Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The meeting was convened at 1:00 p.m. at the Hyatt Regency in Greenville, S.C. Scientists in attendance (and the state they represent) were: Paula Agudelo (SC), Don Dickson (FL), Jon Eisenback (VA), Travis Faske (AR), Tarek Hewezi (TN), Charles Johnson (VA), Gary Lawrence (MS), Kathy Lawrence (AL), Judy Thies (SC), and Ron Lacewell (Administrative Advisor for S-1046, TX). Ron Lacewell commented on this being a meeting that is the last one before a new program is started. The new project needs to be written by next year. The committee synthesized the objectives of the new project and assigned working groups to write the new proposal as follows. Objective 1 Integrate biological and cultural management tactics with the use of resistant cultivars to develop sustainable crop production systems. (Travis Faske and Judy Thies) Objective 2 Elucidate molecular and physiological mechanisms of plant-nematodes interactions to improve host resistance. (Tarek Hewezi and Vince Klink) Objective 3 Advance the tools for identification of nematode species and characterization of intraspecific variability. (Paula Agudelo and Jon Eisenback) Title: Development of more sustainable crop production practices for management of plant-pathogenic nematodes. Justification, Methods, Literature Review: (Written by Objective chairs) Chair of writing committee: (Chuck Johnson) Date timeline: Sept. 1, 2014 Oral reports for S-1046 were presented as follows: Graduate students from Auburn University, Clemson University, Mississippi State University and Virginia Tech gave progress reports on their research (10 presentations). November 8, 2012: State reports: Oral reports by graduate students were completed (1presentation) Members of S-1046 report was presented: Judy Thies (USDA-SC alternative control of root-knot nematode), Kathy Lawrence (AL- RKN and reniform on cotton), Travis Faske (AR - root-knot on soybean), Don Dickson (FL- root-knot nematodes on tomato and peanut), Gary Lawrence (MS-reniform and root-knot) Paula Agudelo (SC - root-knot), Jon Eisenback (VA- root-knot nematodes), Paula Agudelo (SC  root-knot nematodes grain sorgum, lance, lesion, and root-knot, soybean), Tarek Hewezi (TN - root-knot resistance cotton), Charles Johnson (VA - root-knot tobacco), Jon Eisenback (VA - reniform cotton) Business meeting: Called to order at 11:40 a.m. Kathy Lawrence moved to approve minutes from previous meeting. Travis Faske seconded and all agreed. Minutes were approved as distributed by e-mail. Potential new members were discussed. A new member from Texas is needed, North Carolina needs to be more active (Rick Davis) The next meeting will be in Williamsburg, Virginia in late October or early November of 2014. The dates will be decided soon. Jon Eisenback (new president) will communicate with members for planning. Graduate student presentations will be encouraged at this meeting. Kathy Lawrence (new secretary) will plan the meeting in 2015 in Alabama. Chuck Johnson will be the new project chair in charge of writing. He will establish a timeline for the development of the new project. Nov. 2014 was set as the deadline. All sections are reminded to compare our project with the Western Regional Multistate Project. Joint meeting with other groups was discussed. The idea of getting approval for more than five years was discussed. Graduate student participation was encouraged at the next multistate meeting. Meeting adjourned at 12:00 noon.

Objective 1: Integrate resistant cultivars with other nematode management tactics to reduce selection pressure on nematode populations and communities. (Alabama) Multiple methods, stains, and irritants have been used to determine if plant-parasitic nematodes are alive or dead once exposed to a pesticide or biological compounds. The objective of this research project was to select an optimal technique to rapidly distinguish live and dead second stage juveniles (J2s) of soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines). In vitro assays were used to select the best irritant of 1N sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), 1N sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), or 1N sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Further test evaluated the optimum pH, the application contention, and time of movement. Tests were established in 100µl 96-well plates or in 50 ml conical tubes. Each trial was repeated twice and each treatment had four replications. A growth chamber experiment to confirm the results of the in vitro screening was also conducted. Results indicated statistically, 1µl 1N Na2CO3, 10 µl 1N NaHCO3, and 20µl 1N NaOH at pH=10 were equally (P < 0.05) effective at determining live SCN J2s. The 10 µl 1N NaHCO3 and 20µl 1N NaOH solutions increased movement of the nematodes with the normal lateral undulations. The 1µl 1N Na2CO3 at pH=10 caused SCN J2s to display a rapid twisting movement after a 1 minute exposure which was easy to visually see. Death also occurred after 30 minutes exposure in 20µl 1N Na2CO3, although 20µl 1N NaHCO3 did not terminate the nematodes. Furthermore, live J2s were confirmed alive and infective in a growth chamber test. The 1µl 1N Na2CO3 in100 µl of nematode solution at pH=10 determined that 80% of the SCN J2s were alive and of those, 46.3% entered soybean roots when they were placed near the root zone. The results confirmed that the optimum sodium agitation technique for rapidly distinguishing live and dead SCN J2s, accurately indicated live viable J2s. Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, FOV) is a serious disease of cotton, and is intensified by the presence of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). Twenty total cultivars were tested for Fusarium wilt resistance in addition to susceptible (Rowden) and resistant (M-315) checks in a randomized complete block design located at E. V. Smith Research Center, Plant Breeding Unit, near Tallassee, Alabama. The Fusarium wilt disease pressure was excellent in 2012. FOV races 1 and 3 were the races of the fungus isolated most frequently in 2012. The varieties showing the highest resistance with the lowest levels of disease incidence were DP0912B2RF, PHYPX443314WRF, PHY367WRF, DG2570B2RF, FM1346GLB2 and FM1348GLB2. The cultivars with lowest populations of root knot eggs per gram of root were PHY367WRF, PHYPX443314WRF, and DP1252B2RF. Cultivars with yields statistically similar to and higher than the M-315 resistant check were DG2570B2RF, FM1346GLB2, and FM1348GLB2, producing 3369, 3640, and 3343 lbs/a of seed cotton, respectively. Although these cultivars had comparable high yields, each supported a higher density of root-knot eggs than the resistant M-315 check. Thus these varieties may have some tolerance to rootknot nematode but not resistance. (Arkansas) R. T. Robbins: In a field with a high population of race 5 SCN on the Marianna Experiment station a planted for a second year in a 3 year soybean rotation cycle in which susceptible, moderately resistant and very resistant varieties were planted. Yield of the susceptible was 28.9 Lbs in the 2 middle rows of the 90 ft rows, the moderately resistant 32.9 Lbs, and the highly resistant 35.9 Lbs. The susceptible averaged 4,607 eggs per 100 ML soil, the moderately resistant averaged 3,380 eggs and the very resistant averaged 1,223 eggs. I tested 142 soybean entries new to the Arkansas Soybean Variety Testing program soybean The following 8 entries: MPG-S-5214NRR, ARMOR X1410, Willcross RY2513N, Leland, ARMOR