Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Final Meeting S1055 multistate project meeting  (7 March, 2018)Orlando FL;  followed by Summary of All Meetings

PARTICIPANTS:

Brian McCornack (mccornack@ksu.edu), Kansas State University, Chair

Chris DiFonzo (difonzo@msu.edu), Michigan State University, Secretary

Rogers Leonard (rleonard@agcenter.lsu.edu), Louisiana State University, Admin Advisor

Mary Purcell-Miramontes (mpurcell@nifa.usda.gov), USDS NIFA

Tim Reed (reedtim@auburn.edu), Auburn University

Matt O'Neal (oneal@iastate.edu) & Erin Hodgson (ewh@iastate.edu), Iowa State University

Jeff Davis (jeffdavis@agcenter.lsu.edu), Louisiana State University AgCenter

Fred Musser (fm61@msstate.edu) & Angus Catchot (acatchot@msstate.edu), Miss. State University

Dominic Reisig (ddreisig@ncsu.edu), North Carolina State University

Kelley Tilmon (tilmon.1@osu.edu), Ohio State University

Nick Seiter (nseiter@illinois.edu), University of Illinois

Raul Villanueva (raul.villanueva@uky.edu), University of Kentucky

Thomas Hunt (thunt2@unl.edu) & Blessing Ademokoya, University of Nebraska

Administrative Update, Dr. Rogers Leonard

• Discussion of S1055 Membership and meetings. Multistate committees are no longer limited to a particular region (i.e., an S- committee can meet in a northern state). Annual report must be done and submitted 90 days from this meeting. Dr. Leonard agreed to check if a Termination report could replace a 2018 annual report.
• Pollinator Symposium was effective and could be an objective in the rewrite.
• The rewrite process is late, thus time is of the essence. Approval chain for a new project committee: administrator—internal peer review—back to committee—southern regional directors---back to committee----submit to NIFA for program review.

USDA NIFA Representative Comments Dr. Mary Purcell-Miramontes

• Filling out state reports and using proper subject codes is important especially for Govt accountability. Govt officers search via these codes to provide metrics for decision making and or generate statistics to make funding decisions.
• NIFA ENT: Purcell-Miramontes, Bob Nowierski, Herb Bolton. Plus two plant pathologists, a new nematologist, an agronomist, and three plant breeders. NIFA is on a continuing resolution until 23 March, but the Agency will continue to release RFAs to keep progress going. Funding cuts are a possibility, including in SARE, organic transitions, crop protection and pest management. Currently there is a projection for an increase in AFRI and specialty crops funding. Congress in general looks favorably on agriculture and has reinserted funding lines in the past back in to the budget.
• AFRI: Largest competitive grants program in NIFA, funded (in theory) at $700 million. In reality, appropriations have never come close to the cost of doing research. Currently AFRI foundational programs are funded at $200 million; the plant health area is funded at ~$40 million.
• Funding opportunities available for the soybean group: Foundational Knowledge of Ag Production Systems (an undersubscribed program; Ngouajo lead); Pests & Beneficial Species in Ag Production (Purcell lead); Critical Ag Research & Extension (CARE); Exploratory Research. The latter program has a rolling deadline.
• New program in 2017, the Plant Biotic Interactions (PBI) program, with a strong focus on molecular mechanisms in research, including plant biotic interactions with microbes and insects. Contact: Ann Lichens-Park.
• Points for discussion: new goals/ priorities/ objectives that are appropriate for a multistate effort; what does success look like and what are the roadblocks?; what efforts are being made to raise visibility of accomplishments and outputs (ie impact statements)? Multi-page impact statement is required at the end of a project (examples on NIFA home page, archived site).

Comment from Dominic Reisig:  Worked w/ southern regional IPM center to develop a survey for growers, which could be shared among the group, to try to get at documenting impacts

Proposed Meeting Time, place, officers for 2019

• 2019 Meeting: Cleveland, Week of January 21, in conjunction w/ NC246 corn insect meeting. Host:  Kelley Tilmon, Ohio State University
• Incoming Secretary: Nick Seiter, Univ of Illinois

All motions passed unanimously

S-1055 Project Renewal, Jeff Davis

• Defined voting members in the renewal.
• Kept rewrite general without very specific details, to accommodate many people.
• New objectives eliminate sub-objectives.
• Group discussion of the new objectives, as follows:

1) Documenting changing soybean pest assemblages. This objective is meant to involve most members, and would include the Musser survey, north central stink bug sampling, kudzu bug sampling, etc.

2) Characterize soybean insect biology and ecology. Understanding insect biology and interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. Very broad, capturing work on any arthropod.

3) Develop coordinated applied best management practices. Another broad objective broadly covering work on IPM practices.

4) Extension objective (educate farmers, industry, colleagues, etc…). Particularly targeting new methods and innovative tools. Catch-all objective for outreach and extension to highlight the public nature of the group’s work.

The group discussed each objective, wordsmithing as appropriate. The draft rewrite was posted on the Basecamp web site; deadline for edits was March 11 and final comments on the whole text are due by March 18. The group discussed the Basecamp platform for communication. Chair McCornack described how to add documents and access the project rewrite.

Discussion and Follow-up, SEB-ESA Pollinator Symposium organized by S-1055,  Matt O’Neal

• The symposium at the southern branch meeting was a result of cooperation between northern (Matt O’Neal) and southern (Gus Lorenz) members of the group. Many commented that they liked the structure and flow of the talks. Some talks may be posted on the Basecamp site at a later date. There was talk of recreating this symposium at another meeting.
• The Best Management Practices for Pollinators in Soybean Fields (publication mentioned in the symposium) is available as a pdf online.
• A new honey bee extension specialist (Randall Cass) at Iowa State is interested in cooperating on beekeeper / landowner surveys about reporting (e. g., thru Fieldwatch) on locations of hives. He will provide some information on Basecamp. There was a discussion about the need for IRB approval for surveys and the time that takes. There was a final discussion about how the Fieldwatch web site works, and an encouragement for people to use the site.

 Discussion, Future Symposia Ideas

(1) Pollinator symposium – at 2019 ESA national meeting, St. Louis.

 *Matt O’Neal agreed to coordinate this activity. 

(2) New symposium, Resistance to Insecticides & PIP Technologies – This symposium could cover lessons from multiple pests and have industry, commodity, and / or regulatory representation in the speaker list. It could bring in lessons from Bt corn resistance as well.

