Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Call to Order: The Regional S-9 Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) was called to order at 1:10 PM on Tuesday, August 2, 2005 by chairperson Fred Allen in room 128 Ellington Plant Sciences Building on the University of Tennessee campus, Knoxville, TN. Roll Call: Each person did a self-introduction including their organizational affiliation and their professional responsibilities. Representatives from some states were not present. Welcome and Opening Remarks: Dr. Gerald Arkin welcomed the group and stated his responsibility as representative for S-9 to the Southern Agricultural Experiment Station Directors. He stated that the S9 project is an off-the-top SAES funded project in the southern region. He then encouraged each state committee member to communicate with his/her experiment station director about the importance of the S-9 project and how it serves each state in the region. He commented briefly on a report to be released soon by a national germplasm task force committee. The objective of the task force is to strengthen U.S. germplasm programs. Dr. Quesenberry and Dr. Bretting also commented briefly about the task force and the outcome of their deliberations. It is anticipated that a National Germplasm Coordinating Committee will be formed with membership from ESCOP, CSRES, and ARS. Dr. Arkin has been asked to be one of the committee members from the ESCOP group (state agricultural experiment station directors). It was suggested that a link to the task force report be added to the S-9 web page. Fred Allen, 2005 host for the meeting, added his welcome to the group and covered local arrangement details. Mr. Buddy Mitchell, Interim Vice-President, Institute of Agriculture, Univ. of Tennessee welcomed the group to campus and to Tennessee. He gave a brief overview of agriculture in Tennessee emphasizing the states diverse geography and agricultural commodities. He high-lighted the success of U.S. farmers by showing a graph depicting dramatic corn yield increases and relatively flat corn prices from 1900 through 2000. Other graphs illustrated the relatively small percentage of income that Americans spend on food and the increasing importance of agricultural research to allow farmers to compete in a global economy. He also discussed the importance of continued adequate funding for individual state research and extension priorities. National Overview: Dr. Peter Bretting presented three written reports: (1) 2005 National Program Staff Report for Program 301 - Plant, Microbial, and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics, and Genetic Improvement, (2) June, 2005 Report from the National Germplasm Resources Laboratory and Plant Exchange Office and (3) The GRIN 2005 Report to Regional Technical Advisory Committees. Highlights of the report included: - Retirements of Allan Stoner (Beltsville) , Loren Wiesner (Ft. Collins) , and Ed Percival (College Station) - The NGRL supported fifteen plant explorations and one plant exchange expedition in 2004. - Despite recent increases, budgets at some NPGS sites are still strained. The FY05 budget contained modest increases for plant genetic resource management in maize genetic enhancement. Future outlook is somewhat bleak since the budget for USDA-ARS is in the discretionary dollars category. - Assessment for NP301s first five-year cycle (2000-2005) is underway. An accomplishment report will be developed which will serve as the basis for an assessment conducted by an external review panel. A report from the panel will be presented at the second NP 301 Customer-Stakeholder Workshop scheduled for November, 2005. PGRCU Overview: Gary Pederson gave a presentation (Appendix 1)* covering the activities and improvements of the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit (PGRCU) at Griffin during the past year. He reviewed the mission of PGRCU as well as the progress that had been made in backing up the various plant collections since 1996. A total of 84,446 accessions are held at Griffin as of June, 2005. Dr. Pederson also reported on the domestic and foreign distributions of germplasm from the unit (24,102) during the past year. A total of 8,260 digital images (plant, flowers, leaves, seed, etc.) have been entered in the GRIN system for seven different crop species. Additionally, he reported on the status of funding, staffing, equipment purchases, facilities acquisitions, repairs and maintenance. A list of needs and priorities related to equipment and personnel were presented as requested by the S-9 Committee in 2004. Vigna: Graves Gillaspie made a presentation (Appendix 2)* on the status of regeneration and distribution of Vigna species. He also described an extensive effort to provide digital images of flowers, seeds, leaves, and pods through the GRIN system and demonstrated how to access in the GRIN system. Germination Lab: Dave Pinnow described ongoing work in the germination laboratory (Appendix 3)*. Since 2001, over 27,000 germination