro-nutrient application either

A goal is earliness with upright architecture. We are looking at cooler canopies through these selections. There is a negative association of yield and canopy temperature as shown using regression analysis.

Donna Karen Harris, U. of Wyoming, Wyoming

The goal of selection efforts is an early pinto with high yield. We are also developing a nuña mapping population to find QTL for the popping trait.

Jim Myers, Oregon State University, Oregon

Looking for new assistant, the position will close the 28^th of August. The Job Posting Number is P05930UF with a minimum bachelors, but better Master’s degree.

Snap bean production in Oregon is bush blue lake type and now there is just one processor in the state. This year processors had a hard time finding farms for vegetable contracts since many did grass seed contracts instead. It was rainy early in the season, while high temperatures arrived in July and August. This has at least helped us to identifying some heat tolerance. We have developed field tolerance based on architecture for white mold (compact, porous canopy). The lines with the best resistance tend to have few flowers, maybe providing fewer entry points for ascospores. Most snap beans have prolific flowering and they are in a concentrated period.

We created a Magic Population with dry and snap bean germplasm (8 lines total). We are now selfing the population and the goal is to increase WM resistance and yield. We are mapping leaf color and pod color in snap bean. Also working on the yellow bean, Peruano market class. We have crossed to Higuera, and have BCT and BCMV resistance and good color. We are trying to match yield with Patron

The work on strings and fiber is important. Paul Gepts already spoke about this, but string reversion is a major constraint for the snap bean industry.

Motion to adjourn: 1^st Paul Gepts, 2^nd Jim Heithold.

End: 12:58PM.

The W-4150 project produced several short-term outcomes benefitting stakeholders in the bean industry, among them:

The inherent drought tolerance trait of tepary bean makes it an ideal crop for diversification of farming/cropping climate-smart systems enabling climate adaptation while also providing an important source of proteins. Recent studies have shown that plants infected by certain plant viruses are more tolerant than uninfected plants to abiotic stress.  This suggests that virus infection contributes to a kind of ‘conditioning’ of the host plant such that it can better tolerate abiotic stresses, including drought. These observations have not yet been dissected at functional genomics or proteomic levels. Thus, the results will provide a new understanding of tepary host-virome interactions at the functional genomics level, and aid in determining whether BCMV infection is detrimental or ‘beneficial’ to tepary bean 'health' and performance. Characterization of BCMV isolates associated with seed-borne infections of tepary bean will provide new knowledge about the genome structure of BCMV isolates passed to subsequent generations of tepary bean, seemingly without causing harm. Ultimately, identifying tepary bean alleles involved in this putative ‘beneficial’ relationship is expected to inform breeding efforts in common bean through introgression of tepary bean genes to combat abiotic and biotic stress, particularly to virus infection and drought, both which are expected to be exacerbated by climate change. Outputs: Defined products (tangible or intangible) that are delivered by a research project. Examples of outputs are reports, data, information, observations, publications, and patents.

The W-4150 researchers produced a number of longer-term outputs benefitting the bean industry and the breeding community, among them:

Cultivar/Germplasm Releases:

NDSU: ND Polar navy bean.

MSU: Denali white kidney bean

MSU: Coral pink bean

Publications

During the reporting period, W-4150 collaborators authored or co-authored 30 referred (journal articles and a book chapter) and 13 non-referred publications (see Publications section for list). The latter included Bean Improvement Cooperative publications, extension publications, bean industry publications, meeting abstracts, and newspaper articles. Additional means of dissemination/outreach to stakeholders (growers/industry) and the bean breeding community include presentations and discussions at scientific and industry meetings, field days, and use of websites.

• Activities: Organized and specific functions or duties carried out by individuals or teams using scientific methods to reveal new knowledge and develop new understanding.

ARIZONA

University of Arizona

Previous studies (Brown lab, unpublished data) have shown that BCMV was seed-borne at high frequencies (60-100%) in three tepary seed lots of black, tan, and white seeds, all with concomitantly high germination rates. Other plant RNA viruses may also occur in mixed infection with BCMV. The first objective of this project is to determine the virome, a subset of the phytomicrobiome, for selected tepary bean accessions. Preliminary results show that tepary bean accessions develop different virus symptoms such as upward leaf cupping, downward leaf cupping, leaf rolling, mosaic, and mottling. The three AZ land races exhibited high rates of BCMV seed-transmission ranging from 50.0-100.0% based on RT-PCR amplification and amplicon sequencing. The virus was detected in both asymptomatic and symptomatic plants. The depth of read coverage for BCMV genomes from HTS ranged from ~5,000-25,000X. Genome lengths of ~10,017-bp (p14), 10,044-bp (p13), and 10,433-bp (p15) were obtained. Pairwise comparisons identified indicated the three isolates shared 98.2-98.6% percent nucleotide sequence identity with one another, and 82-93 % with GenBank isolates (KM076650 (South Korea) and DQ666332 (Colombia), confirming BCMV identity. The apparently full-length genome was obtained, based on identification of 10 coding regions. The translated amino acid sequences for the 10 viral proteins indicated the isolates were very highly similar. The P1 protein was the most variable at 98.0-98.9% amino acid similarity. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the AZ-BCMV isolates with BCMV NL4 isolates that belong to the group II, also containing BCMV strains RU1 and BICM.  These represent the first complete genome sequences (minus 3’- and 5’- untranslated regions) obtained for BCMV isolates infecting tepary bean in Arizona. Additional tepary bean and/or common bean genotypes (provided by other W-4150 members) selected for drought and virus resistance will be screened for reaction to the different BCMV genome types.

