Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

OBJECTIVE 1: Characterize host mechanisms and pathogenic virulence factors associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance to improve economic outcomes and animal welfare.

Louisiana State University

Member: William E. Owens

Identify and evaluate bacteria causing bovine mastitis in Louisiana. Test bacteria for antimicrobial resistance to mastitis therapeutics.

Michigan State University

Members: Ronald Erskine, Lorraine Sordillo, Pamela Ruegg

We continued to study the impact of negative energy balance and fat mobilization on vascular endothelial and adipose inflammatory responses. The role of n-3 fatty acid content in altering the profile of vasoactive eicosanoids and the role of poly-unsaturated fatty acids on attenuating endothelial cell inflammatory responses, as well as lymphocyte expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was a central aim of our work.

North Carolina A&T State University

Member: Mulumebet Worku

Expression of LGALS and secretion of Galectins is responsive to modulation in a cow dependent manner. Exogenous Galectin-8 had differential effects in the neutrophil transcriptome. 

Ohio State University

Member: Benjamin D. Enger

Collagen localization and abundance was determined in uninfected and Staphylococcus aureus infected mammary tissues from nonlactating cows to determine the impact of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection on collagen deposition. Immunohistochemistry of progesterone receptor and estradiol receptor was also completed in these same tissues to determine if mastitis impacts expression of these pivotal hormone receptors that are involved in directing mammary growth and development. 

Rutgers University

Member: Jeffrey M. Boyd

We have found that the activity of the Staphylococcus aureus ClpCP protease changes upon switches between aerobic and fermentative growth. These activity changes are governed by the SrrAB regulatory system. Changes in ClpCP activity correlates with changes in virulence factor expression.

University of Maryland

Member: Kasey Moyes

In collaboration with industry personnel, we are currently determining the immune response in milk of dairy cows after intramammary infection (IMI) with Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis) for cows fed Omnigen-AF® during mid-lactation.

University of Minnesota

Members: S. Godden, E. Royster, L. Caixeta, N. Noyes, B. Crooker, C. Gebhart, S. Wells, T. Schoenfus, B. Heins.

Contributors: P. Gorden (Iowa State), D. Nydam (Cornell), S. Sreevatsan (Michigan State), R. Fink (St. Cloud State), V. Machado (Texas Tech), P. Pinedo (Colorado State), A. Formiga (Oregon)

A. Crooker, W. J. Weber, J. D. Lippolis and J. B. Cole. Impact of Holstein genotype on innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide and Escherichia coli. A greater understanding of how the bovine innate immune system is regulated and how this regulation has changed through selection could help reduce disease and would benefit the industry. The University of Minnesota has a unique herd of Holsteins that has not been subjected to selection since 1964 - our unselected Holsteins (UH). Our experimental model of UH vs. contemporary Holsteins (CH) provides opportunities to determine effects of 50+ years of selection. We administered an intermammary E. coli challenge (250 cfu of E. coli strain P4) to primiparous UH (n=5) and CH (n = 7) cows. Increases in body temperature, milk somatic cell count and milk bovine serum albumin, IL-1b and IL-6 concentrations were greater in CH than in UH cows. The prolonged increase in bacterial counts and more severe mastitis in the CH cows indicate selection has reduced the ability of the innate immune system to clear E. coli from the mammary gland and has increased susceptibility to infection by this pathogen. A manuscript is expected in 2020.

Patel*, S. Godden, E. Royster, B. Crooker, T. Johnson, E. Smith, S. Sreevatsan. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, virulence and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk samples of U.S. dairy herds. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance gene content, virulence determinants and genomic diversity of S. aureus in bulk tank milk samples (BTM) from U.S. dairy herds. Of 365 pooled BTM samples collected from 189 herds across the United States, S. aureus was cultured from 170 samples, indicating a sample prevalence of 46.6% in the BTM and a herd prevalence of 62.4% (118 out of 189 herds). Among a subset of 138 S. aureus isolates that were stored for further analysis, 124 were genome sequenced after being confirmed as S. aureus using phenotypic tests. The most commonly identified antimicrobial resistance-associated gene was norA (99.2%) and the mecA gene responsible for methicillin resistance (MRSA) was identified in one isolate (0.8%). The most frequently detected putative virulence genes were aur (100%), hlgB (100%), hlgA, hlgC, hlb (99.2%), lukE (95.9%) and lukD (94.3%). In the 53 staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) gene positive isolates, sen (37.9%), sem (xx%), sei (35.5%) and seg (33.1%) were the most frequently detected enterotoxin genes. Among the 14 different sequence types (ST) and 18 spa types identified, the most common was ST2187 (20.9%) and t529 (28.2%), respectively. The most predominant clone was CC5 (50.8%) followed by CC151 (26.6%). The single MRSA isolate belonged to ST72-CC5, spa type t126 and was negative for the tst gene but harbored all the other virulence genes. Our findings indicated a high prevalence of S. aureus in BTM, with little evidence of antibiotic resistance but often carrying genes for the various enterotoxins. This study identified predominant genetic clones and provides continued surveillance of S. aureus strains found in U.S. dairy herds. Manuscript in preparation.

University of Missouri

Members: John Middleton, Pamela Adkins

Contributors: Monica Witzke, Thomas McFadden

A series of studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of heat stress on dairy cattle microbiomes to determine how changes in these microbial populations may influence dairy cattle susceptibility to mastitis. Preliminary results indicate heat stress does results in a change in fecal and rumen microbiomes of dairy cattle.

University of Montreal

Members: Jean-Philippe Roy, Mario Jacques, Simon Dufour, Marie Archambault, David Francoz

Our recent work highlighted the presence of bacteria in a biofilm in vivo in the mammary gland of dairy cow (Jacques). We also described Klebsiella and Raoultella isolates from clinical mastitis cases (Archambault). Finally, we investigated on the presence of superantigens in coagulase-negative staphylococci retrieved from intramammary infections and concluded that they were uncommon in this population of isolates (Jacques). 

University of Vermont

Members: John Barlow, Feng-Qi Zhao

In collaboration with Tom McFadden’s group at the University of Missouri, Zhao Lab at VT investigated the timing and magnitude of acute local and systemic mammary responses to intramammary LPS challenge in lactating cows and revealed distinct local and systemic effects of LPS on milk yield and composition of milk and blood. In addition, Zhao’s lab found differential effects of LPS on milk protein expression in mouse mammary gland and mammary epithelial cells.

OBJECTIVE 2: Assess and apply new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and/or dairy food safety.

North Carolina A&T State University

Member: Mulumebet Worku

Genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity in bovine neutrophils are differentially modulated by galectins

Rutgers University

Member: Jeffrey M. Boyd

We have spent much effort examining how S. aureus detoxifies copper and the mechanism by which copper poisons S. aureus. Copper has been shown to be effective at decreasing disease burden when used on touch surfaces. We have examined novel benzalkonium-templated mesoporous silica nanoparticles that are effective antimicrobial agents. These nanoparticles are a novel drug delivery systems that could be used to coat surfaces to decrease bacterial burden or used in wound healing.

University of Maryland

Member: Kasey Moyes

In collaboration with Dr. Robert Peters, University of Maryland (UMD), and Mr. Dale Johnson, UMD, we are currently following 4 New York dairy farms and to gather information regarding production outcomes, financial and lifestyle changes during their transition from conventional to automatic milking systems.

University of Illinois

Member: Peter Constable

We characterized the analytical performance of a relatively inexpensive ($300) point-of-care sodium ion selective electrode (ISE) meter (Horiba, Japan) in measuring milk Na concentration. As milk Na concentration increases with glandular inflammation due to increased permeability of the blood-milk barrier, this rapid and low-cost test has promise for the cow-side detection of abnormal glandular secretions.

University of Minnesota

Members: S. Godden, E. Royster, L. Caixeta, N. Noyes, B. Crooker, C. Gebhart, S. Wells, T. Schoenfus, B. Heins.

Contributors: P. Gorden (Iowa State), D. Nydam (Cornell), S. Sreevatsan (Michigan State), R. Fink (St. Cloud State), V. Machado (Texas Tech), P. Pinedo (Colorado State), A. Formiga (Oregon)

Noyes, L. Caixeta, B. Heins, V. Machado, P. Pinedo, A. Formiga, D. Van Nydam, J. Velez, H. Karremann. Catalyzing an open-community research and education program to leverage the microbiome for the advancement of organic livestock production, using mastitis as a test case.

The long-term goal of this proposal is to ignite robust, systematic and application-driven microbiome research activity within the livestock community, thus producing a panoply of new, evidence-based tools to combat livestock disease and production challenges. In order to provide this ignition, we plan to use the udder microbiome and mastitis as a test case to demonstrate the power and applied benefit of well-conducted, comprehensive microbiome research. In executing this demonstration, we will simultaneously address the microbiome data shortage within the organic and dairy communities, while also piloting the applied use of promising microbiome-based treatments for mastitis. Underlying this effort is an outreach program that will serve as the foundation for a sustained, innovative and productive microbiome program within the livestock community.  Specific Aims: 1) investigation of epidemiologic associations between the udder microbiome, host/farm risk factors, and development of pathogen-specific mastitis, specifically on representative organic dairy farms 2) demonstration of in vitro proof-of-concept for a novel microbiome-based mastitis intervention, using data generated in Activity #1  3) development of comprehensive, targeted, and multimodal educational tools for improving stakeholders’ information literacy regarding the microbiome and microbiome-based research 4) to initiate and sustain “open-ROAMER” (open-community resource for organic animal microbiome education and research) -- a user-friendly, comprehensive online repository for organic-specific microbiome data, pipelines and tutorials. Field work in progress.

