Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Objective 1 To quantify properties of feeds that determine the availability of nutrients critical to milk production. FL researchers showed that the accumulation of feed sugars into microbial storage polysaccharide is rapid and extensive. Thus, rates of sugar disappearance should be greater than the rate of appearance of fermentative end-products. Starch provided a more even availability of carbohydrate supply to support microbial protein synthesis than sucrose (table sugar) or citrus pulp, probably explaining the increased milk protein percentage. Increasing dietary concentration of lactose (sugar byproduct from milk processing) linearly increased dry matter intake (DMI) but had minor effects on other production variables except by linearly reducing milk-urea nitrogen (SD), which probably resulted from more efficient capture of dietary nitrogen. MN researchers reported that feeding a liquid by-product from monosodium glutamate production greatly elevated ammonia concentration in continuous culture fermenters, so the soybean meal control increased total amino acid (AA) flow from the fermenters. Ammonia will only be used to support microbial protein synthesis when it is synchronized with carbohydrate availability. NH documented rapid degradation of free lysine and a commercial source of a methionine derivative, but data confirmed a moderate degradability of an isopropyl ester of the methionine derivative. This work will help nutritionists provide feed AA escaping the rumen to complement the microbial protein AA. In order to improve the predictive accuracy of microbial AA flow to the duodenum, OH researchers documented significant progress toward development of a molecular-based technique to quantify protozoal protein. Fibrolytic enzymes and administration of malic acid to increase microbial activity did not affect milk production (IL). Insertion of a gene into corn to impart glyphosphate tolerance was shown not to affect the nutritional value of corn grain or silage (IL). Addition of long alfalfa hay or dry rolled corn into total mixed rations for recently calved cows had no significant impact on milk production characteristics (KS). Any potential benefit might depend on the degree of sorting of the total mixed rations. Some cows more actively sorted against the consumption of long hay particles, and this sorting was greater for cows in free-stall vs. tie-stall housing (WI). Still, there were no significant correlations between sorting characteristics and measurements of milk production or composition. The role of fatty acid intermediates in the rumen microbial biohydrogenation process (conversion of unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fatty acids) is being actively researched. AL, ND, UT, and SD researchers reported progress toward quantifying how fat from distillers grains, soybeans, and canola seeds influences the amount of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, an intermediate of biohydrogenation that is a very potent anticancer agent) reaching the cows small intestine. Determining optimal processing and inclusion rates of these fat sources will help increase CLA concentration in milk fat without significantly depressing fat synthesis in the mammary gland. Addition of calcium oxide to extruded soybeans decreased biohydrogenation, as evidenced by increased concentration of linoleic acid in milk fat (UT). However, feeding calcium salts of CLA decreased DMI by cows and increased non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration in blood. Objective 2 To quantify metabolic interactions among nutrients that alter synthesis of milk. Increasing lactose concentration in the diet significantly affected the profile of volatile fatty acids, which could predispose the cow to a greater risk of developing ketosis (SD). Acetate and butyrate are ketogenic (promotes production of ketone bodies), but propionate is glucogenic (glucose production in the liver); increasing microbial production of propionate should reduce the risk of ketosis. When commercially prepared propionate was supplemented as either a salt with calcium or with chromium, both increased the rate of fatty acid synthesis from biopsied adipose tissue (WA). However, the chromium salt increased milk production, perhaps by affecting metabolism