Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Small Grain Disease Topic Discussions Stripe Rust Update. Gene Milus (AR) gave an update on stripe rust in the eastern US. Isolates of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici that first showed up in 2000 and caused the worst epidemic in US history have completely replaced the old population of isolates. The new isolates have reappeared every year since and caused significant losses. New isolates are in different AFLP fingerprint groups (only 55% similar to old isolates), better adapted to warm temperatures, and more aggressive. In general, hard red winter wheats appear to be much more susceptible to stripe rust than soft red winter wheats. African Wheat Stem Rust Race. Yue Jin (MN) from USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory in St. Paul, MN gave a presentation on wheat stem rust update concerning the new African wheat stem rust race. First he gave an overview of the stem rust situation in North America, showing data that indicated the wheat stem rust pathogen, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici has been very stable in recent years in North America, and few new races are found in the stem rust population each year. He concluded that several inter-related factors contributed to the stability, including the widespread use of resistant cultivars, which in turn reduced the population size; a lack of sexual recombination; and a bottleneck for overwintering. FHB Risk Forecasting Model Update. Erick De Wolf (PA) updated attendees on the forecasting model that is deployed across the eastern U.S. wheat producing states. The model is modified each winter to enhance its predictive accuracy. The system is estimated to correctly predict FHB epidemics 79% of the time. It has an 80% accuracy level for predicting when epidemics will not occur. A few states deploy the system using observed weather data while the rest use remotely-sensed data retrieved from weather radars and satellites over a 20 km grid. Expected modifications to the current model include adjustments to thresholds considered by multisensor radar, particularly rainfall; adjustments in thresholds used to determine risk categories; simpler models; inclusion of varietal resistance levels; and incorporating weather forecasts. FHB Development, Deoxynivalenol Content, and Fungicide Active Ingredient Interactions. Marcia McMullen (ND) led the discussion concerning observed and experiment validated increases of mycotoxin content in wheat and barley grain after application with a specific fungicide active ingredient. Participants discussed the possible cause of this increase in mycotoxin production with use of strobilurin chemistries. Some evidence exists for a possible effect on Microdochium nivali, with an inhibition of this fungus by the strobilurins resulting in less competition on the grain head for the Fusarium graminearum fungus. Other possibilities for explanation of this strobilurin effect may relate to the physiology of the host. More answers to describe this phenomenon are needed. Old Business. Charla Hollingsworth (MN) reported that the committees name was changed from NCR-184 to NCERA-184 during October of 2004 to establish a more consistent nomenclature that closely reflected committee activities. Prior to that time, committee members voted to accept the designation of Education/Extension and Research. The Committee identifies itself as being a multi-state, broadly-focused organization with many members having appointments in extension. The minutes from the 2004 meeting held in Fayetteville, AR were reviewed and accepted as written. Election of Officers for 2006 and Selection of a Meeting Location. Erik Stromberg (VA) agreed to advance from Secretary to Chair. Jeff Stein (SD) was elected committee secretary without dissent. Plans were already well underway for the 2006 meeting in Fargo, ND; held in conjunction with the WERA-97. Marcia McMullen agreed to host the meetings and work with Tim Murray (WA) and Erick Stromberg on meeting details. Both meetings are scheduled on June 12-14 and will be followed by the North Central APS meeting on June 14-15, 2006. Update from the WERA-97 by Committee Chair Tim Murray (WA) and co-member Ruth Dill-Macky (MN). The 2005 Annual Meeting of WERA-97 was held in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada from June 10-12 at the Agriculture Canada Research Centre, hosted by Dr. Denis Gaudet. State reports were given by representatives of five states. There were 13 participants in the meeting, with 7 from Canada and the balance from US; all were from the public sector. Five of the 14 WERA-97 member states were represented, which was equal to 2004, but down from 2002. Participants agreed to meet jointly with NCERA-184 in Fargo, ND during 2006. APS Wheat Compendium Re-write Update. Bill Bockus (KS) and Bob Bowden (KS) have agreed to take the lead on this publication update. Bill will assume the role of editor and expects to see some progress in planning soon. He has been working with APS for some time. An interest sheet was circulated among members to establish interest and expertise for future chapter assignments. Uniform Stagonospora Winter Wheat Nursery. Coordination of planning this nursery has fallen apart. Greg Shaner (IN) has been too busy with Asian soybean rust to continue to work on this effort. Pierce Paul (OH) will check with his department to establish whether it would be possible for Ohio to assume the leadership role and will report back.

