Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Karen Cichy called the meeting to order at 8:30 A.M.   We discussed the midterm review and proposal renewal.  Carlos Urrea was elected as secretary.  Dr. Scot Hulbert, Washington State University, is the new W3150 administrator.  He has been in this position for the last 2 months.  Scot talked about the mid-term review document.  It was recommended that the project be renewed.  The proposal is due January 17, 2020.  Phil Miklas, Tim Porch/Carlos Urrea, Karen Cichy, and Phil McClean will be responsible for writing the sections on biotic stresses, abiotic stresses, nutrition, and genomics, respectively.  Carlos Urrea will prepare the overall document for submission.  The general consensus was to keep the project alive because it has been extremely useful in guiding collaborative research and for sharing information and materials which has helped individual projects.  This project has had really good collaboration between institutions and individuals across different disciplines.  Although mainly focused on breeding and genetics, this project includes other disciplines such as plant pathology, genomics, food science, and nutrition.   Jim Kelly mentioned that historically participants have been from western states.  The group wants to recruit new people and bring more disciplines into the project.  Members of the bean industry/community will be approached as well as other university partners.  Those who are interested in joining the project will be registered as members by Scot Hulbert. We need to continue the national nursery trials because they are grown under diverse environments.  Jim Myers noted that the “glue” in past iterations of W3150 were the various nurseries, such as the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. Going forward, one way to structure the new project would be around the various dry and snap bean diversity panels.

State Reports [In order of presentation]

WISCONSIN (Jim Nienhuis)

Jim Nienhuis thanked the W3150 group for their contribution to his research.  He reported on N use efficiency and pod sugar concentrations in snap beans.  Initially snap beans were crossed to Puebla 152.  Puebla 152 was used because of its high N fixation.  New lines derived from crosses and backcrosses to Puebla 152 are showing promising results (e.g. higher dry weight and higher stability index).  It is difficult to set up experiments in the field because of high nitrate levels in the water.  If N is added, nodulation is affected.  A recent snap bean cultivar, ‘Huntington’, is responding to N fertilization because it is a non-nodulating cultivar.  This will be a big issue later on.  Jim Myers mentioned that nodulation is an issue at early stages.  Nodulation needs to be evaluated at 50 days after planting.  Screening 194 accessions from the USDA Core Collection for pod sugar concentration revealed that accessions with larger seeds had more sucrose in the pods.  Therefore, an analysis of covariance was performed to adjust pod sucrose content by seed sucrose content.  Paul Gepts asked if sugar in the pods was correlated with sugar in the seeds.  Jim Nienhius was not sure.  Snap beans are consumed because of the lower sugar content, but their flavor needs to be improved.  Phil Miklas questioned whether high yielding materials under low N was a good strategy.  Snap beans are rotated with potatoes.  Potatoes are fertilized with 300 lbs/acre of N.  Jim Kelly mentioned that higher N is associated with higher Fusarium and white mold incidence and more foliar diseases.  Juan Osorno asked about inoculants.  Paul Gepts mentioned that dry beans can grow without inoculants.  Wild beans are less promiscuous to Rhizobium.  Jim Myers mentioned that cultivated beans are losing that discrimination.    

WYOMING (Jim Heitholt)

Progenies from different crosses are performing well in Powell and Lingle, WY.  Jim Heitholt is participating in the regional Dry Bean Drought Nursery (DBDN), Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN) trials and the national Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) trial.  He is also testing several genotypes for drought tolerance under five seeding rates and two row spacings.  Jim is also evaluating popping beans.  Jim found that canopy temperature is correlated with yield.  The idea is to predict and identify high yielding genotypes.  Phil Miklas suggested evaluating whether there is a correlation between leaf temperature and yield in other trials and across locations.

WASHINGTON (Ted Kisha and Phil Miklas)

Ted Kisha is developing popping beans in collaboration with the University of Wyoming and is collaborating with the Food Science and Horticulture Departments at Washington State University to acquire funding for mapping the genes for photoperiod sensitivity and popping ability.  Additional characteristics evaluated include the protein, phenol, and sugar content.  Phenol content is a simple spectrophotometer test.  Juan Osorno suggested including the black bean cultivar, Eclipse, in the study because it represents 96% of black bean production in ND. 

Phil Miklas found a new SNP closer to the I gene as validated by MAS conducted by CIAT.  Regarding the new SNP for the bc-1² gene, the SNP is not too far from the previously published SCAR marker.   GWAS was used to identify a candidate gene for Beet curly top virus resistance in the snap bean association panel (375 accessions).  Phil also worked with a private bean seed/breeding company in applying MAS for anthracnose, BCMV, common bacterial blight, curly top, rust, and halo blight resistance.  Phil is conducting experiments on terminal drought in Othello, WA and low fertility in Prosser and Paterson, WA. The Prosser trial focused on low P (6 ppm) and low N (6 lbs/A).  The Durango lines were more resilient under this environment than the Andean beans.  The Paterson trial focused on low N (≤ 20 lbs/acre). Phil is also selecting for heat tolerance.  Regarding bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) resistance, Phil went back to previous RILs and found new QTLs, but phenotyping to validate these QTL has been difficult.

PUERTO RICO (Tim Porch and Jim Beaver)

Tim Porch talked about the Phaseolus Improvement Cooperative (PIC) populations he developed with Phil Miklas, and Karen Cichy.  Most of the PIC populations are a combination of ADP lines, single, double and three-way crosses, tested in Tanzania and Malawi.  The PIC populations were bulked and selected in targeted environments with a focus on selecting for/incorporating tolerance to abiotic stresses (heat, drought, low fertility) and resistance to biotic stresses [angular leaf spot (ALS), rust, root rot].  A subset of the PIC bulks are being tested in Nebraska for tolerance to drought and high temperatures and in Michigan.  Tim Porch presented the DBDN results based on geometric mean collected in PR in 2017 and 2018.  PT9-5-6, SB815, Black Foot, Cayenne, Matterhorn, NE1-16-10, TARS-MST1, and Zorro performed well under both stress and non-stress growing conditions.  Once a week, Tim records plant height, canopy temperature, and NDVI.  Shuttle breeding between Puerto Rico and Nebraska is combining Mesoamerican and Durango sources of drought tolerance and is continuing to introgress exotic tropical germplasm from CIAT (drought) and from Central America (heat and drought).  A great northern (G08119) and a pinto line (P08166) with resistance to Empoasca kraimeri and E. fabacea were identified in collaboration with MSU and are being considered for release. Tim also reported on the sequencing of the tepary bean G40001 that is being led by MSU and NDSU.  The University of Puerto Rico has released two cultivars. Bella (PR1217-16) was released and has high yield potential in low N soils, resistance to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and BCMNV, BGYMV, common bacterial blight (CBB), web blight, drought and heat.  Hermosa (PR1147), a black bean, was released and has high yield potential, SW12 QTL, bgm1, and I resistance genes, and low fertility, root rot, CBB, BCMV, BGYMV and web blight resistance.  Jim Kelly asked about Jim Beaver’s retirement.  Jim Beaver will continue to participate as a Co-Investigator in W3150 research and winter nursery activities in Puerto Rico. Consuelo Estévez will serve as the PI for the W-3150 project in Puerto Rico.  She plans to participate in the preparation of a proposal for the next period of funding.