*F. Musser and D. Reisig agreed to organize for the ESA Southern Branch meeting in Mobile AL, March 3-6, 2019.

*N. Seiter and R. Villanueva agreed to organize for the ESA NC Branch meeting in Cincinnati OH, March 17-19, 2019.

*Brian McCornack agreed to look in to the technology piece of the meeting. 

 Insect pest and yield loss survey, Fred Musser

• Musser went over the data from the 2017 yield loss. New states joined the survey in 2017. He reiterated that the survey is “100% expert opinion.” The survey provides a historic record and is a citable source in the Mid-South Entomologist, although it can be biased and reflects perceptions of the reporter. Minor pests can be difficult to estimate.
• Data was presented visually by state on a US map, with states shaded to show varying levels of pest infestation, insecticide use, or yield loss. The lowest values were consistently clumped in the Great Lakes region, with moderate losses or insecticide use along the Atlantic Coast, and heaviest pressures often along the Mississippi production area. Slides will be placed on Basecamp.
• The info will be written up and published in the Mid-South Entomologist in 2018 (combined data plus excel sheets for each state). The historic data will also be redone as a searchable database that allows for data mining – there was some discussion of this. Suggestion: zoom call in fall 2018 between Dr. Musser & state reporters, to discuss participation and data collection.

Status of pyrethroid resistance in soybean aphid, Erin Hodgson

• There were continued performance issues of insecticide against SBA in 2015 -2017 in MN, IA, ND, SD, and Manitoba. Glass vial assays were used to test resistance to bifenthrin and lambda cyhalothrin. This work was published in fall 2017.
• Vial assays were done in 2017 from multiple locations in this region. Although soybean in the Red River Valley is not typically treated, some aphid populations showed resistance in the 2017 assay. Areas with resistant populations in one year may not show resistance the next year; this is a typical pattern during the formation of resistance. In areas in Minnesota with repeat failures, the recommendation is not to use pyrethroids.
• Why did this happen? Reliance on a single (pyrethroids) mode of action; spraying populations that are below threshold; spraying in a tank mix with herbicides or fungicides; use of reduced rates, especially in spray cocktails; poor coverage (= exposure to low rates) because beans are sprayed when tall with low GPA. A new fact sheet from MN, IA, ND, SD reiterates stakeholder education.
• If full-blown chlorpyrifos resistance occurs, there are not many options – many alternative modes of action not labeled.
• Note, if people in other states find suspect resistance in 2018, contact Bob Koch, as there may be a possibility of getting a test kit to evaluate the population.

Brief of State Highlights from 2017

Tilmon (Ohio): ‘’weird” Lep activity in 2017 = patchy economic outbreaks of odd species that were noticeable enough to get calls. Stink bugs are increasing.

Tim Reed (Auburn): Commented that kudzu bug thresholds might be too low.

Mississippi (Musser): Concurs that kudzu bug thresholds are too low. Did not find diamide resistance in loopers in the state. Trying to develop an adult moth assay for diamides x earworm. Red-banded stink bugs were terrible in 2017; thresholds may need to be a bit lower. They are more damaging per insect than other stink bugs species.

North Carolina (Reisig): Interested in fall armyworm migration, particularly in using a radar. Has been unsuccessful in procuring funding for a variety of reasons. Looking for any collaborators interested in supporting this type of system ($200,000 each). Group discussion about where and how to fund a trap network. Earworm in NC came out early, and hit veg stage beans. Concerned about resistance and lack of available materials. Also had stink bug problems, primarily because growers were not scouting effectively.

McCornack (Kansas): UAV work. Showed pics from a fly-over of a field with a dicamba issue, to illustrate how a modest amount of flight time could be used to diagnose the problem in the field. He is comparing physical scouting via aerial scouting in efficacy and time. He also has a ‘go pro on a stick’ that can be used to sample within a corn or sorghum canopy, as well as flying bug sucker that can suck insects off a plant, and is testing a remote grasping tool. This could have biosecurity uses (could sample without spreading something thru a field).

Hunt (Nebraska): Increased use of cover crops is leading to more insect issues. Growers are also experimenting with high and low maturity group beans so they can manipulate planting and harvest dates, and this practice may lead to new insect issues.

Seiter (Illinois):  Overall it was a minor insect year. Some problems after rye cover crops; slugs in the south; Japanese beetle was the top insect that growers noticed.

Villanueva (Kentucky):  Slug problems in double cropped beans (~150,000 acres replanted due to slug damage). Dectes stem borer is a problem. First two counties with kudzu bugs detected in soybean.

Meeting Adjourned at 5 pm on March 7, 2018 - Minutes submitted by C.D. DiFonzo

Minutes for each of the other annual meetings were posted on the NIMSS web site at https://www.nimss.org/projects/view/SAES/14636.

Brief Summary of Activities for Duration of S-1055 project

Soybean production continues to increase in the U.S. to meet a global demand for protein, oil, biofuel, and other industrial uses. When this project started in 2013, soybeans were planted on 76 million ac in the U.S. for a total output of 3.3 billion bu; by the final year of this project, output increased to 4.4 billion bu on 90 million acres. As soybean production has increased, so have pest problems due to a combination of new invaders, expanding ranges of current pests, changes in cultural practices, and insecticide resistance. Soybean growers also face new challenges such as the potential restriction of neonicotinoid insecticides, the need to protect pollinators, and growing concerns about surface water quality. As challenges grow in scale, multi-state, collaborative research becomes increasingly necessary.

The S-1055 Multistate project combined the expertise of basic and applied entomologists from 20 states, covering the majority of soybean-producing acreage in the country. We worked at the state, regional, and national level, as appropriate, on research and outreach projects focused on insect pests and beneficials of soybean. Our ultimate goal was sustainable soybean insect management, defined as maximizing profitability in the short-term without sacrificing the long-term stability of the system. Research activities were grouped into two objectives. The first objective was to characterize basic insect biology and ecology. Research projects in this area elucidated the biology, ecology, physiology, and genetics of insects in soybeans. This objective included surveys for the establishment and spread of emerging pests, as non-native species continue to invade US soybean production. Information from Objective 1 was integrated into the second objective, developing applied best management practices for arthropod pests of soybean. Research projects in this area involved developing or fine-tuning sampling protocols, thresholds, control methods, and recommendations to manage soybean pests; screening for resistance; examining natural enemies in soybean and measuring non-target impacts of pest control. Research findings from Objectives 1 and/or 2 were the basis for work in a final outreach objective 3, which had the primary goal of educating farmers, industry, colleagues, and agricultural professionals about arthropods in soybean. Traditional and innovative Extension tools and methods were used to share findings with clientele.

