Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Minutes to the NC-213 Annual Meeting 2021 – Virtual – Minutes Of – Tuesday, March 30 and Wednesday, March 31.

Tuesday, March 30, 2021 - Welcome and Introductions. 

Gary M. Pierzynski, Administrative Advisor/Coordinator, The Ohio State University. Gary gave a General Welcome to everyone attending and mentioned that at Wednesday’s NC-213 Annual Business Meeting he will give a more in-depth report. 

Griffiths Atungulu, NC-213 Chair, University of Arkansas. Griffiths started off by giving a very heartfelt and warming welcome and thanking everyone for holding up during this pandemic. He shared that he hopes that everyone continues to stay safe. Griffiths thanked the NC-213 Executive Committee for organizing the Annual Meeting Virtual and thanked Scott Swanson, North Dakota State University, for all of his technical knowledge. Senay Simsek, North Dakota State University was thanked for Hosting the Annual Meeting and taking the lead. Griffiths thanked Bill Koshar for connecting all of the loose ends. Griffiths closed by again welcoming everyone and invited them to sit down and enjoy the Annual Meeting. 

Overview of the Annual Meeting and Sessions. 

Griffiths Atungulu. Griffiths gave an overview of the Annual Meeting, thanked Gretchen Mosher, Iowa State University, for her efforts on the Presentations for Wednesday, mentioned the Industry Panel Discussion, overseen by Chuck Hill, AgriGold Hybrids, and shared that the NC-213 Annual Business Meeting will be on Wednesday. 

Senay Simsek, NC-213 Objective Co-Chair and Meeting Host, North Dakota State University. Senay thanked Bill Koshar and Members of the NC-213 Executive Committee will helped with the Annual Meeting, and shared with the group that we will do our best to provide a good meeting. Senay went on to say that we had a great turnout on presentations and Scott Swanson did a great job. She gave an overall; “thank you” to everyone on the Annual Meeting. 

Gretchen Mosher, NC-213 Objective Co-Chair, Associate Professor, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University. Gretchen was asked to give a brief discussion on the Presentations for Wednesday. Gretchen shared that the presentations would be “live” and last for approximately ten (10) minutes. Gretchen thanked Scott for his work on the ZOOM Webinar and Bill Koshar for his efforts. 

Presentations from NC-213 Participating Stations. 

University of Arkansas. Griffiths G. Atungulu, Ph.D., Associate Professor & Agricultural Engineer, UA Rice/Grain Processing & Post-harvest Systems' Engineering Program, Department of Food Science Division of Agriculture 

Purdue University. Klein E. Ileleji, Professor & Extension Engineer, Agricultural & Biological Engineering 

Iowa State University. Gretchen A. Mosher, Associate Professor, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering 

Kansas State University. Kaliramesh Siliveru, Assistant Professor, Department of Grain Science & Industry 

University of Nebraska. Devin Rose, Professor, Food Science & Technology

North Dakota State University. Senay Simsek, Professor - Bert L. D'Appolonia Cereal Science and Technology of Wheat Endowed Professor 

The Ohio State University. Pierce Paul, Professor 

Texas AgriLife Research. Timothy J. Herrman, Professor 

University of Illinois. Matthew Jon Stasiewicz, Assistant Professor, Applied Food Safety 

Wednesday, March 31, 2021 - Welcome to the Second Day of the NC-213 Annual Meeting. Griffiths Atungulu 

Griffiths welcomed everyone to the second day of the Annual Meeting. He reported that yesterday’s session was; “excellent” and “very engaging.” The presentations were well executive and very well received. Many attendees mentioned that should be repeated in future Annual Meetings. 

Griffiths asked Gretchen Mosher, Iowa State University, to give an overview of the Presentations for Wednesday’s Meeting. Gretchen shared with the group that this type of Presentation Format is the first time being used. She went on to explain that some presentations will be live and some will be recorded. In addition, there will be “judges” watching the Student Presenters and scoring their presentation. Student Presenters are eligible for the “Student Competition.”

Presentation Table. Time/Title/Authors (presenting Author is listed first.) 

Periodic disturbance time interval for suppression of the maize weevil in stored maize. M. Sserunjogi; C.J. Bern; T.J. Brumm, D.E. Maier 

Nutritional quality of bread made from whole grain hulled wheat. J. Maddakandage Dona; S. Simsek 

Improving the usability of a new soybean processing model. H-Y (Ellie) Tan, C. R. Hurburgh 

Predicting oxygen depletion during grain storage using hermetic bag technology. Ma C. C. D Ignacio, D. E. Maier 

Dry matter loss and lipid oxidation evaluation of soybeans during storage using a static grain respiration measurement system. M. P. Latanze, K. R. Cadwallader, M. E Tumbleson, M. Kamruzzaman, R. S. Gates, K. D. Rausch 

Developing a DEM-CFD model to predict dust emission during grain handling. Y. Zhao, M. Petingco, R. Maghirang, M. Casada, R.P.K. Ambrose 

Gravimetric measurement of dry matter loss in soybeans at elevated temperatures using a dynamic respiration system. L.W. Steinman 

Mechanical stirring of maize stored in on-farm steel bins to control maize weevils: A preliminary study. M. Sserunjogi; C. J. Bern; T. J. Brumm, D. E. Maier, T.W. Phillips 

Associations between wheat quality characteristics and flour and bread protein digestibility in historical and modern wheats. S. Liu; M. Walter; L. Xu; K. Majumder; M. Downs; S. Simsek; and D. J. Rose

Managing fumonisin risk in the corn value chain: A comparison of meta-analysis and benchmark dose approach to address animal food safety, quality, and marketing systems. A. Brown, T. Herrman

Modeling non-GM segregation strategies at the grain elevator. P. Gupta; C. R. Hurburgh; E. L. Bowers; and G. A. Mosher 

Monitoring and managing stored grain quality with novel wireless sensing and fan control technology. M. Sserunjogi; G. Obeng-Akrofi; D. E. Maier, J. Varikooty 

NC-213 Industry Advisory Committee—Panel Discussion. Lead by Chuck Hill, Industry Advisory Committee, Chair, AgriGold Hybrids. Panel consists of: Chuck Hill, Kurt Schultz-U.S. Grains Council, Dr. Linda Kull-Illinois Soybean Association, Reuben McLean-Grain Craft, Dr. Steve Linscombe-The Rice Foundation. 

