Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

1. Review and Members of Project Goal for Newly Accepted Proposal
   1. Provided status of renewed project.
   2. Discussed project goals.
   3. Discussed individual project interests that overlap goals.
2. Reports on activities for development and use of advanced microscopic molecular analysis in soils
   1. Each attendee related their research activity in terms of using advanced analytical tools in soil science.
   2. Discussion of needs to continue knowledge building to integrate new cutting edge tools in soil science.
3. Committee leadership
   1. Dan Strawn is the committee chair.
   2. Ganga Hettiarachchi is the vice chair and secretary.
4. Discussed review paper for JEQ special issue
5. Committee Reports
   1. Nancy Cavallero discussed USDA NIFA program emphasis areas and provided suggestions for developing projects that are responsive to calls.

Members of this project are applying a wide range of analytical tools to elucidate mechanisms of physical and chemical protection of carbon in soils, colloid transport through soil, removal of soil contaminants, effect of climate change on soil structure, storage and transport of soil water, and deposition of synthetic nanoparticles on the human respiratory system. More detailed description of research outcomes by the different groups is presented below. 

Dr. Steve Anderson investigated the transport relationships for porous media, and chemical dispersivity, which is an important parameter for estimation of pollutant migration. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of scale on dispersivity for homogeneous media and fractal media. The approach used to estimate scale was transport distance along the column downstream from the applied chemical. Columns containing homogeneous media and fractal media were evaluated for chemical breakthrough using computed tomography (CT) imaging. The advection-dispersion transport equation appeared to be appropriate for estimating the parameters. Some columns showed that dispersivity was potentially a function of distance from the upstream end of the column. These tests indicated that dispersivity through the fractal media was not consistently dependent upon distance. Estimates were obtained for individual CT image scan pixels or selected groups of pixels. Some values determined from a curve fit method or a mean breakthrough slope method were found to be scale dependent. Results from this experiment suggest dispersivity may be dependent upon the sampling fraction rather than the straight-line length solute travels through media.

Dr. Dan Strawn at the University of Idaho conducted researching a novel waste water treatment process that will supply unrestricted reuse water, will recycle nutrients, and will sequester carbon in soils to help mitigate greenhouse gas increases in the atmosphere. He conducted research on how soil factors affect cadmium uptake by wheat grown in the Inland Pacific Northwest wheat growing regions. He investigated phosphorus loading to surface waters as a result of confined animal feeding operations (CAFO), with emphasis on researching phosphorus chemistry and reaction processes to anticipate long-term effects so that defensible nutrient-management plans can be developed and implemented. In another watershed research project, he conducted experiments on soil P availability and watershed export from a long-term agriculture watershed research site located on the R. J. Cook Agronomy Farm (CAF) on the Palouse landscape in the Northwest Wheat and Range Region. 

Dr. Don Sparks conducted research to understand the fundamental soil P cycling and bioavailability of in the environment. Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques are used in this study to determine speciation of P in soils from the Mid-Atlantic. This study examines direct soil P speciation (chemical forms) using novel synchrotron-based microspectroscopic techniques. Initial data from μ-XRF and μ-XANES analyses indicate the presence of Ca phosphates, Fe(III) phosphates, Al-sorbed phosphate, and Fe-sorbed phosphate in low pH agricultural soils from the Mid-Atlantic. Mineral forms of P exhibited varying degrees of crystallinity. Calcium phosphates were distinguished from other species by a slight downward shift in the position of the primary fluorescence peak and the presence of a post-edge shoulder. The presence of a pre-edge feature was key in determining the presence of oxidized Fe associated with P. X-ray fluorescence maps were useful for distinguishing Al-oxide sorbed P from Fe-oxide sorbed P. This study emphasizes the importance of pairing analyses of tender-energy and high-energy XRF maps to aid with P speciation. To our knowledge, previous μ-XANES studies have not used this technique and, therefore, have not been able to evaluate co-location of P with Fe or Ca. Phosphorous fluorescence maps demonstrate that P was not uniformly distributed throughout soil samples. A high signal-to-noise ratio often limited data collection in regions with diffuse, low-concentrations of P, and quality XANES spectra were more easily obtained for discrete, P-rich particles. Therefore, some forms of P, such as organic P species, were likely not detected during analysis. Difficulty in distinguishing organic P species may have resulted because P concentration was too low for detection in regions containing organic P. This study demonstrates that μ-XANES analysis offers advantages for speciation of inorganic P compared to IR and NMR techniques, as soils can be measured in situ. Even with varying degrees of self-absorption and signal-to-noise ratios in μ-XANES spectra, important inferences regarding P speciation can be made. With future advances in XAS technology, it is expected that μ-XANES spectral resolution at the P K-edge will improve. This study highlights the potential of μ-XANES analysis for use in environmental and agricultural sciences. A variety of studies can benefit from paired μ-XRF and μ-XANES analysis, such as studies to evaluate changes in P speciation after fertilization or during P transport. 