S-1055 governance was handled through an executive committee made up of the Past-Chair, Chair, and the Secretary (Chair-Elect). Separate individuals handled local arrangements for annual meetings. The committee met six times in the following location: Baton Rouge LA (2013), Greenville SC (2014); Biloxi MS (2015); Raleigh NC (2016), Memphis TN (2017), and Orlando FL (2018). All meetings were in conjunction with the annual conference of the Southeastern Branch (SEB) of the Entomological Society of America. This was not only cost-effective, but provided an opportunity for S-1055 to sponsor soybean insect symposia at the SEB meeting. The symposia featured the research findings of committee members as well as expertise outside the S-1055 working group to inspire new research and/or extension ideas. These symposia were key group activities of the project.

Over the past five years, S-1055 members followed the changing insect community in soybean in the US, documenting the spread of emerging pests and conducting research into basic biology and ecology of insects interacting with the crop. Coordinated surveys continued for invasive emerging pests such as the kudzu bug, as it spread from its introduction site in Georgia; a distribution map for this pest was made publically available online. Associated research documented its biology, population dynamics, feeding behavior, and yield impact. Collaborative work in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia determined the cultural practices (planting date, tillage, row spacing) associated with higher infestations. Other emerging pests of note were stink bugs; both native and exotic invasive species increased in importance in US soybean fields. Many states documented the spread of two non-natives, redbanded stink bug in the south and brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) further north, and their impact on soybean maturity, yield, and quality. Studies were completed on the biology, alternate hosts, and management of BMSB in soybean on the east coast, which were helpful to states in the west and south recently colonized by BMSB. Nine other states began a collaborative project to determine stink bug species composition and best sampling practices in the Midwest. In 12 states, sturdy flip-books with color images were produced and distributed to thousands of growers to aid in identification, sampling, and management of stink bugs.  Other pests that were the focus of research projects, particularly in the Mid-south where a diverse group of insects attack soybean, included corn earworm, Dectes stem borer, soybean looper, and three-cornered alfalfa hopper.

S-1055 members responded to the changing impact of the pest community in soybeans by conducting research into applied best management practices that addressed stakeholder needs. Insecticides continue to play an important role in the management of soybean pests, and many members conducted and published efficacy evaluations to support control recommendations for individual states. An annual survey to estimate insect losses and insecticide inputs in soybean, conducted in seven southern states since 2004, was expanded nationally in 2017 to 16 states representing 32.6 million acres of production. The survey, led by Mississippi State, provides a valuable perspective on changes in insect pressure and management over time. Stink bugs, corn earworm, and soybean looper were the most costly pests in the southern region during the scope of the project. In the latest survey in 2017, combined management costs and yield losses attributed to insects was estimated at $32.69/ac. With the addition of more states, there was a regional pattern of higher management cost and loss in the southern states compared to northern states. 

With insecticide use comes the threat for insect resistance. Members used the annual meeting to coordinate adult vial tests used to monitor for and document resistance of corn earworm to pyrethroids; this effort was organized and reported by Mississippi State. In other multi-state collaborations, diamide resistance in soybean looper (SBL) was monitored using field-collected populations throughout the southern U.S.  A discriminating dose bioassay was used to evaluate the efficacy of three formulated insecticides and one Cry1Ac Bt protein against SBL field populations. In the Midwest, pyrethroid resistance in soybean aphid was documented for the first time in the US. Nebraska coordinated a program to monitor for aphid resistance to neonicotinoids in ten Midwestern states. While no thiamethoxam resistance was observed, there was a change in sub-lethal effects in some populations. Methods to screen for neonicotinoid resistance in bean leaf beetle were developed. To share lessons about resistance with the academic community, S-1055 sponsored a symposium on resistance at an Entomological Society of America regional meeting.

Neonicotinoid seed treatments (NSTs) have been under scrutiny nationally in the last five years, and an estimated 60% of US soybean acres are seed-treated. Members conducted research on NST efficacy, economic benefit, and impact on non-target species.  Several collaborative studies documented the limited value of NSTs in the Midwest, due to a narrow control window and low pest pressure early in the season. For soybean aphid specifically, IPM-based management (scouting and thresholds) provided a greater probability of a financial return than a preventative seed treatment. Extension materials were created and disseminated regionally to share this information with producers. In contrast, NSTs provided economic benefits in some years and in some states in the Mid-South, where pest pressure was higher and more diverse.

The non-target impact of NSTs on natural enemies and on the dynamics of a secondary pest (spider mite) was also documented in the lab and field. Finally, the potential exposure of pollinators to NSTs in the mid-South was examined by analyzing soil, flower, pollen and honey bee samples collected in or near agricultural crops, including soybean. Soybean flowers contained no or trace amounts of insecticide, but a proportion of the wildflowers on field margins tested positive. Although this could be a route of exposure for foragers in the spring, there was no information to suggest that the low levels of NST detected in the study posed a risk to honey bees. 

To use insecticides more judiciously, S-1055 members developed or refined sampling plans, thresholds, or management recommendations for corn earworm, Dectes stem borer, kudzu bug, soybean aphid, and stink bugs. With the aim to reduce or eliminate insecticide use, considerable research was done on biological control in soybean. Members published studies on ground-dwelling arthropods, predatory insects, wasp parasitoids, entomopathogens, and insect killing nematodes, as well as companion plantings and semiochemicals to attract natural enemies. A related focus of research by several members was to survey the insect pollinator community in soybean fields. In addition to honey bees, 105 species of wild bees and 11 species of hover flies identified from fields. In Iowa, buffer and prairie strips are being implemented and evaluated to improve biodiversity in the agricultural landscape, to improve habitat for both natural enemies and pollinators. Entomologists in some states are working with growers and beekeepers to reduce the chance of pesticide exposure to hives. Communication is improved by the use of the FieldWatch web site, www.fieldwatch.com, which includes sections for applicators and beekeepers. To share information on S-1055 activities in this area, committee sponsored a symposium on pollinators at an Entomological Society of America regional meeting. 