NC-213 Annual Meeting – Business Meeting. 

Update from Coordinator/Administrative Advisor- Gary M. Pierzynski, Administrative Advisor/Coordinator, The Ohio State University 

NC-213 Mid Term Review – N.C. Region approval was formally given so the Team may continue.

The N.C. Region did emphasize that since this is a Multi State Project, we should focus on having collaborative efforts on research projects. To aid in this effort, NC-213 Endowment Funds can be used/diverted for research collaboration.

We have a new President, so that might impact funding for agricultural research, purposes, etc. In addition, we have a new Secretary of Agriculture.

There is a new N.I.F.A. Director. We are hearing good things about this Director and she is being well received. N.I.F.A. has moved to Kansas City and their Offices 

We are waiting on a new budget for overall agricultural research. 

There are changes in the Foundational Grants and Gary reviewed the changes. Emphasis is on: Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Building Program. 

Other discussion was on Infrastructure Grants, the President’s Infrastructure Bill, next Farm Bill. 

Griffiths reviewed The Andersons Grants Awards. 

Awards: The Andersons Cereals and Oilseeds Award of Excellence, The Andersons Early in Career Award, Student Competition. 

Paul Armstrong, Lead Scientist and Research Agricultural Engineer at the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Stored Products Insect and Engineering Research Unit, Manhattan, KS, has been selected as the “2021 The Andersons Cereals and Oilseeds Award of Excellence” Recipient. 

Kaliramesh Siliveru, Assistant Professor, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, has been selected as the “2021 The Andersons Early-in-Career Award of Excellence” Recipient. 

For the Student Presentation Competition, Priyanka Gupta, Iowa State University, was judged to have the best overall Presentation. The title: “Modeling non-GM Segregation Strategies at the Grain Elevator”. 

Please note that the Election of an incoming Secretary and 2022 Meeting Venue will be done via a survey. Since this is a virtual meeting, the results will be compiled then sent to the group.   

Election.

Griffiths Atungulu rotates to Past Chair, Paul Armstrong rotates to Chair, Devin Rose rotates to Vice Chair, Election for the position of Secretary. Past Chair is currently vacant. 

Chuck Hill remains Industry Advisory Committee Chair, Gary Pierzynski remains Coordinator/Administrative Advisor, Christopher Reed remains The Andersons, Inc. Representative 

K.M. Lee and Senay Simsek remain Objective 1 Co-Chairs, Kaliramesh Seiliveru remains Objective 2 Co-Chair. The other position needs to be filled, R.P. Kingsly Ambrose and Gretchen Mosher remain Objective 3 Co-Chairs 

The position of NC-213 Secretary, without opposition; with the agreement of all people involved, is filled by Janie McClurkin Moore, Texas A&M University. 

Discussion on NC-213 Annual Meeting 2022. 

Options:

GEAPS Exchange. March 2022: Saturday, March 26 through Tuesday, March 29, 2022. Kansas City, Missouri, Kansas City Convention Center. Historically we have met on Tuesday and joined their President’s Banquet. Then we had meetings on Wednesday. Due to the numerous “hick-ups” we encountered when meeting at Convention Centers, year’s ago NC-213 has chosen not to hold meetings at Convention Centers.

Wheat Quality Council Annual Meeting. February 2022: Tuesday, February 22 through Thursday, February 24, 2022. Embassy Suites, KCI. Historically, we attend their Banquet, which is held on Wednesday and meet again on Thursday.

Purdue University.

Meeting Adjourned.

Gretchen made the Motion Griffiths seconded the Motion.

Objective 1 Accomplishments

Through collaborative efforts involving Iowa State University and Kansas State University Researchers, physical disturbance as a non-chemical approach to suppress maize weevils in stored maize was investigated. Storage containers disturbed once per day (24 h) were more effective than 8 h, 12 h and undisturbed containers. Disturbance as a postharvest strategy to control weevils holds great potential. The initial population of 25 live maize weevils reduced in a range of 1 to 4 weevils at all machine run times. The selected disturbance rate of 1.3 m/s would not directly injure adult maize weevils during the disturbance experiment. The second experiment used the disturbance machines to determine the effective disturbance over time to reduce populations of maize weevils. Disturbance intervals of 8, 12 and 24 h reduced the populations of maize weevils by 75%, 95% and 94%, respectively, compared to the undisturbed jars after 160 days of maize storage. Disturbance once per day was the best interval in controlling weevil populations after 160 days of maize storage. The quality of maize in the disturbed jars was better than that in the undisturbed jars. While the population of live maize weevils in the unstirred bin was increasing, stirring achieved 100% control after 40 days. Additionally, maize in the stirred bin was of a better quality compared to maize in the unstirred bin when tested for moisture content, test weight, insect damage and mold damage. Mechanical augers concentrated broken kernels and fine portion of the foreign material to the bottom of the bin.

The Iowa Grain Quality Initiative (IGQI) is a cutting-edge grain quality research and information program. The interdisciplinary project performs the "rapid response function" at ISU for the grain industry. Through diverse expertise of affiliated faculty and the use of information technology, the project has addressed grain production and processing topics quickly, giving producers and agribusinesses the information needed to make business decisions. Challenges related to genetically modified grains have accelerated the use of alternative delivery systems. To that end, Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR HSI) was explored for animal feed applications. A Corning NIR HSI instrument was used to predict protein and oil content in soybean meal and visualize predicted protein distribution over the entire soybean meal sample. Preprocessing by standard normal variate and Savitzky-Golay derivative was effective in improving calibration model performance. Absorbance spectra from the NIR HSI instrument were relatively close to those from the two NIR instruments in most of the wavelengths. Lysine concentration was determined in soybean meal and dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) using NIR HSI in combination with partial least squares regression or spectral angle mapper (SAM) classification. Overall, both PLS regression and SAM classification obtained promising results thereby indicating the potential of this technology to be used in evaluating amino acid concentration in animal feeds. No ingredient is uniform; ingredient components are treated as averages over some testing or purchasing interval, in the same way that feed safety is monitored over some control interval. On-line measurements with at-line precision open the opportunity for rapid process control, with further savings or efficiencies beyond those generated from more accurate averages. The competitive mixing economics and animal performance risk management could accrue rapidly and could be capturable at the local milling/feeding level.