The NCR-184 was reorganized during 2002 to coordinate research on the broad range of disease issues that must be addressed in order to maintain profitable small grain production in the eastern U.S. Outputs: " Submission of grain kernel samples for DON mycotoxin testing from multi-state fungicide treatments at plant growth stages Feekes 10.3 and later to determine whether strobilurin applications prior to heading contribute to increased DON levels in response to comments made by the EPA regarding Folicur. Lead scientist: Marcia McMullen " Collaborative grant application to USDA/National Research Initiative funding application submitted to support research on stripe rust. Lead scientists: Gene Milus (AR) and Bob Bowden (KS) " Collaborative efforts are ongoing among several states for data collection of hourly weather parameters, wheat planting and flowering dates, and FHB disease severity ratings to support development and validation efforts of additional FHB epidemic forecasting models with increased accuracies. Lead scientist: Erick De Wolf (PN) " Researchers in southern wheat growing regions communicate disease incidence and severities concerning economically important diseases that later spread across the U.S. in a northerly direction by means of spores or insect vectors (leaf and stripe rust, aphid transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus). Early-season communication allows northern states to estimate potential inocula loading and risk of epidemics. Bob Hunger (OK), Gene Milus (AR), Boyd Padgett (LA) " Production of a revised American Phytopathology Society Wheat Compendium. Lead scientists: Bill Bockus (KS) and Bob Bowden (KS). Activities: " Continuation of a uniform, multi-state Stagonospora nodorum winter wheat disease nursery. " Joint committee meeting to be held during 2006 in Fargo, ND between the WERA-97 and NCERA-184 to promote increased dialogue between committee members. Marcia McMullen (ND) has agreed to be site host. Arrangements are being finalized. " Many committee members depend on molecular techniques to complete research and diagnostic activities. Collaborations are being explored.

Aakre,D., Flaskerud, G., Hellevang, K., Lardy, G., McMullen, M., Ransom, J., Sorenson, B., and Swenson, A. 2005. DON (Vomitoxin) in wheat. NDSU Extension Circular PP-1302. 4 p. Allen, T., Boratynski, T, and Rush, C. M. 2005. Distribution of Tilletia indica teliospores in a naturally infested Arizona Durum wheat field. Phytopathology 95:S3. Allen, T., Peterson, G., and Rush, C. M. 2005. The influence of tillage on Tilletia indica teliospore dispersal from a concentrated point source. Phytopathology 95:S3. Al-Naimi, F. A., Garrett, K. A., and Bockus, W. W. 2005. Competition, facilitation, and niche differentiation in two foliar pathogens. Oecologia 143:449-457. Ashley, R.O. and McMullen, M. P. 2005. Evaluation of foliar fungicide treatments for control of tan spot in spring wheat at Regent, ND, 2004. Fungic. Nematicide Tests 60:CF018. Balota, M., C.M. Rush, W.A. Payne, and M.D. Lazar. 2005. The effect of Take-all disease on gas-exchange rates and biomass in two winter wheat lines with differential drought response. Plant and Soil: 275: 335-345. Bennett, R.S., M.G. Milgroom, and G.C. Bergstrom. 2005. Population structure of seedborne Phaeosphaeria nodorum on New York wheat. Phytopathology 95:300-305. Bergstrom, G.C. and D.G. Schmale III. 2005. Aerobiology and regional epidemiology of Gibberella zeae. Page 76 in Proc. 4th Canadian Workshop on Fusarium Head Blight. Ottawa Congress Centre. Ottawa, Canada, November 1-3, 2005. Bockus, W. W. 2005. Kansas. Report for the Western Education/Extension Research Activities Coordinating Committee on cereal diseases (WERA-97). (http://plantsciences.montana.edu/wera97/Default.htm) Bockus, W. W., Fritz, A. K., and Martin, T. J. 2005. Reaction of the 2004 Kansas Intrastate Nursery to Fusarium head blight, 2004. Biol. Cult. Tests Control Plant Dis. Report 20:FC025, DOI:10.1094/BC20, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Bockus, W. W. and Claassen, M. M. 2005. Effect of cropping sequence and tillage on severity of leaf diseases on winter wheat, 2003 and 2004. Biol. Cult. Tests Control Plant Dis. Report 20:FC027, DOI:10.1094/BC20, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Bockus, W. W., and Davis, M. A. 2005. Reaction of selected winter wheat accessions to Fusarium head blight, 2004. Biol. Cult. Tests Control