CALIFORNIA

University of California, Davis

In the case of lima beans, we continued the testing of advanced breeding lines, in two classes, baby limas and large limas. Consistent with observations in other grain legumes, like common bean and garbanzos (chickpeas), larger-seeded progenies tend to have lower grain yield. To mitigate this problem, we have instituted a backcross program with larger-seeded cultivars as recurrent parents. We are hopeful that this approach will result in a higher frequency of higher-yielding larger-seeded progenies. Ultimately, however, the lima bean gene pool will have to be broadened significantly because in its current state, it is too narrowly based. The single most important constraint of lima bean in California is Lygus sp. (mainly Western tarnished plant bug: Lygus hesperus, Homoptera). We have focused primarily on research about potential metabolic compounds that could interfere with the life cycle of the insect. Our results show that cyanide is present mainly in flowers and developing pods, but less so in seeds. The gene coding for the enzyme linamarase, which causes the release of HCN upon wounding, has been mapped on chromosome Pl05. However, it is likely that other genes, with a smaller effect, are also involved in cyanogenesis. Hence, a GWAS analysis is currently being conducted with Genotyping-By-Sequencing of a sample of n ~ 370.          To further advance lima bean improvement, a few members of the W4150 – D. Winham at Iowa State, E. Ernest at the U. of Delaware, S. Dohle at the Plant Introduction Station in Pullman, WA, and P. Roberts at UC-Riverside - are developing a multi-institution project encompassing germplasm genotyping and phenotyping, pre-breeding focused on germplasm conversion using adaptation genes, and consumer surveys and taste tests.

Physiology of drought tolerance in common and tepary beans (funded by USDA-NIFA-AFRI): A study combining physiological (stomatal conductance and predawn and midday leaf water potential) and ground- and tower-based hyperspectral remote sensing (400-2400 nm and 400-900 nm, respectively) measurements of field-grown common (n = 9) and tepary beans (n = 4) aims at testing the usefulness to detect mechanisms and identify selection criteria for drought tolerance. Results of this year's field trial showed that stomatal conductance, predawn leaf water potential, and canopy volume captured large genotypic variation in drought response based on the effect of drought relative to control treatments.  A heatmap clustering, largely based on these parameters, identified genotypic groupings for drought response consistent with prior knowledge about species and eco-geographic race differences regarding drought tolerance.

DELAWARE

University of Delaware

One hundred and fifty baby lima inbreds from the University of Delaware lima breeding program were evaluated in yield trials. Heat tolerant breeding lines continue to have the most stable yield. Some green-seeded baby lima lines had significantly higher yields than the commercial standards. Thirty-three large-seeded bush “Fordhook” type inbreds from the breeding program were also evaluated. Yields in the Fordhook trial were generally high. Several breeding lines produced significantly higher yields than the standard variety and matured earlier. Some of the high performing breeding lines have desirable green seed color.

Green-seeded baby lima breeding lines with root-knot nematode resistance were evaluated in an inoculated yield trial to assess performance compared to the standard varieties, and an available biological control product. Root galling and nematode reproduction were very low on the RKN resistant lines and their yield was equivalent to or exceeded the standard varieties. The biological control product was not effective in reducing galling or nematode reproduction.

Seed of baby lima breeding lines was sent to collaborators in California, Ontario, Wisconsin and Colorado for testing in other production areas and trial seed production (CO and CA).

Additional experiments were conducted to assess the value of the willow leaf trait for disease and stress avoidance.

IDAHO

University of Idaho

No oral/written report.

IOWA

Iowa State University

Iowa State University (ISU) researchers examined the short-term effects of 100% black bean consumption on glucose, insulin, satiety, and gastrointestinal symptoms in 18 healthy young adults in a randomized cross-over study.  The project was a collaborative effort with USDA-ARS at East Lansing, MI (Cichy). The pastas were made from Michigan-grown black beans (Zenith).  Whole beans were made into three flours using a standard milling process, and two variations of a new milling technology. The findings demonstrated acceptability of the black bean pastas with consumers, and similarity in biological response (glucose, insulin) with the three pasta variations. Survey data on perceived research priorities were collected from 186 bean and pulse growers, processors, food manufacturers, and research scientists.  Data analysis is complete and manuscript production is in process.  These data will be distributed to W4150 partners.  Findings can be used to identify research gaps. A national level survey of consumer views on the health benefits of beans and consumption patterns is in pilot-testing phase.  W4150 collaborators will be asked to provide comments on the survey structure before distribution.  This study will inform bean breeders about perceptions of taste, and quality traits in the general public.

MARYLAND

USDA-ARS

Report was orally presented but not submitted?

MICHIGAN

Michigan State University and USDA-ARS

In 2022, dry bean research was conducted by Michigan State University and the USDA-ARS at East Lansing, MI. The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 14 yield trials in 2022 in nine market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, National Drought, and the National Sclerotinia (White Mold) Nurseries in Michigan and winter nursery in Puerto Rico. The nurseries were planted (1 June and 10) and received an average of 8.7” of rain (June - mid Sept). This combined with high temperature led to smaller bean and earlier maturity in some testing locations. The MSU dry bean breeding program evaluated ~1,800 early generation breeding lines as part of the W-4150 collaborative winter nursery. Other research by MSU looked at symbiotic nitrogen fixation in dry beans, QTL-seq mapping for anthracnose race 109, and the development of affordable phenotyping platforms using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAS) to estimate important agronomic traits.