We examined high pressure processing (HPP) as a means of reducing pathogens in cookie dough. Treating the dough at 600 MPa for 6 min significantly reduced counts of inoculated Escherichia coli by as much as 2.0 log CFU/g. Dough and cookie physical characteristics did not differ significantly among HPP-treated and control doughs. Generic E. coli was found in 2 instances on cleaning equipment at an average of 0.4 log CFU/10 cm². Coliform counts increased markedly in wheat kernels and milled fractions after passing through the different milling steps. The in vitro protein digestibility of breads was evaluated. Three older cultivars displayed lower digestibility than the other cultivars. Differences in protein digestibility among wheat cultivars that may have important implications for human nutrition. HPP has the potential to improve the microbiological quality of wheat-based cookie doughs. Our survey of wheat milling equipment has provided critical control areas and equipment where cross- contamination is likely to occur during milling. In particular, equipment used to clean and temper wheat grain was found to harbor substantial populations of microorganisms. Therefore, appropriate sanitary measures should, be implemented at these sites to minimize the risk of microbial contamination during wheat milling.

Durum wheat industry monitors weather during grain fill and harvest. By understanding the impact of initial kernel moisture content, the length of time exposed to moisture, temperature, and the number of wet/dry cycles on grain quality allows durum wheat industry to anticipate grain quality in a particular region prior to harvest. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of initial grain moisture content (13, 14, 15, 16, and 17%), temperature (5 and 24°C), and wet/dry cycles involving bulk distilled water and with high relative humidity (80 to 85%) on the hydration of durum wheat grain and their effect on physical grain quality. Soaking times ranged from 15 sec to 12 h. Grain quality tests included kernel moisture content, test weight, 1000-kernel weight, vitreous kernel content, kernel color, and kernel size distribution. Grain was affected more by damp conditions when it had low than high moisture content. Thus, rainfall or heavy dew occurring when kernel moisture was high had little or no effect on grain quality but had significant affect when grain moisture content was low. When the grain moisture was low, a single exposure to moisture, bulk moisture or high relative humidity, was enough to reduce grain quality. Most of the reduction in grain quality seemed to be related to the swelling effect of moisture on the bran layer.

Experiments were conducted to compare the structural and functional properties, and aroma profiles of flaxseed proteins extracted from golden whole flaxseed (WF) and flaxseed meal (FM). The influence of particle size of DDGS, solvent type, concentration  and reducing agents on zein purity, recovery yield and functionality was investigated. Flaxseed proteins obtained from WF and FM reached different purities of isolate (FPI) and concentrate (FPC), respectively. Two kinds of proteins differed significantly in terms of molecular, structural properties and flavor profile. FPC consisted of a larger proportion of low molecular weight fractions with greater heterogeneity than FPI. FPI presented higher foaming capacity than FPC at both neutral (pH 7.0) and acidic pH (pH 3.5) while FPC exhibited higher thermal stability than FPI. For DDGS, 70% ethanol with milled powder has the highest protein purity (92.4%), extraction yield (18.3%) and higher thermal stability among all tested parameters. All zein extracted from DDGS had similar secondary structure of protein profile compared to commercial zein product. However, zein produced from DDGS contains the mixture of γ-zein and α-zein, whereas the commercial zein is mainly compose of α-zein. As a result, the functionality of zein extracted from DDGS showed distinct profile than that of commercial zein. Flaxseed protein isolate (FPI) can be obtained from whole flaxseed. By contrast, flaxseed protein concentrate (FPC) can be prepared from flaxseed meal. Removing mucilage from flaxseed prior to protein extraction could improve the protein extraction yield. In terms of extraction zein from DDGS, 70% ethanol with milled DDGS sample is recommended method for extraction of zein.

Durum and hard red spring wheat (HRSW) were dry milled to produce farina (HRSW) and semolina (Durum). Gluten isolation was done using laboratory scale wet milling methods. DON levels were determined. The purity of gluten extracted using medium and high shear processes for HRSW and DW was higher in DON containing samples when compared to the control samples. None of the gluten fractions contained DON levels above the limit of quantification. DON removed from the gluten fractions was found in high levels in the residual water (water-soluble fraction). This work has demonstrated the effectiveness of three laboratory- scale wet milling processes (Martin, medium shear and high shear processes) to remove DON from contaminated HRSW and DW samples. The wet milling processes yielded gluten, starch and water-soluble fractions, but this research was focused on the study of the gluten fraction. After the wet milling processes, the extracted gluten had DON levels below the limit of quantification (<0.2 mg/kg). The proteins composition was used to assess their impact on fundamental rheology. In this sense, the lower proportion of gliadins versus glutenins yielded better rheological performance similar to the control (commercial wheat gluten). Therefore, the wet milling technique can be considered as an alternative option to process DON contaminated wheat to extract gluten that exhibits a potential application as food ingredient.

