Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

January 27-28, 2014

DoubleTree by Hilton 3342 Peachtree Road NE Atlanta, GA 30326 (404) 231-1234

Monday, January 27, 2014

8:00 - Welcome and call to order: Tom Hunt

Confidentiality and the proper use of state report information was discussed. We often report preliminary or first year research data, research ideas, etc. which are not ready for distribution. In electronic age, things get shared easily. One should always get permission to use information presented at meeting or in reports.

Tom Sappington encouraged members to attend the International Working Group on Ostrinia (IWGO) and the NC205/Nccc46 joint meeting in Chicago during April.

Tom Hunt initiated discussion on holding an annual NC205 meeting in Brazil. Silvana Paula-Moraes (Embrapa, Brasilia, Brazil) is an official member and Dave Andow will be in Brazil for at least two years, so local arrangements and tours could be easily facilitated. Rick Hellmich noted it would be useful to see Helicoverpa armigera first hand, as we may see it in U.S. in future. Steve Pueppke was not sure procedures, but believed it would not be a problem. Committee officers will pursue idea for 2016 annual meeting.

Time and place committee was established (Ed Bynum and Pat Porter) and Texas was suggested for 2015 annual meeting.

Nominating committee was established (Chuck Mason and Rick Hellmich). Tom Hunt will Chair the 2015 annual meeting and turn the Chair over to Tom Sappington as current project ends September 30, 2015.

Administrative Advisor Report (Steve Pueppke): Need to make sure impact statements are in correct location on NIMSS. Tom Hunt will forward them to Steve. The new issues and objectives for the project re-write and renewal are due on September 15, 2014. Entire project is due by December 1, 2014. Should not be any problems with approval, but we need to decide what we want to do in the next project at this meeting.

Recap of Activities and Influence:

Sappington: Discussed IWGO.

Texas (Porter/Bynum): IRM compliance up to 20% now, apparently because industry has been cracking down. A new chemistry is available to spray for caterpillars (phenoxifure) w/o flaring spider mites. Ed is working w/ Pioneer, and Pat and Ed have been asked to present to their field people. There is a resurgence of sugar cane aphid on sorghum; so bad it is clogging combines. Currently an issue in southern TX and LA, but no reason it can't move north.

Nebraska (Hunt): Observed H. armigera in Brazil. It is a significant problem with many hosts, including corn. Growers in Nebraska are wondering why refuge is still needed if Industry is moving to RIBs. They believe trend is that RIB is the future for everything, and getting that message from various sales personnel. There are more reports of less than expected control of western bean cutworm on Cry1F corn.

Illinois (Spencer): There is very good refuge compliance, mainly because of RIB products. There is much more chemical use in corn (soil and aerial), partly because of resurgence of CRW problem in rotated corn.

Iowa (Hellmich/Coates): Conducted an environmental risk assessment workshop, which Was attended by people from 8 countries. Conducted a 5-d workshop on identifying non-targets. Most scientists were regulators so they didn't have direct experience. It also had a field component including pit fall traps and processing captures.

Delaware (Mason): Teaches about 140 undergrads/year and he tries to incorporate information on IRM and transgenics. Uses ECB as a successful example. Emphasizes the importance of IRM to preserve the technology. Important to call it technology, because old term of pesticidal plant gives students the wrong idea about what is in the plant. Students have a significant interest in GMOs.

Louisiana (Huang): Corn earworm causing significant losses. Ear rot may or may not be included. Fall armyworm north of LA is highly resistant to Bt (confirmed).

Kansas (Johnson): Received grant through eIPM which involves a decision support system for wheat that includes variety selection (easier to do that with wheat than corn). Some thought that such a system would be good for corn.

Ohio (Michel): Made presentation on WBC in New Hampshire, and it is becoming a problem in Maine (mainly focused on sweetcorn). There is a lot of interest in GMO labeling, and Andy was asked to serve on a panel to be an expert on GMOs. This is growers’ way of pushing back against anti-GMOs. Food labeling might come up in Ohio. "Food Dialogues" is the name of the organization that has put things together.