tests have been conducted at Griffin. Germination test results for seed from new regenerations and seed in cold storage were presented for sorghum, pepper, peanut, Vigna, and watermelon. Molecular Lab: Noelle Barkley (Appendix 4)* described the molecular procedure known as TILLING (target induced local lesions in genomes). She described several advantages of TILLING including cost benefits and ability to screen large numbers of individuals rapidly to assess natural genetic variation. Specific goals are: (1) to assess natural genetic variation in 100 mung bean accessions (within and between), identify SNPs, and design SNP markers; and (2) assess diversity in the peanut collection, develop SNP markers, and assay the collection for disease resistance... Sorghum: John Erpelding, located at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico reported on research efforts (Appendix 5)* in (1) screening for ergot resistance, (2) screening for anthracnose resistance, (3) germplasm regeneration, (4) wild sorghum species regeneration, and (5) germplasm characterization. Digital imaging of panicles is being utilized to characterize accessions from Ethiopia. * Appendices 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are located with the 2005 minutes on the S-009 website www.ars-grin.gov/ars/SoAtlantic/Griffin/pgrcu/s9report.html University of Tennessee Programs: Tim Rials, director of the Univ. of Tennessee Forestry Products Center made a presentation describing the importance of the forestry industry in Tennessee. He reviewed some of the research projects his group is working on to enhance wood processing and development of new wood products in the U.S. Vince Pantalone, soybean breeder, described the importance of plant introductions in his breeding program. His primary goals are improvement of seed yield and seed quality. Plant introductions have been utilized for modification of fatty acid levels and drought tolerance. Recent cultivar releases include 5002T and 5601T. Wednesday, August 3, 2005 The group traveled a few miles south of campus on Hwy. 129 to the East Tennessee Research and Education Center, Plant Science Unit. Presentations were made by John Hodges, superintendent, Dennis West, grains breeder, Fred Allan, and Richard Johnson. Dr. Hodges gave an overview of the Plant Sciences Unit. Dr. West discussed his work in corn breeding and showed some progeny of hybridizations between corn and teosinte. Richard Johnson discussed his research with Dr. Allen on soybean leaf orientation/root morphology trait combinations as related to water use efficiency. S-9 TAC Meeting Resumed: Chairman Fred Allen reconvened the group at 11:00 a.m., August 3, 2005 in room 128 Ellington Plant Sciences Building. Committee Members Discussions Tobacco Germplasm Collection: At the 2004 meeting the S9 TAC voted and recommended that the USDA take back the tobacco collection from NC State. The USDA-ARS representatives abstained from the vote. It was recommended that the Director of NC State Experiment Station take the action item to the next SAES directors meeting for their thoughts and action (especially the tobacco states). Apparently, there has been no action taken on this issue. There was considerable discussion as to what action the Committee might recommend. It was suggested that committee members from those states where tobacco is an important economic crop take the 2004 recommendation to their respective experiment station directors. It was pointed out that a considerable portion of the current tobacco germplasm collection is used for purposes other than variety development. This discussion has implications for other state-maintained germplasm collections as well including the wild Arachis spp. collection in Texas, a clover collection at the Univ. of Kentucky, and the tropical/subtropical forage collection (mainly legumes) in Florida. Business Session: Tim Phillips was elected secretary and Emerson Shipe chair for the 2006 S-9 TAC meeting. Dr. Peter Bretting stated that a national meeting of regional germplasm committees is scheduled at Ames, Iowa on June 6-8, 2006. It will be hosted by the North Central Regional PI Station and organized by Candice Gardner, research leader. The likely agenda is a two day meeting with one-half day allotted for a tour, national presentations, and individual regional committee meetings, respectively. A motion was made by Ken Quesenberry and seconded by Tom Zimmerman that the S-9 committee participate in and hold our annual meeting in conjunction with the national meeting at Ames. Motion passed. The incoming chair was urged to send out a reminder email to committee members early in 2006 providing the dates of the 2006 meeting. The group thanked Dr. Allen for hosting the meeting, and the participating University of Tennessee faculty for their presentations. Yearly reports from the S-9 TAC were distributed and each state representative present gave a brief summary. Reports should include yearly activities, impact and publications. Melanie Newman, grass curator at PGRCU, Griffin, gave a brief report on her work with warm season grasses. Gary Pederson requested guidance as to how to incorporate long state reports into the S-009 annual report on the National Information Management and Support System (NIMSS) website since it will not accommodate a long report. The Committee preferred to continue to put the longer, more complete state reports on the S-009 website and a shorter condensed version on NIMSS. Meeting was adjourned 12:05 pm.