Dr. Gediminas Mainelis research was focused on the release of nanoparticles due to the use of nanotechnology-enabled clothing, especially those that are advertised as containing silver. The particle release was simulated using a rotary abrader, and the released particles were measured using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer and an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer. The data were analyzed to examine potential user exposures to particles due to the use of clothing items and also to determine if there is a difference in the released particle concentration when the clothing items are new or used (e.g., washed). Our earlier work with nanotechnology-enabled clothing has shown that particles varying in size from tens of nanometers to micrometers would be released into the air during simulated product use. In this phase of the research, we were interested in the morphology and composition of particles in the clothing items versus the morphology and composition of particles in the airborne state. Among the investigated items, one of the products had the Ti concentration as high as ~74 mg/kg. Concentrations of silver varied substantially among the investigated items: from 51 µg/kg to 45 g/kg. The very high silver concentration in this item is consistent with it releasing the highest concentration of particles >1 µm as well as the highest overall particle concentration. Concentrations of metals in washed products changed compared to the new products, but the change was not uniform: for some products, concentrations of some metals increased, while for other products the metals concentrations decreased. In order to examine the morphology and composition of the released particles, particles released from three selected products were captured on TEM grids and filter and examined using TEM and EDX. Nano-sized particles were observed for all three products, which confirmed observations with aerosol instruments. At the same time, agglomerates from all products were also observed, but their appearance was different: one was a seemingly loose cluster of nanoparticles of the same shape and size, the other looked like a bouquet, and the third was a tight cluster of individual particles that were difficult to discern. The collected samples were analyzed for metals. No metals of interest (e.g., Ti, Ag and Zn) were observed on samples collected on TEM grids, most likely due to low mass concentration. On the other hand, Ag was detected in airborne samples collected in the filter. Moreover, this Ag was detected in nanoparticle cluster. In summary, our data so far show that nano-sized particles, including those containing silver, could be released during clothing use. The user may be exposed to those per via inhalation route. 

At Michigan State University the group of Dr. Wei Zhang has been studying the fate and transport of fine particulate matter (i.e., colloids and engineered nanoparticles), and particulate sorbents for contaminant immobilization in soil and water. Specifically, Dr. Zhang’s group has been investigating soil biochar amendment as a sustainable practice. The work in his lab has shown that manure-derived biochars have the long-term sequestration potential for antibiotics in water. Additionally, Dr. Zhang’s group investigated the transport of biochar nanoparticles through saturated sand at a range of ionic strength, and co-transport of three antibiotics (i.e., lincomycin, oxytetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole). Their results showed that the transport of biochar nanoparticles facilitated the transport of antibiotics in porous media, implying that the mobility of biochar nanoparticles needs to be considered when developing carbon geosorbent-based mitigation strategies for antibiotics. In collaboration with Chinese scientists, their work also showed that the addition of biochars to soils could immobilize semi-volatile and volatile persistent organic pollutants in soils, thus allowing for biodegradation of these pollutants by soil bacteria instead of uptake by plants or volatilization into the atmosphere. Black carbon particles in the sediments could enhance the abiotic reduction of dinitroaniline herbicides by sulfides. Finally, Dr. Zhang’s group published a paper regarding the effect of nano-iron oxide coating on the transport and retention of plant pathogen in porous media, and tested the removal potential of nano-iron oxide coated porous media for plant pathogens from water in greenhouse. 