X47C, Schillinger 4712R2, and Eagle Seed 5650RR from the 142 new varieties were not different than the resistant checks Forrest, Anand and Hartwig. These 8 entries may be useful in a cotton-soybean rotation to reduce numbers Also tested were 125 lines from Southern Soybean Breeders (2 from USDA Jackson TN, 41 from Arkansas; 20 from Missouri; and 62 from Southern Illinois - Carbondale) for resistance to the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis). T. R. Faske: Cotton acreage has decreased in Arkansas and many of those acres have been replaced by corn or soybean. In the northeast corner of the state, peanut production has given producers a profitable crop in rotation with corn and soybean, especially were root-knot was a issue. (Minnesota) Impact of cultivar resistance on virulence phenotypes of the soybean cyst nematode: A field plot experiment was established in Lamberton, Minnesota in 2008 to determine the effect of different sequences of SCN-resistance sources (PI 887888, Peking, and PI 437654) on dynamics of SCN population densities and their virulence phenotypes (HG Types or races). The site was initially infested by SCN race 1 (HG Type 2.5.7) that can overcome PI 88788 resistance, the source of resistance of majority commercial resistant cultivars. After three years, only the monoculture of Pioneer 91M90 carrying Peking resistance significantly increased FI on the source of resistance Peking, resulting in change of the SCN population from HG Type 2 to HG Type 1,2 which can overcome the resistance in both Peking and PI 88788. (MISSISSIPPI) Emergence of new nematicidal products. Several agricultural chemical companies are in the process of developing products designed for nematode control in row and vegetable crops (Table 1). Table 1. Experimental and Existing Nematicidal Product by Company, Product and Application Method. Company Product Application AMVAC Counter 20G In-furrow granular Bayer L1946 Seed treatment L1947 Seed treatment L1999 Seed treatment BCS-AR83685 Seed treatment Velum Total In-furrow spray Aeris seed applied system Seed treatment Votivo Seed treatment DuPont Vydate L In-furrow spray Vydate C-LV Foliar spray Q8U80 In-furrow spray Helena HM 0736 In-furrow spray HM 1303 In-furrow spray HM 1302 Seed treatment MANA MCW-2 In-furrow spray Monsanto Numbers Seed treatment Marrone MBI 203 Seed treatment MBI 206 Seed treatment MBI 302 Seed treatment Syngenta Avicta Complete Seed treatment STP 21403 Seed treatment STP 22411 Evaluation of seed treatment and foliar nematicides on the growth and development of upland cotton in soils infested by the reniform nematode. Randy Smith, Ph.D student, Project Directors: Kathy and Gary Lawrence. Evaluate the growth and development of upland cotton fruiting patterns relative to the impacts of 1.) heavy nematode infestations and nematicide combinations on long and short season varieties, 2.) nematicidal applied seed treatments and 3.) Potassium (potash) in soils infested with the reniform nematode. Effects on plant development are followed by plant mapping. Cotton plants grow and mature in orderly phases. Growth responses to stress produced by nematodes will alter specific phases of plant development. The period of plant development that it occurs can be determined by plant mapping. (North Carolina) Soybean lines and cultivars with potential resistance derived from PI437564 were evaluated for yield and resistance to soybean cyst nematode in a field trial in Chowan County, NC. The same soybean lines were evaluated in Johnston County, NC against Meloidogyne enterolobii (guava root-knot nematode), a species of root knot nematode newly found in North Carolina. (South Carolina) The acreage of grain sorghum grown in the Southeastern United States has increased dramatically in the last several years due to increased demand for grain from the swine industry. There are contradicting reports on the host status of Sorghum bicolor to Meloidogyne incognita, no data is available on the host status to Hoplolaimus columbus, and there is very little information on its reaction to lesion nematodes. Host suitability of 10 grain sorghum hybrids, to M. incognita (SRK), H. columbus (CLN) and Pratylenchus spp. (lesion) were evaluated under field conditions at the Edisto REC near Blackville, SC. Ten hybrids were arranged in three strip-blocks with hybrid as the whole plot and treatment with 28 L ha-1 of 1, 3-dichloropropene (1, 3-D) as the strip plot. Each plot consisted of 4 rows 10-m long on 96-cm centers. Two sets of plots were established. The first was in a field infested primarily with SRK and CLN and the second in a field infested primarily with CLN. Both fields were infested with lesion nematodes. Nematode samples were collected from soil at planting, 6-weeks-after planting and near harvest. Roots were collected just prior to harvest for extraction of nematodes in a mist chamber. In the first field, 1, 3-D treatment increased mean yields from 2,887 to 3,703 kg ha-1 over the 10 hybrids. Yields did not differ among the hybrids. Treatment with 1, 3-D reduced recovery of CLN at harvest from 54.3 g-1 to 10.6 g-1 of dry root. The hybrids did not vary in the number of CLN on root at harvest. Recovery of lesion from roots, and CLN, lesion and SRK from soils at harvest were not affected by 1, 3-D treatment or hybrid. The reduction in CLN caused by the 1, 3-D treatment appears to have resulted in a 28% yield increase. In the second field 1, 3-D treatment did not affect mean yield of the grain sorghum hybrids. However, the hybrids yield did vary from 3,055 kg ha-1 to 6,032 kg ha-1. Yield of NK7633 was significantly less than Pioneer 83P17, Pioneer 83G66, DKS 44-20, DKS 53-67 and NK 7829. Recovery of CLN from roots appeared to be higher for untreated than 1, 3-D treated plants at harvest (110.0 g-1 and 35.0 g-1 of dry roots, respectively). Recovery of CLN from roots did not vary among hybrids. Recovery of lesion nematodes from roots, and CLN, lesion and SRK from soil at harvest were not affected by either 1, 3-D treatment or hybrid. Based on this study, grain sorghum may prove useful in managing SRK populations, but may be susceptible to yield losses due to CLN. Objective 2: Identify and incorporate new sources of resistance into elite germplasm lines and cultivars. (Alabama) Germplasm lines LONREN-1 and LONREN-2 were released in 2007 for cotton breeders to incorporate R. reniformis nematode resistance into breeding efforts with desirable cultivars to establish nematode resistant high yielding cultivars. Previous screenings for R. reniformis resistance in the LONREN-1 × FM966 breeding lines developed at Auburn University have demonstrated that the nematode resistance is accompanied by severe stunting and limited plant growth followed by low yields. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects that applying nematicides to selected LONREN breeding lines have on R. reniformis nematode populations, early seedling plant stunting, yield, and fiber quality. Three resistant breeding lines from the LONREN-1 × FM966 cross, one susceptible line from the LONREN-1 × FM966 cross, as well as LONREN-1 and the susceptible cultivar DP393 were treated with nematicides and their performances evaluated. In the greenhouse, nematicides increased plant heights in the resistant lines. Nematicides further reduced reniform populations in the resistant lines 45 days after planting (DAP). Rotylenchulus reniformis populations were 50% lower in the resistant lines compared to the susceptible lines by the end of the growing period. In microplot and field trials, the phenotypic stunting response of the resistant lines was reduced by nematicides with increases in plant heights at 30 and 75 DAP. Increases in yields were also evident in the resistant breeding lines that were treated with nematicides. The study also included BARBREN-713, a more recent experimental germplasm line, which incorporates resistance to R. reniformis from the wild accession GB713 of G. barbadense. At all three trial locations (greenhouse, microplots and field), BARBREN-713 outperformed the LONREN derived lines as well as DP393 in terms of seed cotton yields, while having significantly lower egg counts than the susceptible genotypes. (Arkansas) R. T. Robbins: I am collaborating with Drs. Grover Shannon (Soybean Breeder) and Tri D. Vuong (Soybean Biotechnologist) on developing reniform molecular markers for reniform nematode resistance in soybean. In 2012 we are testing 246 lines derived from the parent lines Magellan and PI 438489B and 242 lines derived from Magellan an PI437690. This is a project funded by the Missouri soybean producers for 2 years. I am also collaborating with Dr. P. Chen (Arkansas) on nematode resistance in his soybean lines. I am also conducting proprietary contract studies with Phytogen Seed Company looking for reniform resistance in cotton. T. R. Faske: Recently, I identified and characterized a unique source of resistance to M. incognita in a wild botanical variety of Cucumis melo. Cucumis melo var. texanus is commonly found in agricultural fields in the Southern U.S. and Mexico. Its resistance to M. incognita was similar in magnitude and mode of resistance to that of C. metuliferus, a highly resistant species. The fact that C. metuliferus is incompatible with C. melo has limited this resistance being incorporated into melon varieties. The F1 and F2 generation will be screened in the greenhouse to determine if this source of resistance can be incorporated into C. melo. This may be a useful source of resistance in cantaloupe and honeydew melon production. (Minnesota) Identify and incorporate new sources of resistance into elite cultivars. Breeding: Several soybean lines carrying SCN-resistance different from the sources PI 88788 and Peking were used for breeding SCN-resistant cultivars. Crosses were made in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013. The progenies of the crosses will be evaluated for SCN resistance. (Mississippi) Soybean Cyst: Functional analysis of Glycine max genes identified from its resistant reaction to its major parasitic nematode pathogen, Heterodera glycines. Shankar Pant, G.W. Lawrence, V.P. Klink Tests are in process to identify genes that are involved in the resistance of Glycine max (soybean) to the Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode [SCN]). To identify these genes involves isolation of syncytia cells formed by SCN that are undergoing compatible or incompatible reactions at different times during the reactions. The RNA was isolated from these cells and used in comparative gene expression analyses. Candidate resistance genes were identified and then genetically engineered into soybean plants that are normally susceptible to SCN. The results from examining the function of 62 candidate genes demonstrate that some of the genes play a role in resistance. Further experimentation is ongoing to understand the details of the process of resistance. The use of RNAi in functional analyses of soybean genes involved in suppressing soybean cyst nematode (SCN) infection. Brant T. McNeece, G.W. Lawrence, V.P. Klink. The interaction between soybean and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) results in a 7-10% decrease in production worldwide. The SCN is capable of inducing the formation of multinucleate feeding structure known as a syncytium that is the site of parasitism. Syncytia undergoing an incompatible reaction to SCN parasitism were analyzed for gene expression that is active specifically during the incompatible reaction. These genes were then expressed in a susceptible genotype (Williams 82). Two genes, MSU12-1 and MSU13-1, when expressed to high levels in the susceptible Williams 82 genotype resulted in suppressed SCN infection. To confirm that the gene was involved in suppressing SCN infection, MSU12-1 and MSU13-1 was engineered as RNAi constructs into Peking/PI 548402 which is a genotype that is normally resistant to SCN. RNAi is used to decrease the normal RNA levels of a target gene, acting as a hypomorphic condition. As hypothesized, SCN growth is increased significantly in these roots where MSU12-1 and MSU13-1 gene activity is suppressed. The combination of overexpression and RNAi in the high throughput gene testing pipeline is a useful tool in examining the function of large numbers of candidate genes. (Mississippi - USDA) Efforts to identify and incorporate useful levels of resistance to reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) into upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) continued at the USDA ARS in Stoneville, MS. Several germplasm lines with moderate resistance from less-adapted day-neutral Texas race stock lines of G. hirsutum tested in advanced trials in 2011 and 2012 did not significantly reduce soil populations of reniform nematode when data from both years were evaluated, and further development of these materials was abandoned. In this project, we also are working to transfer high levels of reniform nematode resistance from five unique relatives of upland cotton (G. aridum, G. arboreum, G. longicalyx, G. barbadense, and G. herbaceum), and marker assisted selection is being used as appropriate to facilitate this effort. Phenotypic screening of progeny with resistance from G. aridum, G. arboreum, or both sources, combined with post-screening recovery of resistant plants was used to advance materials to the current BC4F6 generation. However, we continue to lose a significant number of lines with markers for resistance with each generation that the material advances. Plot tests of advanced generation materials developed from moderately resistant but previously untested day-neutral Texas race stock lines of G. hirsutum, one resistant G. hirsutum accession, and highly resistant accessions of G. barbadense were initiated this year, but data collection and analysis are not yet complete. Collaborative work with cotton breeders at Mississippi State University resulted in progeny with confirmed resistance from G. longicalyx (LONREN 1 and LONREN 2 sources of resistance) that show acceptable to excellent yield potential and fiber quality. Many of these were tested in 2012 and 2013 yield trials at multiple locations; data collection and analysis for 2013 is still in progress. Identification of reniform nematode resistance in soybean (Glycine max) and incorporation of resistance into soybean breeding efforts continued. Of 61 wild and domestic lines evaluated to date, six previously untested lines (two released germplasm lines, one accession, and 3 advanced breeding lines) were found to have useful levels of resistance. In addition to identifying new sources of reniform nematode resistance, we are making crosses to the resistance sources and have initiated phenotypic screening of our first F2 populations. Concurrent DNA collection will allow us to determine the inheritance of the resistance from each source and identify molecular markers (SSR and/or SNP) that can be used in marker assisted breeding. (North Carolina) Screening of elite lines of soybean germplasm for resistance to races 