S.M. Rowe,* S.M. Godden, E. Royster, J. Timmerman, B.A. Crooker, M. Boyle. Cross-sectional study of the relationship among bedding materials, bedding bacteria counts and intramammary infection in late lactation dairy cows. Objectives of this study were to; 1) describe the intramammary infection (IMI) prevalence and pathogen profiles in quarters of cows approaching dry-off in U.S. dairy herds, 2) compare IMI prevalence in quarters of cows exposed to different bedding material types, and 3) identify associations between bedding bacteria count (BBC) and IMI in cows approaching dry-off.  Eighty herds using one of four common bedding materials (manure solids; MS, organic non-manure; ON, new sand; NS and recycled sand: RS) were recruited in a multi-site cross-sectional study. Each herd was visited twice for sampling. At each visit, aseptic quarter-milk samples were collected from 20 cows approaching dry-off (>180 days pregnant). Samples of unused and used bedding were also collected. Aerobic culture was used to determine the IMI status of 10,448 quarters and to enumerate counts (log₁₀ CFU / cc) of all bacteria, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Strep-like organisms (SSLO), Coliforms, Klebsiella spp., non-coliform Gram-negatives, Bacillus spp. and Prototheca spp. in unused (n = 148) and used (n = 150) bedding. Quarter-level prevalence of IMI was 21.1%, which was primarily caused by non-aureus Staphylococcus spp. (NAS; 11.4%) and SSLO (5.6%). Only modest differences in IMI prevalence were observed between the four common bedding material types. Counts of all bacteria in unused bedding was positively associated with odds of IMI caused by any pathogen (ALL-IMI; OR = 1.08). A positive association was also observed for counts of SSLO in unused bedding and SSLO-IMI (OR = 1.09). These patterns of association were generally consistent across the four common bedding materials. In contrast, the association between counts of all bacteria in used bedding and ALL-IMI varied by bedding type, with positive associations observed in quarters exposed to MS (OR = 2.29) and ON (OR = 1.51) and a negative association in quarters exposed to NS (OR = 0.47). Findings from this study suggest that quarter-level IMI prevalence in late lactation cows is low in U.S. dairy herds. Furthermore, bedding material type may not be an important risk factor for IMI in late lactation.  Higher levels of bacteria in bedding may increase IMI prevalence at dry-off in general, but this relationship is likely to vary according to bedding material type. 

S.M. Rowe,* S.M. Godden, E. Royster, J. Timmerman, M. Boyle. Cross-sectional study of the relationship between cloth udder towel management, towel bacteria counts and intramammary infection in late lactation dairy cows. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to: 1) Describe associations between herd-level measures of towel bacteria count (ToBC) and quarter-level intramammary infection (IMI) status in late lactation cows; 2) Establish pathogen-specific target levels of bacteria in CUT to aid the interpretation of towel culture reports and 3) Identify laundering-related risk factors for high ToBC. The study was conducted in 67 herds, from 10 dairy states in the U.S. that used CUT. These 67 herds were originally recruited as part of a larger (80 herd) cross-sectional study of bedding management. Each herd was visited once during December 2017 to April 2018 and quarter-milk samples (n = 4,656) were collected from late gestation (> 180 d pregnant) cows (n = 1,313). Two recently laundered CUT were collected and a questionnaire was used to collect information about pre-milking teat preparation and CUT management practices. Quarter-level IMI status was determined using standard bacteriologic methods. In addition, colony forming units of all bacteria (total bacteria), Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. or Strep-like organisms (SSLO), Coliforms, non-coliform Gram-negatives and Bacillus spp. were determined for each pair of CUT (log₁₀ CFU / in²). Results showed that counts of Staphylococcus spp. and SSLO on towels were positively associated with odds of IMI caused by NAS (OR = 1.40) and SSLO (OR = 1.45), respectively. Of 12 CUT management practices evaluated, only the failure to use a dryer was identified as a clear predictor of risk for a high ToBC (Risk ratio of high coliform count = 8.17). Our study findings suggest that CUT may act as a fomite for NAS and SSLO. We recommend that herds aim to keep counts of Staphylococcus spp. and SSLO in cloth udder towels below 5 CFU / in^2,, and that laundered towels be completely dried in a hot air dryer.

Godden, S., P. Raynor, R. Singer, E. Royster, J. Hadrich, K. Janni, B. Crooker, J. Bender, B. Alexander. Investigation of the Relationship between Method of Processing Recycled Manure Solids Bedding, Udder Health, Milk Quality, Air Quality, Antimicrobial Resistance and Economics on Midwest Dairy Farms.  Objectives of this study are to investigate if method of processing recycled manure solids (RMS) is associated with i) air quality measures of importance to dairy worker health and ii) the amount of antimicrobial resistance genes in the bedding material. A convenience sample of 30 MN and WI dairy systems using RMS as bedding were recruited in summer 2019. Systems were selected to represent the following four methods for processing RMS: i) processing methods: i) Green RMS (GRN), ii) Anaerobic digester (DIG), iii) Composted, and iv) Mechanical hot-air drum dryer.  All herds were visited once in August 2019 to collect bedding samples, air quality (dust) samples, bulk tank milk samples, herd DHIA test day and cow health records, a herd management questionnaire, and an economic survey of expenses and revenues associated with the manure processing system in use. Bedding samples are undergoing culture, nutrient analysis, and antimicrobial resistance genes. Bulk tank milk samples underwent routine culture. We plan to resample all herds again in winter 2020 specifically for the udder health and milk quality objectives. Results will be forthcoming in 2020.  

Nusrat Annie Jahan^*, S. Godden, T. Schoenfus, C. Gebhart, E. Royster, S. Wells, J. Timmerman, and R. Fink. Evaluation of the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) system in the detection of Mastitis pathogens from Bovine milk samples. In the present study, we prospectively compared MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry or MALDI-ToF) to the conventional 16S rDNA sequencing method for the identification of  mastitis isolates (481). Among the 481 milk isolates, 445 (93%) were putatively identified to the genus level by MALDI-TOF MS and 355 (74%) were identified to the species level, but no reliable identification was obtained for 16 (3.3%), and 20 (4.2%) discordant results were identified. Future studies can help to overcome the limitation of MALDI database and additional sample preparation steps might help to reduce the number of discordances in identification. In conclusion, our results show that MALDI-TOF MS is a fast and reliable technique which has the potential to replace conventional identification methods for most dairy pathogens, routinely isolated from the milk and dairy products. Thus it’s adoption will strengthen the capacity, quality, and possibly the scope of diagnostic services to support the dairy industry. Manuscript in preparation.

University of Missouri

Members: John Middleton, Pamela Adkins

Contributors: Véronique Bernier Gosselin, Monica Witzke, Thomas McFadden

A series of studies were completed to evaluate the epidemiology of non-aureus staphylococcal (NAS) mastitis during lactation and over the dry period in dairy goats in Missouri.  Overall, these studies showed that MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry had good typeability and accuracy for speciating NAS isolated from goat’s milk. Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus xylosus tended to be associated with elevated milk somatic cell count (SCC).  Staphylococcus caprae and S. simulans tended to be associated with persistent intramammary infection (IMI).  Udder skin colonization with some species of NAS during the non-lactating period increased the risk of IMI at kidding.

A study was conducted to compare two techniques for collecting milk samples to diagnose IMI in dairy cattle.  Results indicated that the microbiological status of milk samples aseptically collected via the teat orifice had high agreement with the microbiological status of milk collected directly from the teat cistern by aseptic aspiration, indicating that most bacteria isolated from uncontaminated milk samples collected via the teat orifice tend to be associated with IMI.

A study was completed to evaluate the impact of intramammary pirlimycin on the fecal microbiome of dairy heifers. Results indicated that the treatment did results in changes in the fecal microbiome.  To evaluate this further, fecal samples collected from heifers both pre and post treatment were cultured, specifically to recover Gram-positive cocci.  All isolates were speciated and evaluated for antimicrobial resistance. To date, resistance is minimal among staphylococcal and streptococcal isolates recovered from the feces of heifers both post and pretreatment with intramammary pirlimycin.

University of Montreal

Members: Jean-Philippe Roy, Mario Jacques, Simon Dufour, Marie Archambault, David Francoz

We investigated impact of recycled manure bedding on bacterial and parasite load in cows and bulk milk.

University of Vermont

Members: John Barlow, Feng-Qi Zhao

The Barlow lab has completed a study of the mammary microbiome of lactating organic dairy cattle and we have submitted this work for publication (in revision). The Barlow lab has completed a study applying machine learning to identify key predictors of pathogen strain type from multilocus sequence typing databases for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis. The Barlow lab has initiated a study comparing milk quality and mastitis prevalence on organic dairy herds utilizing different bedding management practices. NE-1748 members from Minnesota (Godden), Missouri (Adkins) will collaborate in this research.