Ontario (Smith): Most significant issue in Ontario now is neonicotinoids and bee mortality. In 2012 & 2013 there were a number of bee-kill incidents. Over 70% had neonic residues associated. Some calls for an outright ban, and neonics may be lost in 2014. Dust of neonics seems to be the cause. Bayer has a new replacement for talc, but it does not seem as good as company claims. Nevertheless, there is now a requirement that everyone use the Bayer product.

Brazil (Paula-Moraes): The is a big discussion in Brazil about IRM because currently there are no requirements. Brazil now has Bt soybeans as well as corn and cotton. Previously focus was on biodiversity questions. Growers are actually asking for regulations because they see the importance. Silvana trying to emphasize that regulation is not the only answer, and there is a need to have a different mind-set among growers.

Georgia (Buntin): Consultants are worried about possibility of H. armigera in the U.S. There is a lot of talk about transgenic soybeans. Fall armyworm outbreaks have growers starting to take refuge requirements more seriously. Bt11 sweetcorn has failed for corn earworm in mid-south.

Invited presentations:

Silvana Paula-Moraes, Helicoverpa armigera in Brazil: Collected adults with light traps, and also collected larvae. Used morphology and molecular analysis in identification (can differentiate from H. zea via aedeagus). Helicoverpa armigera was detected in cotton, corn and soybeans. Pathways into Brazil are not known, but literature cites eggs and neonates on ornamental plants, tomato fruits or cotton bolls, mint or basil. In the USA, it is reported that >4000 interceptions of larvae since 1985, and 20 interceptions in 2003. Adults are facultative migrants responding to environmental cues, with 250-1000 km migratory flights. Pupae undergo facultative diapause. To facilitate IPM and IRM development, work is needed on identification and differentiation of H. zea (molecular not practical over large areas; trying to create a larval key), ecology, behavior, survey and sampling, management decision making (EIL and ET), and how to manage. A research portfolio is being developed by Embrapa. Extension field days are needed to educate growers. Silvana's current research on H. armigera addresses the need to integrate information on it being a mobile pest interacting with a sequence of crops (dispersal and migration + polyphagy + several generations), region specific information related to the cropping system (are here wild hosts, trap crops), and trying to understand landscape effects and population source hosts.

Holly Johnson, Fall Armyworm Larval Movement and Survival Within Seed Blends: Not a big factor in block refuge, but important with an integrated refuge. Limited and/or late-instar exposure can promote resistance. Study was conducted in Delaware, Neb, & IA.

Pat Porter, RIB = Refuge in a Bag or Risk in a Bag: Examined and reported on cross pollination. Natural refuge would avoid much of this risk with no refuge in the crop itself and companies should take a hard look at this.

Jocelyn Smith, Western bean Cutworm Ontario Update 2013: The big network of WBC trapping will end this year. Major problem areas are in the sandy soils. Catch numbers high in some areas in both dry beans and corn, but don't have significant crop damage. Not sure why - natural refuge? Yield loss usually is not the issue, but rather mycotoxin introduction to the ears. WBC can increase mycotoxins, but sometimes mycotoxins are high in low-WBC pressure areas. Seeing significant damage in SmartStax RIB fields. Usually farmers won't spray for WBC because yield loss isn't that significant, but fusarium is an issue. Cry1F WBC tolerance to Cry1F is now being observed. Viptera works very well, but few use it.

LUNCH

1:30 - State Reports and Discussion, by State: Research, extension, and outreach reports were presented by state representatives to NC-205. Discussion ranged over a variety of NC-205 objective-related topics.

NC205 Project Rewrite: Discussed possible merger with NCCC46. Since we always meet together, and many members of both committees, we always discuss this at project renewal time. Plusses, minuses, logistics etc. were discussed (e.g. NC205 funded, NCCC46 not). Encouraged by Pueppke to do what makes the most strategic sense and details will sort out. Momentum in NC205 was to combine, but this needs to be discussed with NCCC46 and a formal vote taken by each committee (Appendix E members). Straw poll taken: 9 in favor; 1 opposed; 2 undecided. New title, etc. was discussed.

5:00 - Adjourn for the day

Tuesday, January 28, 2014

Nominating Committee Report: Mason moves to elect current Chair (Tom Hunt) and current Secretary (Tom Sappington). Motion passed with no dissent.