The following progress has been made in the development of fast cooking, U.S. adapted dry bean germplasm (1a) and to develop improved black bean germplasm with superior end use quality (2a): 101 yellow, 113 kidney, 93 cranberry, and 55 black bean early generation (F3 to F6) breeding lines were field selected in Fall 2021. These lines were sent to a winter nursery in Puerto Rico for advancement. The early generation breeding lines were also screened for Fusarium root rot resistance, seed non-darkening and evaluated with SNP markers for the I gene (bean common mosaic virus resistance). Phenotypic evaluation of cooking time, seed iron and zinc concentration, and iron bioavailability, and canning quality were conducted on preliminary and advanced breeding lines to select best breeding lines to advance. In 2022, the following breeding nurseries were field planted: Advanced yield trials- 36 cranberry, 36 yellow, 36 kidney, 24 black beans. Preliminary yield trials: 42 yellow, 52 cranberry, 92 kidney and 55 black beans. In addition, one black, one white kidney, one cranberry and three yellow breeding lines were sent for Michigan regional testing, and two yellow, two cranberry and one black bean lines were sent to Idaho for disease free seed production. In winter of 2022 new crosses were made in the yellow, kidney, black, nuna, otebo, and cranberry market classes.

NEBRASKA

University of Nebraska

The 72^nd annual Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) report was compiled and distributed in March 2022. During the 2021 CDBN, 15 entries were tested in trials in 6 locations in the U.S. and Canada.  Final results were compiled and distributed to all project members and made available to the public via the http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2021 web page.

The 2021 Dry Bean Variety Trial results were posted on the same web page. In 2022 CDBN, 20 entries are being tested in trials in 6 locations in the U.S. and Canada. Dr. Urrea participated in the 2022 Mid-west Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN); 6 Nebraska lines are being tested. The 2022 national Dry Bean Drought Nursery (DBDN) was assembled and distributed with 24 lines from MI, WA, NE, and PR tested in MI, WA, PR, and NE. About 44 F3:4 families from the fourth shuttle breeding cycles between Nebraska and Puerto Rico were tested in Scottsbluff under drought stress and will be tested in Puerto Rico under drought and non-drought stress environments. Dr. Urrea increased breeder to the foundation seed of the upright northern cultivar White Pearl (NE1-17-10) and one slow-darkening pinto cultivar Wildcat (NE2-17-18) at Quincy, WA. White Pearl has an upright plant architecture, carries the Ur3 rust resistance genes and the I bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) resistance gene, shows tolerance to common bacterial blight (CBB), and has high yield potential. Wildcat carries the Ur11 rust resistance and the I BCMV resistance genes. Both lines have high yield potential and large seed sizes. Another great northern, NE1-17-36, and two slow-darkening pintos, NE2-17-37 and NE4-17-6 are being increased as a breeder to breeder seed at Quincy, WA. Dr. Urrea is participating in increasing 2 lines of the yellow bean panel led by Dr. Karen Cichy. Dr. Harveson continues with the testing of new copper-alternative chemicals for managing bacterial diseases in Nebraska. We have additionally expanded our targets to evaluate whether these products will manage other diseases of dry beans, including the fungal diseases of white mold and bean rust. We have further conducted multiple industry projects in 2022 and have tested several of the new chemical fungicidal products and application methods (sprays, seed treatments, etc.) for rust, white mold, and root rot diseases (Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp.). A new project began in 2021 in a collaborative effort with several microbiologists in Georgia and Florida. We have been characterizing and evaluating the pathogenicity and virulence of bacterial wilt isolates (Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens) in the greenhouse which were initially collected from the stratosphere. Lastly, we have completed the first year of a study characterizing root pathogens and diseases (Rhizoctonia and Fusarium root rots) associated with new pulse crops and evaluating them as potential disease problems in dry bean production. This project is funded by the Nebraska Dept. of Agriculture’s Specialty Crops Block Grant Program and began in 2022. Our findings should also be useful for crop rotation systems and dry bean breeding purposes in the event interest in other pulse crops grown continues in Nebraska. 

NEW YORK

Cornell

In 2022, focus was placed on the development of dry beans with improved seed-coat color. and advancement of alternate seed coat colors in established market classes. This included the development of seven new black bean breeding lines (BB2201-BB2207) with high seed-coat color retention after cooking/canning. Based on increased consumer demand for more color and variability within products introgressions of novel colors have also been targeted.  These include new kidney bean lines BK2201 and PK2201 (black kidney and purple kidney). Based on initial canning studies the black kidney beans have had excellent color retention when compared to black bean controls, and good canning quality based on can-pour and splitting.  A new mini-kidney bean (NYD4) has also been developed for new markets in the alternate packaged good space. Due to the small seed size of this line, and the upright architecture, it could lead to a variety where pod shattering is not a concern enabling harvest using similar equipment for upright black beans.

Breeding line trials were planted in Freeville NY in 2019 and greenhouse increased in 2020 as field trials were limited based on Covid-19. Populations developed for these trials were all increased in greenhouses in Ithaca and Geneva together with populations advancing the color retention into black bean and black kidney types.

NORTH DAKOTA

North Dakota State University

Malaika Ebert is the new pulse pathologist (beans, peas, chickpeas…). In beans, she will focus on Fusarium and pathogens. Jody (technician) retired after 42 years of service in April. We have hired new technicians and the field program is thus ½ size this year. The MRPN trial was lost due to early flooding. The total rainfall is the same, but large rainfall events result in flooding.

