SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report

Sections

Status: Approved

Basic Information

Participants

Amelia Woolums*, University of Georgia; Chris Chase*, South Dakota State University; Chuck Czuprynski*, University of Wisconsin; Holly Neibergs*, Washington State University; Laurel Gershwin*, University of California, Davis; Derek Mosier*, Kansas State University; Robert Fulton*, Oklahoma State University; Tom Inzana*, Virginia Tech; John Richeson, West Texas A&M University; Amy Young, University of California, Davis; Christine Navarre*, Louisiana State University; Terry Lehenbauer, University of California, Davis; Dan Grooms*, Michigan State University; Dale Grotelueschen, University of Nebraska, Great Plains Veterinary Education Center; BJ Newcomer, Auburn University; Brian Vander Ley*, University of Missouri.

Meeting date and time: Tuesday, July 29, 2014; 8:30AM-5:00PM Location: Vail Room of the Denver Renaissance Hotel, Denver, CO Meeting Agenda: 8:00AM: Registration 8:30AM: Welcome and BRD Symposium Questions/Comments 8:50AM CAP BRD Research Update 9:20AM: Station Reports 10:00AM: Break 10:30AM: Station Reports 12:00PM: Lunch 1:00PM Station Reports 3:15PM Break 3:30PM Business Meeting 5:00PM Adjourn Minutes of the Meeting: Meeting Minutes I. Introduction a. Attendees were welcomed and reminded of registration fee b. Attendees introduced themselves II. Update on BRD Symposium a. Meeting organized by NC 1192 members and the BRD Cap. The symposium has been sponsored by AVC and AABP as well as other sponsors. Website introduced as www.brdsymposium.com. III. BRD Cap Update a. Update on BRD Cap progress and results presented by Alison Van Enennaam. IV. Station Reports a. Dr. B.J. Newcomer presented a report on BRD related research activities at Auburn University. b. Dr. Laurel Gershwin presented a report on BRD research at the University of California-Davis. c. Dr. Amelia Woolums presented a report on BRD research at the University of Georgia. d. Dr. Derek Mosier presented a report on BRD research at Kansas State University. e. Dr. Dan Grooms presented a report on BRD research at Michigan State University. f. Dr. Dave Smith presented a report on BRD research at Mississippi State University. g. Dr. Brian Vander Ley presented a report on BRD research at the University of Missouri. h. Dr. Robert Fulton presented a report on BRD research at Oklahoma State University. i. Dr. Chris Chase presented a report on BRD research at South Dakota State University. j. A question was presented by Dr. Neibergs regarding the length of time BRD vaccine strain viruses could still be found in clinical samples. Dr. Fulton stated that BHV-1 and BVDV can be isolated from vaccinates for a period of time; however, establishing a definite period of time in which samples would be questionable. k. Dr. John Richeson presented a report on BRD research at West Texas A&M. l. Dr. Tom Inzana presented a report on BRD research at Virginia Tech. m. Dr. Holly Neibergs presented a report on BRD research at Washington State University. n. Dr. Chuck Czuprynski presented a report on BRD research at the University of Wisconsin. V. Business Meeting. a. Dr. Woolums introduced Dr. Neal Merchen as the new administrative advisor. b. Peter Johnson sends his regrets. c. New BRD Project Proposal d. The members of the project decided to select a 3-4 person committee to write the new BRD project proposal. Chris Chase, Dan Grooms, and Brian Vander Ley will serve as the committee to rewrite the proposal. e. Dr. Woolums presented information from Chris Hamilton that may be useful in formulating the new project. f. Update presented on station reports and the suggested template from NCRA. Stations will be sent the updated template next year’s reports to facilitate inclusion of the information requested in the template. g. Nominations for a new secretary were requested. Dan Grooms offered to serve as the next secretary for NC 1192. h. Next year’s NC 1192 has been tentatively scheduled for September 14 and 15, 2015. i. Members discussed other institutions that should be invited to participate in NC 1192. Members are encouraged to reach out to BRD researchers who are not currently participating in NC 1192. j. Meeting was adjourned. Minutes submitted by Brian Vander Ley