Utah State University

Members: David Wilson

Contributors: Kerry Rood, Justine Britten, Zhongde Wang, Jacqueline LaRose Kurz, Robert Weiss, George Liu, Zhou Yang, John Middleton, Pamela Adkins, Gregory Goodell

Bacterial culture isolation and biochemical testing (Cx), Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI-TOF), and 16S rRNA partial genome sequencing (16S) were compared for microbial identification from bovine milk.  181 bacterial colonies isolated from a commercial herd were tested in blind comparison by each method.  Positive agreement among all 3 methods was 94%, with 95% to 98% between each pair of methods. Overall (including negative agreement) agreement among all 3 methods ranged from 97% to 100%, depending on the mastitis pathogen.  Any of the 3 methods is a useful tool for identification of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk. (Collaboration with MO)

OBJECTIVE 3: Identify and apply new strategies associated with the control of mastitis that can reduce the use of antibiotics in dairy herds.

Louisiana State University

Member: William E. Owens

Continue evaluation of botanical formulations from plants for antimicrobial activity against mastitis pathogens.

Michigan State University

Members: Ronald Erskine, Lorraine Sordillo, Pamela Ruegg

As part of a multistate USDA-NIFA funded project, we developed an on-farm evaluation system for milk quality and reduction of antibiotic use.  The evaluation system (Quality Milk Alliance) assesses traditional practices related to mastitis control and communication barriers on the part of dairy producers and employees. We are developing novel applications of vacuum analysis to determine milking efficiency in dairy herds.  This will provide an on-farm education platform for producers and/or employees regarding milking protocols.

North Carolina A&T State University

Member: Mulumebet Worku

We have identified phytochemicals that may be used in therapeutics that target galectins to control inflammatory diseases

Oregon State University

Member: Massimo Bionaz

We concluded an experiment where we tested the role of a relatively low amount of selenium biofortified alfalfa hay on the immune system of primiparous dairy cows during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. For the purpose we enrolled 18 pregnant heifers (10 Jersey and 8 Holstein) and randomly assigned to be supplemented with 1 kg/kg of BW of Se biofortified hay (3.2 mg Se/kg DM) or a control hay (0.4 mg Se/kg BW) from -40 day from expected parturition to 14 days post-partum. We collected blood, milk, and liver tissue for analysis of large panels of parameters, including phagocytosis, WBC count and differential, selenium level, and metabolic/inflammatory/oxidative parameters. Our results indicated a relatively positive effect on the antioxidative status of the animals but no effects on the immune system or performance, including SCC. However, data indicated a better liver status in cows receiving the Se biofortified hay.

Rutgers University

Member: Jeffrey M. Boyd

We have examined the mechanisms used by Staphylococcus aureus to prevent intoxication by copper. These studies will help aid in the correct usage of ionic copper to prevent S. aureus spread and infections. We examined inhibitors of the Agr system which result in decreased virulence factor production. We characterized benzalkonium-templated mesoporous silica antimicrobial agents and showed that they effectively kill S. aureus.

University of Illinois

Member: Peter Constable

We characterized the clinical utility of a relatively inexpensive ($300) point-of-care pH meter and pH strips (Multistix 10 SG Reagent urine dipstick, pH Hydrion paper) in measuring milk pH as a predictor of milk SCC and the degree of inflammation in dairy cows at dry-off and freshening. Glandular inflammation at dry off and freshening was accompanied by an increase in milk pH; however, milk pH did not provide the required level of test sensitivity or specificity to identify quarters with increased SCC or presence of microbial growth. Test accuracy was inferior to that of the California Mastitis Test.

We characterized the clinical utility of three relatively inexpensive ($300) point-of-care sodium, potassium, and calcium ion selective electrode (ISE) meters and an electrical conductivity meter (Horiba, Japan) in measuring milk Na, K, and Ca concentrations and conductivity as predictors of milk SCC and the degree of inflammation in dairy cows at dry-off and freshening. Glandular inflammation at dry off increased milk Na concentration and conductivity, decreased milk K concentration, and had a variable effect on milk ionized Ca concentration; the latter was primarily an indirect effect of the change in milk pH. Cisternal milk Na concentration at dry off was the most accurate of the four tests for identifying quarters with increased SCC; however, test accuracy was not better than that of the California Mastitis Test. Diagnostic test performance was reduced in milk from fresh cows.

We characterized the clinical utility of three commercially available esterase tests (PortaCheck; PortaSCC color test; PortaSCC reader; PortaSCC quick test) in identifying the presence of inflammation in milk from dairy cows at dry-off and freshening. Glandular inflammation at dry off and freshening was accompanied by an increase in milk esterase activity as detected by the esterase test. The PortaSCC color test was the best performing PortaSCC test at dry-off and freshening, but required 45 minutes to produce a result. Based on the test sensitivity, cost, and analysis time, there does not appear to be a persuasive reason to select the PortaSCC color test over the traditional California Mastitis Test for diagnosing inflammation or the presence of microbial growth in glandular secretions from lactating dairy cows.

Values for pharmacokinetic variables are usually obtained in healthy animals, whereas drugs are frequently administered to diseased animals. We investigated cefquinome pharmacokinetics in healthy goats and goats with experimentally-induced mastitis. Five adult lactating goats received 75 mg of cefquinome intramammary infusion using a commercially available product into one udder half in healthy goats and goats with clinical mastitis that was induced by intracisternal infusion of 100 cfu of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 suspended in 5 ml of sterile culture broth. Experimentally induced mastitis significantly increased the California Mastitis Test score and pH, and decreased the maximal cefquinome concentration and shortened the half‐life in milk when compared to healthy goats. In conclusion, mastitis facilitated the absorption of cefquinome from the mammary gland of lactating goats and induced marked changes in milk pH, emphasizing the importance of performing pharmacokinetic studies of antimicrobial agents to treat mastitis in animals with clinical or subclinical mastitis. Note that cefquinome is not permitted for the treatment of mastitis in the United States.

University of Maryland

Member: Kasey Moyes

In collaboration with Drs. Daniel Nelson (UMD) and Ronald Erskine (Michigan State University), we are examining the use of PlyC, a bacteriophage endolysin, as a new intramammary (IM) therapeutic for S. uberis mastitis in lactating dairy cows

University of Minnesota

Members: S. Godden, E. Royster, L. Caixeta, N. Noyes, B. Crooker, C. Gebhart, S. Wells, T. Schoenfus, B. Heins.

Contributors: P. Gorden (Iowa State), D. Nydam (Cornell), S. Sreevatsan (Michigan State), R. Fink (St. Cloud State), V. Machado (Texas Tech), P. Pinedo (Colorado State), A. Formiga (Oregon)

S.M. Rowe,* S.M. Godden, D.V. Nydam, A. Lago, A.K. Vasquez, E. Royster, J. Timmerman. Randomized Equivalence Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Two Commercial Internal Teat Sealants in Dairy Cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new ITS product (Lockout®, Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health), by comparing it directly to Orbeseal® in a multi-site, multi-herd, randomized, positively-controlled equivalence trial for health indicators during the dry period and during the first 100 days of lactation. At dry-off, cows were randomly allocated to be treated with Orbeseal® or Lockout® after blanket administration of a cloxacillin dry cow therapy (DCT) product. Cows were then followed from dry-off until 100 DIM. Intramammary infection (IMI) status at enrollment and at 1-13 DIM was determined using standard bacteriological methods, allowing for the measurement of IMI dynamics during the dry period (i.e. IMI cures and new IMI). Results showed that measures of quarter-level IMI dynamics were similar between ITS groups. Furthermore, Lockout® was found to be equivalent to Orbeseal® for dry period new IMI risk using an equivalence hypothesis test. There was no effect of treatment on risk for clinical mastitis and culling or death, or on SCC and milk yield during the first 100 DIM. One manuscript submitted in November, 2019 (in review).

S.M. Rowe,¹ S.M. Godden, D.V. Nydam, P.J. Gorden, A. Lago, A.K. Vasquez, E. Royster, J. Timmerman, M.J. Thomas. Randomized controlled non-inferiority trial investigating the effect of two selective dry cow therapy protocols on antibiotic use and udder health: quarter-level outcomes. The objective of this study was to compare culture- and algorithm-guided SDCT programs to blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT) in a multi-site, randomized, natural exposure, non-inferiority trial on quarter-level infection dynamics during the dry period and on cow health and performance during the first 120 DIM. Two days before planned dry-off, cows in each of 7 herds were randomly allocated to BDCT (“Blanket”), culture-guided SDCT (“Culture”) and algorithm-guided SDCT (“Algorithm”). At dry-off, Blanket cows received an intramammary antibiotic (500mg ceftiofur hydrochloride) in all four quarters. Antibiotic treatments were selectively allocated to quarters of Culture cows by only treating quarters from which aseptically collected milk samples tested positive on the Minnesota Easy® 4Cast® plate after 30-40 hours of incubation. For Algorithm cows, antibiotic treatments were selectively allocated at the cow-level, with all quarters receiving antibiotic treatment if the cow met at least one of the following criteria: 1) any Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) test with a somatic cell count > 200,000 cells / ml during the current lactation; 2) two or more clinical mastitis cases during the current lactation; and 3) one or more clinical mastitis cases in the 14 days period before enrollment. All quarters of all cows were treated with an internal teat sealant (ITS). Intramammary infection status at enrollment and at 1-13 DIM was determined using standard bacteriological methods. Results showed that the two SDCT approaches (culture- and algorithm-guided) each reduced antibiotic use at dry-off by 55%, without causing any negative impacts on intramammary infection dynamics during the dry period. We conclude that SDCT can be used in appropriate U.S. dairy herds to reduce antibiotic use while maintaining udder health. Two manuscripts submitted (in review).