OREGON (Jim Myers)

Jim Myers, a half time snap bean breeder, is combining snap beans of Mesoamerican origin with those of Andean origin to pyramid white mold resistance QTL. In terms of the processing industry in the Pacific Northwest, Oregon is down to two processors.  There was over-production in 2016 and processors are sitting on high inventories and as a result are more carefully managing production. Acres were around 10,000 in 2017. The industry seems to be shifting from a model of maximizing quality to that of maximizing yield (similar to the approach taken in the Midwest).  White mold, root rots, yield, and flavor volatiles are the main breeding targets.  In 2018, Jim is evaluating the Snap Bean Association Panel (SnAP) (378 accessions) for flavonoids, pod and leaf color, and fiber in the pods and suture string.  Jim released ‘Patron’, a Peruano yellow bean in 2016. The cultivar is in a ‘Peruano 87’ background with the addition of I gene and bct resistance alleles from ‘Cardinal’ cranberry bean. It has been very high yielding in most environments throughout the US. Dry bean seed dealers have concerns about a brown pigment found on the distal ends of some seed, which may limit its marketability.  He continues crosses with ‘Higuera’, mainly using MAS for BCMV and bean curly top virus resistance to combine with the more intense yellow color found in ‘Higuera’.  A green bean flavor traits project was funded by private industry to identify volatiles associated with flavor and to map QTL for variation in these using snap bean biparental populations and diversity panels.  Two volatiles (1-octen 3-ol and linalool) are the most important to snap bean flavor. Jim ran GWAS mapping for various compounds in the snap panel using frozen pods and several SNPs were found. Genetic analysis of two mapping populations, A195/OSU6137 and G122/WM90420-3, for white mold resistance has led to the discovery of several QTLs, some of them novel. GWAS was also conducted on field and greenhouse data from the Bean CAP Snap Bean Diversity Panel and the SnAP. One-hundred forty-six SNPs were identified as associated with resistance traits; these could be grouped into 34 regions in the bean genome. There was an overlap between GWAS and the bi parental populations. Jim’s graduate student (Haidar Arkwazee) also developed a seedling straw test, which permits evaluation of bean lines more rapidly than the conventional straw test.

NORTH DAKOTA (Juan Osorno, Phil McClean, and Julie Pasche)

Juan Osorno mentioned that this is a good season.  Slow darkening pintos are priority number one.  There are some concerns about slow darkening pintos at the elevators because of the high frequency of seed splits.  Preliminary results using an electron microscope, Juan found that the 2^nd seed coat cell layer seems thinner in slow darkening pinto beans but more research needs to be done. Juan asked if anyone knew a good seed physiologist to collaborate with about this.  He is releasing a white kidney with high yield potential and resistance to CBB; the SAP6 marker is present.  A regular pinto line with rust resistance (Ur11, and perhaps Ur3 and Ur6) is in the pipeline.  A black bean with better color retention might replace Eclipse.  Through a Specialty Crop Block Grant Initiative, Juan, Phil Miklas, and Julie Pasche have generated 200 lines with multiple disease resistance using MAS.  Rust, CBB and white mold resistance has been combined into several of these lines. After additional testing and selection, the group was narrowed down to 12. Since there were no dry beans plots in Colorado, Jim Heitholt (Lingle, WY), offered to be member of the MRPN.  In collaboration with Julie Pasche, Juan is testing the ADP and MDP for Rhizoctonia and Fusarium resistance.  He has a PhD student working on plant architecture and lodging.  The DDP was screened and it looks like there is a candidate gene on chromosome 7 linked to the lignin accumulation in stems. A white mold MAGIC population was developed, 1096 lines are available.  Most of this population has Durango parental lines.  From the MDP panel, a peak on chromosome 4 was found to be linked to anthracnose race 73. P. coccineus is doing better under water lodging stress than common and tepary beans because of its fibrous root system. 

Phil McClean mentioned that Alice McQueen used CDBN historical data (since 1981), including about 534 entries and some climatological variables, to develop a yield prediction model (NSF grant funding).  Yield gain of the 200 lines that did not make it into releases was similar to the yield gains published in the ASA book chapter.  Ten lines (the best and worst yielding based on environmental data) are being tested in several locations in replicated trials to validate her yield prediction model.  The P locus in the Andean bean is different than in the Mesoamerican bean.  The tepary genome sequencing is in progress.  The Durango genome (from pinto UI 111), 1044 contigs and 499 scaffolds, was assembled with 96% of the Stampede/Red Hawk reference map.  All bean common rust, anthracnose, and ALS resistance genes are being sequenced.  Phil is working with Bodo Raatz at CIAT in cloning the C locus.  A version 2 of the G19883 map is ready. 

Julie Pasche is working on a survey of root rot in ND, with focus on Pythium. They will be evaluating for fungicide resistance in Pythium ultimum isolates recovered during the survey and evaluating germplasm for resistance. Julie is multiplexing previously developed PCR assays to distinguish bacteria pathogens in seeds that may eventually be used in the seed certification program.  Julie identified 14 bean rust races in ND, race 20-3 is most prevalent. Next generation sequencing supports previous reports that the U. appendiculatus population in ND is undergoing sexual reproduction.  Germplasm from the NDSU breeding program and the Mesoamerican diversity have been screened with several U. appendiculatus races identified during the survey.

NEBRASKA (Carlos Urrea, Jim Steadman, and Bob Harveson)

Carlos Urrea reported that the beans are blooming and setting pods in Nebraska.  In 2018, the bean acreage was reduced from 155,000 acres to about 110,000 acres.  Yield could be above average.  There have been some hail storms and strong winds in some areas.  The 68^th annual CDBN report was compiled and distributed in March, 2018.  This year the CDBN includes 21 entries that are being tested in replicated trials in 9 locations in the U.S. and Canada.  Carlos participated in the MRPN, 4 Nebraska lines are being tested.  The WRBT was not assembled because the bean breeders from Colorado State University and the University of Idaho retired.  In the case of drought, the national DBDN was assembled and distributed. Thirty-two lines from MI, WA, NE, CO, and PR are being tested in MI, WA, PR, NE and WY.  About 216 lines from the 4^th shuttle breeding cycle between Nebraska and Puerto Rico are being tested in Scottsbluff under drought and non-drought stress environments.  The national BWMN was assembled and distributed to 6 locations.  White mold resistance will be screened in the greenhouse this fall.  One small red and one pinto line with drought tolerance will be released as germplasm.  The studies of bacterial wilt resistance continue.  Three RILs are being advanced.  Raven is used as the susceptible parent.  Carlos has been increasing breeder seed of one upright northern line (NE1-17-10) and two slow darkening pinto lines (NE2-17-18 and NE2-17-39) in Burlington, WY.  NE1-17-10 has an upright plant architecture, carries the Ur3 and Ur6 rust resistance genes and the I BCMV resistance gene, shows tolerance to CBB, and has high yield potential.  NE2-17-18 and NE2-17-39 carry the Ur11 rust resistance and the I BCMV resistance genes.  Both, have high yield potential and large seed size.  Carlos is studying the effect of 3 row spacings and 4 plant populations on yield of great northern and pinto beans (one upright and one prostrate cultivar within each market class).  Carlos’ collaborations include increasing new lines to be tested for ALS resistance and participating in the screening of the yellow bean panel led by Karen Cichy.  Carlos and Bob Harveson will screen the U.S. Dry Bean Core Collection for CBB pv. Fuscans resistance.  Bob Harveson continues his studies evaluating the efficacy of various new commercially available chemical products as alternatives to copper-based chemicals for bacterial disease management.  He is also characterizing different bacterial wilt isolates obtained from crops grown in rotation with dry beans in Nebraska.    