ND Polar is a new navy bean with high yield that does well in stressful years. About 50% of its parents are black beans and it has good levels of CBB resistance. ND Twilight was released last year with resistance to rust in ND. It has two VAX lines in its pedigree. GWAS is being conducted on lines in the breeding program. Rust resistance in breeding program has been evaluated. The KASP marker for slow dark is being used in the F3 generation. Phil McLean is focused on seed coat colors (V locus publication). Another publication on the continental-scale variation in fitness and heritability in common bean (Crop Sci) was published. Also, on Fiber and Oligosaccharides with Mark Brick showed low GxE interaction. We also published a white mold genetics paper using a magic population. In the FtF Future LSIL project on Bruchid resistance (in collaboration with Kelvin Kamfwa at the Univ. of Zambia) is transferring bruchid resistance into local market classes in southern Africa. There is also development and validation of markers for bruchid resistance. We continue to develop slow darkening pintos that have the added benefits of fast cooking time and high Iron bioavailability. About 35-40% of acreage of pintos in ND are slow dark. The collaborative Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN) was grown at 3 locations (MI, ND, and NE) during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The 2022 MRPN at ND was lost due to flooding early in the season.

OREGON

Oregon State University

We are down to one processor, but green bean acreage remains steady in the state at about 10,000 A. The primary research objective of the OSU snap bean breeding program has been to identify and introgress white mold resistance into elite cultivars. In this regard, we continue to develop a MAGIC population based on a combination of snap and dry bean lines. The final 8-way crosses were made in 2021 to create a population of 685 plants and we are currently selfing to homozygosity in the greenhouse and field. We screened the 8-way S1s using the seedling straw test and found that 12 individuals were significantly more resistant than the resistant checks (G122 and NY6020-4). Another 322 individuals were not significantly different from the resistant checks but were significantly more resistant than the susceptible checks. The population also show transgressive segregation for susceptibility.

The 4-population nested association mapping (NAM) population (247 lines) with WMG904-20-3 as common parent was grown at the at the OSU Vegetable Res. Farm and evaluated for agronomic traits for a second year. QTL mapping of the combined 4 populations identified 33 significant QTL on 9 linkage groups for field and straw test resistance.

We participated in the National Sclerotinia Initiative nurseries and screen lines submitted by private industry for this disease. PUERTO RICO

As part of the M.S. degree thesis research of Yohari E. Torres-González, under the supervision of Dr. Consuelo Estevez, evaluated the reaction of 26 common bean lines to Fusarium solani. Disease symptoms were assessed after inoculation with isolate 19-00514. In the screen house trial, two white bean cultivars ‘Bella’ (1.5) and ‘Beníquez’ (1.5), released by the University of Puerto Rico, had resistant scores. Snap bean lines segregating for multiple virus resistance were planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2022. Individual plants were selected based on results from screening by Dr. Tim Porch using molecular markers in the Intertek SNP platform. Lines were selected that possessed the bgm-1 gene and the BGY8.1 QTL for BGYMV resistance and the I and bc-3 genes for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV. Several of the snap bean breeding lines also possess the SAP6 QTL for resistance to common bacterial blight. Thirteen advanced lines from trial 2203 and six F₄ lines from trial 2205 were planted in Minnesota in May 2022. The Minnesota nursery also included PR2105-67-1 with bgm-1, BGY8.1 QTL, I and bc-3 resistance genes and an indeterminate snap bean line PR2105-68-1 with genes for resistance to BGYMV and BCMV. Individual plants were harvested from the Minnesota nursery.

            A yellow bean yield trial was planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2022. The trial included 5 entries (PR2105-2, 3, 6, 10 and 16) with the bgm-1 gene and the BGY8.1 QTL for BGYMV resistance and the I and bc-3 genes for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV. These lines had an immune reaction when screened by Dr. Consuelo Estevez with the NL-3 strain of BCMNV. Another line PR2105-54-16 has the bgm-1 gene and the BGY8.1 QTL for BGYMV resistance and the I gene for resistance to BCMV. The line produced a limited vein necrosis when inoculated with NL-3 suggesting the presence of bc-u^d and bc-1 genes for resistance to BCMNV and BCMNV. The yellow bean line with multiple virus resistance were planted in Minnesota in May 2022. Individual plants will be harvested.

            The white bean breeding line PR1627-8 was derived from the cross ‘Verano/ALS9951-101-R1’. Mean seed yield of PR1627-8 was 2,087 kg ha^-1 across eight field trials conducted in Puerto Rico and Haiti. PR1627-8 was resistant to angular leaf spot and had moderately resistant reactions to common bacterial blight in field trials planted at the Isabela Substation. In the field trial planted at the Isabela Substation in February 2021, PR1627-8 was the only line to express resistance to rust. Seed from two individual plant selections from PR1627-8 were sent to Dr. Talo Pastor-Corrales, USDA-ARS Research Plant Pathologist at Beltsville, MD, for screening with specific races of the rust pathogen. Results from the evaluation suggests that PR1627-8 has the Ur-5 rust resistance gene. PR1627-8 also has the bgm-1 gene for BGYMV resistance and the I gene for resistance to BCMV. This breeding line has expressed resistance to BGYMV in field trials in the Dominican Republic and Haiti (Mainviel, 2019). PR1627-8 is under consideration for release as an improved germplasm line or cultivar. Similarly, the black bean breeding line PR1564-20 has the bgm-1 gene and the BGY8.1 QTL for resistance to BGYMV, the I and bc-3 genes for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV and the Ur-11 gene for rust resistance. This line has performed well in the Dominican Republic and is under consideration for release as an improved germplasm line.