Dr. Joseph Stucki is studying the distribution of ferric iron (Fe(III)) between the octahedral and tetrahedral sheets of smectites, which is still an active problem due to the difficulty of identifying and quantifying the tetrahedral ferric iron ([4]Fe(III)). Mössbauer spectroscopy has often been used to address this problem, with the spectra being fitted by a sum of doublets, but the empirical attribution of each doublet has failed to yield a uniform interpretation of the spectra of natural reference Fe(III)-rich smectites, especially with regard to [4]Fe(III), because little consensus exists as to the [4]Fe(III) content of natural samples. In an effort to resolve this problem, the current study was undertaken using a series of synthetic nontronites [Si4-x [4]Fe(III)x] [6]Fe(III)2O10(OH)2Nax with x ranging from 0.43 to 1.3. Mössbauer spectra were obtained at 298, 77, and 4 K. Statistically acceptable deconvolutions of the Mössbauer spectra at 298 and 77 K were used to develop a model of the distribution of tetrahedral substitutions, taking into account: (i) the [4]Fe(III) content; (ii) the three possible tetrahedral cationic environments around [6]Fe(III), i.e., [4Si]-(3[6]Fe(III)), [3Si [4]Fe(III)]-(3[6]Fe(III)), and [2Si 2[4]Fe(III)]-(3[6]Fe(III)); and (iii) the local environment around a [4]Fe(III), i.e., [3Si]-(2[6]Fe(III)) respecting Löwenstein’s Rule. This approach allowed the range of Mössbauer parameters for [6]Fe(III) and [4]Fe(III) to be determined and then applied to spectra of natural Fe(III)-rich smectites. Results revealed the necessity of taking into account the distribution of tetrahedral cations ([4]R(III)) around [6]Fe(III) cations in order to deconvolute the Mössbauer spectra, and also highlighted the influence of sample crystallinity on Mössbauer parameters. 

Dr. G.M. Hettiarachchi investigated the biogehcistry of carbon and phosphorus in soils and factors that affect their cycling. Her research provided direct evidence in support of newly proposed concepts focused on involvement of a large array of physicochemical mechanisms on soil organic carbon preservation. STXM-NEXAFS analysis provided insight on organo-mineral associations in temperate (Mollisols) and tropical (Oxisols) soils. Her research on phosphorus fertilizer reactions in soils showed that blending ortho-phosphorus P sources with polyphosphates possesses tremendous potential to reduce total P inputs to calcareous soils, simultaneously saving grower capital, conserving a non-renewable resource, and protecting freshwater ecosystems. 

Dr. Allen Goldstein generated new insights into gas/particle partitioning of organics and secondary aerosol formation in the atmosphere from oxidation of both naturally emitted biogenic volatile organic compounds as well as anthropogenically emitted air pollutants. We published results this year from field studies in California, the Southeastern United States, and the Brazilian Amazon. In these field campaigns and associated laboratory studies we applied novel technologies developed in our laboratory for speciated organic gas and particle measurements. 

Dr. Jim Harsh pursued the following objectives: 1. Characterize the physical, chemical, biological and morphological properties of particulate matter and their environmental, health and economic impacts over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, including their potential effects on ecological sustainability, food and energy production, climate change, and air, water and soil quality. 2. Upgrade the skills of project participants to do research in heterogeneous environmental systems at the micro- and nano-meter scale. and 3. Integrate modern analytical instruments (e.g., synchrotron-based spectroscopy, diffraction and fluorescence, scanning force methods, conventional and laser-based spectroscopy, chemical analysis, and microtomography) and other techniques, including molecular to macroscopic modeling and measuring approaches to promote their use in the agricultural sciences and assist in the development and acquisition of equipment and expertise relevant to the agricultural science community. In support of the first objective we pursued three projects. The first concerned the role of bacterial biofilms in mineral weathering and the storage of nutrients for plants and microorganisms. Biofilms are known to protect microbes from environmental stresses such as desiccation and toxic contaminants and this study’s aim was to determine if they also played a role in supplying and storing deficient nutrients. An understanding of this system is related to the sustainability of both managed and unmanaged systems. We found that bacteria responded to Fe-deficiency stress by altering biofilms to store more nutrients. In a second study, we examined how the up and down movement of water and air could dislodge fluoranthene, a common industrial contaminant, from soil particles. A moving air-water interface carried fluoranthene particles with it and could serve as a means to remove polyaromatic hydrocarbons from soil and other porous media. A third project examined the chemical and physical properties of biochar, a product of biofuel burning. Using different woods, burning temperatures, and air oxidation, we could produce biochars with more or less tendency to hold water. When added to soil, the more easily wetted biochars increased the water holding capacity of a sandy soil. The second and third objectives were met under all these projects. Four graduate students were trained in the use of modern instruments and applied these to both macroscopic and microscopic scales in heterogeneous media. Modern analytical techniques included nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), synchrotron spectroscopy (XAS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy.