MICHIGAN (Jim Kelly and Karen Cichy)

Jim is currently working half time and is primarily focusing on breeding. To ease the transition, he will work with his successor for at least one year.  Jim has a Postdoc, Dr. Andrew Wiersma, working on the Puebla/Zorro RILs and MDP in nitrogen fixation.  Dr. Wiersma is interested in wild beans because they are less promiscuous to rhizobium.  Jim is also collaborating with the Plant Resilient Institute on drought.  Zenith has low germination (< 70%) which is a major problem for producing seeds.  Cayenne was released in 2018.  It is similar to Merlot and cans well.  The light red kidney, Red Cedar, shows slow initial growth, has root rot and CBB resistance, and has a better finish.  Jim is studying navy beans, particularly the issues of beans staying green at maturity and white mold problems.  It is hard to get into the system (farmers-canners).  Bush Brothers has a list of preferred navies, mostly ADM’s.  Samurai was the first Otebo bean released.  Anthracnose race 109 was found in Zenith in Northern Michigan.  Race 109 is similar to the one found in Manitoba.  No bean cultivar has resistance to race 109 so KASP markers linked to resistance locus Co-4 on Pv08 have been developed to assist in breeding.  Color retention in processed black beans is a major problem.  In Zenith RIL population, QTL were identified for color retention on chromosomes Pv03, Pv08, and Pv11.  Karen Cichy is working to improve the convenience, nutrition and taste of yellow beans (NIFA grant funding). 

Karen has grouped yellow beans within different market classes into categories (e.g. green yellows, amarillos, canarios, mayocobas, mantecas, soya njano).  About 308 lines are being evaluated in Montcalm, MI, Scottsbluff, NE (in collaboration with Carlos Urrea), and Fort Collins, Co (in collaboration with Barry Ogg).  Besides yield, she will be evaluating cooking time, mineral content, and seed coat color.  Karen is collaborating with Ray Glahn at USDA-ARS in Ithaca, NY working on assessing the iron bioavailability of yellow beans.  She is also conducting organic bean breeding and genetics research with a current focus on reducing seed coat cracking in kidney beans.

MARYLAND (Talo Pastor Corrales)

Talo reported that the Andean landrace Amendoin Cavalo showed resistance to 10 Mesoamerican and five Andean races of the rust pathogen.  Amendoin Cavalo was crossed to G2333 and PI207262. An anthracnose resistance locus was discovered. Two Andean gene pool specific SNP markers flanked this locus on chromosome 1 present in a 631 kbp genomic region.  The bean rust genome was sequenced. This genome is bigger than the genome of the common bean host.  These results increase our knowledge of the evolution of the rust pathogen.  Talo found 8 SNP markers that can separate the Mesoamerican and the Andean races.  G19833, an Andean bean used to obtain the sequence of the common bean genome, is resistant to many races of the rust pathogen and this resistance can protect the common bean against the Mesoamerican races of the rust fungus.  He continues developing molecular markers for rust.  Talo is collaborating with Nebraska, Washington, and North Dakota in the identification of advanced lines with different rust resistant genes.  He is also supervised a student form NDSU that characterized the virulence of bean anthracnose pathogen in the highlands of western Guatemala.  Six races were characterized. Most of the Andean cultivars were resistant.  Talo is working on identifying new ALS differential cultivars to be used in Africa and America.  Carlos Urrea is helping with the seed increase.

CALIFORNIA (Paul Gepts)

Lima beans are the major legume crop grown in California followed by garbanzo and black eye peas.  Lima bean and garbanzos are considered a summer and a winter crop, respectively.  Dry beans have been pushed into the Central Valley from coastal growing areas.  In 2014, 26% of U.S. bean exports were from California.  They were exported mainly to European countries, Canada, and India.  Paul developed a mapping population of UC92/UC Haskell.  It is a cross between an Andean bushy large lima bean, and a Mesoamerican bushy baby lima bean.  About 230 RILs were developed.  There are currently 370,000 SNPs available.  Lygus bug is the major insect problem in lima beans.  It is a very mobile insect and travels between plots.  The parent line resistant to lygus bugs is a viny baby lima bean, however, the industry also demands bushy big lima beans.  One RIL – viny baby lima line – is a candidate for release. Paul is also studying whether the polygalacturonase inhibiting protein is a lygus bug resistance factor.  Cyanide acid in wild lima beans is a lot higher than in cultivated lima beans.  Garbanzo cultivar Sutter is getting out of the market because its seeds are too small.  Two varieties – Vega (multi-leaf type) and Pegasus (single-leaf type are being released with PVP). Paul screened 500 chickpeas from the USDA Core Collection for yield, drought tolerance, canning quality, grain flavor, texture, color, and size.  UC27 is the standard check for canning. He is also screening landraces that originated from drought-prone areas in the world for drought and heat tolerance. He collaborates with ICARDA to genotype and phenotype a recombinant inbred population mainly for drought tolerance.  The genus Phaseolus originated from Mexico.  The ancestor of wild common bean migrated 500,000 years ago to Ecuador and northern Peru, and 100,000 years ago to the southern Andes.  Mesoamerican wild beans are more heat tolerant.  From greenhouse experiment carried out at UC Davis, there was a significant difference in root biomass of beans grown under well-watered and drought conditions.  Jorge Berny, Eneas Konzen, and Paul are developing a Mesoamerican drought magic population.  About 960 RILs are being developed after 3 generations of intercrossing and 6 generations of selfing.  Paul found that tepary and lima beans are more adapted to terminal and intermittent drought stress, respectively. Paul is trying to identify lines that grow quickly.  These lines will be suitable for organic production because they will suppress weeds.  Jim Kelly mentioned that Andean beans grow faster than the Mesoamerican beans.  The Mesoamerican beans spend more time developing a deeper root system in earlier stages of development.