A great deal of progress was made by S-1055 in the area of host plant resistance as a means to reduce insecticide use in soybean. Members screened for, or evaluated the impact of, resistance against target pests, including stem borer, kudzu bug, and whiteflies. In some cases, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped, a step in the development of molecular markers to speed up the breeding process to create resistant varieties. At least five different institutions screened for soybean aphid resistance. Aphid-resistant lines were evaluated for yield response, performance with seed treatments, EILs, and natural enemies. The distribution of known aphid biotypes, which show virulence to particular resistance genes, was variable from year to year across the Midwest. Further studies elucidated the fitness costs for virulent biotypes on susceptible beans and the duration of host susceptibility induced by aphid feeding. In the field, pyramids of resistance genes performed better than single genes, and equal to insecticide treatments for controlling soybean aphid. Pyramids may be useful in prolonging the utility of aphid resistance genes in an IRM plan for aphid resistant soybeans.

Refereed Publications, grouped by objective 

    Objective 1: Basic insect biology and ecology, including pest surveys, physiology, genetics, and insect-soybean interactions

Adams, B., A. Catchot, D. Cook, J. Gore, F. Musser, J.T. Irby, and B. Golden. 2015. The impact of simulated corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) damage in indeterminate soybean. J. Econ. Entomol. 108: 1072-1078. 

Bakken, A.J., S.C. Schoof, M. Bickerton, K.A. Kamminga, J.C. Jenrette, S. Malone, M.A. Abney, D.A. Herbert, D. Reisig, T.P. Kuhar, and J.F. Walgenbach. 2015. Occurrence of brown marmorated stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on wild hosts in non-managed woodlands and soybean fields in North Carolina and Virginia. Environ. Entomol. 44: 1011-1021. 

Bastola, A., and J. A. Davis. 2017. Cold tolerance and supercooling capacity of the redbanded stink bug, (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Environ. Entomol. 47(1):133-139. 

Del Pozo-Valdivia, A., N. Seiter, D. Reisig, J. Greene, F. Reay-Jones, and J. Bacheler. 2016. Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) population dynamics in soybeans as influenced by planting date, maturity group, and insecticide use. J. Econ. Entomol. 109: 1141–1155. 

Del Pozo-Valdivia, A. I., D. D. Reisig, and J. S. Bacheler. 2017. Impacts of tillage, maturity group, and insecticide use on Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) populations in double cropped soybean. J. Econ. Entomol. 110(1):168-176.

Enders, L., R. Bickel, J. Brisson, T. Heng-Moss, B. Siegfried, A. Zera, and N. Miller. 2015. Abiotic and biotic stressors causing equivalent mortality induce highly variable transcriptional responses in the soybean aphid. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics 5(2): 261-270. 

Husseneder, C., J. Park, A. Howells, C. V. Tikhe, J. A. Davis. 2017. Bacteria associated with Piezodorus guildinii (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), with special reference to those transmitted by feeding. Environ. Entomol. 46: 159-166. 

Koch, Robert L, Daniela T. Pezzini, Andrew P. Michel, and Thomas E. Hunt. 2017. Identification, Biology, Impacts and Management of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Soybean and Corn in the Midwestern United States. JIPM, 8(1): 1-14. 

Gray, M.E. and J.L. Spencer. 2015. Western corn rootworm: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) resistance to Bt maize and crop rotation: management challenges and opportunities. Bull. Royal Entomol. Soc.; Antenna: ECE Special Edition 39: 100-101.

Harbach, C.J., Allen, T., Bowen, C., Davis, J.A., Hill, C.B., Leitman, M., Leonard, B.R., Mueller, D.S., Padgett, G., Phillips, X., Schneider, R. 2016. Delayed senescence in soybean: Terminology, research update, and survey results from growers. Plant Health Progress 17: 76-83. 

Jurenka, R., K. Russell, M.E. O’Neal. 2016. Phytoecdysteroids as antifeedants towards several beetles that include polyphagous and monophagous feeding guilds. Pest Management Sci. Doi:10.1002/ps.4500. 

McCarville, M.T., Soh, D.H., Tylka, G.L., O'Neal, M.E. 2014. Aboveground feeding by soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, affects soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, reproduction belowground. PLoS ONE 9 (1), art. no. e86415. 

Pilkay, G., F.P.F. Reay-Jones, J.K. Greene, M.D. Toews, and W.C. Bridges. 2015. Spatial and temporal dynamics of stink bugs in southeastern farmscapes. J. Insect Science 15: 1-13. 

Reisig, D., R. Suits, H. Burrack, J. Bacheler, and J. E. Dunphy. 2017. Does florivory by Helicoverpa zea cause yield loss in soybeans? J. Econ. Entomol. 110(2):464-470. 

Stubbins, F. L., P. L. Mitchell, M.W. Turnbull, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and J. K. Greene. 2017. Mouthpart morphology and feeding behavior of the invasive kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). Invert. Biol. 136(3): 309-320. 

Suits, R., D. D. Reisig, and H. Burrack. 2017. Feeding preference and performance of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on different soybean (Fabales: Fabaceae) tissue types. Fla. Entomol. 100: 162-167. 

Tiroesele B, Skoda SR, Hunt TE, Lee DJ, Molina-Ochoa J, Foster JE. 2014. Population structure, genetic variability, and gene flow of the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata, in the Midwestern United States. J. Insect Sci. 14:62. 

Vyavhare, S., M. O. Way, R. F. Medina. 2014. Stink bug species composition and relative abundance of the redbanded stink bug in soybean in the Upper Gulf Coast Texas. Environ. Entomol. 43:1621-1627. 

Vyavhare, S.S., M.O. Way, and R.F. Medina. 2015. Determination of growth stage-specific response of soybean to redbanded stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and its relationship to the development of flat pods. J. Econ. Entomol. 108: 1770-1778. 

Vyavhare, S.S., M.O. Way, R.A. Pearson, and R.F. Medina. 2015. Redbanded stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) infestation and occurrence of delayed maturity in soybean. J. Econ. Entomol. 108: 1516-1525. 