Accomplishments

CA completed and published an enhanced BRD scoring system based on dichotomous variables that is designed to improve feasibility for on-farm use. Committee participants from CA, GA, LA, NE, OK, SD, and USDA MARC along with representatives from the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association and the Texas Veterinary Diagnostic Lab to organize and execute the 2014 BRD Symposium in conjunction with the summer Academy of Veterinary Consultants meeting in Denver, CO (July 30-31). GA has demonstrated increased IL-17 production and decreased IL-10 production following exposure of PBMCs to clinically virulent BVDV strains compared to less virulent BVDV strains. Differential responses in lymphocyte gene expression following exposure to high and low virulence BVDV strains were also observed. GA has demonstrated association of BRSV N protein with host cell MDA-F. Work to elucidate the impact of this association on IFN production is on-going. KS demonstrated decreased pulmonary damage and fewer clinical signs illness in heifers treated with tildipirosin compared to tulathromycin when both were used as metaphylactic agents. KS developed a multiplex PCR assay capable of detecting BVDV, BRSV, BCoV, BHV-1, M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somni, B. trehalosi, and Mycoplasma bovis. KS investigated transmission of M. haemolytica between 40 auction-derived calves and found that calves initially found to be culture negative would shed two distinct strains despite being challenged with a single strain after initial culture. MO has demonstrated an association between clinically diagnosed field cases of BRD and increases in lipopolysaccharide binding protein and haptoglobin in feedlot cattle. Transferrin concentrations were not significantly associated with BRD status. MS found that bull calves and calves born to young dams were more likely to develop BRD prior to weaning. MS used a proteomics approach to identify interaction of 97 bovine proteins with the NS3 protein from CP BVDV. These interactions are thought to manipulate cellular translation proteins and may be useful targets for future antiviral therapies. MS demonstrated that metaphylaxis decreased BRD incidence and increase dietary protein resulted in higher average daily gain in high risk stocker calves. NE demonstrated that in BHV-1 infections, ORF2 proteins fuse with reading frame B (15d ORF) and was more stable in transfected cells. This binding stimulated neurite formation in mouse neuroblastoma cells and interfered with Notch3 mediated trans-activation. Increased stability of 15d ORF is predicted to enhance the establishment of latency. NE found two regulatory viral proteins (VP16 and blCP0) that are expressed within 90 minutes of dexamethasone treatment of calves latently infected with BHV-1. NE demonstrated that BHV-1 infection stimulated inflammasome formation which is predicted to impact clinical symptoms in cattle. OK isolated vaccine strain BVDV and BHV-1 from nasal secretions and lung samples from modified live virus vaccinated calves. OK provided further evidence that respiratory coronavirus infections of cattle are caused by coronaviruses from either BoCV2 or BoCV3 clades. OK demonstrated that M. haemolytica produces an IgA protease that is immunogenic in cattle. SD characterized the development and dissemination of a cytopathic BVDV under natural conditions. SD demonstrated that BVDV replication did not occur in autophagosomes but that the autophagy inhibiting drug, 3MA, suppressed viral production. SD demonstrated that bovine NK cells are susceptible to BVDV infection but not to the production of infectious virus. BVDV infection results in NK phenotypic and activation changes that are strain dependent and may result in immunosuppression. SD discovered a novel protein interaction between BVDV Npro and cellular S100 A9 protein that appears to inhibit type I interferon production. SD attempted to infect bovine monocyte derived dendritic cells with BVDV and found that fully mature DCs fail to produce infection BVDV following infection. SD demonstrated that the infection of calves with bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a transient and self-limiting infection that can result in a period of humoral immunosuppression with the type of TH response affected dependent up on the viral strains. VA developed an ELISA to detect bovine antibodies to H. somni exopolysaccharide. VA demonstrated that capsule formation in P.multocida interferes with biofilm formation. VA reported the putative genes believed to be responsible for P.multocida exopolysaccharide production. WI demonstrated that M. haemolytica produces greater amounts of biofilm when