Caixeta, L.S., Morley, P.S., Belk, K., Garry, F.B., Scheu, S., Parker, J, Noyes, N., Mijares, S., Hanes, A. Effect of selective dry cow therapy on the milk microbiome of dairy cattle with low somatic cell count. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of SDCT on udder health and milk microbiome in separated milk cell pellets and cream in post-partum dairy cattle. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed and bioinformatics analysis of the sequence data is ongoing in order to identify differences between pellet and cream microbiomes for pre- and post-partum samples. Project ongoing.

University of Montreal

Members: Jean-Philippe Roy, Mario Jacques, Simon Dufour, Marie Archambault, David Francoz

We synthesized and re-analyzed the available literature on use of an internal teat sealant (ITS) alone, without concomitant use of an antimicrobial for preventing new infections during the dry period and clinical mastitis in the subsequent lactation (Dufour). We concluded that an ITS performed better than an antimicrobial for preventing new infections.

We also completed our investigations on a quarter-level selective dry cow treatment approach supported by milk culture (Roy). We concluded that a reduction in use of antibiotic of 50% could be achieved, without negative udder health or production impacts.

University of Vermont

Members: John Barlow, Feng-Qi Zhao

The Barlow lab has completed collecting data from a field study exploring Staphylococcus aureus strain variation among dairy cattle and farm workers on 21 dairy farms producing farmstead of artisan cheeses. Strain typing and characterization of antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes and genotypes has been completed for approximately 160 isolates and cross species (zoonotic) transmission dynamics of S. aureus will be explored using these data.

Utah State University

Members: David Wilson

Contributors: Kerry Rood, Justine Britten, Zhongde Wang, Jacqueline LaRose Kurz, Robert Weiss, George Liu, Zhou Yang, John Middleton, Pamela Adkins, Gregory Goodell

Casein hydrolysate (CH) intramammary infusion was evaluated as a dry treatment.  Udder halves were compared between control (dry cow antibiotic plus teat sealant) and 4 treatment groups including CH, one being CH alone.  All halves returned to milking, statistically 50% of total-cow milk, following calving.  At 7 or 10 days dry, milk indicators of involution were higher in CH cows; SCC was not different among treatment groups.  Dry period new IMI post-calving for CH cows (88%) were significantly higher than for CH + teat sealant cows (25%).  Use of casein hydrolysate combined with internal teat sealant may be an alternative to antibiotic dry treatment.

WORK PLANNED FOR THE COMING YEAR, LISTED BY OBJECTIVE:

OBJECTIVE 1

Louisiana State University

Identify and evaluate bacteria causing bovine mastitis in Louisiana. Test bacteria for antimicrobial resistance to mastitis therapeutics.

Michigan State University

Continue progress on projects outlined above. Also, conducting field study of the long term impact (efficacy, production, milk quality) of antimicrobial therapy on mild clinical mastitis.

North Carolina A&T State University

Evaluate the expression of Galectin variants in blood from cattle sheep and goats

Ohio State University

Mammary blood vessel structure will be examined in different regions of calf mammary glands that had been stimulated to experience different degrees of mammary growth and development in order to determine how blood vessel structure is altered during mammary growth. This vasculature examination has relevance and can be translated to understanding how blood vessels adapt during cases of mastitis and recruiting immune cells to localized sites of inflammation.

Rutgers University

We will examine the stimuli for the SrrAB and SaeSR, which are primary transcriptional regulators that control toxin, exoprotein, and biofilm formation in S. aureus. Determining the stimuli will ultimately be use to design small molecules to modulate the behavior of the organism.

University of Minnesota

A. Crooker, S. M. Godden, J. D. Lippolis and J. B. Cole. Reducing mastitis in the dairy cow by increasing the prevalence of beneficial polymorphisms in genes associated with mastitis resistance. We have repeated the intramammary E. coli challenge with another 5 UH and 7 CH cows and will evaluate milk somatic cells from both studies to determine differences in expression of genes associated with immune response. We anticipate this will identify differential expression of genes that play important beneficial and detrimental roles in the magnitude and effectiveness of the immune response to mastitis. Data analysis will be completed and reported in 2020. Subsequent sequencing and identification of polymorphic differences in the genes and / or their regulatory components (transcription factors, etc.) between the Holstein genotypes will occur in 2020.

University of Missouri

Continue evaluating the impact of heat stress on the microbiomes of dairy cattle.  We are evaluating fecal, rumen, skin, and milk microbial populations of dairy cows pre, during, and post heat stress. Additionally, we plan to evaluate the fecal microbiome of cows that have experienced heat abatement strategies compared to those that have not.  This component of our work is in collaboration with NE-1748 members from Mississippi (Stone).

University of Montreal

In the coming year, we will describe incidence and elimination rates of non-aureus staphylococci intramammary infections during the dry and lactating periods and investigate host-related risk factors associated with these.

University of Vermont

Zhao Lab at VT will study the mechanism underlying the repression of milk protein expression by LPS.

OBJECTIVE 2

North Carolina A&T State University

Evaluate the effect of recombinant galectins and their antagonists on inflammatory gene expression in blood and isolated neutrophils from cows, sheep and goats

Rutgers University

We are examining novel antimicrobials containing metal ions (tin, copper, zinc) in combination with organic antimicrobials. We hope to show that combining the compound with the metal ion will have a synergistic effect and increased antimicrobial activity.

University of Illinois

Characterize the clinical utility of quarter lactose concentration in diagnosing quarters that have inflammation or microbial growth present. Apply the new pharmacokinetic model for intramammary administration to new data sets to evaluate the models performance in characterizing the determinants of withdrawal time.

University of Minnesota

Noyes, L. Caixeta, B. Heins, V. Machado, P. Pinedo, A. Formiga, D. Van Nydam, J. Velez, H. Karremann. Catalyzing an open-community research and education program to leverage the microbiome for the advancement of organic livestock production, using mastitis as a test case.

The long-term goal of this proposal is to ignite robust, systematic and application-driven microbiome research activity within the livestock community, thus producing a panoply of new, evidence-based tools to combat livestock disease and production challenges. Project objectives described above.  Field to collect samples, plus laboratory analysis will continue into 2020.

Godden, S., P. Raynor, R. Singer, E. Royster, J. Hadrich, K. Janni, B. Crooker, J. Bender, B. Alexander. Investigation of the Relationship between Method of Processing Recycled Manure Solids Bedding, Udder Health, Milk Quality, Air Quality, Antimicrobial Resistance and Economics on Midwest Dairy Farms.  Project objectives described above. We plan to resample all herds again in winter 2020 specifically for the udder health and milk quality objectives. Results will be forthcoming in 2020.  

S.M. Rowe,* S.M. Godden, E. Royster, J. Timmerman, B.A. Crooker, M. Boyle. Cross-sectional study of the relationship among bedding materials, bedding bacteria counts and intramammary infection in late lactation dairy cows. Project details described above. Prepare and submit a second manuscript in 2020.

Nusrat Annie Jahan^*, S. Godden, T. Schoenfus, C. Gebhart, E. Royster, S. Wells, J. Timmerman, and R. Fink. Evaluation of the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) system in the detection of Mastitis pathogens from Bovine milk samples. Project details described above. Submit manuscript in 2020.

University of Missouri

Develop imaging techniques to evaluate the association between teat morphology and intramammary infection and mastitis in lactating cows, peripartum heifers, and dry cows. Additionally, we plan to finish our characterization of antimicrobial susceptibility among Gram-positive bacteria isolated from the feces of dairy heifers pre and post exposure to intramammary pirlimycin.

University of Vermont

The Barlow lab will continue studies of S. aureus strain variation and transmission dynamics on small dairy farms. The Barlow lab will continue the observational field studies comparing milk quality and mastitis prevalence on organic dairy herds utilizing different bedding management practices. NE-1748 members from Minnesota (Godden) and Missouri (Adkins) will collaborate in this research

OBJECTIVE 3

Louisiana State University

Continue evaluation of botanical formulations from plants for antimicrobial activity against mastitis pathogens.

Michigan State University

Continue progress on projects outlined above. Also, conducting field study of the long term impact (efficacy, production, milk quality) of antimicrobial therapy on mild clinical mastitis.

North Carolina A&T State University

Determine the effect of dietary galectin antagonists on immune gene expression in small ruminants

Ohio State University

We are going to evaluate the use of a teat sealant in non-lactating dairy heifers in their efficacy of preventing new intramammary infections at different stages of gestation. This will be done to determine if there is a better time to administer teat sealant to prevent more infections during late gestation than others.

Oregon State University

We have extracted the RNA from the liver (-10 and 7 day relative to parturition) and macrophages isolated from milk (10 day post-partum) from the Jersey cows from the above experiment. We plan to have the RNAseq performed in those samples (see Project # ORE00174).

We will perform an experiment on sheep where we will test the hypothesis that Se biofortified chicory improve the response to intramammary infection (see Project # ORE00170).

Rutgers University

We examining the mechanisms by which copper ions kills S. aureus. We are describing and determining the mode of action of how a novel antimicrobial with potent activity against S. aureus.