Time and Place Report: Voted for San Antonio. Porter will take to NCCC46 for concurrence. Porte/Bynum will look for a mid-range hotel (e.g., $120 range). We will also want to start planning for a trip to Brazil in 2015.

Wisconson (Mitchell): Two presentations were made. 1) IPM Toolkit and UW Extension Mobile Apps. (http://ipcm.wisc.edu/apps/). IPM Toolkit is free with 4 features: news reader, video browser (YouTube channels), publication library (some in pdf, but moving toward ePubs), picture browser. Trying to get it to where users can localize the IPM Tool Kit to their state. Not every state will have compatible system. If you or someone in your state is interested, contact Roger Schmidt. 2) Measuring Agricultural Sustainability. Sustainability is no longer "Alternative Ag". All companies and commodity organizations use this term at least on paper. There are Ag sustainability problems (e.g. insect & weed resistance, soil erosion, dead zone in Gulf, pollinator problems and neonics, etc.). National Initiative for Sustainable Agriculture (NISA) opportunities require a practical ag sustainability program which engages farmers, is science based, cost effective, clearly focused, educational, harmonized whole-farm oriented, regionally appropriate, flexible, anonymous, enhances communication, and complementary with other programs. Growers are surveyed and representative group and local experts are tasked with preparing report on their regional "good management practices". It is communicated via a glossy 2-page summary, longer 6-page summary, 12-pager in the works, journal papers in progress. Most people/customers/retailers are happy with the 2-pager. The General Problem: How do you measure adoption conveniently when there are dozens to hundreds of practices? Want to document improvement over time. Some practices involve tradeoffs, whereas some are complimentary. Main point: adoption data consists of many variables, some discrete, many correlated. Using data envelope analysis with principal components, which reduces the number of variables. Data envelope analysis (DEA); come up with a composite score (e.g., PC1 about % ac scouted, PC2 about irrigation practices, PC3 about weather station and soil moisture monitoring, etc.). DEA takes plots of PCs against each other and measures the "frontier" (highest scores) and index is the distance a farmer is from the frontier. End up with leaders and laggards for a given commodity. How do we help the Leaders to keep getting better? How do we help the Laggards to improve? Help set research and outreach priorities at the individual and industry level.

Continue State Reports and Discussion, by State: Research, extension, and outreach reports were presented by state representatives to NC-205. Discussion ranged over a variety of NC-205 objective-related topics.

Rewrite continued:Recap of idea of a committee merger. May not save the number of days for the meeting, but will make several things more efficient.

Starting draft of new title and objectives of "merged" committee: Ecology and Management of Arthropods in Corn 1. Investigate the relationship between pest management technologies and the agricultural environment. 2. Investigate the ecology, biology, evolution, genetics, and behavior of corn arthropods. 3. Develop and assess IPM and IRM systems for the arthropod complex in corn. 4. Employ diverse delivery methods to disseminate information related to sustainable management of corn arthropod pests.

Hunt: Would like writing leaders per objective, preferably someone who is involved in those objectives. If NCCC46 agrees to merge, we may need to get co-leaders.

Volunteers: Obj. 1 -- Rick Hellmich Obj. 2 -- Tom Sappington and Chuck Mason Obj. 3 -- Dave Buntin and Tom Hunt Obj. 4 -- Janet Knodel and Brian McCornack and Pat Porter

Need to be sure to make these objectives multi-state in scope. Of course, objectives, title and such may be adjusted if merger approved.

Hunt: Is there a place on the NIMSS site where we could put documents that are committee member eyes only? Or links to layman type video explaining the group, etc.? Pueppke says this should be possible.

Other business:

Approval of the 2013 minutes: Mason moved they be accepted, Buntin seconded, minutes approved.

Porter: NC205/NCCC46 Image galleries. NC205 gallery is more complete than NCCC46. The images are donated with the understanding that they can be used freely in Extension papers and publications. Each photo is tagged with the donator and you can contact them for permission to use if wanted/necessary. If anyone has photos they would like to donate, contact Pat.

