Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

ACCOMPLISHMENTS BY OBJECTIVES 1. Improve the efficiency of breeding through elucidation of biological and environmental controls regulating yield potential and adaptation, enhancement of breeding methodologies (including genome mapping and gene database development), and improvement of germplasm diversity utilization. 1.A. Yield and Adaptation National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery The 2005 Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery was organized and distributed by the Washington State University (Prosser) with 38 commercial and experimental lines of dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of 9 different market classes (black, navy/small white, great northern, pinto, yellow, Flor de Mayo, small red, pink, and kidney). These lines were from CA, CO, ID, MI, NY, WA, USDA-ARS, ADM, Colusa Bean, Elliot Plant Breeding and Idaho Seed Bean. Yields ranged from 1744 to 3257 lb/a with a mean yield of 2589 lb/a across nine locations. Data on canning quality will be collected during Spring, 2006. Midwest Nursery MRPN was conducted at four locations, Carrington, ND, Mitchel, NE, Ft. Collins, CO and Saginaw, MI in 2005. The nursery included 20 entries consisting of advanced pinto and great northern lines from all four breeding program in these states. Yield ranged from 13 to 23 cwt/acre across all four locations and a number of lines consistently performed above the mean across these diverse locations. This cooperative nursery continues to be valuable as it allows an evaluation of potential new lines prior to release as varieties in other states. Western Regional Bean Trial The Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT) coordinated by USDA-ARS (Prosser, WA) was conducted in CO, WA and ID in 2005. There were 28 entries and 4 checks. In total, four market classes were tested, including 18 pintos, 7 great northerns, 3 small reds and 4 blacks. Eleven of the entries were from ID, 8 from CO, and 9 from WA (ARS). Yields under optimum and water stress conditions were obtained in ID and WA, and yield under rainfed conditions in CO. A beet curly top virus epidemic in WA enabled separation among entries for resistant and susceptible reaction to this disease. Germplasm evaluation, development, or release From January 2005 through October 2005 the Phaseolus germplasm maintenance program continued with its regular seed increase program, during which all increased plants were tested for BCMV. As of October 15, 2005, there are a total of 14,676 accessions in the Phaseolus collection. A seed increase has been conducted on 396 of these lines. Of the total collection, 11,483 accessions are backed up at the NCPRG in Fort Collins, CO. Two hundred ninety four new accessions (representing 8 species) were added to the collection and passport data on this material has been entered into GRIN. Distribution of Phaseolus germplasm from 1/1/2005 to 10/15/2005 included 2,180 accessions from 21 species or variety groups. The distribution of germplasm from the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station was 29.9% within the western region of the U.S., 60.5% outside the western region of the U.S., and 9.5% to non-U.S. sites. Species in the collection represent 42 of the 116 recognized Phaseolus taxa. A number of germplasm lines and varieties were developed during 2005. In Michigan, the adoption of new bean varieties have contributed in part to the 10% in increase in yield observed over the five year period (1999 2005) when compared to the previous five year periods. Adoption of the new bean variety Merlot, released in 2005, helped Michigan small red bean growers increase productivity and profits with 75 percent higher per acre yields than other small red beans. In 2005, Merlot experienced a 48 percent adoption rate which is the highest recorded for dry beans in Michigan and rivals the adoption rate of Roundup Ready® soybeans when they were first introduced. In Michigan, the pink bean breeding line S00809 was released as the variety Sedona based on a combination of favorable characteristics including upright architecture, high yield, mid-season maturity and dry down, suitability for direct harvest, improved levels of resistance to BCMV and rust, and excellent canning quality. Sedona represents the first pink bean variety to be released by MSU. In addition, cranberry bean breeding line C99833 was released as the variety Capri based on a combination of favorable characteristics including bush habit, mid-season maturity, and improved levels of resistance to bean common mosaic virus. Capri has a highly desirable large seed and low incidence of internal black spot that make it suitable for export markets. Breeding efforts in CO have identified two new black bean lines that were increased for foundation seed in 2005 and that are planned for public release in 2006. In addition, one pinto line is being increased for foundation seed and release in 2006. Previously released pinto cultivars contribute to increased production (~5% statewide) and reduced use of pesticides (to control rust) in the High Plains region. Three