Future Items

The next meeting will be in Fargo, ND in November, 2019 after the Bean Improvement Cooperative (BIC) meeting. The meeting was adjourned at 6:00 P.M.

Respectfully Submitted:

Carlos A. Urrea, Secretary

Iowa

Participants: Winham, D. We published our findings on the knowledge of low-income women in Iowa on the health benefits of beans (Palmer et al., 2018), and Registered Dietitians knowledge of the same (Winham 2018).  We conducted 7 focus groups among low income White and African American women to generate new information about the barriers and motivators to bean consumption, such as preparation and household member taste preferences.  

Upcoming and ongoing projects

Dr. Winham is testing the glycemic response to whole pulse vs. pulse flour meals among persons with type 2 diabetes.  This project will help determine if the effects of a matched amount of whole vs. flour pulse has the same effect in persons with type 2 diabetes.  The results are important in enabling the pulse industry to put forth health claims for flours based on data derived from whole pulse clinical studies.

Dr. Winham is collaborating with Dr. Tim Porch, ARS/Puerto Rico on a project which will look at the macronutrient and micronutrient differences in three improved tepary varieties and similar common bean lines (black, navy, and pinto).   Common meals or style of food preparation will be evaluated for sensory attributes.  For example, refried beans made from tepary will be compared to the Stampede pinto cultivar.  With increasing land pressure and climate shifts, the tepary variety may be better suited to abiotic stress in some regions.  Confirming consumer acceptance may allow for greater crop production to improve human health and well-being.

Dr. Karen Cichy at ARS/Michigan and Dr. Winham are testing new bean pasta formulations for sensory evaluation and their effects on metabolic markers in adults.   Americans consume pasta frequently and bean pastas offer an improved nutritional profile in terms of micronutrients and phytochemicals.  The consumer acceptability of these pastas has not been tested in a broader audience.  We will compare changes in acute biomarkers such as glucose, insulin, and oxidative stress.

Michigan

Participants: Kelly, J and Cichy, K The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 23 yield trials in 2018 in ten market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, National Drought and the National Sclerotinia Nurseries in Michigan and winter nursery in Puerto Rico. The USDA-ARS Dry Bean Genetics Program has breeding trials within the cranberry, kidney, yellow, and black market classes. A yellow bean diversity panel of ~300 lines was planted in a replicated trial at the Montcalm Research Farm in Michigan, Colorado, and Nebraska.  An organic kidney bean breeding program was begun this year and selection and evaluation will be conducted on certified organic farms in Michigan. Recombinant inbred line populations Cal96 x MLB49-89A and Stampede x Red Hawk were planted in 2018 to evaluate Fusarium root rot and root system architecture interactions.

In 2017, anthracnose was observed in fields of Zenith black bean in Northern Michigan. Zenith is resistant to the current races 7 and 73 known to be present in Michigan. A disease survey was conducted across nine counties of the Michigan bean growing region and 39 infected pod samples were collected. Isolates were characterized for their reaction on twelve differential cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris.  Twenty-seven isolates were identified as Race 73 that commonly occurs when conditions are conducive for disease development. An isolate from western Michigan was identified as Race 7, which overcomes the Co-1 gene present in kidney beans. Six isolates from Northern Michigan were characterized as Race 109, previously reported in Manitoba, but not found in Michigan before. Race 109 is virulent on the Co-1² gene possessed by Zenith, which previously conferred resistance to all known races found in Michigan. Due to the emergence of Race 109, KASP markers will be deployed to pyramid additional resistance genes such as Co-4², Co-5 and Co-6 genes into future dry bean cultivars.

A study was initiated to determine the genetics of color retention in black beans following processing. Two half-sib recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations segregating for post-processing color retention were developed and evaluated for color retention following canning over two growing seasons. QTL governing color retention and other quality traits were identified and compared to previous studies. QTL for post-processing color retention were detected on six chromosomes, with QTL on Pv03, Pv08, and Pv11 being the most consistent across both subjective and objective phenotyping methods. The QTL on Pv08 had high LOD scores (8) and explained a large amount of phenotypic variation, but mapped to a large physical interval due to low marker coverage. Overall, the region from 1.5-7.25 Mb on Pv08 was found to be a key determinant of post-processing color retention in both populations. The Co-4 locus conditioning resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) resides within this interval at approximately 2.8 Mb (Oblessuc et al., 2015), and the complex C locus [C R Prp] also maps in this region (McClean et al., 2002). Interestingly, all loci within the complex C locus are involved in pigmentation: C determines seed coat patterning (Prakken, 1974); R determines red seed coat coloration (Prakken, 1974); and Prp determines pod pigmentation (Bassett, 1994). While the complex C locus is an important determinant of pigmentation of dry beans, it is unknown if it also plays a role in seed coat color retention of canned black beans. This region of Pv08 is crucial to dry bean pigmentation and canned color retention, but additional markers are needed to determine the actual physical location of the color QTL identified in this study. Additional QTL for color retention co-localized to a region near 52.5 Mb on Pv11. This relatively tight physical interval explained a large amount of phenotypic variation (R²≈20%) and had a large effect on post-processing color retention across populations, years, and methods of measurement. QTL for Lab color traits previously identified by Cichy et al. (2014) mapped to the same physical region as the co-localizing QTL for color retention identified in the present study.

A study was conducted to determine if fast cooking bean germplasm can be useful for the canning industry by adapting retort time. In this study 10 fast and 10 slow cooking yellow bean lines of the ADP0512 (fast cooking manteca yellow, Ervilha) x ADP0468 (slow cooking green-yellow) RIL population were evaluated for canning quality under five different retort processing times between 10 and 45 minutes.  Faster cooking beans were fully cooked after 10 minutes at 250 °F in the retort, while slower cooking beans required up to 20 minutes to cook fully. The differences in texture between fast and slow cooking lines are less pronounced with longer retort times since even the slower cooking samples become fully cooked. Color of the canned product changed depending on the retort time such that longer retort times lead to darker beans with more prominent red and yellow hues. While canning protocols may vary across processors and market classes, this finding indicates faster cooking varieties may be beneficial to the dry bean canning industry by reducing the processing time and energy expenditure required to can beans.

The physiology of FRR resistance in CALxMLB high and low performers was evaluated.  From the CAL96 xMLB49-89A RIL population screening for Fusarium root rot, the 10 most susceptible and 10 most resistance lines were screened in a growth chamber for various physiological responses. At 7 days, plants were inoculated with either mock or Fusarium brasiliense inoculum. At 14 days, plants were destructively sampled. Many non-root phenotypes, such as photosynthetic rate and stomatal density, were not strongly correlated with disease severity. The severity of disease symptoms on roots did not directly correspond to disease severity on the hypocotyl. Some resistant lines have high hypocotyl DS but very low root DS, however, the susceptible lines tend to have higher root disease severity scores. In fungal treated plants, root disease severity was correlated with taproot length (-0.49), basal root width (0.52), root growth per day (-0.54), and shoot growth per day (-0.66). From these data, we have identified four lines that consistently resistant or susceptible to FRR across field, greenhouse, and growth chamber environments (CM517-res, CM521-res, CM299-sus, and CM222-sus).