of the mammary gland. SD researchers, in collaboration with IA, showed that supplementation of glycerol (which is glucogenic) tended to decrease DMI but delayed onset and degree of mobilization of NEFA from adipose tissue. In contrast, partial substitution of fibrous byproducts for forage increased DMI and decreased concentration of NEFA in blood (PA). Although increased nutrient intake prepartum has been associated with increased DMI postpartum and thereby decreased need for tissue mobilization, IN researchers reported that force-feeding through rumen cannulas pre-calving tended to decrease DMI post-calving. Decreased NEFA concentration should be associated with decreased risk for development of ketosis. Although feeding glycerol was not as effective at decreasing risk of ketosis as oral drenching or administration with an esophageal tube (SD), feeding dry propylene glycol was effective (PA). Daily injection of the slow-release glucagon for a 2-week regimen, which promotes glucose production in the liver, appears to significantly reduce the risk of development of ketosis (IA and SD). Several researchers are using a mix of in vitro and in vivo techniques to quantify fluxes of nutrients and important metabolites that influence the supply of nutrients to the mammary gland compared with other competing tissues. Rumen epithelial cells metabolized a small amount of glucose in comparison with volatile fatty acids, lactate, and AA (MD). Duodenal mucosal cells had significant metabolic activity for metabolism of AA to Krebs cycle intermediates. These cells also appeared to have urea cycle activity, whereas rumen epithelial cells had limited ability to produce urea. They showed that about half of the glucose available from intestinal absorption or gluconeogenesis (glucose production) was used by the gastrointestinal tract in sheep. Based on a compilation of data from studies with cattle catheterized in various blood vessels, the liver appears to remove lactate from the blood when cows are in negative energy balance but releases lactate when they are in positive energy balance (OH). In such cases, lactate might be a precursor for fatty acid synthesis in the adipose tissue. VT researchers developed an immortalized cell line of bovine enterocytes (cells from the small intestine that can continue in culture without requiring fresh tissue). The gene expression and function of several AA transporters was documented. Data supported the conclusion that transport activity likely is controlled through cell signaling pathways that are responsive to typical metabolic hormones. Dairy cows selected for high milk production have the ability to partition nutrients toward the mammary gland rather than to adipose tissue. Based on DNA microarray techniques, the quantitative expression of hundreds of genes was compared for MN dairy cattle selected for high milk production vs. those not selected (5500 kg/d milk production differential). Prolactin receptor in the liver had significantly greater expression in the first two weeks of lactation for the high genetic merit cattle (VT working with MN). There was no difference between the ratio of two predominant receptor types, so they concluded that the receptors must be very sensitive to changes in blood prolactin concentration. Also, AL is evaluating protein turnover in recently calved cows. Mammary gland development is influenced by dietary factors during in key stages of heifer growth. Based on DNA microarray analyses of mammary gland biopsies, the hormone leptin was shown to counter-regulate insulin-like growth factor 1s ability to stimulate mammary cell growth through the expression of numerous genes (MI). Such data justified further in vivo studies to characterize the regulation of mammary development in heifers. Using similar approaches, IN researchers, in collaboration with PA and IA, documented changes in gene expression during the period immediately preceding and after calving. These findings stimulated subsequent studies to evaluate how lactation-regulating hormones impact the activity of targeted enzymes. In particular, they evaluated the expression of genes coding for the synthesis of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase, which are rate-limiting for gluconeogenesis in the liver. Increased glucose availability should increase lactose