bean germplasm lines, PR9771-3-2, PR0247-49 and PR0157-4-1, were released (UPRM) in collaboration with the USDA-ARS. The lines were derived from interspecific crosses and represent a unique source of resistance to BGYMV. Through multi-state collaboration, Belmineb-RMR lines 8-13, rust, BCM and BCMN resistant great northern lines, were released. A common bacterial blight and rust resistant pinto germplasm line, ABCP-8, was also released. WA (ARS) has released USPT-WM-1, a germplasm line (formerly AN-37), the first pinto bean developed with enhanced resistance to white mold disease. White mold resistant lines were also released in other market classes including, Cornell 603 (dark red kidney), Cornell 604 (black), Cornell 605 (light red kidney) and Cornell 606 (black). USDK-CBB-15 is a dark red kidney bean germplasm release with a high level of resistance to common bacterial blight. Development of this line benefited from MAS through selection for resistance conditioned by two QTL, SAP6 on B10 and SU91 on B8. In snap beans, Oregon is in the process of releasing OSU 5630, a bush blue lake green bean. It is very similar to the standard variety Oregon 91G, but has improved yield and quality. Heat tolerance Populations developed in NY from crosses with Tio Canela and red kidney types (Montcalm and Red Kanner) were used to develop F4/5 populations that were evaluated in collaboration with USDA-ARS (Mayaguez). Two backcross plants developed in NY (Geneva), based on an interspecific cross to a heat tolerant accession of P. acutifolius, were used to develop backcross-self populations for heat tolerance. A high temperature trials were conducted in Juan Diaz, Puerto Rico (ARS) and in the greenhouse that included testing of promising varieties for heat tolerance breeding, a recombinant inbred line population for the study of the genetics of heat tolerance, and the selection of early generation lines for heat tolerance and common bacterial blight resistance. Other In Idaho, under severe drought stress pressure, some small-seeded black beans, such as 115M and Condor, exhibited high levels of drought tolerance. In addition, fourteen new pinto and seven great northern breeding lines and nine checks were evaluated in the Idaho Dry Bean Trial (IDBT) at Parma. The maturity and yield of the new pinto breeding lines were comparable to the standard checks such as Buster, Othello, and Bill Z. But, some breeding lines possessed better seed quality and merit further evaluation. The 2005 field season in Michigan proved to be quite challenging for bean production due to wet planting conditions in June followed by below normal precipitation (5.6% less) for the season. The season bore similarities to 2004 season but yields differed dramatically. Many trials averaged 30 cwt/acre and top yields in black beans reached 39 cwt/acre compared to a statewide average of 17 cwt/acre for the commercial crop. The extreme drought hastened maturity particularly in full-season varieties but unlike 2004 when yield were reduced, yields in 2005 were well above average. In 2004 when the earlier-maturing entries such as pintos and great northerns outyielded the full season navy and black bean lines, the trend was reversed in 2005 with the highest yields in blacks followed by navies. All small-seeded nurseries were direct harvested in 2005 and all medium-seeded tests were rod pulled, but unlike 2004, when there was considerable seed loss due to small plant size and low pod location within the plant, the direct harvested plots generally outyielded the earlier season nurseries. 1.B. Breeding Methodologies Winter Nursery In 2005, 2,979 bean breeding lines from MI, NE, ND and USDA-ARS were advanced one generation in a winter nursery planted at Isabela, Puerto Rico. The winter nursery continues to be used to select and reduce the number of lines for testing in temperate growing regions the following summer. Coordination of molecular maps In OR, a molecular map for snap bean based on the recombinant inbred Minuette x OSU 5630 population now is 470 cM in size with 200 markers total (173 RAPD's, 24 SSR's, 1 EST, and 2 phenotypes) in 11 linkage groups. All linkage groups have been coordinated with the Phaseolus consensus map. Nineteen QTLs for pod and plant characteristics have also been placed on the map. Pollination biology The spindly branch male-sterile allele was transferred from 5-593 germplasm to dark and light red kidney lines at CA-R. A field experiment, planted in early September, determined no natural cross-pollination among White Kidney and 5-593 sb/sb, and Linden and sb/sb. Sb/Sb and Sb/sb plants flowered first, with sb/sb plants remaining small and flowering at least two weeks later. Genes and genetic markers Nineteen QTLs for pod and plant characteristics have been placed on the molecular map for snap bean based on the recombinant inbred population Minuette x OSU 5630. 