Improvements in temperature sensors provide an accurate and inexpensive way of determining the temperature of the grain mass. We monitored the temperature, RH and CO2 levels of corn stored in three mini-silos made up of 55-gallon steel drums. Mini-silos contained corn at 14.6% moisture, corn at about 18% moisture in a canister with corn at 14.6% and insect pests in a canister with corn at 14.6%. The trend showed that a drop or rise in CO2 levels at the plenum similarly results to affects the CO2 level at the headspace. This indicates the presence, movement and diffusion of CO2 across the entire grain mass. The temperatures at the grain top, middle and bottom were close with similar variation. They also followed the trend of the ambient temperature. This is an indication that ambient temperature also influences temperature variations in the storage bins. Generally, it was observed that a decrease in the temperature levels also results to a decrease in the CO2 levels. This is an indication that temperature influences the expansion of the CO2 gases in the grain mass. The challenge in correctly interpreting data of temperature, moisture and CO2 profiles of the stored grain bulk is still an issue. This research effort in collaboration with the industry will provide operations personnel with a better understanding of stored bulk condition as measured by temperature, moisture and CO2. However, work is still ongoing on developing analytical tools for data interpretation.

Through collaborative research efforts between Texas A&M University and the Office of the Texas State Chemist, standard Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic techniques coupled to chemometric algorithms were applied to develop the spectroscopic method for early identification and rapid quantification of water-soluble vitamins (WSVs). Fumonisins are toxic by-products of mold growth produced by Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum and other Fusarium species and are commonly found on corn. A study funded by the NC-213 Anderson Grant. Endowment administered by the Ohio State University involved managing fumonisin risk the in the corn value chain by performing a comparison of a Meta-Analysis and Benchmark Does approach to address food safety, quality, and marketing systems of cattle. A PECO statement was developed that considered Purpose, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcome as the evaluation criteria for a preliminary literature search to identify articles of cattle exposed to dietary fumonisin. Additionally, a risk of bias criteria was established as a central decision and prioritization tool. We found a 4-fold to 5-fold increase in levels of toxigenic aspergillus species from the beginning to the end of the cottonseed meal process (acid and mechanically delinted). Analysis was conducted on 381 samples for sulfur. Rations were balanced by protein content and sulfur levels were categorized at 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8% and 1.1% sulfur in feed originating from the used of DDGs. The developed spectroscopic techniques would be a simple and efficient analytical tool alternative to conventional wet-chemical methods for screening and real-time monitoring of water-soluble vitamins (WSVs) in food and feed samples at critical locations in the product distribution systems. Outcome of the fumonisin risk assessment, based on an initial assessment of new literature, reveals there are insufficient scientific evidence to support changing existing FDA guidance. The sulfur risk assessment for DDGs fed to cattle will assist ethanol plants and feed manufacturers better manage risk. The findings on aflatoxin contamination can be used to understand how sample aflatoxin levels increase throughout post-harvest processing of cottonseed. Likewise, we now have a set of treatment parameters that can be used to treat samples of contaminated cottonseed and cottonseed meal.

 Joint research efforts between USDA-ARS CGAHR, Manhattan and Kansas State University evaluated sorghum grain composition as related to end-use quality traits for several different projects with several industry collaborators.  The effect of environmental factors on sorghum grain composition was investigated and genetic studies were completed to identify genes that impact sorghum grain quality. Sorghum is a drought and heat tolerant crop important to arid areas of the central U.S. and an important crop for food and feed around the world. Sorghum’s tolerance to abiotic stresses and resilience plays an important role in food security. While sorghum grain has important nutritional properties, there are grain quality attributes and nutritional factors that can be improved to enhance the value and utilization of sorghum. Research addressed those issues by identifying genes related to nutritional quality of sorghum; identifying new uses and markets for sorghum proteins; investigated how stored product insects feed on and damage sorghum grain and provided methods to help facilitate the use of sorghum in fuel ethanol production.

Objective 2 Accomplishments:

Rice growers managing some 15 million bushels of rice stored in on-farm bins in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi use newly generated guidelines for rice harvest moisture content and management strategies to completely eliminate discoloration during in-bin rice drying and storage. The team from University of Arkansas has seen a shift from traditional practices to adopt new guidelines that recommend harvest moisture content of 18-19% thereby preserving rice quality and milling yields. Sensors built using newly generated mathematical relationships for predicting rice EMC have been adopted by nearly 100 growers in Arkansas and elsewhere to help automate monitoring of rice condition inside grain bins and controlling of drying fans. The research had provided opportunity for training the next generation of grain processing and post-harvest system engineers: six doctoral and one master’s students.

A Multistate program has provided food industry and general public with a potential measure to ensure food safety by reducing ochratoxin A in cereal-based infant foods during retorting. The effect of a common food processing technique, retorting, on the ochratoxin A concentrations in oats was investigated. Retorting was selected as a model system as it is the most common technique to  make commercial infant foods.  The reduction of OTA after retort was 17.2% in oat porridge and 53.8% in rice porridge, while addition of baking soda resulted in greater reduction of OTA. In retorted oat porridge, reduction of OTA was 30.3% and 47.9% with 0.5% and 1.0% of added baking soda, respectively. The reduction of OTA in retorted rice porridge reached 55.5% and 66.4% with 0.5% and 1% baking soda, respectively. Addition of fructose resulted in greater reduction of OTA in oat porridge (35.5-40.8%) but not in rice porridge. The reduction of OTA in retorted rice and oat porridges with combination 0.5% baking soda and 0.5% fructose were 35.8% and 39.8%, respectively. These results suggest that OTA may be reduced significantly by retorting of oat and rice porridge. In addition, added baking soda may contribute to the reduction of OTA in rice and oat porridges while added fructose may facilitate OTA reduction in oat porridge. 

The team of researchers from Purdue University, Kansas State University, USDA-ARS, CGAHR, Manhattan, KS, and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have worked on the project titled as “Mechanisms and Mitigation of Dust Generation During Grain Handling and Processing” which was funded by USDA-AFRI. The results indicated that a portion of the total grain dust is likely to be detached during any physical handling of corn  and that grain handling should not unnecessarily increase the impact velocities of grain kernels to the level that would release the additional quantities of dust that are more strongly attached.

 The team of researchers from USDA-ARS, CGAHR, Manhattan, KS, Iowa State University and the University of Florida had developed maize haploid classification techniques using the Single Kernel Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. This technique would have a huge impact on hybrid maize development by being able to produce more inbred lines, with differing traits more quickly.