Mississippi

Participants: Cheng, W. We published our findings entitled “Fecal fermentation products of common bean-derived fiber inhibit C/EBPα and PPARγ expression and lipid accumulation but stimulate PPARδ and UCP2 expression in the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells” (Lu et al., 2018). We conducted that fecal fermentation of dietary fiber derived from in vitro digestion of common bean temporally and dose-dependently inhibits adipogenesis and key adipogenic transactivators, but activates two energy expenditure proteins in 3T3-L1 cells. These results may have human implications among overweight and obese individuals through common bean consumption for optimal health.

Nebraska

Participants Urrea, C., Harveson, Bl, Steadman, J., and Schlegel, V.  Carlos Urrea coordinated, participated in, and distributed the national CDBN (21 entries comprising 10 pintos, 4 blacks, 1 red, 1 dark red kidney, 1 white kidney, 1 light red kidney, 1 otebo, and 2 navies) planted at CA, CO, MI, MD, MT, WA, WY, ON, NE, and PR, and the WRBT (13 entries comprising 4 great northern, and 9 pintos) planted at CO, ID, WA, and NE and participated in the MRPN planted at ND, MI, CO, and NE. I contributed one pinto line to the CDBN and two great northern and two Nebraska pinto bean lines to both the WRBT and MRPN trials. I also coordinated, participated in, and distributed the DBDN (27 entries comprising 9 lines from the shuttle breeding between NE and PR, 5 lines from MI, 4 lines from NE, 2 lines from WA, 3 lines from CO, and 4 checks) planted at WA, CO, NE, and MI, and to be planted in PR. The DBDN planted in NE was not irrigated.  The fourth generation of dry bean lines from the shuttle breeding program between NE and PR is being tested in 2018 under drought stress and non-stress conditions.   A set of five great northern elite lines were tested in growers’ fields under the ‘Mother and Baby’ Trial scheme.  Data from these trials, the regional trials described above, and disease screening trials are being compiled.  Breeder and foundation seed of ‘Panhandle Pride,’ a great northern bean named and released in 2016, was increased in Burlington, WY and Kimberly, ID in 2018. 

Breeder seed of two slow darkening pinto beans, NE2-17-18 and NE2-17-39 and one great northern, NE1-17-10 are being increased in Burlington, WY.  One red and one pinto line from the shuttle breeding program between Nebraska and Puerto Rico will be released as germplasm.   Several Nebraska lines within different market classes (great northern, pinto, reds, blacks, light red kidney, and cranberries) had higher yields than the commercial cultivars and showed resistance to common bacterial blight, bean rust, and bean mosaic virus.  Elite lines were fingerprinted to several molecular markers for multiple disease resistance.  Three bacterial wilt resistant Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) were advanced to F5:6 through single seed descent.  Determining mechanisms of inheritance and mapping genes of bacterial wilt resistance will be pursued in 2019.  Bob Harveson is evaluating the efficacy of various new commercially available chemical products as alternatives to copper-based chemicals for bacterial disease management.  Harveson is also assisting in my efforts to develop new improved cultivars with resistance to bacterial wilt, bacterial brown spot, and fuscans blight.  In addition, we are characterizing different wilt isolates obtained from other pulse crops grown in rotation with dry beans in Nebraska. 

In addition, I provided beans to Vicky Schlegel for studies aimed at developing functional foods (foods that prevent or remediate cellular stress, such as inflammation or energy dysfunction that lead to a disease, or the condition itself).  One such study was completed this year. Its objective was to determine whether the digestive metabolites of phenols present in most bean market classes were able to modulate the macrophages from their anti-inflammatory state (M1), to their basal state (MO) or even their pro-inflammatory state (M2).  The results showed that at very high levels, the phenols actually caused the anti-inflammatory state (ug/ml), but at very low concentration (ng/ml), those present in dry beans, they were able to modulate the M1 state to the MO or even the M2 state.  When combined, the phenolic levels dropped and were even more effective.  Thus, the significance of this study is that phenols present in different market classes of beans were highly potent at preventing macrophage mediated inflammation, and this occurred after they had been metabolized by the digestive system.  Although this study was completed in vitro, another study using hamsters fed a diet with 10% saturated fat, which is common in western diets, caused intestinal stress by modulating energy and redox stress, but this stress was remediated, in part, by adding both great northern beans and pinto beans to the diet at only 5% (w/w). 

North Dakota 

Participants, Osorno, J., Pashe, J, and McClean, P.   Research activities within this project included collaborative work on: i) Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN), ii) development of pinto lines with Multiple Disease Resistance (MDR) to rust, anthracnose, and common bacterial blight (CBB), iii) evaluation of NDSU breeding lines for CBB resistance, vi) development of slow darkening pinto lines, and vii) identification of genomic regions associated with plant architectural traits. 

All this collaborative work allowed the identification of at least 6 pinto MDR breeding lines that offer good levels of disease resistance and agronomic performance, and the release of ND-Palomino slow darkening pinto with competitive seed yield and agronomic performance in comparison to the commercial checks. Genomic regions associated with resistance to these diseases have been identified. In addition, several genomic regions have been identified that are associated with architectural traits such as lodging, stem diameter, stem stiffness, and plant height, among others.  A total of 64 out of 125 MDR pinto breeding lines have been selected for further evaluation and selection.  The Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) and the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN) were planted at Hatton-ND and Staples-MN, with excellent quality of data.  In collaboration with the Univ. of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, a total of 1700 early-generation lines (F₃ to F₅) were planted at the winter nursery at Isabela, Puerto Rico.

Among nine products evaluated for efficacy in management of common bacterial blight (CBB), hydrogen peroxide products generally performed better than did traditional copper-based products under North Dakota field conditions. These results provide our growers with additional options for the management of CBB.

RAD-GBS was performed on 67 single pustule U. appendiculatus isolates using the Ion-Torrent S5 sequencing platform. The relatedness measure suggested the presence of diversity within and among the isolates belonging to the same race, providing further evidence that the U. appendiculatus population in North Dakota is undergoing sexual reproduction and is more diverse than virulence phenotypes suggest. Results from this research increase our understanding of population dynamics and diversity in U. appendiculatus and will assist common bean breeding for rust resistance.

A total of 163 lines from the North Dakota Experimental Agricultural Station breeding program, 29 commonly grown cultivars and 85 accessions from the Mesoamerican Diversity Panel (MDP) from 7 dry bean market classes were evaluated for reaction to U. appendiculatus races 20-3 and 29-3. Sources of resistance were found in each market class. This identified germplasm is being utilized in crosses by the NDAES breeding program for incorporation into future cultivars. The identification of resistant germplasm in each market class among the advanced germplasm in the NDAES program is of utmost importance in the race to incorporate resistance into adapted cultivars. 