During the summer of 2021, PR1627-8 was crossed in Minnesota with the white bean breeding line PR0608-81A which has the Ur-11 rust resistance gene. Bean lines that combine the Ur-5 and the Ur-11 rust resistance genes should have broad and durable resistance. The F₁ seed was planted by Dr. Tim Porch in October 2021 and the F₂ generation was planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2022. Seed from F_2:3 plants having superior agronomic traits was bulked and planted at the Isabela Substation in May 2022. Seed from individual F_3:4 plants selected from the nursery will be screened by Dr. Tim Porch using the Intertek SNP marker platform.

The black bean line PR1933-5 and the dark red line PR1933-7 continue to be the best Mesoamerican sources of bruchid resistance in the UPR bean breeding program. These lines also have the bgm-1 gene and the SW-12 QTL for BGYMV resistance and the I and bc-3 genes for BCMV and BCMNV resistance. In a replicated trial conducted at the Isabela Substation during the summer of 2021, PR1933-5 had an average of 0.5/10 and PR1933-7 had an average of 1.5/10 seed damaged at 30 days after infestation. Badillo averaged 10/10 seed damaged and Verano had 9.5/10 seed damaged at 30 days after infestation. PR1933-5 and PR1933-7 are under consideration for release in 2023 as improved bean germplasm. In a crossing block planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2021, PR1933-5 and PR1933-7 were crossed with elite Mesoamerican bean cultivars from Central America and the Caribbean. The F₁ generation was planted in Grey Eagle, Minnesota in May 2021. The F₂ nursery was planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2022. Individual plants were harvested based on agronomic traits and seed type. A total of 252 F_2:3 lines were planted at the Isabela Substation in May 2022. Individual plants were harvested based on pod set and seed type and seed from these lines will be used by Dr. Porch screen for disease and bruchid resistance genes using the Intertek SNP marker platform. The F_3:4 nursery will be planted at the Isabela Substation in November 2022. Similarly, field trials of F₆ Andean bean lines with red mottled, white, yellow and light red kidney beans were planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2022. During 2021, these lines were screened by Dr. Porch using Intertek SNP markers for resistance to BCMV (I gene), BGYMV (bgm-1 gene and BGY8.1 QTL) and common bacterial blight (SAP6 QTL). Some of the lines were also screened at North Dakota State University using a SNP marker for the APA locus which is associated with bruchid resistance. These lines were screened in the laboratory during the winter of 2022 for bruchid resistance. No yellow bean lines from trial 2204 were identified to have high levels of resistance to bruchids. It should be noted, however, that two of the four lines were heterozygous for the APA locus when screened with the molecular marker. Individual plant selections will be made from these lines to identify lines homozygous for the APA locus.

‘Rosalinda’, a multiple virus resistant pink bean line (PR1519-25) adapted to the humid tropics, was developed, and released cooperatively by the University of Puerto Rico (UPR) and the United State Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS). ‘Rosalinda’ is resistant to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV. The pink bean cultivar has an indeterminate upright, Type II growth habit. The erect habit of Rosalinda allows pods to avoid touching the soil surface that helps to preserve seed quality and facilitates direct harvest with a combine. Rosalinda produced a mean seed yield of 2,649 kg ha^-1 in seven trials conducted at the Isabela Substation from 2014 to 2019. The mean seed yield of Rosalinda was significantly higher than the check cultivar ‘Verano’. Rosalinda represents the first release of a Mesoamerican race pink bean cultivar.

In the Dominican Republic, the cranberry bean line PR1506-162 is under consideration for release as a cultivar. This breeding line has the bgm-1 gene and the BGY8.1 QTL for resistance to BGYMV, the I and bc-3 genes for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV and the SAP6 marker for resistance to common bacterial blight.

Determinate Lima bean lines derived from the cross ‘Sieva x Beseba’ were planted at the Isabela Substation in June 2021. Lines were identified that produced seed yields > 2,500 kg/ha (Table 6). The nine most promising lines were selected based on plant health and seed yield potential and included in a replicated yield that was planted at the Isabela Substation in May 2022. During the upcoming year, it would be desirable to screen the lines in the Dominican Republic or Honduras for resistance to BGYMV. It would also be desirable to plant a seed increase of the climbing Lima bean cultivar ‘Sieva’.

SOUTH CAROLINA

Clemson University

Through a collaborative effort with multiple W4150 co-PIs, the genetic diversity of snapbeans was assessed through DNA sequencing of 384 accessions from the USDA National Plant Germplasm System. The genetic data generated will be used in future years of the project for genetic mapping of economically important traits for improvement of snapbeans. The snapbean accessions and current commercial cultivars were evaluated for pod production under optimal and heat-stressed conditions in replicated field trials in Charleston, SC in 2021 and 2022. The most heat tolerant accessions will be used to initiate a breeding program with the long-term goal of releasing heat tolerant snapbean varieties. These varieties will be tested in multi-location trials coordinated by W-4150 members in different geographic regions.