The team of researchers from Kansas State University and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have worked on the project related to usage of inert dusts as a potential insecticide. The team had developed dynamic dew point isotherms to determine the optimal storage conditions of inert dust-treated hard red winter wheat. The team is continuing their research to use different inert dusts as potential insecticides for pest management during storage.

The team of researchers from Iowa State University and Purdue University have worked on the project titled as “Segregation Strategies for Non-G.M. Corn: Improving Effectiveness through an Analytical Modeling Approach”. The preliminary interpretations on the costs of segregation suggest that segregation costs are significant, but in years where prices for non-GM mitigate the additional costs of segregated production and handling, the risk level is lower for producers and handlers. In years where the differences between conventional and non-GM feed and feed ingredients are less, the risk will be higher for producers and handlers. The project also confirmed other research that has stated smaller tolerance levels are more expensive and have higher risk of failure throughout the supply chain.

Objective 3 Accomplishments

The Iowa Grain Quality Initiative Extension Group, along with other NC-213 Researchers developed an ongoing program for training processing industry professionals in feed safety and associated regulatory compliance using the Food Safety Preventive Controls Alliance (FSPCA) certification materials.  The program was designed to have an industry partner each time the course is taught.  Previous industry partners have been Land O Lakes Cooperative, Renewable Fuels Association, and several individual companies in private offerings.  Most recently, the American Feed Industry Association has become a consistent partner as we adapted to a real time virtual instructor interactive format for virus management reasons. In addition, since 2016, there have been 13 public open classes training 412 PCQI corporate feed safety professionals and another 4 privately contracted classes.  Evaluations on a 5-point scale have been good, and the number of requests for individualized assistance to create Food Safety Plans led us to create a new position specifically for food and feed safety support for companies.

Research conducted by many Iowa State University Professors, Associate Graduate Professors, Associate Professors and Graduate Research Associates, found that rising incomes in developing countries are driving changes in dietary pattern and increasing the demand for safe and nutritious food. However, to equate future demand and supply of such safe and nutritious agricultural products, global food production will also need to increase. Two commonly documented approaches to increasing production of plant-based agricultural commodities are agricultural intensification and cropland expansion. While both have contributed to a great extent to global food security, they have also shown their limitations specifically with regard to their environmental impact. In light of these limitations, post-harvest loss (PHL) reduction constitutes an important and complementary approach to meeting the increasing demand for agricultural products, but also for increasing profit for food value chain actors, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa which remains the most food insecure region in the world. Consequently, this research focuses on analyzing quantitative PHL data obtained from the Rockefeller Foundation, Yieldwise Initiative (YWI) in Kenya, and Tanzania to better understand the impact of various post-harvest technologies in reducing PHL, increasing farmers’ income, and controlling the environmental impact in the mango (Kenya) and maize (Tanzania) value chains. This research was made possible by funding from The Rockefeller Foundation (Grant 2018 F.O.D. 004), the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research (Grant FDs-18-0000000008), and the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station.

Many NC-213 Researchers from a multitude of Departments and the Ivy College of Business at Iowa State University, created continuing education course in Advanced Grain Elevator Management was offered in January 2020 with 30 participants. Additional sessions were planned because of high demand, but Pandemic limitations prevented scheduling.  The FSMA Preventive Controls Qualified Individual short course continued to be offered to qualified feed industry professionals. In both short courses, Iowa State University partnered with industry sponsors and other professional stakeholders, such as the Iowa Agribusiness Association to recruit attendees and offer the course. Beginning in 2020, the short courses were offered virtually to address Pandemic constraints impacting in-person meetings.  Colleagues worked with partners in Animal

 Through collaborate efforts from researchers at the University of New Hampshire and Montana State University-Bozeman, found there are two key concerns that arise from use of barley by the wheat stem sawfly. Montana is 3^rd in production of barley in the US. Significant decreases in yield could have a negative impact on returns for the bulk availability of barley for malt, feed and seed production.  Moreover, the potential risk to barley production for the malt industry is likely much more grave. The wheat stem sawfly mines stems and impacts vascular flow of nutrients during grain fill.  Typically, this results in decreased yield in the form of decreased amounts of endosperm – at least in wheat.  This causes stable or increased levels of protein relative to carbohydrates.  In wheat, this leads to some potential for offsetting loss with a protein premium for wheat marketed in the bread class. Malt barley is more vulnerable because increased protein as a result of loss of “plumpness” is anathema in malt barley.  The malt class is met by plump grains with low protein and wheat stem sawfly directly counters this.

Publications Objective 1 

Sserunjogi, M. (2020). Physical disturbance as a non-chemical approach to control weevils in stored maize. Unpublished M.S. Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, USA.

Sserunjogi, M., Bern, C. J., Brumm, T. J., Maier, D. E. (2020). Physical Disturbance Time Interval for Control of Maize Weevils in Stored Maize. ASABE Virtual Annual International Meeting. Omaha, Nebraska, July 13-15, 2020.

Sserunjogi, M., Bern, C. J., Brumm, T. J., Maier, D. E., Phillips, T.W. (2020). Mechanical Stirring of Maize Stored in on-Farm Steel Bins to Control Maize Weevils – a preliminary study. ASABE Virtual Annual International Meeting. Omaha, Nebraska, July 13-15, 2020.

Dantes, Princess Tiffany Galaura, "NIR hyperspectral imaging for animal feed ingredient applications" (2020). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 18113. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/18113

Rosentrater, K.A. 2020. ANSI/ASABE D606 Properties and Relationships for Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS). St Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.

Oliveira, M.C. and K.A. Rosentrater. 2020. An environmental and economic analysis of flocculation technology applied to a corn-based ethanol plant. Processes, 8(271), 1-20. 

Sabillón L, Stratton J, Rose DJ, Bianchini A. Microbiological survey of equipment and wheat-milled fractions of a milling operation. Cereal Chemistry. 

Sabillón L, Stratton J, Rose DJ, Eskridge K, Bianchini A. Effect of high-pressure processing on the microbial load and functionality of sugar-cookie dough. Cereal Chemistry. 