incubated in RPMI-1640 media and that biofilm formation could be inhibited by addition of anti-OmpA antibodies, galactose, or mannose to the growth medium. WI found that neutrophils attach to and form NETs at the edge of biofilm aggregates rather than on the apical surface of the biofilm mass. WI demonstrated that bovine macrophages use DNase II to degrade extracellular traps. WI discovered a spontaneously transformed bovine macrophage cell line that has been characterized as CD18+, phagocytic, esterase+, and cytokeratin-. Funding leveraged from project activities Comparison of nasopharyngeal swabs, pharyngeal recess swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage, and transtracheal wash for detecting bacterial and viral pathogens in dairy calves with bovine respiratory disease. Lehenbauer TW, Doyle DJ, Woolums AR, Aly SS, Champagne JD, Blanchard PC, Crossley BM. UC Davis Center for Food Animal Health. February 2014 – January 2015. Awarded $20,000. Effect of injectable trace minerals on the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to vaccine antigens following administration of a modified-live viral vaccine in dairy calves. Palomares RA, Hurley DJ, Woolums AR. Multimin-USA. January 2014 – December 2014. Awarded $56,967. Webinars in bovine immunity. Woolums AR. Veterinary Technical Services, Bayer Animal Health GmbH. January – December 2014. Awarded $10,200. Webinars in bovine innate immunity. Woolums AR. Veterinary Technical Services, Bayer Animal Health. January – December 2013. Awarded $8,000. A case-control study to determine herd-level risk factors for nursing calf bovine respiratory disease (BRD) on cow-calf operations. Woolums A, Smith DR, Berghaus R, Daly R, White B, Stokka J. Zoetis. November 2012-December 2014. $42,960 Analysis of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 stress induced reactivation from latency. Jones, C. USDA, NIFA, 10/1/2013-9/30/2017. Dynamics of acquisition and transmission of polymicrobial respiratory disease that affects cattle: bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Jones, C. Nebraska Research Initiative, 7/1/2012-6/30/2014. Development of a LR mutant/gE minus BHV-1 modified live vaccine. Jones, C. Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., 6/1/2012-5/30/2014. R.W. Fulton. Principal Investigator “Bovine Herpesvirus-1: Molecular Characterization of Vaccine, Reference, and Field Strains”. Novartis Animal Health Greensboro, NC.$165,430. - Current. R.W. Fulton. Principal Investigator. “ Bovine Coronavirus Vaccine Strains: Diversity of Field Strains for Vaccine and Diagnostic Test Development”. Oklahoma State University Technology Business Development Program. $20.000. 2011-2013. R.W. Fulton. Principal Investigator. “Bovine Coronavirus Respiratory Challenge in Neonate Calves”. $143,112.50, Pfizer Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI. 2012-Current. R.W. Fulton. Principal Investigator. “Bovine Herpesvirus-1: Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Field Strains From Various Clinical Forms”. Novartis Animal Health, Greensboro, NC. $36,450. 2013- Current. R.W. Fulton. Principal Investigator, “Bovine Herpesvirus-1: Selection of Genetic Variants for Vaccine Development and Evaluation”. Oklahoma State University Technology Business Development Program. $25,000. 2013-2014. A.W. Confer. Principal Investigator – 2009 – 2013 - Mannheimia haemolytica chimeric protein vaccine for delivery of multiple outer membrane protein and leukotoxin antigens. USDA-CSREES, AFRI Competitive Grant (Grant # 2009-01626) - $375,000 A.W. Confer. Co-Principal Investigator (J. Taylor, Co-PI) – 2010 - Comparison of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates from cattle in Australia with U.S. isolates. Pfizer Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI & Australia - $75,419 AW. Confer, Principal Investigator – 2013-2014 - Development of a Mannheimia haemolytica model for studying RecA inhibitors. Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK - $88,384 SBIR Phase I: High Sensitivity Optical Fiber Biosensor with Nanoscale Coatings for Rapid Diagnostics of MRSA. NSF SBIR. $144,446; subaward to T. Inzana. A stocker cattle receiving system to test interactions of health and nutrition for Mississippi stocker calves: Phase I. Effect of crude protein levels and metaphylaxis on growth and performance of newly received stocker calves. MSU Special Research Initiative. Karisch B, Smith DR, Huston C, Vann R. 12/01/12-6/30/14. $50,000. A case-control study to determine herd-level risk factors for nursing calf bovine respiratory disease (BRD) on cow-calf operations. Woolums A, Smith DR, Berghaus R, Daly R, White B, Stokka J. Zoetis. 11/01/12-12/01/15. $42,960.