A graduate student was recruited for this project and will run the Spring 2022 field trials to gain training and experience for a career in agriculture. Students were hired for the summer season to assist with the field trials and were able to gain valuable hands-on experience in an agricultural setting. Results were disseminated to the growers and processors through a field day at the Clemson Coastal REC in Charleston, SC. Genetic data was shared with other researchers through oral presentations at the Crop Science Society annual meeting and at invited seminars at Michigan State University and Cornell University. During the next reporting period, the project will (1) publish the genetic diversity of snapbeans in a peer-reviewed publication, (3) start making crosses of the most heat-tolerant accessions, and (4) complete a genome-wide association study of heat tolerance in the snapbean panel.

WASHINGTON

Washington State University and USDA-ARS Prosser.

This past year D.R. Gang from WSU led a proposal to the NIFA SCRI program on developing a new class of dry beans, called popping beans. This is a multistate and multidisciplinary project that includes WA, OR, WY, MI, HI as main participating states, but has collaborators in other bean production states, especially NE and ND. The project scored very well, was ranked as Outstanding, but was not funded. We plan to submit arevised proposal this coming year. In preparation for that resubmission, project team members continue to work on developing crosses and moving progeny from those crosses forward, share seed between participants for seed increase and for field evaluation, and work together in developing school lunch program and other end user surveys to evaluate acceptance and liking of the developing bean lines, as well as continuing to evaluate and develop different popping and other food processing methods for this developing market class of dry bean.

Three new dry beans were accepted by USDA ARS Technology Transfer Committee for cultivar release. USDA Sunrise pink has Type 2b growth habit, ‘I’ gene resistance to BCMV, nice seed appearance, and is tolerant to drought and low soil fertility.  USDA Lava red has upright Type 2b growth habit, I + bc-u^d + bc-1 genes for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV, similar seed appearance as Merlot, and medium maturity. USDA Cody pinto has type 2b growth habit, I gene for resistance to BCMV, regular darkening seed coats, and performs well under low inputs (drought and low fertility).  These three cultivar releases benefited from testing and selection based on performance in multi-state trials (Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, Midwest Regional Performance Nursery, Bean White Mold Nursery, Dry Bean Drought Nursery), and in cooperators’ tests for canning quality (MI) and rust reaction (CO, MD).    Development and seed increase of recombinant inbred populations Rattler/Stampede (138 RILs) for studying abiotic stress tolerance in pinto bean and Ruby/SR9-5 (200 RILs) for characterizing resistance to white mold in small red beans were completed. Progress was made in identifying and characterizing the candidate gene TIR:NB-ARC:LRR: C-JID for the I gene. A table was uploaded on the BIC website for sharing 42 Tm-shift assay markers with the bean research community which tag 27 loci influencing nine traits: resistance to BCMV/BCMNV, BCTV, BGYMV, anthracnose, common bacterial blight, rust, and white mold diseases, lectin genes and the gene for the slow darkening seed coat trait.

WYOMING

University of Wyoming, Powell REC, and Department of Plant Sciences

The CBDN trial was lost this year (2022) at Powell due to weather. However, for 2021 results, cv. Adams (a black bean check that was added locally only for 2021) and PT9-5-6 led in yield for that year and both entries had 15% greater yield than the next highest yielding entry. PT9‑5-6 (recently released as cv. ‘Cody’ by USDA-ARS, Prosser) has yielded consistently high for several years here in northwest Wyoming and we expect PT9-5-6 to be a mid‑to-late maturity option for the region’s producers.  Othello has served as an early-maturing check for many years and although it yields respectably and consistently, it is typically just average.

A novelty/heirloom trial was conducted across 2020 and 2021 and several nuña lines bred by Colorado State around 2012 were very high yielding, >4,000 lb/acre, which we rarely see in northwest Wyoming.  However, these nuña lines mature quite late and it is unclear whether their yield potential can be utilized in our future breeding efforts.

The planting date trial in Powell (northwest Wyoming) included ten lines of varying maturity.  The cultivar Max (Kelley Bean) yielded best in the early‑planted treatments and Poncho yielded highest for the two latter planting dates (Max and Poncho were among the earliest maturing lines entered in this test). PT9-5-6 also yielded very well across planting dates.

In a trial with two seeding rates, three row spacings, four cultivars, and three irrigations (replacement of ET at 60%, 80%, and 100%), one of our goals was to find the best planting and irrigation regime for direct harvest management. The upright cultivar Monterrey had the lowest loss (i.e., the best recovery) with direct harvest. There are not many producers in northwest Wyoming that are using direct harvest at this point in time although several are experimenting with it.  To quantify the vertical pod locations on the stalk, which relates to direct harvest efficiency, we used a visual scoring method and found Monterrey to be superior with 75% or more of its pods found above 4-inches.

In the NPK Micro fertility trials with ten entries (including three of our UW progeny lines), there were three rates of N and three rates of K and no effects of fertilization regime were found. Again, PT9-5-6 was superior in the trial although our three breeding lines were competitive yield-wise. For several years now, the results have shown that neither our breeding lines nor the commercial check cultivars are any more or less efficient when fertilizer N is withheld.

Besides yield, the breeding goals for our Wyoming program are earliness with upright architecture. We have found the cooler canopy temperature has been associated with higher yield across many of our selections.  We are now investigating whether the canopy temperature trait can be used to augment selection for yield.

• Milestones: Key intermediate targets necessary for achieving and/or delivering the outputs of a project, within an agreed timeframe. Milestones are useful for managing complex projects. For example, a milestone for a biotechnology project might be "To reduce our genetic transformation procedures to practice by December 2004."