1.C. Genetic Diversity Germplasm conversion The conversion program in PR (ARS) is focused on genotypes harboring specific traits of interest acquired from tropical germplasm. The following genotypes are currently in the conversion program: G19833, G19839, G21212, Negro San Luis and Cargamanto. These genotypes have been crossed to several market classes, represented by Redhawk, Cardinal, Matterhorn, Othello, and Black Rhino, for the introgression of photoperiod insensitivity and determinacy. Interspecific crossing Three bean germplasm lines derived from interspecific crosses and representing a unique source of resistance to BGYMV were released in collaboration between PR (UPRM) and USDA-ARS. Bean transformation Preliminary studies on bean transformation have been completed in MI (East Lansing) based on electrotransformation techniques. Interspecific transfer In NY (Geneva), CMV resistant plants were identified in breeding lines developed from interspecific crosses with two P. coccineus accessions. Combinations of materials from these two populations have enhanced the genetic resistance to CMV. Wide crosses In NE, wild, weedy and landrace P. vulgaris and species such as P. coccineus will be tested for resistance to pathogens causing rust, web blight/root rot and white mold. Crosses with adapted beans such as ICA Pijao will allow progeny testing to determine inheritance. Recombinant inbred lines will be used to find molecular markers for the resistance traits. In MI two inbred backcross black bean populations derived from landrace and wild parents were evaluated in the field to assess the level of white mold resistance in the two exotic parents. 2. Identification of mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions leading to efficient, environmentally- safe, and economical disease control methods. 2.A. Viral diseases Bean Common Mosaic Virus At WA (ARS) the bc-3 gene for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV was implicated in resistance to ClYVV (Clover yellow vein virus). Presence of one recombinant actually indicates that a gene tightly linked with bc-3 confers the resistance to ClYVV. Bean Golden Mosaic Virus Bean golden mosaic virus. In PR (UPRM), white-seeded and pinto lines were selected that combine resistance to bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV), bean common mosaic necrotic virus (BCMNV) and rust. Another group of white-seeded lines has resistance to BGYMV and resistance to common bacterial blight both in the leaves and the pods. Three bean germplasm lines, PR9771-3-2, PR0247-49 and PR0157-4-1, were released in collaboration with the USDA-ARS. The lines were derived from interspecific crosses and represent a unique source of resistance to BGYMV. Morales has become the most popular white-seeded bean cultivar in Puerto Rico. During the past year, > 7,000 lbs of bean seed of the white-seeded cultivars Morales was produced at the Isabela Substation. Other economically important bean-infecting begomoviruses. In Arizona, biolistic inoculation of hypocotyls from germinated seed was tested as an alternative to seeding and inoculating first trifoliolates for resistance screening of begomoviruses, and the former approach was found to be more efficient. This approach, together with scarification, resolved some of the problems associated with uneven seedling height (gene gun chamber is limited) due to asynchronous germination in some lines. Additional seed was requested from various collaborators to replace lots that did not germinate well or did not germinate at all. These lines are being increased in winter nurseries in Washington and Puerto Rico. Results of inoculations indicated that Red Kidney was very tolerant to Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) (S) infection (this might be similar to other Mesoamerican lines; this hypothesis is being tested). This result has been confirmed by PCR. Topcrop (Andean) is very susceptible to SLCV and Squash mild leaf curl virus (SMLCV), and this result also has been confirmed by PCR. SLCV and SMLCV are viruses from the Sonoran Desert; they and their closest relatives are distributed throughout Mesoamerica and are not known to occur in South America. Other conclusions from resistance screening experiments (two replications with 5-6 plants/rep and PCR assay to detect virus presence) include: (i) Porrillo Sintetico and Zacatecano are tolerant to BGYMV; some plants did not develop symptoms but were positive by PCR (new growth), and some plants also exhibited mild symptoms (positive by PCR); and (ii) All tests included Topcrop and Red Kidney as susceptible/tolerant-resistant controls from the two centers of bean diversification. Continued work (2006) will involve a comparative study using SLCV and BGMV-BZ to screen selected lines (above and collection), the latter virus which is from Brazil (Andean). The selected lines were prioritized to include those already identified with differential resistance to at least two other begomoviral species that also are classified in different phylogenetic clades. Other In PR, breeding line 04SH-8730 was found to be resistant to a local isolate of ashy stem blight. Through extensive surveys of WI snap bean production areas over the last several years, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) were identified as important components in the complex with CMV as a major player. However, the role of clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) and unidentified viruses are not clearly understood. In 2005, in collaboration with Drs. Walt Stevenson and Craig Grau, UW-Madison, 15 (of the 23) PI accessions that were visually symptomless and ELISA negative (CMV) from the 402 PI accessions evaluated in 2004 were evaluated. Currently, there are 11 lines that were visually symptomless and ELISA negative that will be revaluated in a replicated greenhouse screen. In addition, all core accessions will be reevaluated in the greenhouse to confirm the 2004 and 2005 field results. 