      Objective 2a. Sampling protocols and thresholds 

Adams, B. P., D. R. Cook, A. L. Catchot, J. Gore, F. Musser, S. D. Stewart, D. L. Kerns, G. M. Lorenz, J. T. Irby and B. Golden. 2016. Evaluation of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), economic injury levels in Mid-South reproductive stage soybean. J. Econ. Entomol. 109(3): 1161-1166. 

Koch, R., B. Potter, E. Hodgson, C. Krupke, J. Tooker, C. DiFonzo, A. Michel, K. Tilmon, T. Prochaska, J. Knodel, R. Wright, T. Hunt, B. Jensen, K. Estes, and J. Spencer. The biology and economics behind soybean aphid insecticide recommendations. 2016. Plant Health Progress 17: 265-269. 

Seiter, N., A. Del-Pozo Valdiva, J. Greene, F.P.F. Reay-Jones, P. Roberts, and D. Reisig. 2015. Action thresholds based on sweep-net sampling for management of the kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 108: 1818-1829. 

      Objective 2b. Control efficacy and insecticide resistance 

Adams, A., J. Gore, A. Catchot, F. Musser, D. Cook, N. Krishnan, and T. Irby. 2016. Residual and systemic efficacy of chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide against corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean. J. Econ. Entomol. 109(6): 2411-2417. 

Adams, A., J. Gore, A. Catchot, F. Musser, D. Cook, N. Krishnan and T. Irby. 2016. Susceptibility of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) neonates to diamide insecticides in the Midsouthern and Southeastern United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 109(5): 2205-2209. 

Clifton, E. H., E. W. Hodgson, G. Tylka, and A. J. Gassmann. 2017. Interactions of host-plant-resistance and seed treatments on soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) and soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe). Pest Management Science. DOI: 10.1002/ps.4800. 

Hanson, A. A., J. Menger-Anderson, C. Silverstein, B. D. Potter, I. V. MacRae, E. W. Hodgson, and R. L. Koch. 2017. Evidence for soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the upper midwestern United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 110(5):2235-2246. 

Krupke, C., A. Alford, E. Cullen, E. Hodgson, J. Knodel, B. McCornack, B. Potter, M. Spigler, K. Tilmon, and K. Welch. 2017. Assessing the value and pest management window provided by neonicotinoid seed treatments for management of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) in the Upper Midwest. Pest Management Science. DOI: 10.1002/ps.4602. 

Musser, F. R., A. L. Catchot, Jr., J. A. Davis, D. A. Herbert, Jr., G. M. Lorenz, T. Reed, D. D. Reisig, S. D. Stewart. 2014. 2013 soybean insect losses in the southern US. Midsouth Entomol. 7:15-28. 

Musser, F.R., A.L. Catchot, Jr., J.A. Davis, D.A. Herbert, Jr., G.M. Lorenz, T. Reed, D.D. Reisig, S.D. Stewart. 2015. 2014 soybean insect losses in the southern US. Midsouth Entomologist 8:35-48. 

Musser, F. R., A. L. Catchot, Jr., J. A. Davis, D. A. Herbert, Jr., G. M. Lorenz, T. Reed, D. D. Reisig, S. D. Stewart. 2016. 2015 Soybean Insect Losses in the Southern US. MidSouth Entomol. 9:5-17. 

Musser, F. R., A. L. Catchot, Jr., J. A. Davis, G. M. Lorenz, T. Reed, D. D. Reisig, S. D. Stewart, S. Taylor. 2017. 2016 Soybean insect losses in the southern US. MidSouth Entomol. 10:1-13. 

North, J., J. Gore, A. Catchot, S. Stewart, G. Lorenz, F. Musser, D. Cook, D. Kerns and D. Dodds. 2016. Value of neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments in Mid-South soybean (Glycine max L.) production systems. J. Econ. Entomol. 109(3): 1156-1160. 

Ribeiro, M.G P de M, T. E Hunt, B. D Siegfried. 2017. Acute-contact and chronic-systemic in-vivo bioassays: regional monitoring of susceptibility to thiamethoxam in soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations from the North Central United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 111(1):337-347. 

Seiter, N.J., J.K. Greene, F.P.F. Reay-Jones, P.M. Roberts, and J.N. All. 2015. Insecticidal control of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Soybean. J. Entomol. Sci. 50: 263-283. 

Tietjen, C.L., T.E. Hunt, D.D. Snow, D. Cassada, and B.D. Siegfried. 2017. Method development for monitoring bean leaf beetle susceptibility to thiamethoxam seed treatments on soybean. J. Ag. Urban Entomol. 33: 32-43. 

      Objective 2c. Natural enemies and non-target impacts

Bahlai, C.A., W. vander Werf, M. O’Neal, L. Hemerik, and D.A. Landis. 2015. Shifts in dynamic regime of an invasive lady beetle are linked to the invasion and insecticidal management of its prey. Ecological Applications 25: 1807-1818. 

Bannerman, J.A., B.P. McCornack, D.W. Ragsdale, N. Koper, and A.C. Costamagna. 2018. Predators and alate immigration influence the season-long dynamics of soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Biol. Control, 117: 87-98. 

Camargo C.G., T.E. Hunt, L. Giesler, B.D. Siegfried. 2017. Thiamethoxam toxicity and effects on consumption behavior in Orius insidosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on soybean. Environ. Entomol. 46(3) 693–699. 

Clifton, E.H., S.T. Jaronski, E.W. Hodgson, and A.J. Gassmann. 2015. Abundance of soil-borne entomopathogenic fungi in organic and conventional fields in the Midwestern USA with an emphasis on the effect of herbicides and fungicides on fungal persistence. PLOS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133613. 

Cox, R., O'Neal, M., Hessel, R., Schulte, L.A., Helmers, M. 2014. The impact of prairie strips on aphidophagous predator abundance and soybean aphid predation in agricultural catchments. Environ. Entomol. 43:1185-1197. 

Dunbar, M.W., A.J. Gassmann, and M.E. O’Neal. 2016. Impacts of rotation schemes on ground-dwelling arthropods. Environ. Entomol. 45: 1154-1160. 

Dunbar, M.W., A.J. Gassmann, and M.E. O’Neal. 2017. Limited impact of a fall-seeded, spring-terminated rye cover crop on beneficial arthropods. Environ. Entomol. 46: 284-290. 

Gill, K.A., and M.E. O’Neal. 2015. Survey of soybean insect pollinators: Community identification and sampling method analysis. Environ. Entomol. 44: 488-498. 