The complete accomplishments section for the 2005 S-009 annual report is located at the S-009 website (www.ars-grin.gov/ars/SoAtlantic/Griffin/pgrcu/s9.html). A summary of the accomplishments from the Griffin location and S-009 cooperators is listed below. USDA, ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit: Plant genetic resources collected or obtained from throughout the world are valuable sources of genetic diversity for use in agronomic and horticultural crop improvement programs in the U.S. This broad genetic diversity enables research programs to efficiently produce new cultivars, develop new knowledge, discover value-added uses, and preserve food security for the general public. The germplasm collection at Griffin, GA has increased to 84,446 accessions of 244 genera and 1,437 species. In 2004, a total of 24,102 seed, tissue culture, and clonal accessions were distributed to users for their research use. All accessions were requested from the Griffin location directly by researchers and distributed in 918 orders to users in 41 states and 31 foreign countries. In the last year, 91% of the collection is backed up at the National Center for Genetic Resource Preservation and 85% of the accessions are available for use by the research community. Backing up safely secures these plant genetic resources for future use by researchers and good availability provides users with a wide array of currently available germplasm. A cowpea line was identified and released with resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) by Graves Gillaspie. This resistant line could lead to development of cowpea cultivars with improved CMV resistance and increased yields. Roy Pittman, in cooperation with researchers in Georgia, Florida, and Bolivia, identified two advanced cultivated peanut lines for possible release. The lines have new sources of disease resistance for tomato spotted wilt virus, early and late leaf spot, and rust. Seed increases were successful for 807 cultivated peanut accessions. A total of 124 accessions of cultivated peanuts were processed through quarantine to be available for researchers. The entire finger millet collection (671 accessions) was regenerated by Melanie Newman and a core collection including additional descriptor data was formed. Regeneration of the entire bahiagrass collection (178 accessions) was initiated at Byron, GA, in 2004 and seed harvesting initiated in 2005. Based on results from a molecular study of the bamboo collection, two contaminated plots were identified and will be renovated to remove contaminants. Amounts of four phytochemicals (daidzein, genistein, quercetin, and kaempferol) were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from 36 guar accessions. Genetic variability of 96 guar accessions was determined using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and morphological data. Regeneration of 45 Trifolium tembense, a short-day African clover, accessions was successfully conducted in the greenhouse during the fall. Regeneration of sorghum accessions in St. Croix and Puerto Rico continued in coordination with the sorghum curator, John Erpelding. Over 1,100 accessions were sent to St. Croix for regeneration and seed from the first set of regenerations has arrived at Griffin. Bob Jarret characterized 700 accessions of the Capsicum annuum (chile pepper) germplasm collection. Almost the entire U.S. sweetpotato collection (96%) maintained in tissue culture has been backed up in Ft. Collins, CO. In 2001, only 12% of the collection was backed up. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from wheat, rice, maize, and sorghum database were transferred for use to other grass species including finger millet, seashore paspalum, and bermudagrass by Ming Li Wang. Germination tests were conducted on over 9,100 accessions in 2004. Over 5,500 accessions were sent to Ft. Collins for new back up or replacement of other back up samples. Over 7,200 accessions were put into -18 C storage. Currently, almost 58% (over 48,500 accessions) of the entire collection has at least one sample in -18 C storage. Alabama: Work continues on evaluation of sunn hemp, sericea lespedeza, clovers and Vicia species. Sunn hemp germplasm is being used for development of cultivars that can be used as fodder and as cover crops. Evaluations are being done in cooperation with colleagues at Auburn, GA, LS, AR, and USDA at several locations. Evaluation of the TX collection of upland cotton (G. hirsutum) for resistance to reniform nematode, and