2.B. Bacterial Diseases In PR (UPRM), white-seeded lines previously screened in the field, greenhouse, and with molecular markers for CBB resistance were evaluated for release in replicated yield trials. In addition, pathogenic races among Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) isolates were identified based on differential foliage reactions that have been observed for certain Phaseolus vulgaris L. lines. Germplasm with common bacterial blight resistance was released, including ABCP-8 and USDK-CBB-15. WA (ARS) located the Pse-1 and Pse-4 genes for resistance to halo blight on linkage groups B4 and B10, respectively. They discovered that the Pse-2 gene in A43 host group differential conditions resistance to Races 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9. The Pse-2 gene was then tagged with a DNA marker and current work is focused on locating the gene on the core linkage map. In CO, epiphytic bacteria responsible for common bacterial blight were recovered from symptomless onion plants in fields cropped to dry bean the prior year, but not from fields cropped to a host other than dry bean. Close rotation of onion and dry bean may allow bacteria responsible for bacterial leaf blight of onion and those responsible for common bacterial blight of bean to persist epiphytically, and crop rotation schemes may need to be altered to reduce survival of these pathogens in onion and dry bean cropping systems. Bacterial wilt was confirmed in dry bean samples submitted to our laboratory by collaborating scientists in western Nebraska during 2004 to 2005 and collected from infected plants in some Colorado fields during 2005. Efforts are underway to confirm identification and conduct pathogenicity trials in the greenhouse. Future collaborative work will focus on gaining a better understanding of this resurgent pathogen and disease in western Nebraska and elsewhere in North America in recent years; as well evaluate cultivars and germplasm for effective sources of genetic resistance. 2.C. Fungal diseases Anthracnose Anthracnose was not a major production problem in the U.S. in 2005. A new race, race 9, was detected in Michigan in black beans. The race, however, is a less virulent form of the more common race 73 reported in Michigan and North Dakota. The race does defeat the Co-2 gene but can be easily controlled by those genes being deployed to control race 73. Progress has been made incorporating the broadly based resistance gene Co-42 gene into black beans and upright pinto bean germplasm. Previously the gene was only available in late maturing vine pinto and non adapted tropical black bean germplasm. Stem and Root Rots In PR (ARS), several root rot trials were conducted in collaboration with PR (UPRM) and MI. Several promising black bean lines (UPRM) have shown good root rot resistance, yield, and architecture. Under field and controlled conditions, 11 dry bean varieties were tested for root rot (Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli) resistance in ND using three different methods. VAX 3, T 39, and Eclipse showed the highest levels of resistance. In CO, plant disease evaluations continued to focus on identifying sources of resistance to priority pathogens and their diseases, including Fusarium wilt, rust, common bacterial blight, and white mold under greenhouse and/or field conditions. White Mold In NY (Geneva) white mold resistant breeding lines were developed for 3 market classes (snap beans, kidney beans and black beans) two of which were incorporated in the W-150 national white mold trials in 2002-2004 (Cornell 501 and Cornell 601), and four new lines that were released in 2005 (Cornell 603 (dark red kidney), Cornell 604 (black bean), Cornell 605 (light red kidney) and Cornell 606 (black bean)). WA (ARS) has released USPT-WM-1, a germplasm line (formerly AN-37), the first pinto bean developed with enhanced resistance to white mold disease. In NE, Sclorotinia sclerotiorum, mycelial compatibility grouping, virulence, ribosomal DNA polymorphism, and microsatellites will be used to determine pathogen variation in the U.S. and compare the data with that generated in Nebraska. This will determine if multiple isolates will be needed to screen for resistance. A new screening method for virulence will be tested in collaboration with scientists in Canada. Potential resistant germplasm and breeding lines will be subjected to a multi-state greenhouse and field testing for identification of dependable white mold resistance. ID and CA report recent greenhouse screening for white mold resistance has utilized a straw test method to