Dates for next meeting: Recommend Jan 26-29, 2015. If committees not merged, 46 will go early in the week (even if vote to merge, merger will likely not happen until later than 2015 annual meeting).

Hellmich: Suggest going to 2 or 3 year terms for Chair (discuss with NCCC46).

Buntin: Move to adjourn, Porter seconded.

12:00 Noon: ADJOURN 2014 NC-205 Annual Meeting.

Materials were developed and presented to farmers, consultants, and other Ag professionals on the importance of resistance management and IRM compliance at numerous Clinics, Conferences, newsletters, websites, and various radio and newspaper venues. These articles covered both transgenic corn and more traditional insecticides for corn insect pests.

During 2012-2013, multiple field trials and laboratory assays demonstrated that the currently adopted RIB method is inappropriate for providing CEW refuge populations. The results suggest that the 95: 5% RIB can’t provide the expected refuge populations for resistance management in the areas where CEW can overwinter and is a major target of Bt corn, such as in the south region of the U.S. Michigan and Wisconsin published an updated Handy Bt Trait Table which is utilized nationally.

IPM Toolkit and UW Extension Mobile Apps. (http://ipcm.wisc.edu/apps/).

Jarvi, K., Hunt, T., Dana, L. A. Control of Rootworm Larvae with Insecticides in Corn, 2013. Arthropod Management Tests. Entomological Society of America.

Wright, R., Hunt, T., Jarvi, K. (2013). Corn cutworms. (pp. 4). Lincoln NE: NebGuide G1153. UNL Extension.

Hunt, T., Seymour, R., Hein, G. L., Wright, R., Paula-Moraes, S. (2013). Western Bean Cutworm Update. (pp. 26-30). Lincoln, NE: Western Bean Cutworm Update.. Proceedings of the 2013 Crop Production Clinics.

Wright, R., Hunt, T., Seymour, R. (2013). Management of spider mites on corn and soybeans. (pp. 26-30). Lincoln, NE: Proceeding of 2013 Crop Production Clinics. UNL Extension.

Roozeboom, K.L., D. R. Diaz, D. J. Jardine, R. J. Whitworth, C. R. Thompson. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, Publication S54. Online at http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/s54.pdf.

Spider Mite Management in Corn - Ed Bynum, Texas A&M University, July 2013. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/edcenter/seminars/corn/SpiderMites/

Corn Grain Loss to Fall Armyworm and its Associated Fungi, and Optimal Insecticide Spray Timing on the Texas Southern High Plains - Patrick Porter, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, July 2013. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/edcenter/seminars/corn/FallArmyworm/

Management of Aflatoxin in Corn - Thomas Isakeit, Texas A&M University, October 2013. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/edcenter/seminars/corn/Aflatoxin/

Hanson, A. A., Paula-Moraes, S., Hunt, T., Hutchison, W. D. (2013). Supercooling Point of Western Bean Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Collected in Eastern Nebraska. Great Lakes Entomologist, 46, 216-224.

Paula-Moraes, S., Hunt, T., Wright, R., Hein, G. L., Blankenship, E. (2013). Western bean cutworm survival and the development of economic injury levels and economic thresholds in field corn. Journal of Economic Entomology, 106(3), 1274-1285.

Petzold-Maxwell, Jennifer L. Blair D. Siegfried, Richard L. Hellmich, Craig A. Abel, Brad S. Coates, Terrence A. Spencer, and Aaron J. Gassmann. (in press). Effect of maize lines on fitness costs of Cry1F resistance in the European corn borer. J. Econ. Entomol.

Velez, Ana Maria, Terence A. Spencer, Analiza P. Alves, André L. B. Crespo & Blair D. Siegfried. (in press). Fitness Costs of Cry1F Resistance in Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. J. Appl. Entomol.

Véleza, A.M., T.A. Spencer, A.P. Alves, D. Moellenbeck, R.L. Meaghera, H. Chirakkala and B.D. Siegfried. 2013. Inheritance of Cry1F resistance, cross-resistance and frequency of resistant alleles in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bull Entomol Res. 103(6):700-13.