tolerance or resistance to heat and drought stress is being conducted to find resistance and incorporate it into adapted cotton germplasm. Evaluations are in cooperation with colleagues at Auburn. Phylogenetic relationships of Citrullus were studied using DNA sequences from several chloroplast regions. Florida: In 2004, 418 PIs of 20 different plant species were distributed to 37 different individuals representing private breeders, USDA and University of Florida scientists, and the general public. Some examples of those uses are listed below. Dr. K. H. Quesenberry, Univ. Florida, is evaluating bahiagrass PIs for forage potential and native forage legume germplasm (Desmodium incanum and Lotononis bainesii) for use in mixtures with bahiagrass. Four PI selections of Arachis glabrata are being evaluated for possible cultivar release. Dr. Ann Blount, Univ. Florida, is selecting bahiagrass for increased fall and spring growth in bahiagrass, leaf tissue tolerance to moderated frost events, and resistance to dollar spot disease. Dr. Kevin Kenworthy, Univ. Florida, is evaluating various plant introductions of zoysiagrass and bermudagrass. Dr. Jay Scott, Univ. Florida, has found resistance to bacterial spot race T4 in PI 114490 and PI 126932 of tomato. The inheritance of T4 resistance is the main subject of a Ph.D. students dissertation. Dr. Barry Tillman, Univ. Florida, reports that PI 576623 is the grandparent of some peanut breeding lines that in field testing have the highest level of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance that we have seen to date. Dr. Eilene Kabelka, Univ. Florida, reports that the Cucurbita and Citrullus PI material obtained from S-9 during 2004 is being utilized as sources of beneficial genes for introgression into squash and watermelon, respectively. Beneficial genes that may be obtained from this material include resistance to papaya ring spot virus, watermelon mosaic virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, phytophthora blight, and powdery mildew. Georgia: More than 50 different requests for a total of 855 plant accessions were supplied to University scientists, USDA scientists, consultants, seed companies, gardeners, and numerous individuals. The most requested crops were peanut, pepper, various legumes, and bamboo. The University of Georgia has strong plant breeding and advanced molecular biology programs that supply new crop cultivars and associated technologies to our agricultural sector and rely heavily upon the plant materials maintained within the S-9 unit. UGA currently has active cultivar development programs in soybean, peanut, small grains, turfgrasses, forages, blueberries, and numerous ornamental crops that frequently utilize the plant genetic resource collections. In addition, research programs in crop science, horticulture, plant pathology, entomology and other disciplines utilize the genetic resources of the S-9 unit in both basic and applied research projects. Guam: Field evaluation of hot peppers (Capsicum annuum) and large tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) was conducted for their adaptation to tropical environment, pest resistance, and consumer preference in Guam. The consumers preferred local very pungent peppers than high yielded Taiwan cultivars. A new large tomato cultivar Solar Fire developed at the University of Florida performed well and comparably with the other heat tolerant cultivar Solar Set. The phenetic analysis of sweetpotato accessions indicated that germlines from Guam and Rota were very similar. Germplasm collection, conservation and distribution continued. Hawaii: Evaluations of six new macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) selections are in progress at two Univ. Hawaii Research Stations. Selection 932 exhibits greater precocity compared to the standard industry cultivars. Longan (Dimocarpus longan) trials showed that flowering in three cultivars was stimulated within 2 months after trees were treated with soil drenches containing calcium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite. In commercial rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) orchards in Hawaii fruit set is often limited by the production of low numbers of male flowers for pollination. Earlier we showed that the potassium salt of NAA (K+NAA) at 90 ppm could stimulate the development of male flowers on rambutan panicles which are comprised primarily of functionally female flowers. Experiments treating 11 rambutan cultivars with the potassium salt of NAA stimulated male flower production and induced male flowers to produce viable pollen for pollination. Louisiana: Accessions of sweetpotato were obtained to screen germplasm for iron and zinc uptake potential. Initial results show about a 50% variation among accessions in their ability to uptake these micronutrients. Additional germplasm was requested for on-going work towards developing resistance to various sweetpotato viruses. The Vigna collection is routinely assessed for resistance reactions