2 and 4 of soybean cyst nematode in the greenhouse continued. Soybean lines and cultivars with potential resistance derived from PI437564 were evaluated for yield and resistance to soybean cyst nematode in a field trial in Chowan County, NC. The same soybean lines were evaluated in Johnston County, NC against Meloidogyne enterlobii (guava root-knot nematode), a species of root knot nematode newly found in North Carolina. The root-knot nematode parasitism genes 8D05, 35F03, and 5G05 were found to play a significant role in nematode infection of plant roots. The secreted 8D05 RKN protein interacted with a plant tonoplast intrinsic protein (aquaporin) and appears to play a role in water and solute transport in nematode feeding cells. Transgenic plant-derived RNAi (RNA interference) against the 8D05, 35F03, and 5G05 genes resulted in significant, strong reduction in plant root infection by root-knot nematodes. (South Carolina - USDA) Melons including cantaloupe and speciality melons such as honeydew and Galia melons are extremely susceptible to the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Significant yield losses occur when these susceptible melons are grown in root-knot nematode (RKN) fields. Until its ban, methyl bromide was used for decades as a pre-plant soil fumigant for controlling RKN. Now, there is an urgent need to develop alternative methods for managing this important pest in melons and other vegetable crops. In Asia, the Mediterranean, and Europe, grafting susceptible melon scions on disease resistant rootstocks is being used for managing soil-borne diseases. Unfortunately, the bottle gourd and hybrid squash rootstocks which are commonly used for grafted melons are highly susceptible to RKN. In previous studies, African horned cucumber has been reported to be resistant to RKN and may be useful as rootstocks for grafted melon. In order to identify African horned cucumber (Cucumis metulifer) accessions which are highly resistant to RKN, we conducted greenhouse studies to evaluate the response to M. incognita of all 39 Plant Introductions (PI) of African horned cucumber available in the USDA African horned cucumber PI Collection. Several PI were moderately to highly resistant to M. incognita in the greenhouse tests and these PI were evaluated in a field which was highly infested with root-knot nematodes in Charleston, SC. A number of the African horned cucumber PI exhibited moderate to high resistance to root-knot nematodes in the field test. The most resistant African horned cucumber accessions can be used for developing highly resistant rootstocks for grafted melon and may be used for managing RKN in melon in the Southern U.S. (Tennessee) Specific aims: 1- Identifying major soybean resistance/susceptibility genes that are epigenetically controlled during SCN parasitism of soybean. 2- Describing the functional roles of phytohormones and protein kinases in mediating plant susceptibility/ resistance to cyst nematodes. Summary for Specific aim#1: All genes that mediate epigenetic modifications in the nematode feeding site (syncytium) have been identified using vigorous gene expression analysis tools. We are currently cloning all of these genes (13) in virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector and overexpression vector to quantify the impact of reducing and increasing the expression level of these genes on soybean susceptibility/resistance to SCN infection using VIGS and transgenic hairy root systems. In addition, in order to profile DNA methylation patterns at genome level of soybean roots during the susceptible interaction with SCN, we inoculated soybean cultivar William 82 with SCN and root tissues were collected at 4 day after inoculation from both infected and non-infected soybean plants. The experiment was repeated three time each with thee biological replicates. We then developed an efficient methodological framework for construction of whole genome bisulfite-treated DNA libraries to map DNA methylation at single nucleotide resolution. Two libraries from infected and non-infected soybean roots heave been successfully generated and used for Illumina high-throughput sequencing with a 20X coverage anticipation. Different patterns of DNA methylation (CG, CHG and CHH) will be mapped to soybean genome to identify genomic loci and the corresponding genes that are subjected to specific modifications associated with differential response of soybean to plants to SCN infection. (Virginia) Charles Johnson and J. D. Eisenback: Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria, and M. javanica are the most important nematodes affecting the production of tobacco around the world. Historically Meloidogyne incognita been the most common root-knot nematode species in Virginia, however, because most commercial varieties contain a resistance gene to races 1 and 3 of M. incognita (Rk1), M. arenaria is rapidly becoming the most important pathogen in Virginia and probably other states as well. M. arenaria comprised 41% of the root-knot populations a 2006 survey, and 58% in a 2010 survey. Resistant cultivars to M. arenaria and M. javanica, as well as, M. incognita, will be a useful tool to minimize the use of nematicides and limit crop reduction. Available tobacco cultivars are susceptible to attack by these two species root-knot. Resistant cultivars to M. incognita are homozygous with Rk1 alone, but some cultivars are homozygous for Rk1 and either homozygous or heterozygous for Rk2. This second gene for resistance was introduced into tobacco from a land race of N. tabacum in Zimbabwe. We are investigating the effect that homozygosity for both Rk1 and Rk2 has on the resistance to M. arenaria . Plant breeders are informed that utilizing both genes to improve tobacco germplasm can more effectively reduce crop losses caused by the root-knot nematodes. Objective 3: Facilitate and improve identification of nematode species and races. (Arkansas) R. T. Robbins: My student Marco Cordero and I investigated the morphological and molecular taxonomy of the Criconemoidea, a widespread and often damaging nematode group of over a dozen genera. The first 4 papers have been publication and 1 more has been submitted. During 2013, I found a species of Cyst nematode, Punctodera sp. My new graduate student, Churamani Khanal had a poster on new hosts of H. uriticae from Arkansas. He is also identified several populations of Root-knot to species used DNA sequences. T. R. Faske: My lab is setting up some basic molecular tools to use identify common nematode genera to species. Historically the widespread production of cotton across the state was a strong indicator that all the root-knot nematode in soil samples are M. incognita. Over the past few years there has been a decrease in cotton and increase in soybean, corn and peanut. Given this more diverse cropping system, lesion nematodes are becoming more common in soil samples thus speciation is needed to determine the most common species of Pratylenchus as well as the common species of Meloidogyne in Arkansas. Further, collaboration with Jeff Brady (Texas AgriLife Research, Stephenville, TX) resulted in the development of primers specific to M. gaminis. These primers are being tested among known several grass species of Meloidogyne at the Lonoke Extension Center. (Louisiana) A field study was conducted with two nutrient regimes (low fertility consisting of only N at 100 kg/ha and high fertility consisting of dolomitic lime at 2240 kg/ha, N at 100 kg/ha, P and K at 67.2 kg/ha, S at 9 kg/ha, B and