Tan, S.Y.1, Cayabyab, B.F.2, Alcantara, E.P.3, Huang, F.4,He, K. L.5, Nickerson, K.6 and Siegfried, B.D. 2013. Comparative Binding of Ostrinia nubilalis, Ostrinia furnacalis and Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab and Cry1F Toxins. J. Invert. Pathol. 114: 234-40.

Siegfried, Blair D., Murugesan Rangasamy, HaichuanWang, Terence Spencer, Chirakkal V Haridas, Brigitte Tenhumberg, Douglas V Sumerford and Nicholas P Storer. (in press). Estimating the frequency of Cry1F resistance in field populations of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Pest Manag. Sci.

Jiang, Xing Fu, Jian Chen, Lei Zhang, Thomas W. Sappington, Li Zhi Luo. 2013. Increased Long-Flight Activity Triggered in Beet Armyworm by Larval Feeding on Diet Containing Cry1Ac Protoxin. PLoS ONE 8(5): e63554.

Bowers, E., R. Hellmich, and G. Munkvold. 2013. Vip3Aa and Cry1Ab proteins in maize reduce Fusarium ear rot and fumonisins by deterring kernel injury from multiple Lepidopteran pests. World Mycotoxin Journal, 6 (2): 127-135.

Carstens, Keri, Bonifacio Cayabyab, Adinda De Schrijver, Patricia G Gadaleta, Richard L Hellmich, Jörg Romeis, Nicholas Storer, Fernando H Valicente, and Michael Wach. 2014. Surrogate species selection for assessing potential adverse environmental impacts of genetically engineered insect-resistant plants on non-target organisms. GM Crops and Food: Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain 5:1, 1–5.

Tian, Jun-Ce, Xiang-Ping Wang, Li-Ping Long, Jörg Romeis, Steven E. Naranjo, Richard L. Hellmich, Ping Wang, Elizabeth D. Earle, Anthony M. Shelton. 2013. Bt Crops Producing Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab and Cry1F Do Not Harm the Green Lacewing, Chrysoperla rufilabris. PLoS ONE 8(3): e60125. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060125.

Dyer, J.M., Sappington, T.W., Coates, B.S. 2013. Evaluation of tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins among western bean cutworm (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 106(6): 2467-2472.

Kong, Hailong, Yunxia Cheng, Lizhi Luo, Thomas W. Sappington, Xingfu Jiang, and Lei Zhang. 2013. Density-dependent prophylaxis in crowded Beet Webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae to a parasitoid and a fungal pathogen. International Journal of Pest Management 59:174-179.

Wang, Ling, Xingfu Jiang, Lizhi Luo, David Stanley, Thomas W. Sappington, and Lei Zhang. 2013. A cadherin-like protein influences Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxicity in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separate. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 5: 438-443. Binning, Rachel R., Joel Coats, Xiaoxiao Kong, and Richard L. Hellmich. 2013. Susceptibility and Aversion of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Cry1F Bt Maize and Considerations for Insect Resistance Management. 2014. J. Econ. Entomol. 107(1): 000-000; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC13352.

Coates, Brad S., Douglas V. Sumerford , Richard L. Hellmich, Craig A. Abel. 2013. Unlinked genetic loci control the reduced transcription of aminopeptidase N 1 and 3 in the European corn borer and determine tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 43(12): 1152-1160.

Coates , Brad S., Holly Johnson, Kyung-Seok Kim, Richard L. Hellmich, Craig A. Abel , Mason C, Thomas W. Sappington. 2013. Frequency of hybridization between Ostrinia nubilalis E-and Z-pheromone races in regions of sympatry within the United States. Ecology and Evolution 3(8): 2459-2470.

Garczynski S, Coates BS, Unruh T, Schaeffer S, Jiwan D, Koepke T, Dhingra A. 2013. Application of Cydia pomonella expressed sequence tags: identification and expression of three general odorant binding proteins in codling moth. Insect Science 20(5): 559-574.

Agunbiade TA, Coates BS, Kim KS, Forgacs D, Margam VM, Murdock LL, Ba M, Binso-Dabire CL, Baoua I, Ishiyaku MF, Manuele T, Pittendrich BR. 2012. The spatial genetic differentiation of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata F. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) populations in West Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research 102(5): 589-599.