University of Illinois

Apply segmented regression to existing data sets to identify the SCC cut point that differentiates healthy from inflamed quarters at dry-off and at freshening in dairy cattle.

University of Minnesota

S.M. Rowe,¹ S.M. Godden, D.V. Nydam, P.J. Gorden, A. Lago, A.K. Vasquez, E. Royster, J. Timmerman, M.J. Thomas. Randomized controlled non-inferiority trial investigating the effect of two selective dry cow therapy protocols on antibiotic use and udder health: quarter-level outcomes. Project details described above. Submit third manuscript in 2020.

University of Montreal

We will investigate the impact of recycled manure bedding on subclinical and clinical mastitis incidence and on distribution of the pathogens involved (Dufour). We will also evaluate the precision and economic impact of different selection strategies at drying off (Dufour). We will also evaluate diagnostic precision of different sampling approaches for diagnosing Salmonella Dublin in dairy herd (Dufour). We are also investigating the reduction or shift in use of antimicrobials on dairies following the implementation of a provincial regulation limiting the use of antimicrobials that are deemed to be of critical importance for humans (Dufour). We will described antimicrobial resistance in isolates obtained from dairy herds (Archambault).

University of Vermont

In collaboration with Tom McFadden’s group at the University of Missouri, Zhao Lab at VT is investigating oxidative damage and the role of Nrf2 in antioxidation in the mammary gland during mastitis. The aim of this work is to find natural means to activate Nrf2 signaling to control mastitis’s damage to the udders.

Utah State University

One publication near submission, others in preparation regarding casein hydrolysate as a dry treatment.  This includes histological measurements to quantify mammary involution in different regions of the gland compared among treatments.

Peer-Reviewed Literature

Michigan State University

Moore-Foster, R., B. Norby, R. L. Schewe, R. Thomson, P. C. Bartlett and R. J. Erskin. Short communication: Herd-level variables associated with overmilking in Michigan dairy herds. J.Dairy Sci. 2019 102:8400-8404.

Erskine, R.J., B. Norby, L. M. Neuder and R. S. Thomson. 2019. Decreased milk yield is associated with delayed milk ejection. J. Dairy Sci. 102:6477-6484.

Moore-Foster R, B. Norby, R. L. Schewe, R. Thomson, P. C. Bartlett, and R. J. Erskine. 2019. Herd-level variables associated with pre-milking stimulation time in Michigan dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 102:2544-2550. 

Moore-Foster R, B. Norby, R. L. Schewe, R. Thomson, P. C. Bartlett, and R. J. Erskine. 2019. Herd-level variables associated with delayed milk ejection in Michigan dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 102:696-705.

Contreras G.A., J. De Koster, J. de Souza, J. Laguna, V. Mavangira, R. K. Nelli, J. Gandy, A. L. Lock, and L. M. Sordillo. 2019. Lipolysis modulates the biosynthesis of inflammatory lipid mediators derived from linoleic acid in adipose tissue of periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2019 Nov 20. pii: S0022-0302(19)31041-0. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-17256. [Epub ahead of print]

North Carolina A&T State University

Emmanuel K. Asiamah, Mario Vailati-Riboni, Zheng Zhou, Tianle Xu, Juan J. Loor, Keith Schimmel, Mulumebet Worku Rumen-protected methionine supplementation during the peripartal period alters the expression of galectin genes associated with inflammation in peripheral neutrophils and secretion in plasma of Holstein cow 2019 Journal of Dairy Research

Eluka-Okoludoh, E., Ekwemalor, K., Adjei-Fremah, S., Mulakala, B., & Worku, M. (2019). Galectin-8 Modulates Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Genes in Bovine Neutrophils. Journal of Molecular Biology Research, 9(1), 24-32. 2019 Molecular Biology Research.

S Adjei-Fremah, M Worku, MO De Erive, F He, T Wang, G Chen . Effect of microfluidization on microstructure, protein profile and physicochemical properties of whole cowpea flours. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 57, 1022072019, Elsevier

EK Asiamah, K Ekwemalor, S Adjei-Fremah, B Osei, R Newman, M Worku . Natural and synthetic pathogen associated molecular patterns modulate galectin expression in cow blood. Journal of animal science and technology 61 (5), 245.2019, J Anim Sci Technol.

S Adjei-Fremah, M Worku . Cowpea polyphenol extract regulates galectin gene expression in bovine blood. Animal Biotechnology, 1-12.2019, Animal Biotechnology.

JE Koltes, JB Cole, R Clemmens, RN Dilger, LM Kramer, JK Lunney. A vision for development and utilization of high-throughput phenotyping and big data analytics in livestock. Frontiers in Genetics 10, 1197.2019, Frontiers in Genetics

 Mulakala, B., Adjei-Fremah, S., Eluka-Okoludoh, E., Ekwemalor, K., Ibrahim, S. and Worku, M. (2019). Cellular Glycans and their Binding Proteins. EC Microbiology 15.2 (2019): 108-111.2019, EC Microbiology 

Ekwemalor, K., Asiamah, E., Eluka-Okoludoh, E., Mulakala, B., Adjei-Fremah, S., & Worku, M. (2018). Shifts in Gut Microbe Population in Periparturient Goats. CPQ Microbiology (2018) 1: 5 Research Article. Microbiology, 1(5), 01-06.2018, Microbiology

Osei, B., Worku, M., Eluka-Okoludoh, Adjei-Fremah, S., Asiamah, E., E., Ekwemalor, K., & Mulakala, B. (2018).Galectin secretion and modulation in sheep blood. Journal of Molecular Biology Research, 8(1), 183. 2018, Molecular Biology Research

Ohio State University

Enger, B.D. 2019. Invited Review: Reevaluating how mastitis reduces milk yield: Discussion of competitive substrate utilization. Appl. Anim. Sci. 35:408–415.

Enger, B.D., H.L.M. Tucker, S.C. Nickerson, C.L.M. Parsons, and R.M. Akers. 2019. Effects of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection on the expression of estrogen receptor α (ESR1) and progesterone receptor (PGR) in mammary glands of nonlactating cows administered estradiol and progesterone to stimulate mammary growth. J. Dairy Sci. 102:2807-2617.

Oregon State University

Shana Jaaf, Angela Krueger, Brandon Batty, Charles T. Estill$, and Massimo Bionaz. One% BW of selenium biofortified alfalfa improves selenium status and glutathione peroxidase activity in peripartum dairy cows and their calves. Submitted to Journal of Dairy Research

Shana Jaaf. PhD thesis. Effect of agronomically Se biofortified hay on oxidative status, metabolic and inflammation markers, and immune response of transition primiparous dairy cows and their calves. Defended the 3 December 2019.

Rutgers University

Dubovoy V., Ganti A., Zhang T., Al-Tameemi H.M., Cerezo J., Boyd J.M.*, Asefa T.* One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of benzalkonium-templated mesoporous silica antimicrobial agents. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2018 Oct. PMID: 30260224

Rosario-Cruz Z., Eletsky A., Daigham N.S., Al-Tameemi H.M., Swapna G.V.T., Szyperski T., Montelione G.T., and Boyd J.M.* The copBL operon protects Staphylococcus aureus from copper toxicity: Cbl is an extracellular membrane-associated copper-binding protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2019 Jan. PMID: 30655293

Bezar I.F., Mashruwala A.A., Boyd J.M., Stock A.M., Drug-like Fragments Inhibit agr-Mediated Virulence Expression in Staphylococcus aureus. Nature Scientific Reports. 2019 May PMID: 31043623

Austin C.M., Garabaglu S., Krute C.N., Ridder M.J., Seawell N.A., Markiewicz M.A., Boyd J.M., Bose J.L. Contribution of YjbIH to virulence factor expression and host colonization in Staphylococcus aureus. Infection and Immunity. 2019 March. PMID: 30885928

Mashruwala A.A., Eilers B.J., Fuchs A., Earle C.A., Van De Guchte A., Copié V., Boyd J.M. The ClpCP complex modulates respiratory metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus and is regulated in a SrrAB-dependent manner. Journal of Bacteriology. 2019 July. PMID: 31109995

University of Illinois

Kandeel, S.A., Megahed, A.A., Ebeid, M.H. and Constable, P.D., 2019. Ability of milk pH to predict subclinical mastitis and intramammary infection in quarters from lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 102(2):1417-1427.

Kandeel, S.A., Megahed, A.A. and Constable, P.D., 2019. Evaluation of hand‐held sodium, potassium, calcium, and electrical conductivity meters for diagnosing subclinical mastitis and intramammary infection in dairy cattle. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 1-11. https://doi.org.10.1111/jvim.15550.

Kandeel, S.A., Megahed, A.A., Ebeid, M.H. and Constable, P.D., 2019. Evaluation of 3 esterase tests for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis at dry-off and freshening in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 102(2):1402-1416.

Megahed, A.A., Hiew, M., Grünberg, W., Trefz, F.M. and Constable, P.D., 2019. Evaluation of the analytical performance of a portable ion-selective electrode meter for measuring whole-blood, plasma, milk, abomasal-fluid, and urine sodium concentrations in cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 102(8):7435-7444.

El Badawy, S.A., Amer, A.M., Kamel, G.M., Eldeib, K.M. and Constable, P.D., 2019. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramammary cefquinome in lactating goats with and without experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 42:452-460.