Dr. Robert Hudson has been applying advanced instrumental analysis to the understanding of Hg pollution in aquatic ecosystems. The methods developed in this lab combine a novel approach to Hg speciation analysis using Ion Chromatogaphy with ICP-MS. His new method confirms the accuracy of the standard method for quantifying monomethylmercury (MMHg) in samples from aquatic ecosystems. His focus at present is on characterizing a previously unknown Hg species that is highly stable and has low charge. Accurately measuring its concentration will help better understand the chemical nature of the inorganic fraction of Hg, which at present is poorly understood. The findings should have relevance for the toxicity and transport of inorganic Hg in the environment. 

Dr. Daniel Gimenez conducted research on quantitative parameters of soil structure using fractal techniques. He studied the scaling of soil transport coefficients used in simulation models of the soil-plant atmosphere continuum. He studied geostatistical models for use in describing water transport in agricultural systems.

1. McDaniel, P, D.G. Strawn. 2016. Anaerobic Processes. Encyclopedia of Soil Science. R. Lal Editor. CRC Press. 
2. Weyers, E., D.G. Strawn, D. Peak, A. Moore, L. Baker, B. Cade Menun. 2016 (in Press Dec/Jan issue). Speciation of phosphorus in manure-amended calcareous soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 
3. Wang, Z.#, Calderón, L.#, Patton, A.#, Sorensen-Allacci, M., Senick, J., Wener, R., Andrews, C.J., and Mainelis, G.* (2016). Evaluation of Real-time Instruments and Gravimetric Method Used to Measure Particulate Matter (PM) in a Green Building, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 66 (11) 109-1120, Abstract. 
4. Zhang, J.J.*, Lee, K.B., He, L., Seifert, J., Subramaniam, Yang, L., Chen, S., Maguire, P., Mainelis, G., Schwander, S., Tetley, T., Porter, A., Ryan, M., Shaffer, M.,Hu, S., Zhang, K., Gong, J., and Chung, K.F., (2016) Effects of a Nano-Ceria Fuel Additive on Physicochemical Properties of Diesel Exhaust Particle, Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts, DOI: 10.1039/c6em00337k. 
5. Sagona, J.A.#, Shalat, S.L., Wang, Z., Ramagopal, M., Black, K., Hernandez, M., and Mainelis, G.* (2016). Comparing particulate matter exposure estimates in children from personal sampling equipment and a robotic sampler, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, doi: 10.1038/jes.2016.24. 
6. Shah, L.*, Mainelis, G., Ramagopal, M., Black, K., and Shalat, S.L. (2016). Particulate matter concentration measured by a robotic sampler (PIPER) is associated with eczema in preschoolers, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(2), 242; doi:10.3390/ijerph13020242. 
7. Patton, A.#, Calderón, L.#, Xiong, Y., Wang, Z.#, Senick, J., Sorensen-Allacci, M.A., Plotnik, D., Wener, R., Andrews, C. J., Krogmann, U., and Mainelis, G.* (2016) Airborne Particulate Matter in Multi-family Green Buildings: Measurements from Two Buildings and Summary of Recent Studies, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13, 144, doi:10.3390/ijerph13010144. 
8. Jeon, S., C.S. Krasnow, C.K. Kirby, L.L. Granke, M.K. Hausbeck, and W. Zhang. 2016. Transport and retention of Phytophthora capsici zoospores in saturated porous media. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(17), 9270–9278. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01784. 
9. Song, Y., Y. Li, W. Zhang, F. Wang, Y. Bian, L.A. Boughner, and X. Jiang. 2016. Novel biochar-plant tandem approach for remediating hexachlorobenzene contaminated soils: Proof-of-concept and new insight into the rhizosphere. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(27), 5464–5471. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01035. 