Kim, K. S., and T. W. Sappington. 2013. Microsatellite data analysis for population genetics. Pp. 271-295. In: S. K. Kantartzi (ed.), Microsatellites: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, New York.

Yang, F., J.A. Qureshi, B.R. Leonard, G.P. Head, Y. Niu, and F. Huang. 2013. Susceptibility of Louisiana and Florida populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to pyramided Bt corn containing Genuity®VT Double ProTM and SmartStaxTM traits. Florida Entomologist. 96:714-723. 4

Niu, Y., R.L. Meagher Jr, F. Yang, and F. Huang. 2013. Susceptibility of field populations of the fall armyworm (lepidopteran: Noctuidae) from Florida and Puerto Rico to purified Cry1F protein and corn leaf tissue containing single and pyramided Bt genes. Florida Entomologist. 96:701-713.

Wangila, D.S., B.R. Leonard, M.N. Ghimire, Y. Bai, L. Zhang, Y. Yang, K.D. Emfinger, G.P. Head, F.Yang, Y. Niu, and F. Huang. 2013. Occurrence and larval movement of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in seed mixes of non-Bt and Bt pyramid corn. Pest Manag. Sci. 69:1163-1172.

Yang, Y., Y.-C. Zhu, Y-C., J. Ottea1, C. Husseneder, B. R. Leonard, C. Abel, R, Luttrell, and F. Huang. 2013. Characterization and mRNA quantitative analyses of cDNAs encoding three trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteinases in Cry1Ab-susceptible and -resistant strains of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis. Insect Science. 20:485-496.

Yang, F., F. Huang, J.A. Qureshi, B.R. Leonard, Y. Niu, L. Zhang, and D.S.Wangila. 2013. Susceptibility of Louisiana and Florida populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to transgenic Agrisure®VipteraTM 3111 maize. Crop Protect. 50:37-39.

Zhang, L., F. Huang, B. R. Leonarda, M. Chen, T. Clark, Y. C. Zhu, D. S. Wangila, F. Yang, and Y. Niu. 2013. Susceptibility of Cry1Ab maize-resistant and –susceptible strains of sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to four individual Cry proteins. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 112:267-272.

Sek Yee Tan, S.Y, B. Cayabyab, E. Alcantara, F. Huang, K. He, K. Nickerson, B. Siegfried. 2013. Comparative binding of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab and Cry1F Toxins in Ostrinia nubilalis, Ostrinia furnacalis and Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 114: 234-240.

David S. Wangila, D.S., B.R. Leonard, and F. Huang. 2013. Novel pyramided Bt corn is effective for controlling YieldGard-resistant sugarcane borer. Louis. Agr. 2013 Winter 12-13.

Kerns, D.L, F. Huang, M.J. Hall, J.A. David, S. Brown, J. Beuzelin, T. Smith, D.R. Ring, D.P. Reed, A.L. Morgan, S.J. Johnson, and L. Foil. 2013. Louisiana Insect Pest Management Guide. LSU AgCenter. pp 38.

Hanson, A.A., S. Paula-Moraes, T.E. Hunt, and W.D. Hutchison. 2013. Supercooling point of western bean cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected in eastern Nebraska. Great Lakes Entomologist 46(3&4): (in press).

Shelton, A.M., D.L. Olmstead, E.C. Burkness, W.D. Hutchison, G. Dively, C. Welty and A.N. Sparks. 2013. Multi-state trials of Bt sweet corn varieties for control of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 2151-2159.

Spencer, J.L., S.A. Hughson and E. Levine. 2014. Resistance to crop rotation. Chapter 7 (pages 233-278) in Insect Resistance Management: Biology, Economics and Prediction, 2nd Ed., D.W. Onstad, (ed.) Academic Press. Oxford, UK. 538 p.

Spencer, J., D. Onstad, C. Krupke, S. Hughson, Z. Pan, B. Stanley, and L. Flexner. 2013.. Isolated females and limited males: evolution of insect resistance in structured landscapes. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 146:38-49. DOI: 10.1111/eea.12022.

Zhu, K. Y., 2013. RNA interference: A powerful tool in entomological research and a novel approach for insect pest management. Insect Science 20: 1-­?3.