Mean Disease Severity (MDS) calculated by averaging virulence score across the 12 standard dry bean differential lines indicated the most virulent U. appendiculatus isolates are located in pockets where dry beans are most intensely farmed. While not surprising, this confirmation will allow us to track the movement of these isolates across years and provides a better understanding of the overall race diversity in the state.

Oregon

Participants: Myers, J.: Breeding for White Mold Resistance: The project contains four parts: 1) QTL mapping of G122/WM904-20-3 recombinant inbred (RI) population, 2) conduct QTL mapping of A195/OSU6137 RI population. 3) screen of a 'Unidor/OSU5630 RI population for white mold reaction and 4) a genome wide association mapping study (GWAS) conducted using the Bean CAP Snap Bean Diversity Panel (SBDP) (n = 146) and the Snap bean Association Panel (SnAP) (n = 376), 1) Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted on the G122/WMG904-20-3, recombinant inbred population (n=82 with both parents), to detect QTL associated with partial resistance to white mold. The population was evaluated for white mold in the field for two consecutive years and in the greenhouse using the seedling straw test. Using composite interval mapping (CIM) and interval mapping (IM), we detected two significant QTL that were associated with partial resistance to white mold. The QTL that was detected by CIM was located on Pv08 and explained 18.8% of the variation for the field and greenhouse tests; while the QTL that was detected by IM was located on Pv07 which accounted for 19.1% of the phenotypic variation for both field and greenhouse tests. A few lines were more resistant than both parents for the field and greenhouse tests, including B8346/6-59, B8346/6-79, B8346/6-76 and B8346/6-39.

2) Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis conducted on the A195/OSU6137 RI population (n=116) detected new QTL associated with partial resistance to white mold. The population was evaluated for white mold in the field for two consecutive years and in the greenhouse using the seedling straw test. CIM detected seven significant QTL that were associated with partial resistance to white mold. Three QTL located on Pv01, Pv03 and Pv09 and accounting for 17.5, 21.3 and 21.8% of the variation respectively, were identified in the field test. Four significant QTL on Pv01, Pv05, Pv07 and Pv09 were detected by the seedling straw test which explained 13.7, 14.7, 13.7 and 13.4% of the disease reaction, respectively.

3) Unidor/OSU5630, RI population (n=190 plus both parents) was screened for white mold reaction in the greenhouse using the seedling straw test. The population was genotyped using the Illumina 6000 SNP BARCbean6K_3 Beadchip. Out of 5,398 bead types, 1,296 SNPs were polymorphic and were used to construct the linkage map. Multiple QTL mapping (MQM) was used to implement QTL analysis. One significant QTL was detected on Pv03. The QTL was located at the proximal end between 1.07 and 2.57Mb with LOD score 3.11. The QTL explained 7.2% of the variation with additive effect of -0.31.

4) A genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to detect markers significantly associated with white mold resistance in two panels of snap bean cultivars: BeanCAP SBDP (Coordinated Agriculture Project Snap Bean Diversity Panel) (n= 138) and the Snap Bean Association Panel (SnAP) consists of 376 cultivars and breeding lines. The BeanCAP SBDP was evaluated for white mold reaction in the field in summer 2012 and 2013, while the SnAP was screened in greenhouse only using the seedling straw test method in 2016. The population was genotyped using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) for which 40,023 SNPs were generated. GWAS was analyzed using FarmCPU. One-hundred forty-six significant SNPs that were associated with white mold were detected on all (11) common bean chromosomes. Twenty significant SNPs were detected by the seedling straw test while 126 significant SNPs were detected in one or both years of field testing; 51 SNPs in 2012 and 75 SNPs in 2013. The significant SNPs (146) grouped into 39 regions distributed across all chromosomes. The regions overlapped with 13 previously identified QTL (WM1.1, WM2.2, WM3.1, WM3.3, WM5.5, WM6.1, WM6.2, WM7.1, WM7.4, WM7.5, WM8.1, WM8.3 and WM9.3) that have been found in bi-parental populations. Also, the associations in the present study overlapped with 13 significant markers that were associated with white mold detected by GWAS in a dry bean panel. 'NY6020-5' and 'Unidor' were the most outstanding snap bean cultivars in the field tests for both years while 'Homestyle' and 'Top Crop' were the most resistant snap bean cultivars in the straw test.

Puerto Rico

Participants: Beaver, J and Porch, T. : A white bean line that combines resistance to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV), Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) and common bacterial blight (CBB) was released as ‘Bella’. This line also had superior performance in low-N trials conducted at the Isabela, Puerto Rico. A black bean line PR1147-1 that combines resistance to BGYMV, BCMV, CBB, web blight and superior performance in low N soils was released as ‘Hermosa’. This represents the first release of a black bean cultivar for Puerto Rico.  A pink bean breeding line with resistance to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV will be considered for release as improved germplasm. These race Mesoamerican pink lines have erect plant type, resistant CBB scores like the white bean cultivar ‘Verano’ and mean seed yields > 2,000 kg/ha over five planting dates. Although endemic isolates of the angular leaf spot pathogen have been found to have high levels of virulence, white bean breeding lines with resistance have been identified. Six lines were selected that had less severe ashy stem blight symptoms when inoculated with a Macrophomina phaseolina isolate from Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico. Four bean lines were identified to have resistance to a Fusarium solani isolate from Isabela, Puerto Rico. The white bean cultivar ‘Verano’ and the light red kidney bean cultivar ‘Badillo’ were resistant to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas fuscans isolates from different seed sources.  Common bean lines were identified that can be used to identify different pathotypes of the common bacterial blight pathogen.  The project planted 4,768 bean breeding lines from Michigan State, the University of Nebraska and North Dakota State Universities in winter nurseries as a cooperative activity of Regional Hatch Project W-3150.

A set of advanced Andean lines from PIC populations derived from the Andean Diversity Panel (ADP) are being evaluated for potential release to broaden the genetic diversity of the Andean genepool. These PIC populations were developed collaboratively between WA, PR, MI, and ARC-South Africa. A multiple disease resistant common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm, ‘Bella’, was released by the University of Puerto Rico and USDA-ARS that has superior performance in low nitrogen (N) soils, drought and heat tolerance, and resistance to web blight, common bacterial blight, BGYMV, BCMV, and BCMNV. SB-815, a drought tolerant pinto germplasm, has been selected for release from the U. of Nebraska and ARS-PR shuttle breeding program. Shuttle breeding lines developed from the third cycle of recurrent selection for drought representing Durango x Mesoamerican crosses with pinto and Great Northern seed types show high levels of drought tolerance. Several germplasms have been identified for release in collaboration with Michigan State University with leaf hopper resistance. Advanced lines of tepary (Phaseolus acutifolius) have been generated with combinations of resistance to leaf hopper, common bacterial blight, angular leaf spot, and web blight, in addition to abiotic stress tolerance.

