Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Brief Summary of Annual Meeting Location: Oregon Convention Center, Portland, Oregon (Rm E147-148) Date: Tuesday November 18, 2014 Time: 1:30-9:00 PM Organizers: Cesar Rodriguez-Saona Christelle Guédot 1:30 PM Welcoming Remarks 1:35 PM Seasonal phenology and population dynamics of Drosophila suzukii in Oregon Peter W. Shearer, Oregon State University ; Vaughn Walton, Oregon State University 1:55 PM SWD overwintering biology and use of wild host plants in the Northeast US Gregory M. Loeb, Cornell University ; Anna Wallingford, Cornell University ; Johanna Elsensohn, Cornell University ; Stephen P. Hesler, Cornell University 2:15 PM Trap, trap, trap those spotted wing drosophila: Challenges and improvements Jana C. Lee, USDA - ARS 2:35 PM Drosophila suzukii population estimation and development of a real-time risk model Vaughn Walton, Oregon State University ; Daniel T. Dalton, Oregon State University ; Nik G. Wiman, Oregon State University ; Samantha L. Tochen, Oregon State University ; Betsey Miller, Oregon State University ; Hannah Burrack, University of California ; Kent M. Daane, University of California ; Xin-geng Wang, University of California ; Peter W. Shearer, Oregon State University ; Claudio Ioriatti, Fondazione Edmund Mach ; Gianfranco Anfora, Fondazione Edmund Mach ; Alberto Grassi, Fondazione Edmund Mach ; Markus Neteler, Research and Innovation Centre - Fondazione Edmund Mach 2:55 PM Comparing the attractiveness of homemade baits and synthetic lures for monitoring Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in host crops Hannah Burrack, University of California ; Mark K. Asplen, Metropolitan State University ; Brian W. Bahder, Washington State University ; Frank Drummond, University of Maine ; Christelle Guédot, USDA - ARS ; Rufus Isaacs, Michigan State University ; Donn Johnson, University of Arkansas ; Anna K Kirk, Michigan State University ; Jana C. Lee, USDA - ARS ; Gregory M. Loeb, Cornell University ; Cesar Rodriguez-Saona, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey ; Steven Van Timmeren, Michigan State University 3:15 PM Break 3:30 PM Degree day modeling of Drosophila suzukii spring phenology Amy J. Dreves, Oregon State University ; Leonard Coop, Oregon State University ; Amanda Ohrn, Oregon State University ; Thomas Peerbolt, Peerbolt Crop Management, Inc 3:50 PM Evaluation of crop protectants for minimizing SWD infestation in berries Rufus Isaacs, Michigan State University ; Hannah Burrack, University of California ; John C. Wise, Michigan State University ; Cesar Rodriguez-Saona, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey ; Steven Van Timmeren, Michigan State University 4:10 PM Developing behaviorally based tools for management of spotted wing drosophila Tracy C. Leskey, USDA - ARS ; Brent Short, USDA - ARS ; Cesar Rodriguez-Saona, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 4:30 PM Behavioral control and mass trapping: Lessons learned in blueberries Richard Cowles, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station ; Steven Alm, University of Rhode Island ; Heather Faubert, University of Rhode Island 4:50 PM Prospects for classical biological control of Drosophila suzukii Kim A. Hoelmer, USDA - ARS ; Kent M. Daane, University of California ; Xin-geng Wang, University of California ; Vaughn Walton, Oregon State University ; Emilio Guerrieri, National Research Council of Italy ; Massimo Giorgini, National Research Council of Italy 5:10 PM Concluding Remarks Summary of Presentations (above): Peter W. Shearer (Oregon State University): Seasonal Phenology and Population Dynamics of Drosophila suzukii in Oregon SWD has grown as a pest in Europe this past year, while continuing to pose a threat in North America. A number of insecticide sprays exist for western cherries and berries, including pyrethroids. However, attractants are inconsistent, even for first capture. In a study, the “haviland” trap was found to be most effective - catches first fly more often than simple deli cup. Clustering traps was even more effective. Yeast is much more effective than apple cider vinegar, and Scentry is the most effective commercial lure. Attractants tend to catch females before males. OSU is developing statistical models for phenology and population structure. Females exhibit phenological variation - they are smaller and lighter in the summer, and larger and darker in the winter. They also tested a Scentry lure killing solution of water, soap, and boric acid. Gregory M. Loeb (Cornell University): SWD overwintering biology and use of wild host plants in the northeast US There is a need for region-based plans for SWD management, including strategies focusing on overwintering behavior. In New York, the first adult is usually captured mid June/mid July, but really starts to build up in August through early November. Shortening day length and cooler temperatures are both important environmental cues for reproductive diapause. Reproduction shuts down at less than 12 hr days. However, there is little evidence that short