assess the physiological resistance of germplasm (Petzoldt and Dickson, 1996). Using this protocol, differentiation of germplasm has been ineffective for lines with intermediate levels of resistance and between lines with similar levels of physiological resistance. This justified further refinement of the rating scale for the same method of inoculation (cut-stem and cut-branch methods) (Terán et al., in press). The modified scale facilitates better separation between resistant and intermediate and between intermediate and susceptible germplasm. This separation is demonstrated for many of the best sources of white mold resistance. Using the modified rating scale, accessions that were intermediate such as A 195, NY 6020-4, and 92 BG7, are now classified as resistant and better distinguished from intermediate and susceptible genotypes. This modified scale will aid in germplasm selection to further direct white mold resistance improvement in common bean. The objective of the green bean breeding project in OR is to develop bush blue lake types with improved growth habit and white mold resistance. To date, the best resistance in a snap bean background comes from the Cornell release NY 6020. The presence of a QTL associated with resistance in this germplasm line was verified in resistant breeding lines using molecular markers linked to resistance. A second set of material developed through the backcross inbred method using several resistant dry bean lines as donors of white mold resistance were further selected for resistance. Some lines appear to have promising levels of resistance and possess suitable green bean characters. Resistance to white mold found in P. coccineus has been incorporated into common bean using a backcross inbred scheme. BC2F2 and BC2F4 populations have been tested in the greenhouse and field for resistance to white mold, and DNA has been collected for mapping studies. Six QTL for white mold resistance were identified in the Raven/I9365-31 RIL population in WA (ARS). Four of the QTL detected in the field were associated with disease avoidance traits. Two QTL for physiological resistance as detected by the straw test were stably expressed across five different tests. Two existing QTL for white mold on B7 (G122 source) and B8 (NY6020-4 source) were successfully backcrossed into pinto bean and the latter also into Matterhorn great northern. Advanced lines from these backcrosses will be tested for white mold in field trials in 2006. Research efforts focused on the introgression of genes for resistance to white mold into adapted pinto germplasm in CO. It was determined that a QTL for resistance from Andean common bean G-122 confers partial resistance in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Mapping studies have detected four additional loci that are responsible for resistance to white mold and that will be used to screen for resistance in related populations. The first backcross to introgress genes that combine resistance from G 122 with genes from the related species P. coccineus have been completed. A RIL from this backcross is being develop to assess the effect of pyramiding genes for the two species. Molecular markers will be used to determine which lines possess the QTLs for resistance. In MI, Quantitative trait loci (QTL) significantly associated with resistance to white mold in the field were identified in an recombinant inbred line population using multiple trait bulks that included disease severity index (DSI), yield and days to flower. QTL that accounted for 9.2% to 14.7% of the phenotypic variation for DSI were located on linkage groups B2, B5, B7 and B8 of the integrated bean map. In addition, QTL were detected for seed size and yield and agronomic traits associated with disease avoidance: days to maturity, days to flower, and lodging. Heritability estimates for DSI were moderate (0.41) and correlations with agronomic traits that included lodging (0.56**); architecture (0.35**), canopy height (-0.33**) and yield (-0.64**) support the importance of these traits in disease avoidance. Data from the current study provides breeders with critical information on which traits and genomic regions to target as part of an overall strategy to enhance resistance to white mold in common bean. Rust A pinto germplasm line with rust resistance and common bacterial blight resistance was released, ABCP-8. In addition, great northern lines with rust, BCM and BCMN virus resistance, Belmineb-RMR lines 8-13, were released. For the bean rust pathogen, a new set of bean host differentials, as well as molecular tools, will be used to study pathogen phenotype and genotype diversity and its co-evolution with the common bean. The CDBN was rated for rust in MD (ARS) and a number of highly resistant lines were identified. Information based on co-evolution of common bean with rust is being used to combine multiple and complementary resistance genes from the Middle American and Andean gene pools. Losses due to rust in Nebraska in recent years were estimated at > $8 million/year. Globally, losses are in the millions of dollars. Disease resistance is the least expensive management option, thus