Gill, K.A., Cox, R., O'Neal, M.E. 2014. Quality over quantity: Buffer strips can be improved with select native plant species. Environ. Entomol. 43: 298-311.

Hesler, L.S. 2014. Inventory and assessment of foliar natural enemies of the soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in South Dakota. Environ. Entomol. 43:577-588. 

Hesler, L.S. 2016. Volatile semiochemicals increase trap catch of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in corn and soybean plots. J Insect Sci. 16(1), 1-8. 

Lundgren, J.G., L.S. Hesler and R.L. Anderson. Preceding crop affects soybean aphid abundance and predator–prey dynamics in soybean. J. Appl. Entomol. doi:10.1111/jen.12395. 

Nemec, K., E. Beckendorf, L. Hesler, W. Riedell, and J. Lundgren. 2016. The effect of flowering calendula and cuphea plants on Orius insidiosus survival and predation of Aphis glycines. Biocontrol Sci. Technology 261: 12-22. 

Regan, K. H., D. Ordosch, K. D. Glover, K. J. Tilmon and A. Szczepaniec.  2017.  Effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on population dynamics of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) and abundance of their natural enemies in soybean fields.  Crop Protection 98: 24-32. 

Schulte, LA, J. Niemi, M.J. Helmers, M. Liebman, J.G. Arbuckle, D.E. James, R.K Kolka, M.E. O’Neal, M.D. Tomer, J.C Tyndall, H. Asbjornsen, P. Drobney, J. Neal, G.V. Ryswky, and C. Witte. 2017. Prairie strips improve biodiversity and the delivery of multiple ecosystem services from corn-soybean croplands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 114: 11247-11252. 

Souza, M. F., L. F. A. Veloso, M. V. Sampaio, and J. A. Davis. 2017. Influence of host quality and temperature on the biology of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Environ. Entomol. 46(4):995-1004. 

Stewart, S.D.,  G. Lorenz, A. Catchot, J. Gore, D. Cook, J. Skinner, T. Mueller, D. R. Johnson, J. Zawislak, and J. Barber. 2014. Potential exposure of pollinators to neonicotinoid insecticides from the use of insecticide seed treatments in the mid-southern U.S. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (16), pp 9762–9769. 

Stubbins, F.L., P. Agudelo, F.P.F. Reay-Jones, and J.K. Greene. 2015. First report of a mermithid nematode infecting the invasive Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in the United States. J. Invert. Pathol. 127: 35-37. 

Varenhorst, A.J., and M.E. O’Neal. 2016. The effect of an interspersed refuge on Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), their natural enemies, and biological control. J. Econ. Entomol. 109: 406-415. 

Wheelock, M.J. and M.E. O’Neal. 2016. Insect pollinators in Iowa cornfields: community identification and trapping method analysis. PLoS ONE 11(7): e0143479. 

Wheelock, M.J., K.P Rey, and M.E. O’Neal. 2016. Defining the insect pollinator community found in Iowa corn and soybean fields: implications for pollinator conservation. Environ. Entomol. 45(5):1099-1106.

      Objective 2d. Evaluate new technologies  

Baldin, E.L.L., L. Marchi-Werle, L.E.R. Pannuti, T.M. Heng-Moss, and T.E. Hunt. 2016. Evaluating categories of resistance in soybean genotypes from United States and Brazil to Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Florida Entomol. 99 (3): 487-495.  

Bhusal, S.J., Jiang, G., Hesler, L.S., Orf, J.H. 2014. Soybean aphid resistance in soybean germplasm accessions of maturity group I. Crop Sci. 54:2093-2098. 

Cooper, S.G., V. Concibido, D. Hunt, G. Jiang, C. Krupke, B. McCornack, R. Mian, M. O’Neal, D. Prischmann-Voldseth, D. Ragsdale, and D. Wang. 2015. Geographic distribution of soybean aphid biotypes in USA and Canada during 2008-2010. Crop Science. 55:2598–2608. 

Cruz, P.L., E.L.L. Baldin, L.R.P. Guimarães, L.E.R. Pannuti, G.P.P. Lima, T.M. Heng-Moss, T.E. Hunt. 2016. Tolerance of KS-4202 soybean to the attack of Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Florida Entomol. 99 (4): 1-8. 

Fritz, B., A. Del Pozo-Valdivia, C. Sorenson, T. Carter, and D. Reisig. 2016. Host plant resistance to Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in diverse soybean germplasm maturity groups V through VIII. J. Econ. Entomol. 109: 1438–1449. 

Hesler, L. S. and K. J. Tilmon.  2017. Infestation ratings database for soybean aphid on early-maturity wild soybean lines.  Data in Brief 15:138-141. 

Hesler, L. S., B. M. Van de Stroet, N. R. Schultz, E. A. Beckendorf and K. J. Tilmon.  2017. Laboratory Evaluation of Soybean Plant Introductions for Resistance to Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae).  J. Ag. Urban Entomol. 33:133-141. 

Hough, A. R., J. R. Nechols, B. P. McCornack, D. C. Margolies, B. K. Sandercock, D. Yan, & L. Murray. 2017. The effect of temperature and host plant resistance on population growth of the soybean aphid biotype 1 (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Environ. Entomol. 46: 58–67. 

Kandel, D.R., K.J. Tilmon, and T.R. Shuster. 2015. Effect of host plant resistance and seed treatments on soybean aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their natural enemies. J. Entomol. Sci. 50: 186-205. 

Lampson, B. D., A. Khalilian, J. K. Greene, Y. J. Han, and D. C. Degenhardt. 2017. Development of a Portable Electronic Sensor for Detection of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). Journal of Advances in Entomol. 5(3): 75-86. 

Marchi-Werle, L., T. M. Heng-Moss, T. E. Hunt, E.L.L. Baldin, L.M. Baird. 2014. Characterization of Peroxidase Changes in Tolerant and Susceptible Soybeans Challenged by Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 107:1985-1991. 

Marchi-Werle, Lia, Renata Ramos Pereira, John C Reese, Tiffany Heng-Moss, Thomas Hunt. 2017. Yield Response of Tolerant and Susceptible Soybean to the Soybean Aphid. Agronomy Journal, 109 (4):1663-1669. 