Zn at 1.1 kg/ha) and four nematicide treatments (seed treatment with Avicta Complete Cotton, the fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene at 28.1 l/ha, combination of both nematicides, and a no-nematicide treatment) replicated 18 times. Application of 1,3-D or combined with Avicta Complete Cotton reduced southern root-knot by 57% or 78%, respectively compared to the no-nematicide. All of the nematicides significantly reduced reniform populations with the combination resulting in a reduction of 76% compared to the no-nematicide. There was a significant interaction between fertility and nematicides with a higher yield of Avicta Complete Cotton in the high fertility regime compared to the low fertility regime. The high fertility regime significantly enhanced yield of the Avicta Complete Cotton compared to the low regime. However, the high fertility regime was not important when 1,3-D was applied either alone or in combination with the seed treatment nematicide. Four 60-day-duration greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) on reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) pathogenicity and reproduction on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). A soil mixture of 70.1% sand, 25.4% silt, and 2.5% clay and P, K, and S levels of 10, 20, 35, 60, and 73 mg kg-1; 44, 70, 106, 123, and 153 mg kg-1; and 3, 12, 20, 40, and 50 mg kg-1, respectively were employed in these studies. Application of P, but not K and S, produced a significant increase in plant shoot and root dry weights and resulted in a significant decrease in population levels of reniform nematode. In other 60 day greenhouse studies, the influence of soil texture on reproduction and pathogenicity of isolates of reniform nematode from Avoyelles, Evangeline, and Rapides parishes on the cotton cultivars Stoneville LA887, Stoneville 5288B2F, and Phytogen 375WF were evaluated. Soils with sand, silt, and clay contents ranging from 7.8 to 74.4, 20.7 to 66.3, and 4.9 to 25.9, respectively, were employed. Soil type had a significant effect on nematode reproduction on all three cotton cultivars. The interaction between soil type and reniform isolate significantly affected population densities of the three reniform isolates in each of the soil types for the Phytogen 375WF but not for either Stoneville LA887 or Stoneville 5288B2F. A survey was conducted to document plant parasitic nematode communities associated with centipede and St. Augustine turfgrasses in urban ecosystems in East Baton Rouge Parish, LA. Twelve nematode genera were identified from soil and root samples of St. Augustine lawns: Criconemella was found in 91%, Gracilicus in 3%, Helicotylenchus in 94%, Hemicycliophora in 2%, Hoplolaimus in 5%, Meloidogyne in 46%, Pratylenchus in 35%, Scutellonema in 2%, Trichodorus in 3%, Tylenchorhynchus in 25%, Tylenchus in 92% and Xiphinema in 15%. Respectively, average nematode densities per 250 cm3 of soil were 159, 20, 180, 11, 8, 54, 29, 11, 14, 25, 149, and 11. A total of 10 genera were identified from soil and root samples of centipede lawns; Criconemella were found in 86%, Helicotylenchus in 78%, Hoplolaimus in 25%, Meloidogyne in 25%, Pratylenchus in 69%, Scutellonema in 3%, Trichodorus in 14%, Tylenchorhynchus in 19%, Tylenchus in 92% and Xiphinema in 6%. Population densities per 250 cm3 of soil averaged 290, 186, 18, 52, 59, 25, 9, 32,132, and 14. (Mississippi) G. Lawrence: Soybean Cyst Nematode: Quantitative field testing Heterodera glycines from metagenomic DNA samples isolated directly from soil under agronomic production. Yan Li, G.W. Lawrence, V.P. Klink A quantitative PCR procedure targeting the Heterodera glycines ortholog of the Caenorhabditis elegans uncoordinated-78 gene determined their number from metagenomic DNA samples isolated directly from field soil under agronomic production. This outcome was in the presence of other soil dwelling plant parasitic nematodes including Hoplolaimus, predatory nematodes including Mononchus, free-living nematodes and biomass. The methodology provides a framework for molecular diagnostics of nematodes from metagenomic DNA isolated directly from field soil. Figure 1. DNA amplification of a Hg-gene from different numbers of H. glycines (SCN) J2 in soil samples in greenhouse as shown by PCR and gel electrophoresis. Next used quantitative PCR to determine how the known counted number of nematodes added to a soil sample were reflected in quantitative PCR studies. As shown, the two results were very similar in their ability to measure the number of SCN in the soil. (North Carolina) Under the leadership of Dr. Weimin Ye (NCDA) with assistance from Steve Koenning a species of root-knot nematode new to North Carolina was discovered. Several new primers for species identification were developed. (South Carolina) Understanding the spatial distribution of reniform nematode in cotton fields is essential for the development of management strategies. Evidence suggesting that soil texture is one of the main factors driving distribution is somewhat contradictory. In this study, we examined the horizontal and vertical distribution of reniform nematode in two cotton fields in South Carolina, and measured potential correlations with soil texture. In the first field, forty samples were collected at random and separated into four depths: 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, 30-60 cm, and below 60 cm. In the second field, eighty samples were collected representing four zones with different soil electrical conductivity readings and soil texture. Horizontal distribution analysis using the variance/mean ratios showed a significant clustered distribution at planting, mid-season, and harvest. However, a significant neighborhood structure was detected only in the field that was sampled at a finer scale (4 x 4 m) at harvest with patches between 8 and 18 square meters in two of the plots. Vertical distribution data showed the highest numbers of reniform nematode were found between 15- and 30-cm deep. Kriging analysis was used to predict reniform densities within each field/plot and revealed high levels of spatial variability at the three sampling dates. Correlations between reniform densities and soil texture were not observed. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of reniform nematode can lead to reduction of nematicide use in precision agriculture applications. Hoplolaimus stephanus is a poorly studied ecto-endoparasite of plants, fairly recently described and with few host reports. It is morphologically similar to H.galeatus, H.magnistylus and H.concaudajuvencus, sharing characters such as four incisures in the lateral lines, three esophageal gland nuclei, a hemizonid anterior to the excretory pore, and the presence of abundant males. Considering that the genetic diversity of H.stephanus is not well studied, it is possible that H.stephanus has wider range of distribution and hosts than reported. In this study, we examined the phylogenetic relationships of H. stephanus with morphologically similar species isolated from different hosts and locations in the United States. We used morphology and sequences of the mithocondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) genes. The phylogenetic analysis of both genes showed clearly separated lineages for H.stephanus, H.magnistylus, H.concaudajuvencus, H.galeatus and 2 unidentified clades. New reports are provided for H. stephanus, H. magnistylus and H. concaudajuvencus in different states and hosts in the United States. We provide robust phylogenies