Impacts

  1. CA: The work done on BRSV-H. somni synergy by Gershwin and Corbeil has had a significant impact on understanding the effect of infection with BRSV and/or treatment with virulence factors of H. somni on respiratory epithelium. Our previous paper (reported in 2013) demonstrated the role of the matrix metalloproteases on altering permeability at the alveolar interface. Our current studies that derive from the microarray analysis may demonstrate a protective mechanism against viral infection. However, this work is still very preliminary and we are not ready to report fully on the data we have thus far.
  2. GA: If the device for field sampling of respiratory pathogen circulation in nursing beef calves can be validated, it will provide a new method to identify the respiratory viruses and bacteria that contribute to respiratory disease in a population of cattle that are otherwise difficult to sample by traditional methods. A simple and effective method of identification of respiratory pathogens will facilitate research to determine what practices can decrease pathogen circulation in nursing beef calves. The method will also help veterinarians and cattle producers determine what vaccines should be used to control disease in populations of beef calves.
  3. GA: The research to determine how virulence of BVDV strains is related to activation of different T helper cell types will help researchers understand why some strains of BVDV make cattle more sick than other strains. If the pathways that are related to more severe disease can be determined, it may then be possible to develop ways to counteract the effects of the more virulent strains, decreasing disease in infected cattle.
  4. GA: The research to determine how BRSV impairs the host interferon response will provide new foundational knowledge regarding the means by which this virus evades the host immune response. Also, because interferon is a key component in the early stages of the development of an effective anti-viral immune response, it may be that manipulation of BRSV to block the ability of the virus to impair interferon production could lead to the development of vaccines that induce better long-term immunity. This could lead to the development of more effective vaccines to protect cattle from BRSV infection.
  5. GA: Because there is very little original research on risk factors for nursing calf respiratory disease in cow-calf herds, it is difficult for veterinarians to make evidence-based recommendations to producers regarding methods to decrease occurrence of the disease in herds where it is a problem. The study of risk factors for nursing calf respiratory disease has the potential to provide veterinarians and producers with the information they need to develop better methods of management to prevent calf respiratory disease. Decreased rates of respiratory disease will improve calf health and well-being, will decrease the need for antimicrobial use, and should enhance producer profitability.
  6. GA: The 2014 BRD Symposium will provide an opportunity for veterinarians, scientists, policy makers, and producers to learn about the latest scientific findings related to BRD. This should improve field application of new findings and should also provide new opportunities for collaboration among researchers. Together this should help veterinarians and producers institute new practices to decrease the negative impacts of BRD on health and growth of cattle.
  7. LA: Incorporating the latest research data into extension programs increases awareness of the disease and allows beef and dairy producers to incorporate new prevention and treatment modalities into their herd health plans. This in turn reduces the negative effects of this disease on health and welfare of cattle and increases the economic sustainability of individual producers as well as the beef and dairy industries.
  8. MO: The results of our research support previous findings that haptoglobin is significantly associated with both naturally occurring and induced BRD. Additionally, we have now demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide binding protein is significantly elevated in naturally occurring BRD cases. This information provides an improved understanding of the immune response to BRD and provides opportunities for the development of diagnostics to improve BRD diagnosis.
  9. MS: The finding of gender effects on BRD risk in the field is important because it aids in directing basic immunologic research questions. Also, the finding is of practical importance because the information might be used to manage BRD risk in production settings (e.g. by managing heifer calf pairs separately).
  10. OK: Field studies will permit evaluation of current viral and bacterial vaccines along with newly developed vaccines. The identification, cloning, and production of subunit components of M. haemolytica and P. multocida offer opportunity for new bacterial vaccines to control BRD. The diversity (antigenic) of BVDV will be further examined to determine appropriateness/relevance of current and future BVDV vaccines to control BVDV. Bovine coronavirus identified in cattle with BRD represents another infectious agent which either singly or in combination with other viruses and bacteria may have a role in BRD.
  11. OK: The BoHV-1 sequencing permitted the identification of SNPs which allow for the differentiation of the MLV strains from field strains. This permits more accurate diagnosis of BoHV-1 for the clinician and cattle owner. BoCV strains isolated from BRD cases manifest genetic and antigen differences. These differences are unique in that the licensed MLV vaccine in the U.S is a different clade. The current enteric strain BoCV1 in the vaccine should be shown to be efficacious for the BoCV2 respiratory strains found in the current study. Or perhaps there should be BoCV2 vaccines made for BRD. It is important that PI cattle be accurately diagnoses for biosecurity purposes, and tests must be validated for the accuracy. In the current study, the antigen capture ELISA test performed better than the pooled PCR test.
  12. OK: The IgA proteases of M. haemolytica are potential virulence factors for M. haemolytica. Their roles as virulence factors help better explain the virulence of this bacteria in BRD. Potentially these proteins might be used for vaccines protecting cattle against M.haemolytica disease.
  13. VA: Rapid and culture-free diagnostic assays are required for the detection of H. somni in clinical samples. The NOFS assay is capable of detecting about 100 cells of H. somni, and we expect that sensitivity to carry over to clinical specimens. Performance of the assay does not require skill or sophisticated laboratory conditions, and can be completed in less than an hour in a basic laboratory or even under field conditions. Detection of antibodies to the H. somni EPS may be a valuable indicator of active disease due to H. somni, and should be pursued as a supplementary test.
  14. VA: Our results support that H. somni and P. multocida are capable of forming a polymicrobial biofilm, indicating that prevention and treatment options may need to be directed at the biofilm and not planktonic bacteria. Furthermore, there is a clear inverse correlation between capsule production and EPS/biofilm production by P. multocida strains, including those from BRD. We postulate that isolates that are the most encapsulated cause the most serious forms of BRD, and do not form good biofilms. However, these isolates can take advantage of the biofilm formed by H. somni.