day length contributes to cold tolerance. Larval development under cooler temperatures leads to the winter morph and cold tolerance. It is still unclear when diapause ends and under what circumstances, and how behavior may play a role in overwintering. Wild hosts include bush honeysuckle, blackberry, and pokeweed. The first two are particularly important early-mid season. Flies were caught most on wild hosts mid-season, mostly on silky dogwood and wild blackberry. Importance of a wild host as a reservoir includes female attraction, quality as larval host, timing of ripeness, length of season, abundance, and distance from the susceptible crop. Jana C. Lee (USDA-ARS): Trap, trap, trap those SWD: challenges and improvements Physical aspects of traps are very important for attraction. A nationwide assay compared the 6 most-used types of traps in 2011. The trap with wide side-mesh caught the most: more entry area led to more catch. However, it was not very selective. Dome traps were most attractive, which may be due to bait volume or the color of entry. Dreves found that traps with smallest head space caught the most flies. In terms of color, red and yellow traps caught the most, and no trap X crop interaction was discovered. Basoalto found that red and black bands together were more attractive than red or black alone, and that a “sombrero”-style landing area was attractive. Orange-yellow was found to be a more attractive color than lemon yellow. Additionally, the number of entry points matters. Lee and Van Steenwyk both found side entry to be the best method. Beers and Lee found greater bait volume to be more attractive, but headspace and surface area are both important. Beers and Cowles both found evidence that a smaller headspace is more attractive. Dreves found that prevention of escape from pest strips increases capture. Iglesias found that the addition of soap led to higher, though non-significant, capture. Van Steenwyk found the addition of fluon significantly increased capture. Overall, color, entry area, orientation, volume, surface, and headspace might attract from afar. Larger entry area may reduce retention, while surface area, headspace, and prevention of escape might increase retention. It is unclear whether a modified “McVale” entry - underneath trap - may be effective. Vaughn Walton (Oregon State University): Drosophila suzukii population estimation and development of a real time risk model There are many SWD generations per season: early generations are synchronized, while later generations overlap. A real time population model is being developed at OSU. According to population estimates, pressure was predicted to be much higher for 2012 than 2011, which was confirmed in the field. There are regional differences in seasonal phenology: in the San Joaquin Valley, winter and summer bottlenecks reduce populations. The model was found to agree with real numbers. There are several applications for this model. The first is real time area-wide risk assessment with high resolution remotely sensed temperature data. The second is virtual determination of optimal action, such as timing of action. Early application may be much more effective than summer spray, which manages 5-10% of the population. The model is being used to develop an online tool for grower use. Environmental manipulation may be very important to manage populations. Drip irrigation may reduce fly number compared to overhead irrigation with poor drainage. Pruning berries may lead to ~46% reduction, and the use of a weed mat may reduce ~94% by increasing soil temperatures. This has not been verified by field insect collections. Hannah J. Burrack (North Carolina State University): Comparing the attractiveness of homemade baits and the synthetic lures for monitoring Drosophila suzukii in host crops Baits were tested for attractiveness, attractiveness by crop, specificity, and female reproductive status differences. The fermenting cup was most effective, and even more effective for females than males. There was much higher trap capture in caneberry than blueberry, though it was unclear whether this was due to low population abundance, a fruit effect, or something else. More males were caught than females in blueberry, and they preferred the Trece lure over apple cider vinegar. Attractants were nonselective: <50% of drosophilids were Drosophila suzukii. All other attractants caught the first fly 1-2 weeks earlier than apple cider vinegar. However, all are poor indicators of fruit infestation. The highest mature egg count was found before fruit ripening. There is a need to test new attractants and identify volatile compounds to increase specificity and simplify applications. Amy Dreves (Oregon State University): Degree day modeling of Drosophila suzukii spring phenology Goals of the degree day model are simplicity, ease of use, robustness, and utility for different climates and years. It is part descriptive, reflecting current understanding, and part predictive, for first feeding, reproduction, and signaling first treatment. The lower temperature threshold is 