production in the mammary gland and therefore milk volume. MD researchers are studying the contribution of lactose synthesis from precursors other than blood glucose. Objective 3 To use these quantitative relationships to challenge and refine computer-based nutrition systems for dairy cattle. AL, CA, OH, PA, and VT researchers are deriving data that will help improve the parameterization of the mechanistic dairy cow metabolism model, Molly. The industry representative from Purina Mills developed a sub-component of Molly to describe the net AA removal by the portal-drained viscera for subsequent field use. The lower bound for true digestibility of protein was determined to be 80%, but more research is needed to derive coefficients for essential AA. With prediction errors ranging from 4 to 9%, the current system now allows Molly to correct for metabolic losses in AA that are absorbed from the small intestine but not available for milk protein synthesis. WA simulated increasing the energetic cost of metabolism by the portal-drained viscera in Molly (the version without the Purina correction). Increasing this energetic cost by up to 45% prevented the over-prediction of fat deposition compared with actual data. Recent in vivo data from OH are supporting the energetic cost of these tissues.

Refereed Articles of NC-1009 Committee Members AbuGhazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, and L. A. Whitlock. 2002. Fatty acid profiles of milk and rumen digesta from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their blend. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2266-2276. AbuGhazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, L. A. Whitlock, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2003. Milk conjugated linoleic acid from cows fed fish oil with fat sources that differed in fatty acid profiles. J. Dairy Sci. 86:944-953. Agca, C., C. A. Bidwell, and S. S. Donkin. 2003. Cloning of bovine pyruvate carboxylase and 5' untranslated region. Anim. Biotechnol. (Accepted). Ametaj, B.N., G. Bobe, Y. Lu, J.W. Young, and D.C. Beitz. Effect of sample preparation, length of time, and sample size on quantification of total lipids from bovine liver. J. Agr. Food Chem. 51:2105-2110. Bargo, F., L. D. Muller, G. A. Varga, J. E. Delahoy, and T. W. Cassidy. 2003. Ruminal digestion and fermentation of high producing dairy cows with three different feeding systems combining pasture and total mixed rations. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2964-2973. Beitz, D.C. Use of glucagon to prevent and treat fatty liver in transition dairy cows. Four-State Applied Nutrition and Management Proc., MWPS-4SD16, pp. 163-167. Bobe, G., B.H. Ametaj, J.W. Young, and D.C. Beitz. 2003. Effects of exogenous glucagon on lipids in lipoproteins and liver of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2895-2903. Bobe, G., B.N. Ametaj, J.W. Young, and D.C. Beitz. 2003. Potential treatment of fatty liver with 14-day subcutaneous injections of glucagon. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3138-3147. Bobe, G., R.N. Sonon, B.N. Ametaj, M.W. Young, and D.C. Beitz. 2003. Metabolic responses of lactating cows to single and multiple subcutaneous injections of glucagon. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2072-2081. Britt, J. S., R. C. Thomas, N. C. Speer, and M. B.Hall. 2003. Efficiency of converting nutrient dry matter to milk in Holstein herds. J. Dairy Sci. (Accepted). DeFrain, J. M., J. E. Shirley, K. C. Behnke, E. C. Titgemeyer, and R. T. Ethington. 2002. Development and evaluation of a pelleted feedstuff containing condensed corn steep liquor and raw soybean hulls for dairy cattle diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 107:75-86. Dhiman, T. R., H. R. Bingham, and H. D. Radloff. 2003. Production response of lactating cows fed dried versus wet brewers grain in diets with similar dry matter content. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2914-2921. Dhiman, T. R., M. S. Zaman, R. R. Gimenez, J. L. Walters, and R. Treacher. 2002. Efficacy of cellulase and xylanase enzyme application on forage prior to feeding for dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 101:114-125. Donkin, S. S, J. C. Velez, A. K. Totten, E. P. Stanisiewski, and G. F. Hartnell. 