Gulati P, Brahma S, Graybosch RA, Chen Y, Rose DJ. 2020. In vitro digestibility of proteins from historical and modern wheat cultivars. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100: 2579-2584. 

Cabas-Lühmann, P. A. and Manthey, F. A. 2020. Effect of hydration on physical grain quality of durum wheat. Cereal Chemistry, 97:877– 887. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10311. NIFA Support was acknowledged for this publication. 

Yang Lan, Jae-Bom Ohm, Bingcan Chen, Jiajia Rao (2020). Physicochemical properties and aroma profiles of flaxseed proteins extracted from whole flaxseed and flaxseed meal. Food hydrocolloids, 104, 105731. NIFA Support was not acknowledged for this Publication. 

Yang Lan, Jiajia Rao. Poster: Effect of Demucilaging Method on the Structural, Rheological and Tribological Properties of Flaxseed Protein. In: 2020 American oil chemists’ society (AOCS) annual meeting. June, 2020. NIFA Support was not acknowledged for this abstract. 

López, A. M. M., Ohm, J. B., Manthey, F. A., Rao, J., & Simsek, S. Gluten extraction from deoxynivalenol contaminated wheat by wet milling. Food Control, 120, 107513. NIFA Support was not acknowledged for this Publication. 

Lee, K. M., Yarbrough, D., Kozman, M., Herrman, T. J., Park, J. H., Wang, R., and Kurouski, D. 2020. A rapid and convenient screening method for detection of restricted monensin, decoquinate, and lasalocid in animal feed by applying SERS and chemometrics. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 144: 111633. 

Lee, K. M., Yarbrough, D., Kozman, M., Herrman, T. J., Park, J. H., Wang, R., and Kurouski, D. 2020. Rapid detection and prediction of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline in animal feed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).  Food Control. 114:107243. 

Lee, K. M., Yarbrough, D., Kozman, M., Herrman, T. J., Park, J. H., Wang, R., and Kurouski, D. 2020. Sensitive SERS characterization and analysis of chlorpyrifos and aldicarb residues in animal feed using gold nanoparticles. Journal of Regulatory Science. 8: 1-14. 

Park, J. H., Thomasson, J. A., Lee, K. M., Suh, C. P. C., Perez, J. L., and Herrman, T. J. 2020. VOCs determination by adsorbent-Raman system in food and botanicals. Analytical Methods. 12:595–1605. 

Herrman, D. A., Brantsen, J. F., Ravisankar, S., Lee, K. M., and Awika, J. 2020. Stability of 3-deoxyanthocyanin pigment structure relative to anthocyanins from grains under microwave assisted extraction. Food Chemistry. 333: 127494. 

Ioerger, B.P., Bean, S.R., Tilley, M., and Lin, H. 2020. Improved method for extracting sorghum polymeric proteins. J. Cereal Sci. 91, 102876. 

Burgos, C.C., Cox, S., Ioerger, B., Perumal, R., Hu, Z., Herald, T.J., Bean, S.R., and Rhodes, D.H. 2020. Advancing provitamin A biofortification in sorghum: Genome‐wide association studies of grain carotenoids in global germplasm. The Plant Genome. 13, e20013 

Weerasooriya, D., Bandara, A., Dowell, F., Peiris, S., Bean, S.R, Perumal, R., Adee, E., and Tesso, T. 2020. Performance of grain sorghum hybrids resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl coenzyme‐A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor herbicides. Crop Science. In press 

Xu, Y., Li, J., Xin, Z., Bean, S. R., Tilley, M., and Wang, D. 2020. Water-soluble sugars of pedigreed sorghum mutant stalks and their recovery after pretreatment. Applied Sciences. 10, 5472. 

Peiris, K.H.S., Bean, S.R., and Tilley, M. 2020. Analysis of sorghum content in corn-sorghum bioethanol feedstock by near infrared spectroscopy. J. Near Infrared Spectroscopy. 28, 267-274. 

Arthur, F.H., Bean, S.R., Smolensky, D., Cox, S., Lin, H., and Peiris, K.H. 2020. Development of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) on sorghum: quality characteristics and varietal susceptibility. J. Stored Products Research. 87, 101569. 

Duressa, D., Bean, S.R., St. Amand, P., and Tesso, T. 2020. Identification of α-kafirin alleles associated with protein digestibility in grain sorghum. Crop Science. 60, 2467-2478. 

Peiris, K.H.S., Bean, S.R., and Jagadish, S.V.K. 2020. Extended multiplicative signal correction to improve prediction accuracy of protein content in weathered sorghum grain samples. Cereal Chem. 97, 1066-1074. 

Pontieri, P., Triosi, J., Romano, R., Pizzolante, G., Bean, S.R., Tilley, M., Motto, M., Aletta, M., Del Guidice, F., Sicardi, M., Alfiano, P., and Del Guidice, L. 2020. Nutritional composition of selected white food-grade waxy sorghum variety grown in the Mediterranean area. Australian J. Crop Science. 14, 1525-1532. 

Arthur, F.H., Bean, S.R., Smolensky, D., Gerken, A.R., Siliveru, K., Scully, E.D., and Baker, N. 2020. Development of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on sorghum milling fractions. J. Stored Products Research. 87, 101606. 

Ostmeyer, T., Bheemanahalli, R., Srikanthan, D., Bean, S.R., Peiris, K.S.H., Madasamy, P., Perumal, R., Jagadish, S.V.K. 2020. Quantifying the agronomic performance of new grain sorghum hybrids for enhanced early-stage chilling tolerance. Field Crops Research. 258, 107955. 

Li, J., Lin, H., Bean, S.R., Sun, X.S., and Wang, D. 2020. Evaluation of adhesive performance of a mixture of soy, sorghum and canola proteins. Industrial Crops and Products. 157, 112898. 