10. Gui, W., C. Tian, Q. Sun, S. Li, W. Zhang, J. Tang, and G. Zhu. 2016. Simultaneous determination of organotin pesticides by HPLC-ICP-MS and their sorption, desorption, and transformation in freshwater sediments. Water Research, 95, 185–194. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.056. 
11. Gong, W., X. Liu, S. Xia, B. Liang, and W. Zhang. 2016. Abiotic reduction of trifluralin and pendimethalin by sulfides in black-carbon-amended coastal sediments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 310, 125-134. DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.022.
12. Liu, C.-H., Y.-H. Chuang, H. Li, B.J. Teppen, S.A. Boyd, J.M. Gonzalez, C.T. Johnston, J. Lehmann, and W. Zhang. 2016. Sorption of lincomycin by manure-derived biochars from water. Journal of Environmental Quality, 45(2), 519-527. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.06.0320. 
13. Stoof, C.R., A.I. Gevaert, C. Baver, B. Hassanpour, V.L. Morales, W. Zhang, D. Martin, S.K. Giri, and T.S. Steenhuis. 2016. Can pore-clogging by ash explain post-fire runoff? International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25(3), 294-305. DOI: 10.1071/WF15037. 
14. Kaufhold, S., Stucki, J.W., Finck, N., Steininger, R., Zimina, A., Dohrmann, R., Ufer, K., Pentrak, M., and Pentrakova, L. (2016) Tetrahedral charge and Fe content in dioctahedral smectites. Clay Minerals, 52, 51-65. 
15. Karna, R., G.M. Hettiarachchi, M. Newville, C-J Sun, and Q. Ma. 2016. Synchrotron-Based X-Ray Spectroscopy Studies for Redox-Based Remediation of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Mine Waste Materials. J. Environ. Qual. 45:1883-1893. doi: 10.2134/jeq2015.12.0616. 
16. Drozd, G.T., Y. Zhao, G. Saliba, B. Frodin, C. Maddox, R.J. Weber, M-C.O. Chang, H. Maldonado, S. Sardar, A.L Robinson, A.H. Goldstein, Time resolved measurements of speciated tailpipe emissions from motor vehicles: trends with emission control technology, cold start effects, and speciation, Environmental Science & Technology, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04513, 50 (24), 13592–13599, 2016. 
17. Lee, S.-H., J. Uin, A. B. Guenther, J. A. de Gouwd, F. Yu, A. B. Nadykto, J. Herb, N. L. Ng, A. Koss, W. H. Brune, K. Baumann, V. P. Kanawade, F. N. Keutsch, A. Nenes, K. Olsen, A. Goldstein, and Q. Ouyang, Isoprene suppression of new particle formation: Potential mechanisms and implications, J. Geophys. Res., 121, Doi:10.1029/2016JD024844, 2016. 
18. Thompson, S.L., R.L.N. Yatavelli, H. Stark, J.R. Kimmel, J.E. Krechmer, D.A. Day, W. Hu, G. Isaacman-VanWertz, L. Yee, A.H. Goldstein, M.A.H. Khan, R. Holzinger, N. Kreisberg, F.D. Lopez-Hilfiker, C. Mohr, J.A. Thornton, J.T. Jayne, M. Canagaratna, D.R. Worsnop & J.L. Jimenez, Field intercomparison of the gas/particle partitioning of oxygenated organics during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in 2013, Aerosol Science and Technology, DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2016.1254719, 2016. 
19. Ma, P. K., Y. Zhao, A.L. Robinson, D.R. Worton, A.H. Goldstein, A.M. Ortega, J.-L. Jimenez, P. Zotter, A.S.H. Prévôt, S. Szidat, and P.L. Hayes, Evaluating the impact of new observational constraints on P-S/IVOC emissions, multi-generation oxidation, and chamber wall losses on SOA modeling for Los Angeles, CA, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., doi:10.5194/acp-2016-957, 2016. 