As a contribution to Regional Hatch Project W-4150, the project plants a winter nursery for collaborating U.S. bean breeding programs. The 2021-2022 winter nursery planted at Isabela Substation includes > 4,000 lines from North Dakota State University, Michigan State University, the University of Nebraska and USDA-ARS bean breeding program. In addition, several collaborative trials such as the CDBN and the MRPN were grown among several W-4150 collaborators.

Refereed Publications

Beaver, J.S., González-Vélez, A., Lorenzo-Vázquez, G., Macchiavelli, R., Porch, T.G., Estevez-de-Jensen, C. (2021). Performance of Mesoamerican bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines in an unfertilized oxisol. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 32:701-718.

Beaver, J.S., Martínez Figueroa, H., Godoy Lutz, G., Estévez de Jensen, C., Porch, T.G., Rosas, J.C. (2022). Breeding for resistance and integrated management of web blight in common bean. Crop Science, 62:20-35.

Beiermann, C., Creech, C., Knezevic, S., Jhala, A., Harveson, R., Lawrence, N.C. (2022). Influence of planting date and herbicide program on Amaranthus palmeri control in dry bean. Weed Technology, 36:79-85.

Beiermann, C., Miranda, J.W.A., Creech, C., Knezevic, S., Jhala, A., Harveson, R., Lawrence, N.C. (2022). Critical timing of weed removal in dry bean as influenced by the use of preemergence herbicides. Weed Technology, 36:168-176.

Brick, M.A., Kleintop, A., Echeverria, D., Kammlade, S., Brick, L.A., Osorno, J.M., McClean, P. Thompson, H.J. (2022). Dry Bean: A Protein-Rich Superfood With Carbohydrate Characteristics That Can Close the Dietary Fiber Gap. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13.

Choe, U., Osorno, J. M., Ohm, J. B., Chen, B., Rao, J. (2022). Modification of physicochemical, functional properties, and digestibility of macronutrients in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flours by different thermally treated whole seeds. Food Chemistry, 382:132570.

Cichy, K.A., Chiu, C., Isaacs, K., Glahn, R.P. (2022). Dry bean biofortification with iron and zinc. In: Kumar, Shiv, Dikshit, Harsh Kumar, Mishra, Gyan Prakash, Singh, Akanksha, editors. Biofortification of Staple Crops. Singapore. Springer. p.225-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3280-8_10. 

Escobar, E.G., Oladzad, A., Simons, K., Miklas, P., Lee, R., Schroeder, S., Bandillo, N., Wunsch, M., McClean, P.E., Osorno, J.M. (2022). New genomic regions associated with white mold resistance in dry bean using a MAGIC population. Plant Genome, 15:e20190.  http://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20190

Geng, P., Hooper, S., Sun, J., Chen, P., Cichy, K.A., Harnly, J.M. (2022). Contrast Study on Secondary Metabolite Profile between Pastas Made from Three Single Varietal Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Durum Wheat (Triticum durum). ACS Food Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.2c00050

Keller, B., Ariza-Suarez, D., Portilla-Benavides, A.E., Buendia, H.F., Aparicio, J.S., Amongi, W., Mbiu, J., Nchimbi Msolla, S., Miklas, P., Porch, T.G., Burridge, J., Mukankusi, C., Studer, B., Raatz, B. (2022). Improving association studies and genomic predictions for climbing beans with data from bush bean populations. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13:830896. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.830896

Lin, J., Arief, V., Jahufer, Z., Osorno, J., McClean, P., Jarquin, D., Hoyos-Villegas, V. (2022). Simulations of rate of genetic gain in dry bean breeding programs.

MacQueen, A.H., Khoury, C.K., Miklas, P., McClean, P.E., Osorno, J.M., Runck, B.C., White, J.W., Kantar, M., Ewing, P.M. (2021). Local to continent-scale variation in fitness and heritability in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars. Crop Science.

MacQueen, A.H., White, J.W., Lee, R., Osorno, J.M., Schmutz, J., Miklas, P.N., Myers, J., McClean, P.E., Juenger, T.E. (2021). Genetic associations in four decades of multienvironment trials reveal agronomic trait evolution in common bean. GENETICS, 219.

McClean, P.E., Lee, R., Howe, K., Osborne, C., Grimwood, J., Levy, S., Haugrud, A.P., Plott, C., Robinson, M., Skiba, R.M. and Tanha, T. (2022). The common bean v gene encodes flavonoid 3′ 5′ hydroxylase: a major mutational target for flavonoid diversity in angiosperms. Frontiers in Plant Science, p.967.

Montejo Domínguez, L.D.M.A., McClean, P.E., Steadman, J., McCoy, S., Markell, S., Osorno, J.M. (2022). Bean rust resistance in the Guatemalan climbing bean germplasm collection. Legume Science, p.e149.

Miklas, P.N., Kelly, J.D., Cichy, K.A. (2022). Dry Bean Breeding and Production Technologies. In Dry Beans and Pulses Production, Processing, and Nutrition, Second Edition. Edited by Muhammad Siddiq and Mark A. Uebersax. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Myers, J.R., Kusolwa, P.M., Beaver, J.S. (2021). Breeding the common bean for weevil resistance. Chronica Horticulturae, 61:16-20.