Publications

Banse H, Woolums AR, Step DL. A review of host pulmonary defenses with reference to cattle. 2014. Bov Pract 48:13-24. Woolums AR, Berghaus RD, Smith DR, White BJ, Engelken TJ, Irsik MB, Matlick DK, Jones AL, Smith IJ. A survey of veterinarians in 6 U.S. states regarding their experience with nursing beef calf respiratory disease. 2014. Bov Pract 48:26-36. Idoate, I. “Acute phase proteins in naturally occurring respiratory disease of feedlot cattle.” Master of Science Thesis. In Press. Sinani, D., L. Frizzo da Silva, and C. Jones. 2013. A bovine herpesvirus 1 protein expressed in latently infected neurons (ORF2) promotes neurite sprouting in the presence of activated Notch1 or Notch3. J of Virology, 87:1183-1192. Pittayakhajonwut, D., D. Sinani, and C. Jones. 2013. A protein (ORF2) encoded by the latency related gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 interacts with DNA. J of Virology, 87: 5943-5501. Frizzo da Silva, L. I. Kook, A. Doster, and C. Jones. 2013. Bovine herpesvirus 1 regulatory proteins, bICP0 and VP16, are readily detected in trigeminal ganglionic neurons expressing the glucocorticoid receptor during the early stages of reactivation from latency. J of Virology, 87: 11214-11222. Wang, J., Alexander, M. Wiebe, and C. Jones. 2014. Bovine herpesvirus 1 productive infection stimulates inflammasome formation and caspase 1 activity. Virus Research, 185: 72-76. Sinani, D., Y. Liu, and C. Jones. 2014. Analysis of a bovine herpesvirus 1 protein encoded by an alternatively spliced latency related (LR) RNA that is abundantly expressed in latently infected neurons. Virology, IN PRESS. Fulton, RW. Large Animal Internal Medicine: Fifth Edition, B.P. Smith, Editor, Dr. V. Cortese, Section Editor, Vaccines. “Bovine herpesvirus-1 Vaccines for Cattle in Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccines Chapter”, pp. 1471-1475. 2014. Taylor, JD, Confer AW. Large Animal Internal Medicine: Fifth Edition, B.P. Smith, Editor, Dr. V. Cortese, Section Editor, Vaccines. “Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Bibersteinia trehalosi.”. pp 1477 – 1481, 2014 Ayalew S, Confer AW, Shrestha B, Wilson AE, Montelongo M. Proteomic Analysis and Immunogenicity of Mannheimia haemolytica Vesicles. Clin & Vaccine Immunol 20:191-196, 2013. Confer AW, Ayalew S. The OmpA Family of Proteins: Roles in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunity. Vet Microbiol. 163: 207-222, 2013 Taylor JD, Doyle DJ, Blackall PJ, Confer AW. Use of REP-PCR and 16s rRNA gene sequencing for comparison of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates obtained from fatal cases of bovine respiratory disease in the USA and Australia. Austral Vet J 92:15-23, 2014. Zimmerman, AD, AL Klein, RE Buterbaugh, B Hartman, CL Rinehart, CCL Chase. 2013. Vaccination with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine administered one year prior to challenge with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1b and 2a in pregnant heifers. The Bovine Practitioner 47(1):22-33 Hashish, EA, C Zhan, X Ruan, DE Knudsen, CC Chase, RE Isaacson, G Zhou, W Zhang. 2013. A Multiepitope Fusion Antigen Elicits Neutralizing Antibodies against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Homologous Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus In Vitro. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20(7):1076–1083 Zimmerman, AD, AL Klein, RE Buterbaugh, CL Rinehart, CCL Chase. 2013. Protection against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) abortion following challenge 8 months or approximately1 year after vaccination. The Bovine Practitioner 47(2):73–81. Rajput, M. K., Darweesh, M. F., Park, K., Braun, L. J., Mwangi, W., Young, A. J., & Chase, C. C. 2014. The effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains on bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) phenotype and capacity to produce BVDV. Virology Journal, 11(1), 44. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-11- 44. Chase C. Strategic vaccination: Trying to work around the ups and downs of the immune system. Proceedings of 22nd annual Northeast Dairy Production Medicine Symposium, Syracuse NY, March 22-24, 2013, CD-ROM. Chase C. Effective vaccination of the bovine neonate: challenges and opportunities. Interpretive Summary. 25th ADSA Discover Conference on Food Animal Agriculture-New Developments in Immunity, Nutrition, and Management of the Preruminant Calf, Itasca IL, May 28-30, 2013. Pan, Y., T. Fisher, C. Olk, L.B. Corbeil, T.J. Inzana. 2014. Detection of antibodies to the biofilm exopolysaccharide of Histophilus somni following infection in cattle by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin. Vac. Immunol. In Press. Boukahil, I., and C.J. Czuprynski. In revision. Characterization of biofilm formation by Mannheimia haemolytica in vitro. A.H. Babcock, N. Cernicchiaro, B.J. White, S.R. Dubnicka, D.U. Thomson, S.E. Ives, H.M. Scott, G.A. Milliken, D.G. Renter. A multivariable assessment quantifying effects of cohort level factors associated with combined mortality and culling risk in U.S. commercial feedlot cattle. Prev Vet Med. 2013. 108:38-46. PMID: 22871305. M.E. Theurer, R.L. Larson, B.J. White. A meta-analysis of vaccine effectiveness against bovine herpes virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza-type 3 virus in cattle for bovine respiratory disease complex. J Am Vet Med Assoc (In Print) D.E. Amrine, B.J. White, R.L. Larson, D.A. Mosier. Pulmonary lesions and clinical disease response to Mannheimia haemolytica challenge 10 days following administration of tildipirosin or tulathromycin. J Anim Sci 92:311-319, 2014. D. E. Amrine, B.J. White, R.L. Larson. Comparison of classification algorithms to predict outcomes of feedlot cattle identified and treated for Bovine Respiratory Disease. Comput Electron Agri. 2014 July 105:9-19. Doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2014.04.009. B. Fraser, D.E. Anderson, B.J. White, M.D. Miesner, D.E. Amrine. Associations of various physical and blood analysis variables with experimentally induced Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in calves. Am J Vet Res. 2014. 75(2): 200-207. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.75.2.200. D.E. Amrine, B.J. White, R. L. Larson, D.A. Mosier. Determining differences in pulmonary lesions and clinical disease response to Mannheimia haemolytica challenge occurring 10 days after administration of tildipirosin, tulathromycin, or saline. 2014 J Anim Sci 92:311-319.
Back
Log Out ?

Are you sure you want to log out?

Press No if you want to continue work. Press Yes to logout current user.

Yes
Report a Bug
Report a Bug

Describe your bug clearly, including the steps you used to create it.