University of Maryland

M.A. Crookenden, K.M. Moyes, B. Kuhn-Sherlock, K. Lehnert, C.G. Walker, J.J. Loor, M.D. Mitchell, A. Murray, V.S.R. Dukkipatti, M. Vailati-Riboni, A. Heiser and J.R. Roche.   2019. Transcriptomic analysis of circulating neutrophils in metabolically stressed peripartal grazing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102:7408-7420.

University of Minnesota

Patel, K.,* S.M. Godden, E. Royster, B.A. Crooker, J. Timmerman and L. Fox. 2019. Relationships between Bedding Materials, Bedding Bacteria Counts, Udder Hygiene, Milk Quality and Udder Health on United States Dairy Herds. J. Dairy Sci. 102:10213–10234

Murphy, S., D. Kent, N. Martin, R. Evanowski, K. Patel, S. Godden and M. Wiedmann. 2019. Bedding and bedding management practices are associated with mesophilic and thermophilic spore levels in bulk tank raw milk. J. Dairy Sci. 102: 102:6885–6900

Jenkins,S., E. Okello, P.V. Rossito, T.W. Lehenbauer, J.Champagne, M.C.T. Penedo, A.G. Arruda, S. Godden, P. Rapnicki, P.J. Gorden, L.L. Timms, and S.S. Aly. 2019. Molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated at different lactation stages from dairy cattle in the United States.  PeerJ 7:e6749 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6749

Afifi, M., F. Kabera, H. Stryhn, J. Roy, L. Heider, S. Godden, W. Montelpare, J. Sanchez and S. Dufour. 2018. Antimicrobial-based dry cow therapy approaches for cure and prevention of intramammary infections: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Animal Health Research Reviews. 19:74-48. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252318000051

University of Missouri

Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2018.  Methods for diagnosing mastitis.  Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract.  34(3):479-491.  Invited article. 

Wilson D, Middleton J, Adkins P, Goodell G.  2019.  Test agreement among biochemical methods, MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA sequencing for the identification of microorganisms isolated from bovine milk.  J Clin Microbiol.  57(3):1-8  pii: JCM.01381-18. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01381-18. [Epub 19 Mar 19]

Bernier Gosselin V, Dufour S, Adkins PRF, Poock S, Pithua P, Middleton JR.  2019.  Longitudinal microbiological evaluation of subclinical non-aureus staphylococcal intramammary infections in a dairy goat herd.  Vet Microbiol.  230:156-163. 

Bernier Gosselin V, Dufour S, Calcutt MJ, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2019.  Staphylococcal intramammary infection dynamics and their relationship with milk quality parameters in dairy goats over the dry period.  J Dairy Sci.  102(5):4332-4340.

Bernier Gosselin V, Dufour S, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2019.  Persistence of coagulase negative staphylococcal intramammary infection in dairy goats.  J Dairy Res.  86(2):211-216. 

Bernier Gosselin V, Dufour S, Middleton JR.  2019.  Association between species-specific staphylococcal intramammary infection and milk somatic cell score over time in dairy goats.  Prev Vet Med. 174:104815  doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104815.  [Epub 2 Nov 19].

University of Montreal

Massé, J., S. Dufour, and M. Archambault, Characterization of Klebsiella and Raoultella isolates obtained from dairy cattle clinical mastitis cases. Journal of  Dairy Science, Submitted.

Lardé, H., et al., Assignment of Canadian Defined Daily Doses and Canadian Defined Course Doses for quantification of antimicrobial usage in cattle. Frontiers Veterinary Science, Submitted.

Kabera, F., et al., Evaluation of a quarter-based selective dry cow therapy using Petrifilm on-farm milk culture: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Dairy Science, Submitted.

Lasprilla-Mantilla, M., et al., Impact of Recycled Manure Solids Bedding on Spread of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Environment of Dairies and Milk. Journal of Dairy Science, In press.

Belage, E., et al., A qualitative study of Ontario dairy farmer attitudes and perceptions towards implementing recommended milking practices. Journal of  Dairy Science, Accepted. 102(10): p. 9548-9557.

Naaushad, S., et al., Staphylococcus debuckii sp. nov., a coagulase-negative species from bovine milk. Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2019. 69(8): p. 2239-2249.

Gagnon, M., et al., Effect of recycled manure solids as bedding on bulk tank milk and cheese microbiological quality. Journal of  Dairy Science, 2019. 103.

Dufour, S., et al., Systematic review of non-antimicrobial approaches at drying-off for treating and preventing intramammary infections in dairy cows. Part 1. Meta-analyses on efficacy of using an internal teat sealant without a concomitant antimicrobial treatment. Animal Health Research Reviews, 2019.

Dufour, S., J. Labrie, and M. Jacques, The Mastitis Pathogens Culture Collection. Microbiology - Resource Announcements, 2019. 8(15): p. 1-2.

Corbeil, A., et al., Short communication: Search for superantigen genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine milk in Canada Journal of  Dairy Science, 2019. 102: p. 2008-2010.

University of Vermont

Alexander Jonathan Spitzer, Qing Tian, Ratan Choudhary, and Feng-Qi Zhao. (2020). Bacterial endotoxin induces oxidative stress and reduces milk protein expression and hypoxia in the mammary gland. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, minor revision

Utah State University

Kurz JP, Yang Z, Weiss RB, Wilson DJ, Rood KA, Liu GE, Wang Z: A genome-wide association study for mastitis resistance in phenotypically well-characterized Holstein dairy cattle using a selective genotyping approach. Immunogenetics Sept 30, doi: 10.1007/s00251-018-1088-9. (Epub ahead of print), 2018. 71:1:35-47, 2019.

Wilson DJ, Middleton JR, Adkins PRF, Goodell GM: Test agreement among biochemical methods, MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA sequencing for the identification of microorganisms isolated from bovine milk.  J Clin Microbiol 57:3: doi: 10.1128/JCM.01381-18., 2019.

Abstracts

North Carolina A&T State University

E Eluka-Okoludoh, E Asiamah, K Ekwemalor, B Mulakala, S Adjei-Fremah. PSVIII-37 Modulation of innate and adaptive immune response genes in bovine neutrophil by Galectin-8. Journal of Animal Science 96 (suppl_3), 31-3221018, Journal of Animal Science

B Osei, E Asiamah, K Ekwemalor, S Adjei-Fremah, M Worku. PSVI-21 Coproantibodies as indicators of the periparturient rise in fecal egg counts in St Croix Sheep. Journal of Animal Science 96 (suppl_3), 461-4612018, Journal of Animal Science

E Asiamah, K Ekwemalor, S Adjei Fremah, M Worku, B Osei. PSVIII-41 Unique Signatures of Galectin Expression in Cow Blood Exposed to Microbial Cell Wall Antigens. Journal of Animal Science 96 (suppl_3), 33-33Journal of Animal Science, 2018

B Mulakala, E Eluka-Okoludoh, S Adjei-Fremah, E Asiamah, K Ekwemalor. PSVIII-29 Galectin 9 secretion in cow milk a marker for homostasis and health. Journal of Animal Science 96 (suppl_3), 30-312018, Journal of Animal Science

K Ekwemalor, E Asiamah, S Adjei-Fremah, B Osei, E Eluka-Okoludoh. PSVI-32 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns induce differential galectin-3 activation in Goat blood. Journal of Animal Science 96 (suppl_3), 464-4642018, Journal of Animal Science

Oregon State University

Jaaf S., M. Mezzetti, A. Krueger, B. Batty, M. Premi, F. Perrotta, J. Foster, M. Hanlon, E. Trevisi, and M. Bionaz. Selenium biofortified alfalfa hay supplemented during transition period improves oxidative stress and some metabolic and inflammation parameters in dairy cows and their calves. 37th ADSA Discovery Conference, October 28-31, Chicago, IL

Jaaf S., B. Batty, A. Krueger, G. Bobe, C. Estill, and M. Bionaz. Effect of agronomic selenium biofortified alfalfa hay on selenium status and glutathione peroxidase activity in transition dairy cows and their calves. 2019 PNW Animal Nutrition Conference. Boise (ID)

Jaaf S., Mezzetti M., Krueger A., Batty B., Belveal J., Premi M., Foster J., Trevisi E., Bobe G., Estill C., and M. Bionaz. 2018. Effect of selenium-enriched hay on Se concentration in blood and milk, immune function, and performance in dairy cows during the transition period. 2018 ADSA Annual Meeting Abstract#268

Mezzetti M., Jaaf S., Busato S., Premi M., Trevisi E., Bobe G., and M. Bionaz. 2018. Calves born from cows fed with alfalfa enriched with selenium have higher Se in blood and higher phagocytosis. 2018 ADSA Annual Meeting Abstract#154

University of Maryland

Hanna M. Mader, C.M. Scholte, D. Biswas and K.M. Moyes.  2019. Immune response to Escherichia coli induced bovine mastitis in lactating dairy cows.  American Dairy Science Association (ADSA) Annual Meetings, Cincinnnati, OH.

S.S. Potts, K.M. Brady, C.M. Scholte, K.M. Moyes and R.A. Erdman.  2019. Rumen- protected choline or methionine affects the choline metabolite profile of plasma  and milk and alters expression of genes associated with choline and lipid metabolism in periparturient cows. American Dairy Science Association (ADSA)  Annual Meetings, Cincinnnati, OH.