10ºC and the upper is 30ºC, with 169 DD from egg to adult. Up to 90% oviposition was found in Sarcococca, an invasive Asian non-crop host. A sex shift in the population from males to females at ~180 DD may be used to predict egg laying, though this was found to be less apparent in blueberries. The degree day model is up on uspest.org. It may be useful to help target the first generation of SWD for management. Rufus Isaacs (Michigan State University): Evaluation of crop protectants for minimizing SWD infestation in berries Early lab bioassays of crop protectants found pyrethroids most effective, especially early. Neonicotinoids were less effective. Spinosyn was slow, and Biological very ineffective. In semi-field studies, Imidan, Lannate, and pyrethroid (Mustang Max) were most effective, even with rain. Small, commercial-scale tests showed that both conventional and organic methods can keep SWD levels down in real-world conditions. Microscope-enhanced salt tests were found to greatly increase SWD detection, with more life stages visible. Post-infestation treatment is effective, but depends on time after egg laying; some insecticides penetrate into the fruit. Integration of temperature-dependent life table data into modeling population estimates can improve action recommendations. Shorter application intervals and targeting all life stages are both important, but information on life-stage sensitivity to available management tools is key. Tracy C. Leskey (USDA-ARS): Developing behaviorally based tools for management of SWD There are four components of attract and kill strategy: visual cues, olfactory cues, deployment strategy, and capture mechanism. Red and black traps were shown to be most effective, and while there is no clear shape preference, larger stimuli are better. Yeast-sugar mix bait greatly increased attractiveness in early lab study. Scentry and Trece were most attractive, but not as selective. Perimeter-based deployment has worked for apple maggot, but not tested in SWD. Lethality tests show that lots of compounds can kill SWD. In field trials, Delegate and Venom together, unbaited, reduced SWD, and were more effective than both alone. Adding bait also produced SWD reduction, but the baited sphere showed more SWD larvae/pupae per plant, and neither was as effective as spraying. As the population increases, control breaks down, and there is a need to understand foraging behavior to improve control. Richard Cowles (Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station): Behavioral control and mass trapping: lessons learned in blueberries Kanzawa 1939 showed economic protection of sweet cherries in Japan through mass trapping. 2013 trapping data showed that damage increased with later-ripening varieties and distance from trap. For mass trapping to be effective, it must prevent females from laying eggs. Spraying the trap greatly increased capture efficiency, but there was no difference in the number of larvae in fruit between non-trapped and trapped fields. However, traps can still be used for resistance management, effective monitoring for spray program. There is a need to reduce cost per trap and number oftraps needed: a modified McVale trap was just as effective as an expensive Trappit dome trap. Mass trapping is likely not the only answer: it becomes less effective as the season progresses. It is possible that kombucha could be an effective bait, but this is so far speculative. Kim A. Hoelmer (USDA-ARS): Prospects for classical biological control of Drosophila suzukii Parasitoids are believed important in regulating populations of many drosophila spp. Two residents, P. vindemmiae and T. drosophilae, attack SWD pupae, though none attack larvae. Asian Ganaspis spp. may be effective for control. SWD has a broad host range of in Asia, providing many potential niches for natural enemies. It is important to repeat surveys for natural enemies at different times of year over several years and in many regions. Simple traps are inexpensive and effective, but nonspecific, and it is better if the trap can actually be exposed to SWD. Several trips have been made by USDA and OSU in conjunction with Italian colleagues. Imported parasitoids have been successfully cultured on SWD and identified to genus and morphospecies, with many in Asobara. Initial results in figitid and braconid spp may be promising, along with preliminary results in asobarids. Projects with EU and Asian partners are ongoing. State Reports Arkansas - Donn Johnson: Exclusion by screening a high tunnel is being tested using Proteknet 25g weave. It is about 10ºC hotter inside the tunnel. Very few SWD have been caught inside, even though they were caught outside, with a similar sex ratio caught inside and out. Infestation in wild blackberry can be up to 100% in mid july, and remains high through mid august. There was a high infestation in unsprayed blackberry at the experimental station during the same period. Connecticut - Rich Cowles: Many more SWD were found in raspberries in late season compared to blueberries in early season. It is unclear whether