Marchi-Werle, L., E. L. L. Baldin, H. D. Fischer, T. M. Heng-Moss and T. E. Hunt 2017. Economic Injury Levels for Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on the Soybean Aphid Tolerant KS4202 Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). J. Econ. Entomol. 110(5): 2100-2108. 

McCarville, M.T., O'Neal, M.E., Potter, B.D., Tilmon, K.J., Cullen, E.M., McCornack, B.P., Tooker, J.F., Prischmann-Voldseth, D.A. 2014. One gene versus two: A regional study on the efficacy of single gene versus pyramided resistance for soybean aphid management. J. Econ. Entomol. 107:1680-1687. 

Prochaska, T., T. Donze-Reiner, L. Marchi-Werle, N.A. Palmer, T.E. Hunt, G. Sarath, and T. Heng-Moss. 2015. Transcriptional responses of tolerant and susceptible soybeans to soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) herbivory. Arthro-Plant Interactions 9: 347-359. 

Varenhorst, A.J., M.T. McCarville, and M.E. O’Neal. 2015. Reduced fitness of virulent Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) biotypes may influence the longevity of resistance genes in soybean. PLOS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138252. 

Varenhorst, A.J., M.T. McCarville, and M.E. O’Neal. 2015. Determining the duration of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) induced susceptibility effect in soybean. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 9: 457-464. 

Varenhorst, A.J., M.T. McCarville, and M.E. O’Neal. 2015. An induced susceptibility response in soybean promotes avirulent Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations on resistant soybean. Environ. Entomol. 44: 658-667. 

Varenhorst, A. J., S. R. Pritchard, M. E. O’Neal, E. W. Hodgson, and A. K. Singh. 2017. Determining the effectiveness of three-gene pyramids against Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) biotypes. J. Econ. Entomol. 110(6):2428-2435. 

Zhang, S., Z. Zhang, Z. Wen, C. Gu, C. Bales, C. DiFonzo, Q. Song, R. Meyer, Y-Q. An, D. Wang. 2017. Fine mapping of the aphid resistance genes Rag6 and Rag3c from Glycine soja 85-32.  J Theoretical & Applied Genetics. 130:2601-2615. 

Zhang S., Z. Zhang, C. Bales, C. Gu, C. DiFonzo, M. Li, Q. Song, P. Cregan, D. Wang. 2017. Mapping novel aphid resistance QTL from wild soybean Glycine soja 85-32.  J Theoret. & App. Genetics. 130:1941–1952.

Refereed Book Chapters

Greene, J.K. 2015. Kudzu Bug, pp. 143-144, In G. Hartman, J. Rupe, E. Sikora, L.  Domier, J.  Davis, and K.  Steffey [eds.], Compendium of Soybean Diseases & Pests. American Phytopath. Society, St. Paul, MN.

Greene, J.K., and J.A. Davis. 2015. Stink Bugs, pp. 146-149, In G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis, and K. L. Steffey [eds.], Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests. American Phytopath. Society, St. Paul, MN. 

Greene, J. K., J. A. Baum, E. P. Benson, C. S. Bundy, W. A. Jones, G. G. Kennedy, J. E. McPherson, F. R. Musser, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, M. D. Toews, and J. F. Walgenbach. 2018. General Insect Management. pp. 729-774. In: J. E. McPherson (ed.), Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea): Biology, Higher Systematics, Semiochemistry, and Management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Koch, K.G., Donze-Reiner, T., Hunt, T.E., Heng-Moss, T.H., Baldin, E.L.L. 2018.  Tolerância. In: Baldin, E.L.L.; Vendramim, J.D.; Lourenção, A.L. (Eds.).  Resistência de plantas a insetos: fundamentos e aplicações. Fealq, Piracicaba, São Paulo, (in Portuguese). 

Lorenz, G., A. Herbert, and R. Leonard. 2015. Arthropod Pests-Caterpillars, pp. 139-141, In G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis, and K. L. Steffey [eds.], Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests. American Phytopath. Society, St. Paul, MN. 

Lundgren, J. G. and F. R. Musser. 2015. Bean leaf beetle, pp. 137-139. In: G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis and K. L. Steffey (eds.), Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests, fifth ed. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA. 

Tilmon, K.J., and M.E. O’Neal. 2015. Soybean Aphid, In G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis, and K. L. Steffey [eds.], Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests. American Phytopath. Society, St. Paul, MN. 

Arthropod Management Tests and Other Reports

Hesler, L.S. 2013. Efficacy of inorganic compounds against soybean aphid, laboratory tests 2012. AMT. 38:F82. 

Hesler, L., E. Beckendorf, N. Schultz , B. Van De Stroet, K. Tilmon, and P. Rozeboom. 2017. Resistance to soybean aphid in early maturing plant introduction lines of soybean, 2012-2015. AMT. https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsx112. 

Hesler, L., E. Beckendorf, N. Schultz, B. Van De Stroet, K. Tilmon and P. Rozeboom. 2017. SOYBEAN.APHID.LH.2017. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/ method.aspx?id=495901. 

Hodgson, E. W., and G. VanNostrand. 2016. Evaluation of insecticides for control of soybean aphid, 2015. AMT. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsw041. 

Hodgson, E. W., and G. VanNostrand. 2017. Evaluation of insecticides for control of soybean aphid, 2016. AMT. DOI: 10.1093/amt/tsx045. 

Knodel, J.J., P.B. Beauzay and P. Prasifka. 2016. Efficacy of foliar-applied sulfoxaflor for control of soybean aphid and impact on lady beetles, 2015. AMT 41(1). 

Theses and Dissertations

Adams, B. 2015. An evaluation of corn earworm damage and thresholds in soybean. PhD dissertation, Mississippi State University.

Adams, A. 2016. Baseline susceptibility of selected lepidopteran pests to diamides and use strategies in Mississippi soybean. PhD dissertation, Mississippi State University. 

Bateman, N. 2017. Impact of planting date and maturity group on management strategies for insect pests in soybean. PhD dissertation, Mississippi State University. 

Camargo Gil, Carolina. 2016. Ecological risks of the conventional insecticide/fungicide seed treatment mixture of thiamethoxam and mefenoxam in soybean on beneficial insects. Dissertation, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE. 

Dill, T. 2015. Adult emergence and egg distribution of the Heliothine complex and their impact on Bt resistance management in agricultural landscapes. M.S. Thesis, Mississippi State University. 