2003. Effects of feeding silage and grain from glyphosate-tolerant or insect-protected corn hybrids on feed intake, ruminal digestion, and milk production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86:1780-1788. Eicher, S. D., K. A. McMunn, H. M. Hammon, and S. S. Donkin. 2003. Toll-like receptors and acute phase cytokine gene expression in dexamethasone and growth hormone treated calves. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. (In Press). Galo, E., S. M. Emmanuele, C. J. Sniffen, J. H. White, and J. R. Knapp. 2003. Evaluation of a slow-release urea product on nitrogen balance in lactating Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2154-2162. Griswold, K. E., G. A. Apgar, J. Bouton, and J. L. Firkins. 2003. Effect of urea supplementation and ruminal degradable protein concentration on microbial growth, digestibility and fermentation in continuous culture. J. Anim. Sci. 81:329-336. Grum, D. E., J. K. Drackley, and J. H. Clark. 2002. Fatty acid metabolism in liver of dairy cows fed supplemental fat and nicotinic acid during an entire lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 85:3026-3034. Hale, S. A., A. V. Capuco, and R. A. Erdman. 2003. Milk yield and mammary growth effects due to increased milking frequency during early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2061-2071. Hall, M. B. 2003. Challenges with nonfiber carbohydrate methods. J. Anim. Sci. (Accepted). Hammon, H. M., Y. Zbinden, H. Sauerwein, B. H. Breier, J. W. Blum, and S. S. Donkin. 2003. The response of the hepatic insulin-like growth factor system to growth hormone and dexamethasone in calves. Endocrinology (Accepted). Hanigan, M. D., L. A. Crompton, C. K. Reynolds, D. Wray-Cahen, M. A. Lomax, and J. France. An integrative model of amino acid metabolism in the liver of the lactating dairy cow. J. Theor. Biol. (Accepted). Ipharraguerre, I.R., and J.H. Clark. 2003. Soyhulls as an alternative feed for lactating dairy cows: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1052-1073. Ipharraguerre, I.R., and J.H. Clark. 2003. Usefulness of ionophores for lactating dairy cows: A review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 106:39-57. Ipharraguerre, I. R., R. R. Ipharraguerre, and J. H. Clark. 2002. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed varying amounts of soyhulls as a replacement for corn grain. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2905-2912. Ipharraguerre, I. R., Z. Shabi, J. H. Clark, and D. E. Freeman. 2002. Ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion by dairy cows fed varying amounts of soyhulls as a replacement for corn grain. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2890-1904. Ipharraguerre, I. R., R. S. Younker, J. H. Clark, E. P. Stanisiewski, and G. F. Hartnell. 2003. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed corn as whole plant silage and grain produced from a glyphosate-tolerant hybrid (Event NK603). J. Dairy Sci. 86:1734-1741. Karnati, S. K. R., Z. Yu, J. T. Sylvester, B. A. Dehority, M. Morrison, and J. L. Firkins. 2003. Technical Note: Specific PCR amplification of protozoal 18S rDNA sequences from DNA extracted from rumen samples of cows. J. Anim. Sci. 81:812-815. Leonardi, C., and L. E. Armentano. 2003. Effect of quantity, quality and length of alfalfa hay on selective consumption by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:557-564. McNamara, J. P. 2003. Research, improvement and application of mechanistic, biochemical, dynamic models of metabolism in lactating dairy cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. (In Press). Meyer, M. J., J. F. Smith, J. P. Harner, III, J. E. Shirley, E. C. Titgemeyer, and M. J. Brouk. 2002. Performance of lactating dairy cattle in three different cooling systems. Amer. Soc. of Agr Eng. 18(Suppl. 3):341-345. Noftsger, S. M., N. R. St-Pierre, S. K. R. Karnati, and J. L. Firkins. 2003. Effects of 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio) Butanoic Acid (HMB) on Microbial Growth in Continuous Culture. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2629-2636. Oba, M., R. L. Baldwin, IV, and B. J. Bequette. 2003. Oxidation of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine by isolated ovine enterocytes in vitro is decreased by presence of other metabolic fuels. J. Anim. Sci. (In Press). Phillips, G. J., T. L. Citron, J. S. Sage, K. A. Cummins, M. J. Cecava, and J. P. McNamara. 