of Hoplolaimus species of economic importance in the United States using nuclear and mitochondrial genes. (Virginia) A morphological description of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis has been initiated to describe details of the morphology and anatomy of this species. Both the light and scanning electron microscope are being utilized to examine this species. Two root-knot nematodes that are new to science are currently being named and described. Impact Statements: Until acceptable commercial cotton varieties are available a cotton-soybean (or other non-host) rotation is the most economically feasible method of reniform control. In cotton when uncontrolled the reniform nematode can reduce yield to the point where cotton production is not profitable. A good rotation, such as corn-cotton, sorghum-cotton or reniform resistant soybean-cotton can restore profitability to these infested fields. Rotation has an environmental advantage over chemical nematicides by having no long lasting effect on the field or crop and is environmentally safe to use. There are no detrimental human health concerns using rotations. This study will provide useful information for strategically deploying appropriate sources of SCN-resistance for managing SCN. Molecular techniques are identifying genes used in parasitic reaction by the Soybean Cyst Nematode. These will be useful in developing soybean varieties with resistance to this serious nematode pest. A molecular diagnostic technique for the soybean cyst nematodes will increase the accuracy of detecting the presence and quantification of these pests in the soil. Information about the presence of a new species of root-knot nematode in North Carolina and the need for additional control tactics is being disseminated through county extension meetings and the 2013 North Carolina Crop Protection School. The discovery of this nematode will necessitate the renewed search for resistant sources and the need for new nematode management tactics. This project was planned to acquire critical knowledge about the SCN infection process and the associated modification in the DNA or DNA-associated proteins of soybean in susceptible and resistant interactions. Genes with crucial roles in mediating plant susceptibility/resistance are known to be tightly controlled and that epigenetic modification of the DNA or its associated proteins is one of the most powerful mechanisms controlling gene expression and function. However, epigenetic control of gene expression in soybean is completely unknown. Because these modifications can affect what soybean genes are expressed and hence resistance, this information is essential to develop novel and durable resistance against this devastating parasite. The economics of production today and tomorrow demand the development of methods of identifying nematodes and formulating management tactics that are compatible with changing cropping preferences, production system technology and environmental concerns. Stacking genes for resistance to the root-knot nematode may increase the resistance response to this nematode and allow for the production of a crop in the presence of the nematode without selecting for more virulent races and species. Elucidating morphological details of the reniform nematode may discover useful characters to improve the identification of species within the genus Rotylenchulus. A detailed study of the morphology of this nematode has not been completed in the past and the scanning electron microsope has increase our understanding of the structural components that are present in the reniform nematode. Specialty melons including cantaloupe, honeydew, and Galia melons are extremely susceptible to root-knot nematodes (RKN). Since the ban of methyl bromide for pre-plant soil fumigation, which was previously the primary control method for RKN in melon, there has been an urgent need to develop alternative control methods for RKN in melon. Grafting melons and other cucurbits onto disease resistant rootstocks is commonly used in Asia, the Mediterranean, and Europe. However, the disease resistant rootstocks (bottle gourd and squash hybrids) commonly used for grafted melon and watermelon are highly susceptible to RKN. In greenhouse and field studies in Charleston, SC (USDA, ARS), African horned cucumber (Cucumis metulifer) accessions were identified which are highly resistant to root-knot nematodes. These highly resistant African horned cucumber accessions can be used for developing RKN-resistant rootstocks for grafted melon. RKN-resistant African horned cucumber rootstocks may be useful for managing RKN in specialty melons in the Southern U.S.

Alabama Klink V. P., Matsye, P. D., Lawrence, K. K., Lawrence, G. W. Engineered soybean cyst nematode resistance. Intech Publishers. "Soybean - A Review / Book 1", ISBN 980-953-307-542-1 Klink V. P., Lawrence, G. W., Lawrence, K. S. 2013. Engineered soybean cyst nematode resistance. Ch. 6: 139-172. in Soybean - Pest Resistance. Ed. HA El-Shemy. Intech Publishers. ISBN 978-953-51-0978-5. Castillo, J. D., Lawrence, K. S., and Kloepper, J. W. 2013. Biocontrol of the reniform nematode by Bacillus firmus GB-126 and Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 on cotton. Plant Disease 97:967-976. Moore, S. R. and K. S. Lawrence. 2013. The effect of soil texture and irrigation on Rotylenchulus reniformis I and cotton. Journal of Nematology 45:99-105. K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, S. KR. Yellareddygari, M. S. Reddy, J. W. Kloepper, K. S. Lawrence, M. E. Miller, H. Sudini, E.C. Surendranatha Reddy, X. G. Zhou and D. E. Groth. 2013. Ultrastructural studies on the interaction between Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 (Integral®) and the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 7:2078-2086. Seloame T. Nyaku, Ramesh V. Kantety, Yonathan Tilahun, Kathy S. Lawrence, Khairy M. Soliman, Ernst Cebert, and Govind C. Sharma. 2013. 18S and ITS1 Genomic Sequence Variations in Rotylenchulus reniformis Isolates from Alabama. The Journal of Cotton Science 17:184194. Nyaku S.T., Sripathi V.R., Kantety R.V., Gu Y.Q., Lawrence K., et al. (2013) Characterization of the Two Intra-Individual Sequence Variants in the 18S rRNA Gene in the Plant Parasitic Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. PLoS ONE 8(4): e60891. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060891. Bennett, Rebecca S., Tamara Z. Scott, Katheryn S. Lawrence, and Gary W. Lawrence. 2013. Sequence characterization of race 4-like isolates of Fusarium oxysporum from Alabama and Mississippi. Journal of Cotton Science 17:1-6. 60. Wheeler, T. A., K. S. Lawrence, D. O. Porter, W. Keeling, and B. G. Mullinix, Jr. 2013. The relationship between environmental variables and response of cotton to nematicides. Journal of Nematology 45: 8-16. Lawrence, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2013. Holistic Crop Management Systems in Reniform Nematode Infected Fields. Proceeding of the XXXI Congress of Brazilian Nematology Vol.1:33-34. Lawrence, K. S., C. D. Monks, and D. Delaney. Eds. 2012 AU Crops: Cotton Research Report. March 2013. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Series No. 42. http://aurora.auburn.edu/repo/bitstream/handle/11200/44167/CottonResearchReport2012.pdf?sequence=2 Wallace, Ted P., P. M. Thaxton, Bobby Golden, G. W. Lawrence, Jodi Scheffler, K. S Lawrence, David Weaver and Roelof B. Sikkens. 2013. Agronomic Performance of Barbadense and Longicalyx Derived Breeding Lines. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:1005. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, Tennessee. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2013/index.html Rothrock C. S., S. A. Winters, J.D. Barham, Alan B. Beach, Melanie B. Bayles, P. D. Colyer, T. Kelley, R. C. Kemerait, G.W. Lawrence, K. S. Lawrence, G.B. Padgett, P. M. Phipps, G. L. Sciumbato, R. Thacker, and J. E. Woodward. 2013. Report of the Cottonseed Treatment Committee for 2012. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:157-164. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, Tennessee. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2013/index.html Smith, Randy, Gary W. Lawrence, Kathy S. Lawrence, Richard Harkess and Carolyn Conger. 2013. Growth and Development of Five Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Varieties in Reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis) Infested Soils. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:123-128. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, Tennessee. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2013/index.html Castillo, J.D., D. Schrimsher, and K. Lawrence. 2012. Effect of Bacillus firmus GB-126 against Rotylenchulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, and Heterodera glycines under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. Journal of Nematology 44: 456-457. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, and Chet Norris. 2013. Fungicide combination evaluations for cotton seedling disease management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: ST011. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, C. H. Burmester, and Chet Norris. 2013. Seed quality and fungicides combinations for seedling disease management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: ST010. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, C. H. Burmester, and Chet Norris. 2013. Cotton variety and nematicide combinations for reniform management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N014. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, and S. Nightengale. 2013. Cotton variety and nematicide combinations for root knot management in south Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N013. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, C. H. Burmester, and Chet Norris. 2013. Cotton seed treatment, granular, and foliar nematicide combinations for reniform management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N012. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, and S. Nightengale. 2013. Cotton seed treatment, granular and foliar nematicide combinations for root knot management in Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N011. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Schrimsher, D.W, and K.S. Lawrence. 2013. Evaluation of Aeris, Temik, and two experimental compounds for management of reniform nematodes on cotton in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N008. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Schrimsher, D.W, and K.S. Lawrence. 2013. Evaluation of Poncho Votivo, Aeris, and Temik on cotton for reniform nematode management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N007. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. N. Xiang, K.S. Lawrence, D. Schrimsher, and S. Nightengale. 2013. Evaluation of Temik, Aeris, and two experimental compounds on cotton for root knot management in Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N006. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. N. Xiang, K.S. Lawrence, D. Schrimsher, and S. Nightengale. 2013. Evaluation of Poncho Votivo, Aeris, Temik, and UFS0 738 on cotton for root knot management in Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N005. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Bailey, David, K. S. Lawrence, and D. S. Schrimsher. 2013. Valent soybean seed treatment evaluation for reniform management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N004. DOI:10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. Bailey, David, K. S. Lawrence, and D. S. Schrimsher. 2013. Evaluation of seed treatment nematicides on soybeans for reniform management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N003. DOI:10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. Bailey, David, K. S. Lawrence, and D. S. Schrimsher. 2013. Soybean variety response to reniform nematodes in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N002. DOI:10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. Bailey, David, K. S. Lawrence, and D. S. Schrimsher. 2013. Evaluation of seed treatment nematicides on soybeans for root knot management in central Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N001. DOI:10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. (ARKANSAS) Cordero, Marco. A., Robert T. Robbins, Allen L. Szalanski. 2012. Taxonomic and Molecular Identification of Mesocriconema and Criconemoides Species (Nematoda: Criconematidae). Journal of Nematology 44:399426. Cordero, Marco. A., Robert T. Robbins, Allen L. Szalanski. 2012. Taxonomic and Molecular Identification of Hemicaloosia, Hemicycliophora, Gracilacus And Paratylenchus Species (Nematoda: Criconematidae). Journal of Nematology (In Press). Cordero, Marco. A., Robert T. Robbins, Allen L. Szalanski. 2012. Molecular Based-Phylogenetic Relationships In The Superfamily Criconematoidea. Nematropica Reyes Peña-Santiago , Joaquín Abolafia, Sergio Álvarez-Ortega,Weimin Ye and Robert T. Robbins. 2013. Axonchoides smokyensis sp. n. (Dorylaimida: Belondiridae) from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park; the second species of a very rare genus. Nematology 11:1-15 Chen, P., J.C. Rupe, D.G. Dombek, T. Kirkpatrick, R.T. Robbins, C. Wu, and P. Manjarrez. 2013. Registration of UA 5213C Soybean. Journal of Plant Registrations (In Press). R. T. Robbins, E. Shipe, G. Shannon, P. Chen, S. K. Kantartzi, L. E. Jackson, E. E. Gbur, D. G. Dombek, and J. T. Velie. 2013. Reniform Nematode Reproduction on Soybean Cultivars and Breeding Lines in 2012. Proceeding of the 2013 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, Texas, January, 2012. Pgs. 129-137. R. T. Robbins, E. Shipe, G. Shannon, P. Chen, S. K. Kantartzi L. E. Jackson, E. E. Gbur, D. G. Dombek, and J. T. Velie. 2013. Reniform Nematode Reproduction on Soybean Cultivars and Breeding Lines in 2012. Program of the 2013 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio. Robbins, R. T., 2013. A History of the Reniform Nematode in the South. Southern Soybean Disease Workers, March, 14 2013. Cordero, Marco A. and R. T. Robbins. 2013. Taxonomic identification of species of Criconematidae from the permanent slide collection of R. T. Robbins. Society of Nematology Knoxville Meetings Program. Pg. 40. Khanal, C. and R. T. Robbins. 2013. Expanded host range of Heterodera urticae from Arkansas. Society of Nematology Knoxville Meetings Program. Pg. 39-40. (LOUISIANA) Magalhães, D. X., C. Overstreet, E. C. McGawley, M. T. Kularathna, and C. M. Martin. 2013. The Influence of Commerce Silt Loam Soil Texture on Reproduction and Pathogenicity of Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cotton. Journal of Nematology; In press. Plaisance, A.R., E.C. McGawley, C. Overstreet, and Y. Takeuchi. 2013. Species Abundance and Influence of Nematodes in Urban Turf grass Ecosystems in East Baton Rouge Parish, LA. Journal of Nematology; In press. McGawley, E.C. and C. Overstreet. 