Wyoming

Participants Heithold, J. Yield of progeny lines somewhat competitive with commercial checks (unreplicated though). Genotype-by-Drought, Lingle: 25 varieties, correlation between canopy temperature and yield (cooler canopies had higher yield). Poncho and Desert Song led the way.  Genotype-by-Drought, Powell, 36 varieties, similar correlation as Lingle. Drought Nursery, Lingle – also found same correlation between canopy temperature and yield. Drought-by-Genotype interactions conspicuously absent except for some traits such as seed size. Genotype-by-Nitrogen, Lingle not finding any interactions. Also, finding less than expected response to N.

Peer reviewed

Alladassi, B., S. Nkalubo, C. Mukankusi, H. Kayaga, P. Gibson, R. Edema, et al. 2018. Identification of common bean genotypes with dual leaf and pod resistance to common bacterial blight disease in Uganda. African Crop Science Journal 26: 63-77.

Beaver, J.S., C. Estévez de Jensen, G. Lorenzo-Vázquez, A. González, H. Martínez and T.G. Porch. 2018. Registration of ‘Bella’ White-Seeded Common Bean Cultivar. Journal of Plant Registrations 12: 190-193. doi:10.3198/jpr2017.05.0029crc.

Bhakta, M.S., S.A. Gezan, J.A. Clavijo Michelangeli, M. Carvalho, L. Zhang, J.W. Jones, et al. 2017. A Predictive Model for Time-to-Flowering in the Common Bean Based on QTL and Environmental Variables. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics. doi:10.1534/g3.117.300229.

Bitocchi, E., D. Rau, A. Benazzo, E. Bellucci, D. Goretti, E. Biagetti, et al. 2017. High Level of Nonsynonymous Changes in Common Bean Suggests That Selection under Domestication Increased Functional Diversity at Target Traits. Frontiers in Plant Science 7. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.02005.

Cappa, C., J.D. Kelly and P.K.W. Ng. 2018. Seed characteristics and physicochemical properties of powders of 25 edible dry bean varieties. Food Chemistry 253: 305-313. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.048.

Izquierdo, P., C. Astudillo, M.W. Blair, A.M. Iqbal, B. Raatz and K.A. Cichy. 2018. Meta-QTL analysis of seed iron and zinc concentration and content in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 131: 1645-1658. doi:10.1007/s00122-018-3104-8.

Jain, S., P. Chitrampalam, J.M. Osorno, J.S. Pasche and N.J.B. D. 2018. Interaction of Fusarium solani species complex and Soybean Cyst Nematode on Root Rot Severity in Dry Bean. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 61: 87-88.

Kamfwa, K., J.S. Beaver, K.A. Cichy and J.D. Kelly. 2018. QTL Mapping of Resistance to Bean Weevil in Common Bean. Crop Science 58: 2370-2378. doi:10.2135/cropsci2018.02.0106.

Katuuramu, D.N., J.P. Hart, T.G. Porch, M.A. Grusak, R.P. Glahn and K.A. Cichy. 2018. Genome-wide association analysis of nutritional composition-related traits and iron bioavailability in cooked dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Molecular Breeding 38: 44. doi:10.1007/s11032-018-0798-x.

Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, M.I. Chilvers, K.A. Cichy and E.M. Wright. 2018. Registration of ‘Red Cedar’ Dark Red Kidney Bean. Journal of Plant Registrations 12: 199-202. doi:10.3198/jpr2017.05.0034crc.

Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, P.N. Miklas, K.A. Cichy and E.M. Wright. 2018. Registration of ‘Cayenne’ Small Red Bean. Journal of Plant Registrations 12: 194-198. doi:10.3198/jpr2017.05.0033crc.

Lorang, J.M., C.H. Hagerty, R. Lee, P.E. McClean and T.J. Wolpert. 2018. Genetic Analysis of Victorin Sensitivity and Identification of a Causal Nucleotide-Binding Site Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene in Phaseolus vulgaris. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 31: 1069-1074. doi:10.1094/MPMI-12-17-0328-R.

Lu, H.Y., Zeng, H., Zhang, L., Porres, J.M. and Cheng, W.H., 2018. Fecal fermentation products of common bean-derived fiber inhibit C/EBPα and PPARγ expression and lipid accumulation but stimulate PPARδ and UCP2 expression in the adipogenesis of 3 T3-L1 cells. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.

McClean, P.E., K.E. Bett, R. Stonehouse, R. Lee, S. Pflieger, S.M. Moghaddam, et al. 2018. White seed color in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) results from convergent evolution in the P (pigment) gene. New Phytologist 219: 1112-1123. doi:doi:10.1111/nph.15259.

McClean, P.E., S.M. Moghaddam, A.-F. Lopéz-Millán, M.A. Brick, J.D. Kelly, P.N. Miklas, et al. 2017. Phenotypic Diversity for Seed Mineral Concentration in North American Dry Bean Germplasm of Middle American Ancestry. Crop Science 57: 3129-3144. doi:10.2135/cropsci2017.04.0244.

Mendoza, F.A., K.A. Cichy, C. Sprague, A. Goffnett, R. Lu and J.D. Kelly. 2018. Prediction of canned black bean texture (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from intact dry seeds using visible/near infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging data. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 98: 283-290. doi:doi:10.1002/jsfa.8469.

Modderman, C.T., S. Markell, M. Wunsch and J.S. Pasche. 2018. Efficacy of In-Furrow Fungicides for Management of Field Pea Root Rot Caused by Fusarium avenaceum and F. solani Under Greenhouse and Field Conditions. Plant Health Progress 19: 212-219.

Moghaddam, S.M., M.A. Brick, D. Echeverria, H.J. Thompson, L.A. Brick, R. Lee, et al. 2017. Genetic Architecture of Dietary Fiber and Oligosaccharide Content in a Middle American Panel of Edible Dry Bean. The Plant Genome.

Monclova-Santana, C., S.G. Markell, M. Acevedo and J.S. Pasche. 2018. Uromyces appendiculatus prevalence in dry bean fields in North Dakota. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 61: 7-8.

Palmer, S., D. Winham, A. Oberhauser and R. Litchfield. 2018. Socio-Ecological Barriers to Dry Grain Pulse Consumption among Low-Income Women: A Mixed Methods Approach. Nutrients 10: 1108.

Palmer, S.M., D.M. Winham and C. Hradek. 2018. Knowledge gaps of the health benefits of beans among low-income women. American Journal of Health Behavior 42: 27-38.

Singh, S.P., P.N. Miklas, M.A. Brick, H.F. Schwartz, C.A. Urrea, H. Terán, et al. 2017. Pinto Bean Cultivars Blackfoot, Nez Perce, and Twin Falls. Journal of Plant Registrations 11: 212-217.

Soltani, A., S. MafiMoghaddam, A. Oladzad-Abbasabadi, K. Walter, P.J. Kearns, J. Vasquez-Guzman, et al. 2018. Genetic Analysis of Flooding Tolerance in an Andean Diversity Panel of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 767. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00767.