2003. Adaptations in body muscle and fat in transition dairy cattle fed differing amounts of protein and methionine hydroxy analog. J. Dairy Science 86:1354-1369. Phillips, G. J., T. L Citron, J. S. Sage, K. A. Cummins, M. J. Cecava, and J. M. McNamara. 2003. Adaptations in body muscle and fat in transition dairy cattle fed different amounts of protein and methionine hydroxy analog. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2586. Raman, P., S. S. Donkin, and M. E. Spurlock. 2003. Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism by leptin in pig and rat primary hepatocyte cultures. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. (In Press). Rosendo, O., M. B. Hall, C. Staples, and D. Bates. 2003. Effect de diferentes polisacaridos solubles neutron-detergent en la cinetica de digestion in vitro de la fibra neutron-detergente forrajera y en la sintesis de proteina microbiana (The effect of different neutral detergent-soluble polysaccharides on digestive kinetics in vitro of neutral detergent forage fiber and the synthesis of microbial protein). Revista Cientifica 13:18-27. Ruppert, L. D., J. K. Drackley, D. R. Bremmer, and J. H. Clark. 2003. Effects of tallow in diets based on corn silage or alfalfa silage on digestion and nutrient use by lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:593-609. Schroeder, J. W. 2003. Optimizing the level of wet corn gluten feed in the diet of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:844-851. Schwab, C. G., T. P. Tylutki, R. S. Ordway, C. Sheaffer, and M. D. Stern. 2003. Characterization of proteins in feeds. J. Dairy Sci. (In Press). Silva, L. F. P., M. J. VandeHaar, M. S. Weber-Nielsen, and G. W. Smith. 2002. Evidence for a local effect of leptin on bovine mammary gland. J. Dairy Sci. 85:3277-3286. Silva, L. F. P., M. J. VandeHaar, B. K. Whitlock, R. P. Radcliff, and H. A. Tucker. 2002. Short communication: relationship of body growth to mammary development in dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2600-2602. Suchyta, S. P., S. Sipkovsky, R. G. Halgren, R. Kruska, M. Elftman, M. Weber-Nielson, M. J. Vandehaar, and P. M. Coussens. 2003. Bovine mammary gene expression profiling using a cDNA microarray enhanced for mammary specific transcripts. Physiological Genomics (in press). Tyler, P. A., and K.A. Cummins. 2003. Effect of dietary acsorbyl-2-phosphate on immune function of dairy heifers following transport to a rearing facility. J. Dairy Sci. 86:622. Velez, J. C. and S. S. Donkin. 2003. Bovine Somatotropin Increases Hepatic Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase mRNA in Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. (Accepted). Vicini, J. L., H. G. Bateman, M. K. Bhat, J. H. Clark, R. A. Erdman, R. H. Phipps, M. E. Van Amburgh, G. F. Hartnell, R. L. Hintz, and D. L. Hard. 2003. Effect of feeding supplemental fibrolytic enzymes or soluble sugars with malic acid on milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 86:576-585. Wang, L., J. A. Story, K. K. Buhman, D. E. Moody and S. S. Donkin. 2003. Effects of psyllium on gene expression in rat liver: a microarray approach. FASEB J. 17:B522. Whitlock, L. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, and A. A. Abu-Ghazaleh. 2003. Milk production and composition from cows fed high oil or conventional corn at two forage concentrations. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2428-2437. Ziemer, C. J., R. Sharp, M. D. Stern, M. A. Cotter, T. R. Whitehead, and D. A. Stahl. 2002. Persistence and functional impact of a microbial inoculant on native microbial community structure, nutrient digestion and fermentation characteristics in a rumen model. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 24:416-422. Non-Refereed Publications AbuGhazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid in milk, plasma, and ruminal contents of cows fed fish oil and fat sources that differed in saturation of 18-carbon fatty acids. Proc. 25th National Sunflower Association Research Forum, Fargo, ND. Burkitt, E. L., J. E. Shirley, W. F. Miller, M.V. Scheffel, and E.C. Titgemeyer. 2003. Effect of two new teat dip preparations on teat condition, somatic cell count, and incidence of mastitis under natural exposure. KSU Dairy Day Report of Progress. Anderson, V., R. Harrold, D. Lanblom, G. Lardy, B. Schatz, and J.W. Schroeder. 