20. Isaacman-VanWertz, G., L.D. Yee, N.M. Kreisberg, R. Wernis, J.A. Moss, S.V. Hering, S.S. de Sá, S.T. Martin, L. Alexander, B.B. Palm, W.W. Hu, P. Campuzano-Jost, D.A. Day, J.L. Jimenez, M. Riva, J.D. Surratt, J. Viegas, A. Manzi, E. Edgerton, K. Baumann, R. Souza, P. Artazo, A.H. Goldstein, Observed ambient gas-particle partitioing of tracers for biogenic oxidation, Environmental Science & Technology, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01674, 2016. 
21. Zhang, Y., B. J. Williams, A.H. Goldstein, K.S. Docherty, and J.L. Jimenez, A technique for rapid source apportionment applied to ambient organic aerosol measurements from a thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (TAG), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5637-5653, doi:10.5194/amt-9-5637-2016, 2016. 
22. Su, L., Patton, E. G., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Guenther, A. B., Kaser, L., Yuan, B., Xiong, F., Shepson, P. B., Zhang, L., Miller, D. O., Brune, W. H., Baumann, K., Edgerton, E., Weinheimer, A., Misztal, P. K., Park, J.-H., Goldstein, A. H., Skog, K. M., Keutsch, F. N., and Mak, J. E.: Understanding isoprene photooxidation using observations and modeling over a subtropical forest in the southeastern US, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7725-7741, doi:10.5194/acp-16-7725-2016, 2016. 
23. Liu, Y., J. Brito, M.R. Dorris, J.C. Rivera-Rios, R. Seco, K.H. Bates, P. Artaxo, S. Duvoisin Jr., F.N. Keutsch, S. Kim, A.H. Goldstein, A.B. Guenther, A.O. Manzi, R.A. F. Souza, S.R. Springston, T.B. Watson, K.A. McKinney, and S.T. Martin, Isoprene photochemistry over the Amazon rainforest, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 22, 6125-6130, doi:10.1073/pnas.1524136113, 2016. 
24. Amador Muñoz, O., P. K. Misztal, R. Weber, D.R. Worton, H. Zhang, G. Drozd, and A.H. Goldstein, Sensitive detection of n-alkanes using a mixed ionization mode proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5315-5329, doi:10.5194/amt-9-5315-2016, 2016. 
25. Misztal, P. K., J. C. Avise, T. Karl, K. Scott, H. H. Jonsson, A. B. Guenther, A. H. Goldstein, Evaluation of regional isoprene emission factors and modeled fluxes in California, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9611–9628, doi:10.5194/acp-16-9611-2016, 2016.
26. Hu, W., B.B. Palm, D.A. Day, P. Campuzano-Jost, J.E. Krechmer, Z. Peng, Z., S.S. de Sá, S.T. Martin, M.L. Alexander, K. Baumann, L. Hacker, A. Kiendler-Scharr, A.R. Koss, J.A. de Gouw, A.H. Goldstein, R. Seco, S.J. Sjostedt, J.-H. Park, J.-H., A.B. Guenther, S. Kim, F. Canonaco, A.S.H. Prévôt, W.H. Brune, and J.L. Jimenez, Volatility and lifetime against OH heterogeneous reaction of ambient isoprene-epoxydiols-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11563-11580, doi:10.5194/acp-16-11563-2016, 2016. 
27. Williams, B. J., Y. Zhang, X. Zuo, R.E. Martinez, M.J. Walker, N.M. Kreisberg, A.H. Goldstein, K.S. Docherty, and J.L. Jimenez, Organic and inorganic decomposition products from the thermal desorption of atmospheric particles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1569-1586, doi:10.5194/amt-9-1569-2016, 2016. 
28. Martin, S. T., P. Artaxo, L. A. T. Machado, A. O. Manzi, R. A. F. Souza, C. Schumacher, J. Wang, M. O. Andreae, H. M. J. Barbosa, J. Fan, G. Fisch, A. H. Goldstein, A. Guenther, J. L. Jimenez, U. Pöschl, M. A. Silva Dias, J. N. Smith, and M. Wendisch, Introduction: Observations and modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4785-4797, doi:10.5194/acp-16-4785-2016, 2016. 
29. Nguyen, T. B., G.S. Tyndall, J.D. Crounse, A.P. Teng, K.H. Bates, R.H. Schwantes, M.M. Coggon, L. Zhang, P. Feiner, D.O. Miller, K.M. Skog, J.C. Rivera-Rios, M. Dorris, K.F. Olson, A. Koss, R.J. Wild, S.S. Brown, A.H. Goldstein, J.A. de Gouw, W.H. Brune, F.N. Keutsch, J.H. Seinfeld, and P.O. Wennberg, Atmospheric fates of Criegee intermediates in the ozonolysis of isoprene, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., DOI: 10.1039/C6CP00053C, 2016. 