Parker, T., Cetz, J., de Sousa, L., Kuzay, S., Lo, S., Floriani, T., Njau, S., Arunga, E., Duitama, J., Jernstedt, J., Myers, J., Llaca, V., Herrera-Estrella, A., Gepts, P. (2022). Loss of pod strings in common bean is associated with gene duplication, retrotransposon insertion, and overexpression of PvIND. New Phytologist, 235:2454

Parker, T.A., Gepts, P. (2021). Population genomics of Phaseolus spp.: A domestication hotspot. In: Rajora OP (ed) Population Genomics: Crop Plants. Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland, pp 1-83.

Restrepo-Montoya, D., McClean, P.E., Osorno, J.M. (2021). Orthology and synteny analysis of receptor-like kinases “RLK” and receptor-like proteins “RLP” in legumes. BMC genomics, 22:1-17.

Saballos, A.I., Soler-Garzón, A., Brooks, M., Hart, J.P., Lipka, A.E., Miklas, P.N., Peachey, R.E., Tranel, P.J., Williams, M. (2022). Multiple genomic regions govern tolerance to sulfentrazone in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2022.869770

Sadohara, R. Izquierdo, P., Couto Alves, F., Porch, T.G., Beaver, J.S., Urrea, C.A., Cichy, K.A. (2022). The Phaseolus vulgaris L. Yellow Bean Collection: genetic diversity and characterization for cooking time.  Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 69:1627-1648.

Sadohara, R., Winham, D.M., Cichy, K.A. (2022). Food Industry Views on Pulse Flour—Perceived Intrinsic and Extrinsic Challenges for Product Utilization. Foods, 11:2146.

Soler-Garzón A., Oladzad A., Beaver J., Beebe S., Lee R., Lobaton J.D., Macea E., McClean P., Raatz, B., Rosas J.C., Song Q., Miklas P.N. (2021). NAC candidate gene marker for bgm-1 and interaction with QTL for resistance to Bean Golden Yellow Mosaic Virus in common bean. Front. Plant Science, 12:628443.

Soler-Garzón, A., McClean, P.E., Miklas, P.N. (2021). Coding mutations in vacuolar protein-sorting 4 AAA+ ATPase endosomal sorting complexes required for transport protein homologs underlie bc-2 and new bc-4 gene conferring resistance to Bean common mosaic virus in common bean. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12:769247. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.769247

Soltani, A, Walter K.A., Wiersma, A.T., Santiago, J.P., Quiqley, M., Chitwood, D., Porch, T.G., Miklas, P., McClean, P.E., Osorno, J.M., Lowry, D.B. (2021). The genetics and physiology of seed dormancy, a crucial trait in common bean domestication. BMC Plant Biology, 21:58.

Subramani, M., Urrea, C.A., Kalavacharla, V. (2022). comparative analysis of untargeted metabolomics in tolerant and sensitive genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds exposed to terminal drought stress. Metabolites, 12:944. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100944

Uebersax, M.A., Cichy, K.A., Gomez, F.E., Porch, T.G., Heitholt, J., Osorno, J.M., Kamfwa, K., Snapp, S.S., Bales, S. (2022). Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a vital component of sustainable agriculture and food security—A review. Legume Science, e155. https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.155

Wang, W., Wright, E., Uebersax, M., Cichy, K.A. (2021). A Pilot-scale Dry Bean Canning and Evaluation Protocol. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.16171

Winham, D.M., Thompson, S.V., Heer, M.M., Davitt, E.E., Hooper, S.D., Cichy, K.A., Knoblauch, S.T. (2022). Black Bean Pasta Meals with Varying Protein Concentrations Reduce Postprandial Glycemia and Insulinemia Similarly Compared to White Bread Control in Adults. Foods, 11:1652. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111652

Non-Refereed Publications

Branham SE, Hart J, Griffiths P, Porch T, Maz M, Gore M, Myers J. (2021). Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Linkage Disequilibrium of a Snap Bean Association Panel and Its Potential for Genome-Wide Association Studies. ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting.

Harveson, R.M.  (2022). Stratosphere bacterial wilt isolates. Bean Bag, Winter Issue.

Harveson, R.M. (2022).  A new project with Rhizoctonia root rot in pulse crops. Bean Bag, Spring Issue.

Harveson, R.M. (2022). Specialty crops update. Guide for weed, disease, and insect management in Nebraska. University of Nebraska Extension, EC 130, 366 pp.

Harveson, R.M. (2022). What’s going on at pulse corner? Bean Bag, Summer Issue.

Porch, T.G., Beaver, J.S. (2022). Response of tepary bean breeding lines and entries of the tepary diversity panel (tdp) when infested with the common bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus) Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative, 65:117-118.

Porch, T.G., Beaver, J.S., Arias, J., Godoy-Lutz, G. (2021). Response of tepary beans to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative, 64:73-74.

Rodriguez, O.J., McClean, P.M., Osorno, J.M. (2021). November. Stem Diameter and Its Relationship to Agronomic Traits in Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting. ASA-CSSA-SSSA.

Torres-González, Y., Estévez de Jensen, C., Beaver, J.S., Porch, T.G. (2022). Resistance of common bean lines to root rot caused by Fusarium solani. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative, 65:25-27.

Urrea, C.A. (2021). 2020 Nebraska dry bean variety trials. The Bean Bag 40:10-17.

Urrea, C.A. (2022). 2021 Nebraska dry bean variety trials. Nebraska Extension MP116. 10 p.

Urrea, C.A. 72^nd  Annual Report National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2021.

Urrea, C.A., E.V. Cruzado. (2022). 2021 Dry Bean Variety Trials.  http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2021.