2003. A guide to feeding field peas to livestock: nutrient content and feeding recommendations for beef, dairy, sheep, swine and poultry. NDSU Extension Service Circ. AS-1224. Donkin, S. S., and H. M. Hammon. 2003. Hepatic gluconeogenesis in developing ruminants. D.G. Burrin and H.J. Mersmann (ed.). In Biology of Metabolism in Growing Animals. Elsevier, Amsterdam. (In press). El-Kadi, S. W., N. E. Sunny, S. L. Owens, and B. J. Bequette. 2003. Glucose metabolism by the gastrointestinal tract of sheep as affected by protein supply. Pages 401-404 in Proc. 9th Intl. Symp. Protein Energy Metab. Nutr. Firkins, J. L. 2003. Feeding by-products high in concentration of fiber to ruminants. Pages 85-102 in M.L. Eastridge (ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd National Symposium on Alternative Feeds for Livestock and Poultry. Kansas City, MO. Hall, M. B. 2003. Evaluacion de la repuesta del animal frente a la formulacion de una dieta mejorada (Evaluation of animal response for improved diet formulation). Pages 114-117 in Proc. XXXI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatria, Paysandu, Uruguay. Hall, M. B. 2003. Feeding and reading your cows: carbohydrates and manure in ration evaluation. Pages 9-15 in Proc. Tri-State Northwest Dairy Shortcourse, Pasco, WA. Hall, M. B. 2003. Formulacion de raciones de lecheria con carbohidratos para produccion y sanidad (Formulation of diets for dairy cows with carbohydrates for production and health). Pages 109-113 in Proc. XXXI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatria, Paysandu, Uruguay. Hall, M. B. 2003. Formulating for carbohydrates: from the ration to evaluation. Pages in 137-146 Proc. California Animal Nutrition Conference, Fresno, CA. Hall, M. B. 2003. Making sense of nonfibre carbohydrates in dairy rations. Pages 81-89 in Proc. 24th Western Nutrition Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. . Hall, M. B. 2003. Nonfiber carbohydrates in forages. Pages 53-58 in Proc. 4-State Forage Conference (MWPS-4SD15), Baraboo, WI. Hall, M. B. 2003. What you feed versus what you get: feed efficiency as an evaluation tool. Pages 24-30 in Proc. 14th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, Gainesville, FL. Hall, M. B. 2003. Working with non-fiber carbohydrates in high producing dairy rations. Paper C in Proc. Colorado Dairy Nutrition Conference, Greeley, CO. Ipharraguerre, I. R., Z. Shabi, J. H. Clark, and D. E. Freeman. 2003. Use of soyhulls as an energy source for lactating dairy cows. Pages 9-12 in Illinois Dairy Report. Ipharraguerre, I. R., R. S. Younker, J. H. Clark, E. P. Stanisiewski, and G. F. Hartnell. 2003. Roundup-tolerant corn for dairy cows. Pages 13-15 in Illinois Dairy Report. Ishler, V. and G. A. Varga. 2003. Excess nitrogen affects both air and water quality. Hoards Dairyman, April 10th, p 282. Marx G.D., and J.W. Schroeder. Grow your own protein: Field peas for dairy animals. Proc. Minnesota Dairy Days, January 1-18, 2002. College of Ag., Food and Env. Sci. Univ. of Minn., St. Paul, MN. McNamara, J. P. 2003. A brief history, present research and future of metabolic models of farm animals. Pages 99-112 in Progress in Research on Energy and Protein Metabolism. EAAP Publication No.109. Miller, W. F., J. E. Shirley, E. C. Titgemeyer, A. F. Park, M.V. Burgos, A. K. Hammond, and M.V. Scheffel. 2003. Comparison of Three Fresh Cow Feeding Programs. KSU Dairy Day Report of Progress. Schwab, C. G. 2003. The latest on amino acid feeding. Pages 27-42 in Proc. Southwest Nutrition and Management Conf. Dallas, TX. Schwab, C. G., and R. S. Ordway. 2003. Methionine supplementation options. Pages 93-98 in Proc. Four-State Applied Nutrition and Management Conf. Baraboo, WI. Schwab, C. G., R. S. Ordway, and N. L. Whitehouse. 2003. Amino acid balancing in the context of MP and RUP requirements. Pages 25-34 in Proc. Four-State Applied Nutrition and Management Conf. Baraboo, WI. Schroeder, J.W. 2003. Distillers grains for dairy cattle. NDSU Extension Service Circular AS-1241. Schroeder, J.W. 2003. Field peas in dairy cattle diets. Pages 11-16 in Feeding Field Peas to Livestock. NDSU Extension Service Bull. EB-76. Shirley, J. E. 2003. Transition Cow Nutrition and Management. KSU Dairy Day Report of Progress. Stevenson, J. F, and J. E. Shirley. 