both large and small landholders will benefit from rust and web blight resistance based on knowledge of pathogen variability. Cultural practice modification is not effective and fungicides are expensive and can have negative effects on the environment. In CO, analysis of weather data during the last 20 years has revealed associations between rust outbreaks and temperature and rainfall patterns. Late-season outbreaks of common bean rust in southwestern Nebraska during 2005 will facilitate our forecast model validation efforts in the spring of 2006 with growers and crop consultants in relation to scouting calendars and the timing of more effective integrated pest management programs. Resistance-linked genetic markers The Pse-1 and Pse-4 genes for resistance to halo blight WA (ARS) were located on linkage groups B4 and B10, respectively in WA (ARS). The Pse-2 gene was then tagged with a DNA marker and current work is focused on locating the gene on the core linkage map. Other In CO, outreach efforts culminated in the release of the updated version of an international publication, Compendium of Bean Diseases, Second Edition, edited and written by many W-150 participants. Major revisions and updates to the 109 page compendium with 200 figures were made by 20 authors and editors, and will be of value to bean workers and growers nationwide, as well as internationally. In CO, a series of laboratory and greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the conventional fungicide, thiophanate methl, applied in 46 to 2337 liters of water per hectare, provided very good control (84 to 96%) of white mold, even after 5 days of incubation. A newer fungicide, boscalid, provided less control (39 to 93%) in this series of experiments with different gallonages, but still offers a lot of potential for enhanced fungicide management for fugure IPM programs on dry bean and other crops that are affected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Both fungicides were more efficacious when applied in 234 liters of water per hectare. These rates are typically associated with ground rig or low volume chemigation equipment; while rates less than 234 liters of water per hectare are typically associated with aerial equipment. Another series of experiments demonstrated that Topsin and Endura provided very good control of white mold, even after a simulated rain event of 0.635 mm and 5 days of incubation. Both fungicides provided 90 to 98% control when there was no simulated rain event post treatment regardless of the application gallonage. 3. Elucidate genetic controls for food quality and value-added components. 3.A. Food quality testing Eleven market classes of dry bean and cowpea were characterized in CO for their health benefits based on chemical assays and in-vivo activity. The results indicate that market classes differ in total phenolics and antioxidant capacity in laboratory analyses. White beans showed low levels in these assays as compared to colored beans. 3.B. Characterization of bean constituents, nutritional value, and reduction in flatulence potential. Ten market classes were analyzed in MD (USDA) for phenolic acids content. Ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid were detected in all market classes. Caffeic acid was only detected in two black bean varieties. Average phenolic acid content in the dry beans sampled was 31.2 mg/100g. In CA (UC Berkley), lunasin, a cancer preventive peptide, was found in cowpea (Vigna sinensis). In CO, using animal feeding studies, some market classes reduced incidence of mammary pathologies. 3.C. Characterization of bean storage, soaking and cooking quality. In NY (Ithaca and grower fields), in one to as many as 13 sites, canning quality analysis was conducted on 185 breeding lines and new varieties against industry standards in light red kidney, dark red kidney, black turtle soup and white kidney classes. In Michigan, Sedona pink bean was released based on a combination of favorable canning quality traits. The variety was compared directly with small red varieties as no commercial pink beans are currently grown in Michigan. Sedona was evaluated as equivalent in canning quality to current small red bean varieties, Merlot, Brooks and Rufus in seed integrity, color retention, seed consistency and texture. In canning trials, Sedona has been subjectively rated by a team of panelists as being above average in cooking quality. Sedona rated 5.4 on a scale of 1 to 7 where 7 is best and 4 is mid scale (neither acceptable nor unacceptable) compared to Merlot (4.8), Brooks (3.3) and Rufus (5.9). This evaluation is based upon whole bean integrity (no splitting or clumping); uniformity of size (uniform water uptake); color (no after darkening); clear brine (no starch extrusion into canning liquid). Data on hydration and drained weight ratios exhibited no differences between Sedona and the current commercial small red bean varieties. The texture of 61 g/100g was slightly lower than the values for the small red varieties that ranged from 72-93 kg/100g. Sedona could substitute for small red bean in a canned product.

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