Souter, J.R., V. Gurusamy, T.G. Porch and K.E. Bett. 2017. Successful Introgression of Abiotic Stress Tolerance from Wild Tepary Bean to Common Bean. Crop Science 57: 1160-1171. doi:10.2135/cropsci2016.10.0851.

Thompson, H.J., J.N. McGinley, E.S. Neil and M.A. Brick. 2017. Beneficial Effects of Common Bean on Adiposity and Lipid Metabolism. Nutrients 9: 998.

Tock, A.J., D. Fourie, P.G. Walley, E.B. Holub, A. Soler, K.A. Cichy, et al. 2017. Genome-Wide Linkage and Association Mapping of Halo Blight Resistance in Common Bean to Race 6 of the Globally Important Bacterial Pathogen. Frontiers in plant science 8: 1170.

Todd, A.R., N. Donofrio, V.R. Sripathi, P.E. McClean, R.K. Lee, M. Pastor-Corrales, et al. 2017. Marker-Assisted Molecular Profiling, Deletion Mutant Analysis, and RNA-Seq Reveal a Disease Resistance Cluster Associated with Uromyces appendiculatus Infection in Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. International journal of molecular sciences 18: 1109.

Traub, J., T. Porch, C. Naeem, C. Urrea, G. Austic, J. Kelly, et al. 2018. Screening For Heat Tolerance In Phaseolus Spp. Using Multiple Methods. Crop Science. doi:doi:10.2135/cropsci2018.04.0275.

Vasconcellos, R.C., O.B. Oraguzie, A. Soler, H. Arkwazee, J.R. Myers, J.J. Ferreira, et al. 2017. Meta-QTL for resistance to white mold in common bean. PloS one 12: e0171685.

Wang, W., J.L. Jacobs, M.I. Chilvers, C.M. Mukankusi, J.D. Kelly and K.A. Cichy. 2018. QTL Analysis of Fusarium Root Rot Resistance in an Andean × Middle American Common Bean RIL Population. Crop Science 58: 1166-1180. doi:10.2135/cropsci2017.10.0608.

Winham, D.M., A.M. Hutchins and S.V. Thompson. 2017. Glycemic Response to Black Beans and Chickpeas as Part of a Rice Meal: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 9: 1095.

Winham, D.M., A.M. Hutchins, S.V. Thompson and M.K. Dougherty. 2018. Arizona Registered Dietitians Show Gaps in Knowledge of Bean Health Benefits. Nutrients 10: 52.

Zhang, L., S.A. Gezan, C. Eduardo Vallejos, J.W. Jones, K.J. Boote, J.A. Clavijo-Michelangeli, et al. 2017. Development of a QTL-environment-based predictive model for node addition rate in common bean. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 130: 1065-1079. doi:10.1007/s00122-017-2871-y.

Book Chapters

Kelly, J.D. 2018. Developing improved varieties of common bean.  Achieving sustainable cultivation of grain legumes Volume 2. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. p. 25-40.

Kelly, J.D. and N. Bornowski. 2018. Marker-Assisted Breeding for Economic Traits in Common Bean. In: S. S. Gosal and S. H. Wani, editors, Biotechnologies of Crop Improvement, Volume 3: Genomic Approaches. Springer International Publishing, Cham. p. 211-238.

Reports

Arkwazee, H., J. Hart, T. Porch, P. Griffiths, J. Davis and J.P. Myers. 2018. Genome wide association study (GWAS) for white mold resistance in snap bean.  Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. p. 85-86.

Awale, H.E., N. Bornowski, E.M. Wright, G.V. Varner and J.D. Kelly. 2018. Characterization and distribution of a new emerging race of anthracnose in Michigan.  Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. p. 113-114.

Heitholt. J, A. Alhasan, A. Homer and K. Madden. 2018. 2017 (CDBN) Dry bean performance evaluation (Lingle).  Wyoming Agriculture Experiment Station 2018 Field Days Bulletin. University of Wyoming. p. 98-99.

Zitnick-Anderson. K., C. Modderman, L.E. Hanson and J.S. Pasche. 2018. A Repeatable Protocol for Fusarium Root Rot Phenotyping of Common Bean.  Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative p. 3-4.

Moore, M., C. Reynolds, J. Sweet and A. Pierson. 2018. 2017 (CDBN) Dry bean performance evaluation (Powell).  Wyoming Agriculture Experiment Station 2018 Field Days Bulletin. University of Wyoming. p. 70-71.

Myers, J., H. Arkwazee, J. Davis, P. Miklas, J. Hart and P. McClean. 2018. GWAS and QTL mapping of white mold resistance in common bean.  National Sclerotinia Initiative Meetings. Bloomington, MN.

Myers, J.R., J. Davis, H. Arkwazee, L. Wallace, R. Lee, S. Mafi Moghaddam, et al. 2018. Why wax beans lack carotenoids.  Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. p. 29-30.

Myers, J.R., A. Huster, L. Wallace and C. Hagerty. 2017. Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) of Fusarium solani Resistance using the Bean CAP Snap Bean Diversity Panel.  7th International Legume Root Disease (ILRD) Workshop. East Lansing, MI.

Norton, J. and J. Heitholt. 2018. Edible dry bean as part of improved crop rotations in Wyoming.  Wyoming Agriculture Experiment Station 2018 Field Days Bulletin. University of Wyoming. p. 72-73.

Rosas, J.C., J.S. Beaver, T.G. Porch, S.E. Beebe, J.P. Lynch and J. Burridge. 2018. Heat tolerance of common bean lines in Honduras.  Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative

180. 179-180.

Rosas, J.C., H.D. Martínez Figueroa, P. T.G., C. Estévez de Jensen, A. González and J.S. Beaver. 2018. Evaluation of common bean lines for heat tolerance and web blight resistance.  Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. p. 47-48.

Sharma, V. and J. Heitholt. 2018. Screening dry bean genotypes for drought tolerance in Wyoming.  Wyoming Agriculture Experiment Station Field Days Bulletin. University of Wyoming Agriculture Experiment Station. p. 74-75.

Simons, K.J., R.S. Lamppa, P.E. McClean, J.M. Osorno and J.S. Pasche. 2018. SNPs Identified for Common Bacterial Blight Resistance in Dry Bean.  Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative p. 91-92.

Urrea, C. 2018. Great northern ‘Panhandle Pride’.  The Bean Bag, Scottsbluff, NE. p. 12.

Urrea, C. and E. Valentin-Cruzado. 2018. Cooking time of slow darkening beans.  The Bean Bag, Scottsbluff, NE. p. 17.

Urrea, C. and E. Valentin-Cruzado. 2018. Effect of bean cooking time and water absorption of selected root rot germplasm.  The Bean Bag, Scottsbluff, NE. p. 22-23.

Wright, E., J. Kelly, J. Osorno, A. Vandermal, T. Smith, T. Heitholt, et al. 2018. 2017 Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) results across locations.  The Bean Bag, Scottsbluff, NE. p. 11-12.