to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola. The sorghum collection is being used to make crosses to improve sugarcane. Work on legumes is focused on identifying other sources of isoflavones other than soybean. Mississippi: The kenaf (Hisbiscus cannabinus L.) breeding program at Mississippi State University is selecting for altered leaf-shape and yield and anticipate a cultivar release in 2005. The USDA corn host plant resistance program is developing sources of resistance to Aspergillus flavus and various corn insects. A proposal for the release of a new germplasm (Mp717) with enhanced tolerance of aflatoxin has been submitted for review. The USDA Cotton Breeding program at Mississippi State University has been evaluating the use of random mating among diverse cultivars to obtain recombination among desirable yield and fiber quality traits in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). This group also released 14 upland cotton, primitive-derived germplasm lines with improved fiber strength and 21 BC4-F4 noncommercial flowering day neutral germplasm lines of upland cotton involving Gossypium hirsutum L. race accessions in 2004. North Carolina: Faculty in the Crop Science and Horticultural Science Departments at NC State University conduct research on strawberry, blueberry, brambles, tree crops, ornamentals, maize, soybean, peanut, cotton, tobacco, small grains, turfgrasses, sweet potato, cucurbits, and other crops. In tobacco, a new burley tobacco cultivar, NC 103, was released with high levels of resistance to multiple viruses and diseases. In small grains, four germplasm lines were released with significantly more freezing tolerance than the most winter hardy oat. A new hulless oat, cultivar NC-Hulless, was released with superior performance for the horse industry. High yielding peanut lines N98003 and N00090ol were proposed for cultivar release; N00090ol is the first large-seeded peanut with high oleic acid content. Three new peanut cultivars were developed for the boiling market. In cotton, 9,239 EST sequences representing genes expressed during the secondary wall phase of cotton fiber development were deposited in GenBank. Soybean lines were identified with resistance to soybean cyst nematode. A total of 19 corn breeding lines were released. Transgenic tall fescue plants were obtained with more tolerance to water deficiency than other known tall fescue genotypes. Additional cultivar releases have been made in the peach and blueberry programs. Dr. Jennifer Levin, Assist. Professor of Crop Science, is the curator of the national Nicotiana collection. The collection has about 2,000 cultivated and 200 species accessions maintained by the NC State Univ. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Technical and operating support will be needed for proper maintenance in the future. Oklahoma: Yinghua Huang, USDA-ARS, is identifying new sources of genetic resistance to greenbug (i.e. aphid) pest through evaluation of all available sorghum germplasm. Over 40,000 accessions received from NPGS are tested against greenbug feeding through artificial infestation in greenhouse. Twain Butler, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, is evaluating 7 PIs of Strophostyles helvula (trailing wild bean) to select lines with desirable maturity and agronomic characters suitable for summer reseeding legume in permanent pastures. He is also comparing PI 215298 Strophostyles leiosperma (smooth-seeded wild bean) with local ecotype collections to select lines with desirable reseeding ability. Tim Springer, USDA-ARS, is increasing seed of little bluestem PIs (Schizachyrium scoparium) to develop a larger population of plants to select for seed and forage production. Puerto Rico: In 2004, three researchers in Puerto Rico requested a total of 322 seed samples of Sorghum (302), Vigna (4), and Desmodium (16) from the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit in Griffin, GA. Numerous research studies were conducted by the University of Puerto Rico scientists. Field studies of quenepa (Melicoccus bijugatus) clones; guava (Psidium guajava) accessions; plantain and banana (Musa sp.) clones; yam (Dioscorea sp.), cassava (Manihot esculenta), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) collections; sweet cherry pepper (Capsicum chinense) accessions; citrus plantings with various rootstock/scion combinations; mango (Mangifera indica) clones; fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) variety trials; maize (Zea mays) populations were conducted at numerous locations in Puerto Rico. USDA, ARS, Tropical Agricultural Research Station scientists evaluated sorghum accessions from Mozambique, Ethiopia, and Mali for anthracnose resistance. Cultivars and rootstock of lychee (Litchi chinensis), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), longan (Dimocarpus longan), mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota), and sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) were surveyed for susceptibility