Publications Objective 2 

Wilson, S., Mohammadi Shad, Z., Oduola, A., Zhou, Z., H. J., Carbonero, F., Atungulu, G. G.*. (2020). Decontamination of Mycotoxigenic Fungi on Shelled Corn Using Selective Infrared Heating Technique. Cereal Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10394 

Luthra, K., Shafiekhani, S., Sadaka, S. S., Atungulu, G. G.*. (2020). Determination of Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Rice and Husk flour Composites. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(6), 859-867. doi: 10.13031/aea.13822 

Smith, D. L., Atungulu, G. G.*, Wilson, S., Mohammadi Shad, Z. (2020). Deterrence of Aspergillus Flavus Regrowth and Aflatoxin Accumulation on Shelled Corn Using Infrared Heat Treatments. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(2), 151-158.  

Shafiekhani, S., Atungulu, G. G.*. (2020). Effect of rice chilling on drying, milling and quality characteristics. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(5), 767-776. doi: 10.13031/aea.13895 

Oduola, A. A., Bowie, R., Wilson, S., Mohammadi Shad, Z., Atungulu, G. G.*. (2020). Impacts of broadband and selected infrared wavelength treatments on inactivation of microbes on rough rice. Journal of Food Safety, 40(2). 10.1111/jfs.12764 

Bruce, R. M., Atungulu, G. G.*, Sadaka, S. S. (2020). Impacts of size fractionation, commingling, and drying temperature on physical and pasting properties of broken rice kernels. Cereal Chemistry, 97(2), 256-269. 10.1002/cche.10241 

Mohammadi Shad, Z., Atungulu, G. G.*. (2020). Physical Integrity of Long-Grain Hybrid, Pureline, and Medium-Grain Rice Kernels as Affected by Storage Conditions. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(4). doi: 10.13031/aea.13727 

Bruce, R. M., Atungulu, G. G.*, Sadaka, S. S. (2020). Physicochemical and functional properties of medium-sized broken rice kernels and their potential in instant rice production. Cereal Chemistry, 97(3), 681-692. 10.1002/cche.10284 

Smith, D. L., Atungulu, G. G.*, Mauromoustakos, A. (2020). Processing Parameters for One-Pass Drying of High-Moisture Parboiled Rough Rice with 915 MHz Microwaves. Transactions of the ASABE. doi: 10.13031/trans.14003. 

Lee, H.J., C. Lee, and D. Ryu. 2020. Effects of baking soda and fructose in reduction of ochratoxin A in rice and oat porridge during retorting process. Food Control 116:107325. 

Cheng, Chavez, R.A., and M. J. Stasiewicz. 2020. When to use one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and Shifted Transversal Design pooling in mycotoxin screening. PLOS ONE. 15(8) E0236668. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236668. 

Chavez, R.A., X. Cheng, and M. J. Stasiewicz. 2020. A review of the methodology of analyzing aflatoxin and fumonisin in single corn kernels and the potential impacts of these methods on food security. Foods 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030297 

Sharma, R, C. R. Hurburgh, and G. A. Mosher.  2020.  Developing Guidance Templates and Terminology to Support Multiple Traceability Objectives in the Grain Supply Chain.  Cereal Chemistry (accepted) 

Dolphin, C.J., G.A. Mosher, R.P.K Ambrose, and Ryan, S.J. 2020. Meeting the tolerance: How successful is coexistence in commodity corn handling systems. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(5), 777-784. 

Salish, K., G.A. Mosher, and R.P.K. Ambrose. 2020. Developing a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to predict the contamination of GM corn in non-GM corn. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(1), 25-31. 

Pizarro, M., E. Bowers, and G. Mosher. 2020. Isolation and segregation of non-GM feed: A cost estimation model. Presentation given virtually at the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, July 2020. 

Sharma, R, C. R. Hurburgh, and G. A. Mosher.  2020 .  Developing Guidance Templates and Terminology to Support Multiple Traceability Objectives in the Grain Supply Chain.  Cereal Chemistry (acc). 

Maier, D.E. (editor). Advances in Post-Harvest Management of Cereals and Grains. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. https://www.bdschapters.com/webshop/open-access/developments-in-the-use-of-hermetic-bags-for-grain-storage/ 

Aby, R.G., & Maier, D.E. 2020. Advances in techniques for monitoring the quality of stored cereal grains. In Advances in postharvest management of cereals and grains (pp. 363-387). Burleigh Dodds Sciences Publishing, Cambridge, UK (ISBN: 978 1 78676 352 5; https://shop.bdspublishing.com/store/bds/detail/workgroup/3-190-89119 

Mompremier, R.K. 2020. Field testing of PICS bag maize storage in Haiti. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers K. K. Barnes Undergraduate Student Paper Competition entry. 

H.H. Tenboer, G.A. Mosher, and C.R. Hurburgh. 2020. A quantitative model to characterize granular flow behavior: A measure of grain layer mixing in storage facilities. ASABE Paper # 2000735. Doi: https://doi.org/10.13031/aim.20 

H.H. Tenboer, G.A. Mosher, and C.R. Hurburgh. A quantitative model to characterize granular flow and mixing of grain layers. In process. 

H.H. Tenboer. Verification of a quantitative model to characterize granular flow – A measure of mixing of grain layers. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. 

Bowers, E.L. and Mosher, G.A. Role of worker decision-making in effective FSMA implementation. Prepared for presentation at 2020 NC-213. 

Athanassiou, C. G., T. W. Phillips, F. H. Arthur, M. J. Aikins, P. Agrafioti and K. L. Hartzer.  2020.  Efficacy of phosphine fumigation for different life stages of Trogoderma inclusum and Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae).  J. Stored Prod. Res.  Vol 86.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2019.101556

Hasan, M. M., Athanassiou, C. G., Schilling, M. W., Phillips, T. W.  2020.  Biology and management of the red-legged ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes DeGeer (Coleoptera: Cleridae).  J. Stored Prod. Res.  Vol. 88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101635 

Nayak, M. K., G. J. Daglish, T. W. Phillips and P. R. Ebert.  2020.  Resistance to the fumigant phosphine and its management in insect pests of stored products: a global perspective.  Ann. Rev. Entomol. 65: 333-350. 