30. Glasius, M., and A.H. Goldstein, Recent Discoveries and Future Challenges in Atmospheric Organic Chemistry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 2754−2764, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05105, 2016. 
31. Richards-Henderson, N.K., A.H. Goldstein, K.R. Wilson, Sulfur Dioxide Accelerates the Heterogeneous Oxidation Rate of Organic Aerosol by Hydroxyl Radicals , Environ. Sci. Technol., 50 (7), pp 3554–3561, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05369, 2016.   
32. Chan, A.W.H., N.M. Kreisberg,T. Hohaus, P. Campuzano-Jost, Y. Zhao, D.A. Day, L. Kaser, T. Karl, A. Hansel, A.P. Teng, C.R. Ruehl, D.T. Sueper, J.T. Jayne, D.R. Worsnop, J.L. Jimenez, S.V. Hering, and A.H. Goldstein, Speciated measurements of semivolatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) in a pine forest during BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1187-1205, doi:10.5194/acp-16-1187-2016, 2016. 
33. Lee, B.H., C. Mohr, F.D. Lopez-Hilfiker, A. Lutz, M. Hallquist, L. Lee, P. Romer, R.C. Cohen, S. Iyer, T. Kurtén, W. Hu, D.A. Day, P. Campuzano-Jost, J.L. Jimenez, L. Xu, N.L. Ng, H. Guo, R.J. Weber, R. J. Wild, S.S. Brown, A. Koss, J. de Gouw, K. Olson, A.H. Goldstein, R. Seco, S. Kim, K. McAvey, P.B. Shepson, T. Starn, K. Baumann, E.S. Edgerton, J. Liu, J.E. Shilling, D.O. Miller, W. Brune, S. Schobesberger, E.L. D'Ambro, and J.A. Thornton, Highly functionalized organic nitrates in the southeast United States: Contribution to secondary organic aerosol and reactive nitrogen budgets, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 6, 1516–1521, doi:10.1073/pnas.1508108113, 2016. 
34. Suliman, W., J. B. Harsh, N. Abu-Lail, Fortuna, A-M., I. Dallmeyer, and M. Garcia-Perez. 2017. The role of biochar porosity and surface functionality in augmenting hydrologic properties of a sandy soil. Sci. Total Environ. 574:139-147. 
35. Grant, M.R., L.S. Tymon, G.L. Helms, L.S. Thomashow, C.K. Keller, J.B. Harsh. 2016. Biofilm adaptation to iron availability in the presence of biotite and consequences for chemical weathering. Geobiology. 14(6):588-598. doi:10.1111/gbi.12187. 
36. Chahal, M.K., J.B. Harsh and M. Flury. 2016. Translocation of fluoranthene in porous media by advancing and receding air–water interfaces. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 492:62-70. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.12.012. 
37. Suliman, W., J.B. Harsh, N.I. Abu-Lail, A.-M. Fortuna, I. Dallmeyer, and M. Garcia-Perez. 2016. Influence of feedstock source and pyrolysis temperature on biochar bulk and surface properties. Biomass & Bioenergy 84: 37-48. 
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58. Starcher, A.N., W. Li, R. K. Kukkadapu, E. J. Elzinga and D. L. Sparks. 2016. Fe(II) sorption on pyrophyllite: Effect of structural Fe(III) (impurity) in pyrophyllite on nature of layered double hydroxide (LDH) secondary mineral formation. Chem. Geology 439:152-160. I:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.06.017 
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60. Yang J.J., J. Wang ,W.N. Pan, T. Regier, Y.F. Hu, C. Rumpel, N. Bolan, D.L. Sparks. 2016. Retention mechanisms of citric acid in ternary kaolinite-Fe(III)-citrate acid systems using Fe K-edge EXAFS and L3,2-edge XANES spectroscopy. Scientific Reports. 6:26127. DOI:10.1038/srep26127 
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