C.M. Scholte, A.M. Fisher, H.M. Mader, D. Biswas and K.M. Moyes*.  2019. The effects of citral as a therapeutic treatment for Escherichia coli mastitis in lactating dairy cattle. American Dairy Science Association (ADSA) Annual Meetings, Cincinnnati, OH.

University of Minnesota

Lippolis, J. D., E. J. Putz, T. A. Reinhardt, E. Casas, W. J. Weber and B. A. Crooker. 2019. What 50 years of breeding has done to the ability of Holsteins to fight mastitis. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. November 3. Chicago, IL.

Dean, C., Slizovskiy, I., Crone, K., Heinz, B., Caixeta, L., Noyes, N. Sampling considerations for conducting large-scale microbial ecology studies of cow udder epithelium. Proceedings of the 99^th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, IL, 2018. Abstract 198.

University of Missouri

Wattenburger K, Schmidt R, Placheta L, Middleton J, Adkins P. 2019.  Evaluation of aspectic techniques used to collect bovine milk samples. MU Life Sciences Week. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.  April 15-20, 2019. Poster.

Witzke MC, Rodrigues RO, Shangraw EM, Ericsson AC, McFadden TB, Adkins PRF. 2019.  Experimental heat stress alters the fecal microbiome of dairy cattle. MU Life Sciences Week. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.  April 15-20, 2019. Poster.

Wattenburger K, Schmidt R, Placheta L, Middleton JR, Adkins PRF.  2019.  Evaluation of aseptic techniques used to collect bovine milk samples.  Proceedings the 42^nd Annual CVM Research Day (Phi Zeta).  10 May 2019.  Abstract #26.  Poster.

Schmidt R, Ierardi R, Placheta L, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2019.  Epidemiology of mastitis pathogens on Amish Dairy Farms in Missouri.  Proceedings the 42^nd Annual CVM Research Day (Phi Zeta). 10 May 2019.  Abstract #52.  Oral presentation.

Rivero L, Witzke M, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2019.  Understanding bovine mammary gland niches for staphylococci.  Proceedings the 42^nd Annual CVM Research Day (Phi Zeta). 10 May 2019.  Abstract #62.  Oral presentation.

Witzke MC, Rodrigues RO, Shangraw EM, Ericsson AC, McFadden TB, Adkins PRF. 2019.  Bovine fecal microbiome is altered by experimental heat stress and feed restriction. Proceedings of the 42^th Annual CVM Research Day (Phi Zeta).  University of Missouri, May 10, 2019. Oral presentation.

Bernier Gosselin V, Middleton JR.  2019.  Advances in understanding of epidemiology of subclinical staphylococcal mastitis in dairy goats.  Ontario Small Ruminant Veterinary Conference.  June 17-19. Oral presentation.

Ankney S, Rivero L, Witzke M, Naclerio A, Adkins PR, Middleton JR.  2019.  Defining causes of intramammary infection in dairy cattle using a novel sampling technique.  National Veterinary Scholars Symposium. Worcester, Massachusetts.  July 26^th.  Poster.

Naclerio A, Witzke M, Adkins P. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of dairy cattle exposed to intramammary pirlymcin hydrochloride. National Veterinary Scholars Symposium.  Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine hosted at Worcester State University. Worcester, MA, July 25-27, 2019.  Poster

Rivero L, Witzke M, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2019.  Understanding bovine mammary gland niches for staphylococci using different milk sampling techniques.  American Association of Bovine Practitioners.  St. Louis, Missouri.  September 12-14.  Oral presentation.

University of Montreal

Kabera, F., et al. Quarter-based Selective Dry Cow Therapy using on-farm diagnostics: results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. in National Mastitis Council annual meeting. 2019. Savannah, Georgia.

Beauchemin, J., et al. Comparison of microbiological contamination of recycled manure solid bedding with straw bedding in dairies farms. in 5th International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface. 2019. Québec, QC, Canada.

University of Vermont

F.-Q. Zhao, T.B. McFadden, R.K. Choudhary, E.M. Shangraw, R.O. Rodrigues, A.J. Spitzer. Intramammary endotoxin challenge elicits time-dependent local and systemic effects on lactating bovine mammary glands. CRWAD 2019, Chicago. Oral

Choudhary RK, Spitzer A, McFadden TB, Shangraw EM, Rodrigues RO, Linder HF, Zhao F-Q (2019) Quantitative histological changes in lactating bovine mammary gland after endotoxin challenge. ADSA Annual Meeting 2019, Cincinnati, Ohio. Oral

Conference Proceedings

Michigan State University

Erskine, R. J. How should we milk a cow? Let the cows decide! Seminar presented to the staff of the U.S. Congress on behalf of the National Coalition for Food and Agricultural Research, Washington. D.C., October, 9, 2018.

Erskine, R. J. Association of delayed milk yield with delayed (bimodal) milk ejection. Seminar presented at the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL, December 3, 2018.

Erskine, R.J. and J. R. Middleton. Mastitis Therapy: Why, What, When, and How? Short course presented at the 59^th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Savannah, GA, January 30, 2019.

Erskine, R.J. Effect of bimodal milk letdown on milk production. Research Summary presented at the 52^nd Annual Conference of the Am. Assoc. Bovine Pract. St. Louis, MO, September 13, 2019.

Erskine, R. J. Animal Agriculture and Antimicrobial Resistance in Michigan. Seminar presented at the Michigan One Health Antimicrobial Resistance Summit. Dearborn, MI, September 18, 2019.

Erskine, RJ, Martinez, RO, and Kayitsinga, J. Labor Needs on the Dairy Farm-From the Workers Perspective. Seminar and Panel Discussion presented the 30^th Anniversary of the Julian Samora Research Institute, East Lansing, MI, November 1, 2019.

Ohio State University

Enger, B.D. 2019. Contemplating the energetic consequences of bovine mastitis. Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference Annual Meeting Proceedings. Pages 89-100.

Enger, B.D. 2019. Mastitis in dairy heifers: The damage we cannot see. National Mastitis Council 58th Annual Meeting Proceedings. Pages 54-61.

Rutgers University

Boyd J.M. Dissecting Staphylococcus aureus physiology to decrease disease burden. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. of Bacteriology, Madison, WI 11/2018

Boyd J.M. Dissecting Staphylococcus aureus physiology to decrease disease burden. Biology department. Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 11/2018.

Boyd J.M. Dissecting Staphylococcus aureus physiology to decrease disease burden. Theobald smith society-New Jersey Branch of ASM. 11/2018.

Boyd J.M. Metal ion homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcal Diseases Gordon Conference, Castelldefels, Spain, 8/2019

Boyd J.M. The role of Bacillithiol in metal ion homeostasis. International meeting on: Thiol-based switches and redox regulation - from microbes to men Sant Feliu de Guixols Spain, 9/2019

Boyd J.M. Metal ion homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus. Dept. of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida 11/2019.

University of Minnesota

Rowe, S.M.*, Godden, S.M., Nydam, D.V., Lago, A., Royster, E., Vasquez, A., Randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of two commercial internal teat sealants in dairy cows. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proc. 52nd Annual Conference. Sept. 12-14, 2019. St Louis, MO

Rowe, S.M.*, Godden, S.M., Nydam, D.V., Gorden, P., Lago, A., Royster, E., Vasquez, A., Thomas, M. Selective dry cow therapy on U.S. dairy farms: Impact on udder health. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proc. 52nd Annual Conference. Sept. 12-14, 2019. St Louis, MO

Godden, S.M.*, Royster, E., Rowe, S.M., Patel, K., Timmerman, J., Crooker, B., Fox, L., Chipping Away at the Tough Questions about Bedding Management and Mastitis. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proc. 52nd Annual Conference. Sept. 12-14, 2019. St Louis, MO

Rowe, S.M*. Godden, S.M., Nydam, D.V., Gorden, P., Lago, A., Royster, E., Vasquez, A. Late Breaking - Selective dry cow therapy on U.S. dairy farms: Impact on udder health. American Dairy Science Association annual meeting. June 21-23, 2019. Cincinnati, OH: page 1
Rowe, S.M.*, Godden, S.M., Royster, E., Timmerman, J., Boyle, M. Investigation Of The Relationship Between Bedding Bacteria Count And Intramammary Infection In Late Lactation Dairy Cows: Interim Findings. Proc. 58th Annual meeting of the National Mastitis Council. Jan 29-Feb. 1, 2019. Savannah, GA. Pg. 153-154.

Rowe, S.M.*, Godden, S.M., Royster, E., Timmerman, J., Boyle, M. Investigation of the Relationship Between Udder Towel Hygiene, Udder Towel Management and Intramammary Infection in Late-lactation Dairy Cows. Proc. 58th Annual meeting of the National Mastitis Council. Jan 29-Feb. 1, 2019. Savannah, GA.: 153-154.

University of Missouri

Wattenburger K, Schmidt R, Middleton JR, Adkins PRF.  2019.  Evaluation of aseptic techniques used to collect bovine milk samples.  Proceedings of the 58^th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Savannah, GA.  Jan 30-Feb 1.  Poster.

Bernier Gosselin V, Dufour S, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR^b.  2019.  Infection dynamics of staphylococcal intramammary infections over the dry period in dairy goats.  Proceedings of the 58^th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Savannah, GA.  Jan 30-Feb 1.  Poster.