2003. Increasing milking frequency in fresh cows: milk characteristics and reproductive performance. KSU Dairy Day Report of Progress. VandeHaar, M. J. 2003. Stewardship: The measure of a good farmer. Mich. Dairy Review 8(4):1-3. VandeHaar, M. J., and L. F. P. Silva. 2002. Optimal growth of dairy replacements. Pages 1-12 in Proc. CA Chapter of Am. Reg. Prof. Animal Scientists Cont. Educ. Conf., Coalinga, CA. Varga, G. A. 2003. Do we need two close up dry cow groups? Adv. Dairy Tech. 15:331-346. Varga, G. A. 2003. Feeding various carbohydrate sources to dairy cattle and effects on performance and health. University of Uppsala, Sweden. Swedish Dairy Nutrition and Feeding Conference, Kalmar, Sweden. Varga, G. A. 2003. Nutrition and management determine dairy cow productivity. Feedstuffs, March 10, pp 10-13. Varga, G. A. 2003. Practical ration evaluation: Things to look for if your nutritionist is doing a good job. Adv. Dairy Technol. 15:215-226. Varga, G. A. 2003. Soluble carbohydrates for lactating dairy cattle. Page 59-74 in Proc. 2003 Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference. Fort Wayne, IN. Varga, G. A., R. Ordway, M. Pickett and V. Ishler. 2003. Cows did well on a one-group dry cow feeding program. Hoards Dairyman, January 10th, p. 25. Scientific Abstracts AbuGhazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid and transvaccenic acid content of milk from cows fed fish meal and extruded soybeans for an extended period of time. J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl. 1): 218. AbuGhazaleh, A., D. Schingoethe, A. Hippen, and K. Kalscheur. 2003. Rumen, plasma, and milk conjugated linoleic acid and transvaccenic acid response to fish oil supplementation of diets differing in fatty acid profile. ADSA Midwest Section, p. 71. Arieli, A., J. E. Vallimont, S. S, Donkin, and G. A. Varga. 2003. Effects of growth hormone on adipose tissue lipogenesis in transition cows. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod. September, Germany. Burhans, W.S., A.W. Bell, R. Nadeau and J. R. Knapp. 2003. Factors associated with transition cow ketosis incidence in selected New England herds. J. Dairy Sci. 86:247. Chichlowski, M., J. W. Schroeder, C. S. Park, W. L. Keller, and D. E. Schimek. 2003. Effect of ground canola on milk fat composition and milk yield of lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):339. Crawford, G. I., M. D. Stern, R. L. K. Hulbert and P. A. Summer. 2003. Effects of a liquid byproduct N source on fermentation by ruminal microbes in continuous culture fermenters. Conference on Gastrointestinal Function. p. 33. Cummins, K. A., and D. R. Mulvaney. 2003. Leucine metabolism in skeletal muscle of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):225. Daniels, K. J., J. R. Townsend, S. S. Donkin, S. D. Eicher, A. G. Fahey and M. M. Schutz. 2003. The effect of prepartum milking on the health and well being of first calf heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl 2):49. Daniels K. J., J. R. Townsend, S. S. Donkin, E. A. Pajor, A. G. Fahey, and M. M. Schutz. 2003. Behaviors of transition dairy cows and heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl 1):352. DeFrain, J. M., A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, and P. W. Jardon. 2003. Feeding glycerol to transition dairy cows: Effects on dry matter intake, milk production, and blood metabolites. J. Dairy Science 86(Suppl. 1):104. DeFrain, J.M., A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, and D. J. Schingoethe. 2003. Lactose in dairy cow diets increases ruminal butyrate proportions resulting in an increase plasma ß-hydroxybutyrate in late lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 86:(Suppl. 1):104. Dhiman, T. R., M. S. Zaman, and N. D. Luchini. 2003. Response of pre-partum and early lactation dairy cows to dietary inclusion of ruminally inert conjugated linoleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):275. Etchebarne, B. E., L. F. P. Silva, G. J. M. Rosa, P. M. Coussens, M. S. Weber Nielsen, and M. J. VandeHaar. 2003. IGF-I infusion alters the gene expression profile of prepubertal bovine mammary parenchyma. J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):165. Etchebarne, B. E., L. F. P. Silva, G. J. M. Rosa, P. M. Coussens, M. S. Weber Nielsen, and M. J. VandeHaar. 2003. 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