populations are overwintering locally or coming from the south. It is possible that the cold winter may have killed overwintering flies, delaying emergence. Florida - Lindsy Iglesias: Trapping in strawberries caught a mean of 6-14 flies per trap from February through May. In the same period, traps in blueberries caught mean 1-4 flies per trap, with organic crops seeing losses. Traps in blackberries caught 3-4/trap from June through July. Populations peak in June-July and again in December-January. Cultivated blackberry was significantly more attractive compared to wild and blueberry, but wild blackbarries in Florida are much smaller than cultivated berries. Border sprays were found to be effective, and cultivation of berry fields may also be effective. In testing baits, yeast/sugar collected the most flies, though Suzukiitrap was more selective. Georgia - Ash Sial: There were much fewer SWD in 2014 than 2012, 2013. First catch was February 14, and there was a small population peak towards the beginning of highbush season in mid-April. After a long lull, there was a second peak during rabbiteye season from the end of June through mid August. Organic spray programs were ineffective in both highbush and rabbiteye, with almost no difference from control plots. The electrostatic sprayer had least leaf area coverage, and was least effective in semi-field trials. Michigan - Rufus Isaacs: 2014 was a cooler season for cherries, so fly and harvest season overlapped. Many control trials were conducted for a variety of protectants both conventional and organic. Good control was achieved with several organic products. New Jersey - Dean Polk: Trece lure caught the most flies throughout the season. First capture was ~1 month later than 2013, in mid July, and overall levels were lower than 2013. High larval infestation was observed in commercial berries. With insecticide intervals of 2-3 weeks, SWD capture was low but still positive. Sprays were down compared to the previous year, but still high. New York - Greg Loeb: SWD populations emerged later in the season with a lower overall population, but late season fruit were still hit with infestation. Adults were caught 1-2 weeks before infestation with the best lure (yeast), thanks to a well-trained monitoring team. North Carolina - Katharine Swoboda: There was low mortality on insect growth regulators, with no effect on reproductivity. Edible fruit coatings may reduce immature survivorship, but only at high concentrations with excellent coverage. Typical post-harvest storage may delay development and cause some mortality, but won’t eliminate infestation. Weekly pesticide rotations were effective for rabbiteye, but not blackberries. Sanitation important for caneberry, and infestation was found only in ripe caneberry fruit. Ontario - Justin Renkema: SWD counts were slightly lower than 2013. Essential oil repellency is being tested to identify compounds and formulate an effective blend. Field evaluation with biopolymer flakes resulted in some reduction and may be viable in conjunction with attract and kill. Primers for gut content analysis for SWD were developed. Oregon - Peter Shearer: Climate-driven models are being developed, though there is inadequate overwintering information. The Scentry lure is the best commercially available, but was found to be less effective than yeast-sugar solution. There was another exploration trip to Asia to survey for biocontrol agents. Mass trapping trials proved ineffective - adding baits may help. The extension website spottedwing.org received 90,000 pageviews throughout the year. Utah - Lori Spears: There was a mean of less than 1 swd per trap, and first capture occurred on June 2. SWD was detected in 5 new counties, and there was a general increase in abundance. Cache county caught the most flies due to its northern location and abundance of wild hosts. Milder temperaturess and precipitation may explain increases for 2014. Virginia - Doug Pfeiffer and Meredith Shrader: SWD was found to be capable of ovipositing directly in intact grapes. There is competition between Zaprionus and SWD in grapes, with a higher survivorship of Zaprionus in grapes, though potential interaction effects remain unclear. Parasitoid trapping was conducted: Figitidae, Pachycrepoideus, and Asobara spp. were successfully reared, but only in D. melanogaster. It may be possible to use Brix as tool to determine first spray application. Wisconsin - Christelle Guedot: First capture occurred in early July, 1 week later than 2013. Highest capture was 250 in a week, and trapping occurred into November. Susceptibility of cold climate grape varieties was tested, but only fewer than 5 larvae/kg was detected in all varieties. Very few larvae were discovered in “uncracked” grapes, while “cracked” grapes sometimes had eggs along the crack. In general, more surrounding woodland area correlated with earlier the first detection, but the amount of woodland edge wasn’t a significant indicator. Elections: Christelle Guedot will chair the 2015 meeting.

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