Middleton JR, Adkins PRF, Bernier Gosselin V.  2019.  Advances in our understanding of staphylococcal mastitis in dairy ruminants.  Proceedings of the 2019 ACVIM Forum.  Phoenix, AZ.  June 7^th.

Witzke M, Rodrigues R, Shangraw E, Ericsson A, McFadden T, Adkins P.  2019.  Experimental heat stress alters the fecal microbiome of lactating dairy cattle. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting.  Cincinnati, OH, June 23-26, 2019.

University of Montreal

Lardé, H., et al. Quantification of antimicrobial usage in 101 Québec dairy herds. in Annual Conference of the Canadian Association of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine. 2019. Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.

Lardé, H. Antibiotiques de catégorie 1 : Qui sont-ils et pourquoi devons-nous diminuer leur utilisation?  in Rencontre annuelle des producteurs de la clinique ambulatoire de la faculté de médecine vétérinaire. 2019. Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.

Lardé, H. Évaluation des pratiques d’utilisation des antibiotiques par les producteurs de bovins laitiers et les médecins vétérinaires du Québec. in Sommet Laitier Zoetis. 2019.

Dufour, S., H. Lardé, and D. Francoz. Utilisation des antibiotiques sur les fermes laitières au Québec. in Congrès vétérinaire québécois. 2019. Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.

Dufour, S. Les scientifiques qui parlent à l'oreille des animaux. in Pint of science festival. 2019. Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.

Dufour, S. Nouvelles méthodes de diagnostic moléculaire pour le suivi des infections intra-mammaires et épidémiologie des agents pathogènes causant la mammite. in Congrès AMVPQ 2019 2019. Estérel, QC, Canada.

Dufour, S. Mastitis research in Canada. 2019. Massey University, New Zealand.

Utah State University

Wilson DJ, Middleton J, Adkins P, Goodell GM: Conventional culture, MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA compared for agreement in diagnosis of bovine mastitis pathogens. Proc 51st Ann Conv Am Assoc Bov Pract: 294, 2018.

Wilson DJ, Middleton JR, Adkins PRF, Goodell GM: Microbial identification of bovine milk isolates compared between conventional culture, MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA. Proc 12^th Euroglobal Summit on Veterinary and Animal Sciences: 19, 2018.

Wilson DJ, Middleton JR, Adkins PRF, Goodell GM: Culture, MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA bovine milk microbial diagnostic methods - blind comparison for test agreement. Proc 61st Ann Conf Am Assoc Vet Lab Diag: 10, 2018.

Wilson DJ: Dairy goat milking and milk quality. Proc Urban and Small Farms Conf: 190, 2019.

Wilson DJ, Britten JE, Rood KA: Intramammary infusion of casein hydrolysate for involution of a single mastitic quarter for the remainder of lactation in dairy cows. Proc 23^rd Cong An Sci and Prod Assoc: 35, 2019.

Wilson DJ, Middleton J, Adkins P, Goodell GM: Conventional culture, MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA compared for test agreement in diagnosis of bacteria in bovine milk samples. Proc 23^rd Cong An Sci and Prod Assoc: 42, 2019.

Poster Presentations

North Carolina A&T State University

M Worku, S Adjei-Fremah, K Ekwemalor, EK Asiamah. A Look at the Galectin Gene Expression and Modulation in Ruminants. Plant and Animal Genome XXVII Conference (January 12-16, 2019Emmanuel Asiamah, Kingsley Ekwemalor, Sarah Adjei-Fremah, and Mulumebet Worku, Rumen-protected Methionine supplementation during the peripartal period reduces the expression of LGALS-1, -3 and -4 in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and secretion of Gal-2 and Gal-12 in plasma of Holstein cows, ASAS 2019 Poster, 2019, ASAS.

Kingsley Ekwemalor, Sarah Adjei-Fremah, Emmanuel Asiamah, Bharath Kumar Mulakala, Eboghoye ElukaOkoludoh and Mulumebet Worku. The effect of oligodeoxynucleotides on Toll-like receptor pathway genes in goat blood, ASAS 2019 Poster, 2019, ASAS

Oregon State University

Jaaf S., M. Mezzetti, A. Krueger, B. Batty, M. Premi, F. Perrotta, J. Foster, M. Hanlon, E. Trevisi, and M. Bionaz. Selenium biofortified alfalfa hay supplemented during transition period improves oxidative stress and some metabolic and inflammation parameters in dairy cows and their calves. 37^th ADSA Discovery Conference, October 28-31, Chicago, IL

Jaaf S., B. Batty, A. Krueger, G. Bobe, C. Estill, and M. Bionaz. Effect of agronomic selenium biofortified alfalfa hay on selenium status and glutathione peroxidase activity in transition dairy cows and their calves. 2019 PNW Animal Nutrition Conference. Boise (ID)

Rutgers University

Al-Tamemmi H., Beavers, W.N., Norambuena-Morales, J., Skaar E., Boyd J.M. Copper Stress in Staphylococcus aureus Involves Perturbed Metal Ion Homeostasis. Rutgers Microbiology Symposium, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 2/2019.

Esquilín-Lebrón K.J., Foley M., Carabetta V.J., Boyd J.M. Iron-sulfur protein assembly in Staphylococcus aureus. American Society of Microbiology national meeting. San Francisco CA. 6/2019.

Al-Tamemmi H., Beavers, W.N., Norambuena-Morales, J., Skaar E., Boyd J.M. Staphylococcus aureus lacking a functional MntABC manganese import system have increased resistance to copper. Gordon Research Conference on Staphylococcal Biology. Catelldefels Spain 8/2019.

Boyd J.M. Esquilin-Lebron K., Foley M., Carabetta V., Beavers W., Skaar E. Iron-sulfur protein assembly in Gram positive bacteria. Annual Conference for NSF CAREER awardees. Alexandria VA. 10/2019.

University of Minnesota

Melson, S., W. J. Weber, E. Powell, D. Zimmerman, J. Lippolis, and B. A. Crooker. 2019. Is the contemporary Holstein more susceptible to E. coli mastitis than her ancestors? Minnesota Dairy Health Conference. April 17, 2019. St. Paul, MN.

Dean C.*, Ray, T., Heins, B., Machado, V., Pinedo, P., Formiga, A., Caixeta, L., Noyes, N. (2019, April) An open-community research and education program to leverage the microbiome for the advancement of organic livestock production, using mastitis as a test case. Poster session presented at the Minnesota Dairy Health Conference, St. Paul, MN. April 17, 2019.
Rowe, S.M.*, Godden, S.M., Nydam, D.V., Lago, A., Royster, E., Vasquez, A. Selective Dry Cow Therapy in U.S. Dairy Herds: Impacts on Health. University of Minnesota Points of Pride day, St Paul, MN, USA. Oct. 2, 2019.

Rowe, S.M.*, Godden, S.M., Royster, E., Timmerman, J., Crooker, B., Boyle, M. Investigation of the Relationship Between Bedding Bacteria Count and Intramammary Infection in Late-lactation Dairy Cows: Interim Findings. National Mastitis Council annual meeting, Savannah, GA, USA. Jan 29-Feb. 1, 2019

University of Montreal

Schwartz, D., et al. Differential somatic cell count as a new and inexpensive supplementary tool for mastitis screening. in International Dairy Federation mastitis conference 2019. 2019. Copenhagen, Denmark.

Massé, J., et al. La résistance aux antibiotiques: un regard dans nos fermes. in Symposium bovins laitiers du Québec. 2019. Drumondville.

Lardé, H., et al. Comparison of 3 methods to estimate antimicrobial use for surveillance purposes in Québec dairy farms. in Annual Conference of the Canadian Association of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine. 2019. Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.

Beauchemin, J., et al. Determination of microbiological contamination of recycled manure solid bedding in dairy farms. in Rencontre annuelle du CRIPA 2019. 2019. St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.

Beauchemin, J., S. Dufour, and P. Fravalo. Determination of microbiological contamination of recycled manure solid bedding in dairies farms. in 12ième symposium du CRIPA. 2019. Montréal, QC.

University of Vermont

Shangraw E, Rodrigues R, Witzke M, Linder HF, Choudhary R, Spitzer A, Zhao, F-Q, McFadden TB (2019) Intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion elicits local or systemic effects depending on milk component. ADSA Annual Meeting 2019, Cincinnati, Ohio. Poster

Other Publications

Michigan State University

Ruegg PL and RJ Erskine. 2019. Mammary Gland Health and Disorders. In Large Animal Internal Medicine, 6^th edition, BP Smith, editor, pp. 1118-1050.

North Carolina A&T State University

Worku M, Asiamah EK, Adjei-Fremah S, Ekwemalor K. 2019. Global gene expression analysis of neutrophils from periparturient Holstein cows.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE129639

Eboghoye ElukaOkoludoh – Studies on the expression and the Effect of Galectin-8 on bovine neutrophils- Dissertation

Bharath Kumar Mulakala - Comparative studies of galectin gene expression and secretion in cow milk and blood -Thesis

University of Maryland

K.M. Moyes.  2018.  Maximizing Labor Efficiency In The Milking Parlor- Adapted from Rhyannon Moore, Michigan State University.  Maryland Dairy Reporter.

K.M. Moyes.  2018.  Are you implementing the 10-Point mastitis control plan? Maryland Dairy Reporter.

K.M. Moyes.  2019. Judicious use of antimicrobials on dairy farms. Maryland Dairy Reporter.