to root-feeding pests. Mamey sapote supported the most root pests and longan supported the fewest. All 84 accessions in the banana (Musa spp.) collection will be evaluated for phenotypic and agronomic traits as well as molecular marker data to estimate genetic diversity in the collection. The regeneration of 1680 sorghum accessions with low seed viability or number was conducted at GIRU, US Virgin Islands. A total of 230 cultivated sorghum accessions and 10 wild species were transplanted to the field in Isabela for seed regeneration. Also, 50 cowpea, 20 maize, 15 winged bean, 5 cucurbits and 15 Leucaena accessions were regenerated. A total of 1785 distributions of more than 40 plant species of tropical germplasm were distributed to researchers and cooperators at the local, national and international level. South Carolina: A total of 612 germplasm accessions of watermelon, pepper, sweetpotato, cowpea, zoysia, and eggplant were distributed from PGRCU in Griffin, GA to scientists and individuals in South Carolina in 2004. Seed of soybean (Glycine max) germplasm line, LG00-3372, was obtained the Soybean Germplasm Collection, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL, and crossed with two elite South Carolina glyphosate-tolerant experimental lines to combine diverse genes for seed yield with genes in the adapted lines which provide nematode resistance and agronomic characteristics suitable for the southeastern U.S.A. F2 plants from both crosses are currently being grown at Clemson, South Carolina. PI 594651-L2, with a high level of resistance to peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) was crossed with an adapted South Carolina cultivar, Dillon, to combine an improved level of M. arenaria resistance with high seed yield and acceptable agronomic traits. Tennessee: The following projects are being conducted at the University of Tennessee in which novel or exotic germplasm lines are being utilized in research projects. Recombinant inbred lines (RIL) are being developed from a cross between a prolific rooting line, PI 416937, and a high leaflet orienting cultivar, USG 5601T, to determine the effects of combinations of fibrous root and leaflet orientation on water-use efficiency in soybeans. Four new cross hybridizations have being initiated by the TN program to expand diversity in elite soybean germplasm for applied variety development. Several populations are being grown by soybean breeders throughout the U.S. to select adapted lines for local conditions as potential new cultivars, or use the lines as parents in crosses to introgress new germplasm into breeding programs. Early generation lines from the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) project, coordinated through the USDA Maize project at Iowa State University, are crossed with elite adapted lines and evaluated for field performance. The best lines from these hybrid trials are entered in breeding programs, using traditional breeding methods, to develop new maize parental lines. Three accessions of teosinte were obtained from NCRPIS at Ames, Iowa in 2004 and crossed with adapted corn. F1 hybrids will be backcrossed to adapted corn lines during the 2005 growing season. Virgin Islands: There are two native orchid species remaining in St. Croix; Epidendrum ciliare and Psychilis macconnelliae, both of which are on the VI endangered species list. Current research includes media comparison studies to determine the most appropriate method for micropropagation of the plants by seed and developing acclimatization protocols for species which are more difficult to harden off than conventional hybrids. Preliminary results indicate that the Epidendrum ciliare germinates best on a modified Knudson-type media whereas the Pyschilis macconnellia prefers a modified Orchid replate/maintenance media. Greater production of in vitro grown native orchids, through the use of specific media for the species, has reduced the cost to local growers. Papaya strains obtained from Venezuela, Columbia and Bangladesh are being evaluated with eight selected lines grown in the US Virgin Islands. The new papaya lines are being assessed for disease tolerance, production potential and fruit quality under the semi-arid tropical conditions found in the US Virgin Islands. Virginia: Several accessions from the USDA plant germplasm collection were used for studies of systematics and genetic diversity. Legume cover crops are under investigation for their potential in meeting nitrogen needs of various summer crops. Peanut accessions acquired from the Plant Germplasm Conservation Unit in Griffin Georgia were used in development of newly released cultivars and germplasm. These activities document the distribution and utilization of plant genetic resources, a primary objective of the regional project, the study of genetic relationships among crop plants and their wild relatives, and the release of new cultivars of crop plants, the cornerstone of agriculture.

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