Plant Dis. Report 20:FC026, DOI:10.1094/BC20, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Cadle-Davidson, L., G.C. Bergstrom, and T.S. Cox. 2005. Susceptibility of perennial small grains to Soilborne wheat mosaic virus and Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-1130-01-BR. Carver, B.F., Krenzer, E., Hunger, R.M., Porter, D., Smith, E.L., Klatt, A., Verchot-Lubicz, J., Bai, G., Rayas-Duarte, P., Guenzi, A., Bai, G., & Martin, B. 2005. OkField hard red winter wheat. Released by the Oklahoma Agricul. Exp. Sta. in Feb., 2005. Carver, B.F., Krenzer, E., Hunger, R.M., Porter, D., Smith, E.L., Klatt, A., Verchot-Lubicz, J., Bai, G., Rayas-Duarte, P., Guenzi, A., Bai, G., and Martin, B. 2005. Guymon hard white winter wheat. Released by the Oklahoma Agricul. Exp. Sta. in Feb., 2005. Carver, B.F., Hunger, R.M., Klatt, A., Edwards, J., Porter, D., Rayas-Duarte, P., Verchot-Lubicz, J., and Martin, B. OK Bullet hard red winter wheat. Released by the Oklahoma Agricul. 2005. Exp. Sta. in summer, 2005. Choppakatla, V. Melouk, H.A., Hunger, R.M., Payton, M.E., and Chenault, K.D. 2005. Pathogenicity of Sclerotium rolfsii on winter wheat and peanut. Southern division APS meeting, Pub no. P-2005-0003-SOA. Cox, C. M., Garrett, K. A., and Bockus, W. W. 2005. Meeting the challenge of disease management in perennial grain cropping systems. Ren. Agric. Food Sys. 20:15-24. Cox, C. M., Garrett, K. A., Cox, T. S., Bockus, W. W., and Peters, T. 2005. Reactions of perennial grain accessions to four major cereal pathogens of the Great Plains. Plant Dis. 89:1235-1240. Cox, C., Bockus, W., Garrett, K., Cox, T. S., and Peters, T. 2005. Reaction of selected perennial grass accessions to barley yellow dwarf, 2004. Biol. Cult. Tests Control Plant Dis. Report 20:FC028, DOI:10.1094/BC20, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Davis, M. A. and Bockus, W. W. 2005. Reaction of selected winter wheat cultivars to Fusarium head blight, 2004. Biol. Cult. Tests Control Plant Dis. Report 20:FC029, DOI:10.1094/BC20, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Day KM, Lorton WP, Christmas EP, Mansfield CW, Buechley GC, Shaner GE. 2005.. Performance of Public and Private Small Grains in Indiana, 2005. Bulletin No. B 17733 Available at: http://www.agry.purdue.edu/pcpp/smgrains.html Dill-Macky, R., Steffenson, B.J., Hollingsworth, C., and Smith, K.P. 2005. Management of barley diseases in the upper Midwest. Pages 13-15 in: Proc. 35th Barley Improvement Conf., Charlestown, SC. 11-13 Jan. 2005. Edwards, J., Kochenower, R., Austin, R., Carver, B., and Hunger, R. 2005 Oklahoma Winter Wheat Variety Trial Results. 2005. Published online at: http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/cm/trials/ Hollingsworth, C. and C. Motteberg. 2005. Increased deoxynivalenol levels in grain of hard red spring wheat following application of pyraclostrobin at Feekes 9.5. Phytopathology 95:S43-S44. Hollingsworth, C., C. Motteberg, J. Machado, I. MacRae, and J. Wiersma. 2005. Evaluating tissue locations of small grain plants for detection of phytoplasma and determining aster yellows distribution in northwestern Minnesota. Phytopathology 95:S43. Hollingsworth, C.R. and C.D. Motteberg. 2005. Efficacy of fungicides in controlling Fusarium head blight on spring wheat in Minnesota, 2004. Fungic. Nematicide Tests 60:CF002. Hollingsworth, C.R. and C.D. Motteberg. 2005. 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Integrated use of tebuconazole and Fusarium head blight resistant barley genotypes in controlling Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation. Agron. J. 98:194-197. Hunger, R.M., Royer, T., Giles, K., and Payton, M. 2005. Effect of bird cherry-oat (BCO) aphids & barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) on winter wheat. Annual APS meeting, Austin, TX. Hunger, R.M., R. Walker, and V. Choppakatla. 2005. Effect of fungicides on foliar diseases, yield, and test weight of hard red winter wheat, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide (F&N) Tests 60:CF013. Jiang, W., Garrett, K. A., Peterson, D., Harvey, T. L., Bowden, R. L., and Fang, L. 2005. The window of risk for emigration of Wheat streak mosaic virus varies with host eradication method. Plant Dis. 89:853-858. Jones, D., and Rush, C. M. 2005. Wheat Disease Survey of the Texas Panhandle Using Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery. 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