Enchayan, J.S. 2015. Investigation of reduced agent and area treatments for Aphis glycines management and its effects on key predators. M.S. Thesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 

Marchi-Werle, L. 2016. Soybean tolerance to soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) herbivory. Dissertation, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.

McRight, W. 2018. Evaluation of kudzu bug as a pest of Mississippi soybean production systems. M.S. Thesis, Mississippi State University.

North, J. 2016.  Impact of neonicotinoids in mid-south row crop systems. M.S. thesis, Mississippi State University. 

Ramsey, J. 2015. Evaluating the pest status of three-cornered alfalfa hopper in Mississippi agricultural crops. M.S. Thesis, Mississippi State University.

Ribeiro, Matheus Geraldo Pires de Mello. 2017. Baseline Susceptibility, Resistance Detection and Selection for Resistance in Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to the Neonicotinoid Insecticide, Thiamethoxam. ETD collection for University of Nebraska - Lincoln. AAI10271836.

Rozeboom, P.A. 2015. Organic foliar Milstop shows efficacy against soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Fabales: Fabaceae). M.S. Thesis, South Dakota State University. 

Rystrom, Z.D. 2015. Seasonal activity and sampling methods for the Dectes stem borer, Dectes texanus Leconte in Nebraska soybeans. M.S. Thesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 

Thrash, B. 2018. Evaluation of soybean production practices that impact yield losses from simulated insect defoliation. PhD dissertation, Mississippi State University. 

Whalen, A. 2015. Factors influencing honey bee abundance across agricultural landscapes in the Midsouth. M.S. Thesis, Mississippi State University.

Meeting Symposia sponsored by S-1055

The Gamut of Resistance Management for Soybean Insect Pests: Issues and Prospects. 2016. Entomological Society of America - Southeastern Branch meeting, Raleigh, NC.

Value, Integration, and Regional Specificities of Insecticide Use in Soybean Production Systems. 2017. Entomological Society of America - Southeastern Branch meeting, Memphis, TN. 

Pollinators in Soybean. 2018. Entomological Society of America - Southeastern Branch meeting, Orlando, FL.

Key Extension Bulletins covering soybean insects

Catchot, A., C. Allen, D. Cook, D. Dodds, J. Gore, T. Irby, E. Larson, B. Layton, S. Meyers and F. Musser. 2015. 2015 insect control guide for agronomic crops. MSU Extension Service Publ. 2471. 

Catchot, A., C. Allen, J. Bibb, D. Cook, D. Dodds, J. Gore, T. Irby, E. Larson, B. Layton, J. MacGown, S. Meyers and F. Musser. 2016. 2016 insect control guide for agronomic crops. MSU Extension Service Publ. 2471. 

Catchot, A., C. Allen, J. Bibb, D. Cook, W. Crow, J. Dean, D. Fleming, J. Gore, B. Layton, N. Little, J. MacGown, F. Musser, S. Winter, D. Dodds, T. Irby, E. Larson and S. Meyers. 2017. 2017 insect control guide for agronomic crops. MSU Extension Service Publ. 2471. 

Catchot, A., C. Allen, J. Bibb, D. Cook, W. Crow, J. Dean, D. Fleming, J. Gore, B. Layton, N. Little, J. MacGown, F. Musser, S. Winter, D. Dodds, T. Irby, E. Larson and S. Meyers. 2018. 2018 insect control guide for agronomic crops. MSU Extension Service Publ. 2471. 

Graham, S., and S. Stewart 2016. Common defoliating pests in soybean. University of Tennessee Extension, Institute of Agriculture, W392. 

Herbert, D.A., Jr., K. Kamminga, S. Malone, T. P. Kuhar, E. Day, J. Greene, C.S. Bundy, L. Brown, and P. Ellsworth. 2014. Field Guide to Stink Bugs of Agricultural Importance in the United States. Northeastern Integrated Pest Management Center. Virginia Cooperative Extension. 

Herbert, D.A., S. Malone, M. Arrington, and R. Whalen. 2014. 2013 Insect Pest Management in Virginia Cotton, Peanut, Soybean, and Sorghum. AREC-61NP. https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/AREC/AREC-61/AREC-61.html. 

Herbert, D.A. Jr., B. Cissel, J. Whalen, G. Dively, C. Hooks, T. Patton, D. Venugopal, T. Kuhar, B. Aigner, S. Malone, J. Hogue, and E. Seymore. 2015. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Biology and Management in Mid-Atlantic Soybeans. Virginia Cooperative Extension. ENT-168NP. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/ENTO/ENTO-168/ENTO-168.html. 

Hodgson, E. W. 2016. Getting to know the insects. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Publication PMR 1021. 

Hodgson, E. W., and G. VanNostrand. 2015. 2015 Yellow Book Report of insecticide evaluation for soybean pests, 26 pp. Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Publication 298-15. 

Hodgson, E. W., and G. VanNostrand. 2016. 2016 Yellow Book Report of insecticide evaluation for soybean pests. Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Publication 300-16. 

Hunt, T. R. Wright. 2016. Insect Resistance Management: Basic Concepts and Importance to Modern Agriculture. Proc. of the 2016 Crop Production Clinics, pp. 53-55. University of Nebraska Extension, Lincoln, NE. 

Knodel, J.J., P. Beauzay, M. Boetel and T.J. Prochaska. 2017. 2018 North Dakota Field Crop Insect Management Guide. NDSU Ext. Serv., E-1143 (Revised). 

Koch, R.L. and B. Potter. 2014. Scouting for soybean aphid. University of Minnesota Extension. (http://z.umn.edu/soybeanaphidscouting). 

Krupke, C., W. Bailey, C. DiFonzo, E. Hodgson, T. Hunt, K. Jarvi, B. Jensen, J. Knodel, R. Koch, B. McCornack, A. Michel, J. Peterson, B. Potter, A. Szczepaniec, K. Tilmon, J. Tooker, and S. Zukoff. 2015. The effectiveness of neonicotinoid seed treatments in soybean. Purdue University Publication E-268. 

Raudenbush, A., A. Michel, and K. Tilmon. 2017. Flip book: Stink bugs on soybean in the North Central Region. North Central Soybean Research Program. 

Whitworth, R.J., J.P. Michaud, H.N. Schwarting. 2014. Soybean insect pest management guide, 2014. Kansas State University Research and Extension, #MF743.