Ramadan, G. R. M., Abdelgaleil, S. A. M., Shawir, M. S., El-bakary, A. S., Zhu, K. Y., Phillips, T. W.  2020. Terpenoids, DEET and short chain fatty acids as toxicants and repellents for Rhyzopertha dominica (coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Ptinidae).  Vol. 87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101610 

Ramadan, G. R. M., K. Y. Zhu, S. A. M. Abdelgaleil, M. S. Shawir, A. S. El-bakary, P. A. Edde, and T. W. Phillips.  2020.  Ethanedinitrile as a fumigant for Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): toxicity and mode of action.  J. Econ. Entomol. Online doi: 10.1093/jee/toz343 

Alemayehu, S., F. Abay, K. M. Ayamut, D. Assefa, A. Chala, R. Mahroof, J. Harvey, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2020. Evaluating different hermetic storage technologies to arrest mold growth, prevent mycotoxin accumulation and preserve germination quality of stored chickpea in Ethiopia. Journal of Stored Products Research, 85, 101526. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr. 2019.101526. 

Molla, A., S. Alavi, Bh. Subramanyam, and N. Gabbiye. 2020. Drying characteristics of maize grain in solar bubble dryer. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 43, 13312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13312. 

Molla, A., N. Gabbiye, Bh. Subramanyam, M. Admasu, K. Kalsa, and S. Alavi. 2020. Effects of grain drying methods on postharvest insect infestation and physicochemical characteristics of maize grain. Journal of Food Process Engineering 13423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13423. 

Anthony, K. D. J., R. Maghirang, D. W. Hagstrum, K. Y. Zhu, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2020. Using dynamic dew point isotherms to determine the optimal storage conditions of inert dust-treated hard red winter wheat. Grain & Oil Science Technology, 06.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2020.06.004. 

Stamenković, O.S., K. Siliveru, V.B. Veljković, I.B. Banković-Ilić, M.B. Tasić, I.A. Ciampitti, I.G. Đalović, P.M. Mitrović, V.Š. Sikora, P.V.V. Prasad. 2020. Production of biofuels from sorghum. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 124: 109769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109769 

Arthur, F.H., S. R. Bean, D. Smolensky, A. R. Gerken, K. Siliveru, E. D. Scully, and N. Baker. 2020. Development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on sorghum milling fractions. Journal of Stored Products Research, 87: 101606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101606. 

Pezzali, J. G., A. Suprabha Raj, K. Siliveru, and C. G. Aldrich. 2020. Characterization of white and red sorghum flour and their potential use for production of extrudate crisps. PloS One, 15: e0234940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0234940 

Gustin, JL, Frei, UK, Baier, J, Armstrong, P, Lübberstedt, T, Settles, AM. Classification approaches for sorting maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) haploids using single‐kernel near‐infrared spectroscopy. Plant Breed. 2020; 139: 1103–1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12857 

Al-Amery, M., Fowler, A., Unrine, J.M., Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B., Su, K., De Melo, J., Yuan, F., Shu, Q., Hildebrand, D. 2020. Generation and characterization of a soybean line with a Vernonia galamensis diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 gene and a myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase knockout mutation. Lipids. 12253. https://doi.org/10.1002/lipd.12253. 

Hacisalihoglu, G., Freeman, J., Armstrong, P.R., Seabourn, B.W., Porter, L.D., Settles, A.M. and Gustin, J.L. 2020.  Protein, weight, and oil prediction by single‐seed near‐infrared spectroscopy for selection of seed quality and yield traits in pea (Pisum sativum). J Sci Food Agric, 100: 3488-3497. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10389 

Rodriguez, F.S., Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B., Yaptenco, K.F., Scully, E.D., Arthur, F.H., Brabec, D.L., Adviento-Borbe, A.A., Suministrado, D.C. 2020. NIR spectroscopy detects chlorpyrifos-methyl pesticide residues in rough, brown, and milled rice. Transactions of the ASABE. 36(6):983-993. 

Serson, W., Armstrong, P., Maghirang, E., AL-Bakri, A., Phillips, T., AL-Amery, M., Su, K., Hildebrand, D. 2020. Development of whole and ground seed near-infrared spectroscopy calibrations for oil, protein, moisture, and fatty acids in calibrations of Salvia hispanica. J. Chem. Soc. 97: 3-13. 

Publications Objective 3 

Maier, D.E. (editor). Advances in Post-Harvest Management of Cereals and Grains. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. https://www.bdschapters.com/webshop/open-access/developments-in-the-use-of-hermetic-bags-for-grain-storage/ 

Chikez H.B. and Maier D.E.  Analyzing Post-Harvest Loss in Kenya and Tanzania: Lessons learned from the Yieldwise Initiative Data. Consortium for Innovation in Post-Harvest Loss and Food Waste Reduction (Webinar), August 26, 2020. 

Chikez H.B., Maier D.E., Olafsson S., and Sonka S.  Predicting the impact of various agricultural practices on Post-Harvest Loss (PHL): The case the mango value chain in Kenya. 2020 ASABE Annual International Meeting (Virtual and On Demand), July 13-15, 2020. 

Chikez H.B. and Rosentrater K.A. Predicting the specific mechanical energy (SME) of a single screw extrusion process. 2020 ASABE Annual International Meeting (Virtual and On Demand), July 13-15, 2020. 

Achhami, B. B., G. V .P. Reddy, J. D. Sherman, R. K. D. Peterson, and D. K. Weaver. 2020. Multiple decrement life tables of Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) across a set of barley cultivars: The importance of plant defense versus cannibalism. PLOS ONE 15 (9), e0238527. 

Achhami, B. B., G. V .P. Reddy, J. D. Sherman, R. K. D. Peterson, and D. K. Weaver. 2020. Antixenosis, antibiosis, and potential yield compensatory response in barley cultivars exposed to wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) under field conditions. Journal of Insect Science 20 (5), September 2020, 9: 1-14.