2013. Introduction to Nematodes, A multimedia Presentation for Teaching Nematology. Nematropica; In press. Overstreet, C., E. C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier, M. T. Kularathna, C. M. Martin and R.A. Haygood. 2013. Nutrient Enhancement of Nematicides in Cotton with Concomitant Infestation of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Journal of Nematology; In press Kularathna, M. T., C. Overstreet, E. C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier and C. M. Martin. 2013. Influence of soil nutrients on reproduction and pathogenicity of Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cotton. Nematropica: in press. (MINNESOTA) Chen, S. 2012. Impact of tillage and source of resistance on dynamics of the soybean cyst nematode population and its virulence phenotype. Journal of Nematology 44:457. (MISSISSIPPI) Klink, V.P., G.W. Lawrence and K.S. Lawrence 2013 Engineered soybean cyst nematode resistance, Ch 6: 139-172. In Soybean  Pest Resistance, Ed: HA EL-Shemy, Intech Publishers ISBN 978-953-51-0978-5 Klink VP, Matsye PD, Lawrence KK, Lawrence GW. Engineered soybean cyst nematode resistance. Intech Publishers. "Soybean - A Review / Book 1", ISBN 980-953-307-542-1. Bennett, Rebecca S., Tamara Z. Scott, Katheryn S. Lawrence, and Gary W. Lawrence. 2013. Sequence characterization of race 4-like isolates of Fusarium oxysporum from Alabama and Mississippi. Journal of Cotton Science 17:1-6. Lawrence, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2013. Holistic Crop Management Systems in Reniform Nematode Infected Fields. Proceeding of the XXXI Congress of Brazilian Nematology Vol.1:33-34. Wallace, Ted P., P. M. Thaxton, Bobby Golden, G. W. Lawrence, Jodi Scheffler, K. S Lawrence, David Weaver and Roelof B. Sikkens. 2013. Agronomic Performance of Barbadense and Longicalyx Derived Breeding Lines. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:1005. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, Tennessee. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2013/index.html Rothrock C. S., S. A. Winters, J.D. Barham, Alan B. Beach, Melanie B. Bayles, P. D. Colyer, T. Kelley, R. C. Kemerait, G.W. Lawrence, K. S. Lawrence, G.B. Padgett, P. M. Phipps, G. L. Sciumbato, R. Thacker, and J. E. Woodward. 2013. Report of the Cottonseed Treatment Committee for 2012. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:157-164. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, Tennessee. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2013/index.html Smith, Randy, Gary W. Lawrence, Kathy S. Lawrence, Richard Harkess and Carolyn Conger. 2013. Growth and Development of Five Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Varieties in Reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis) Infested Soils. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:123-128. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, Tennessee. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2013/index.html (NORTH CAROLINA) Koenning, S. R. 2013. A critical evaluation of cotton tolerance to Hoplolaimus Columbus. Programs and Abstracts of the XLV Annual Meeting, La Serena, Chile 2013. Ye, W.M., S. R. Koenning, K. Zhuo, and J. L. Liao. 2013. First Report of Meloidogyne enterolobii on Cotton and Soybean in North Carolina, United States. Plant Disease 97:1262. Xue, B., N. Hamamouch, C. Li, G. Huang, R.S. Hussey, T.J. Baum, and E.L. Davis. 2013. The 8D05 parasitism gene of Meloidogyne incognita is required for successful infection of host roots. Phytopathology 103:175-181. Mitchum, M.G., Hussey, R.S., Davis, E.L., Baum, T.J., Wang, X., Elling, A.A., Wubben, M. 2013. Tansley Review: Nematode effector proteins: an emerging paradigm of parasitism. New Phytologist 199:879-894. (MISSISSIPPIS - USDA) Adams, L., R. G. Luttrell, and S. R. Stetina. 2013. Product evaluation for reniform nematode suppression in Mississippi delta sweetpotato production, 2011. Report no. 7:N020. Online. Plant Disease Management Reports. doi:10.1094/PDMR07. Molin, W. T., and S. R. Stetina. 2013. Responses of reniform nematode and browntop millet to tillage, cover crop, and herbicides in cotton. Online. Crop Management. doi:10.1094/CM-2013-0428-01-RS. Erpelding, J. E., and S. R. Stetina. 2013. Genetics of reniform nematode resistance in Gossypium arboreum germplasm line PI 529728. World Journal of Agricultural Research 1:48-53. (SOUTH CAROLINA) Jagdale, Ganpati B., T. Holladay, P. M. Brannen, W.O. Cline, P. Agudelo, A. P. Nyczepir and J. P. Noe. 2013. Incidence and pathogenicity of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) replant disease in Georgia and North Carolina. Journal of Nematology 45:92-98 Donald, P., C. M. Holguin, P.Agudelo. 2013. First Report of Lance Nematode (Hoplolaimus magnistylus) on Corn, Soybean and Cotton in Tennessee. Plant Disease 97:1398 Shaver, J. P. Agudelo, and S. B. Martin. 2013. First Report of Stubby Root Caused by Trichodorus obtusus on Zoysiagrass and Bermudagrass in South CarolinaPlant Disease 97: 852 (SOUTH CAROLINA - USDA) Fery, R.L. and J.A.Thies. PA-566, a root-knot nematode resistant, pimento-type pepper. HortScience 46(4):668-669. 2011. Fery, R.L. and J.A.Thies. Truhart-NR, a root-knot nematode resistant, pimento-type pepper. HortScience 46(5):815-816. 2011. Fery, R.L. and J.A.Thies. PA-560, a southern root-knot nematode resistant, yellow-fruited, habanero-type pepper. HortScience 46(6):647-947. 2011. Guan, W., X. Zhao, R. Hassell, and J. Thies. Defense mechanisms involved in disease resistance of grafted vegetables. HortScience 47(2):164-170. 2012. Levi, A., Thies, J., W. Wechter, H. Harrison, A. Simmons, U. Reddy, P. Nimmakayala, and Z. Fei. High frequency oligonucleotides - targeting active gene (HFO-TAG) markers reveal wide genetic diversity among Citrullus spp. accessions useful for enhancing disease or pest resistance in watermelon cultivars. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution DOI 10.1007/s10722-012-9845-3. 2012. Levi, A., W.P. Wechter, J.A.Thies, K. Ling, and U. Reddy. 2012. Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Watermelon. CRC Press. Print-ISBN: 978-1-57808-766-2; eBook-ISBN: 978-1-4398-8807-0. pp. 309-334. (Book Chapter) Thies, J.A., .J. Ariss, R. Hassell, C.S. Kousik, S. Olsen., A. Levi. 2010. Grafting for managing southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in watermelon. Plant Disease. 94:1195-1199 Thies, J.A. Virulence of Meloidogyne incognita to expression of N gene in pepper. Journal of Nematology 43(2):90-94. 2011. (VIRGINIA) Mallez, Sophie, Chantal Castagnone, Margarida Espada, Paulo Vieira, Jonathan Eisenback, Manuel Mota, Thomas Guillemaud, Philippe Castagnone-Sereno. 2013. First insights into the genetic diversity of the pinewood nematode in its native area using new polymorphic microsatellite loci. PLOS ONE 8:1-8. Eisenback, J. D., Wei, Ma, and C. W. Roane. 2013. Heat tolerance and aging of the anhydrobiotic seed gall nematode, Anguina agrostis with SEM observations. Journal of Nematology 45:43-48. Parkunan, V., C. S. Johnson and J. D. Eisenback. 2013. Induction and maintenance of systemic acquired resistance by acibenzolar-S-methyl in cultivated tobacco. Plant Disease 04/2013. Holshouser, David, Jon Eisenback, Pat Phipps, and David Moore. 2012. Soybean Nematode Management Guide. VCE Pub. AREC-1. Phipps, P. M., and J. D. Eisenback. 2012. Susceptibility of cotton varieties to root-knot nematode and their response to Temik 15G in-furrow, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:N004 Phipps, P. M., and J. D. Eisenback. 2012. The comparison of cotton seed and in-furrow treatments for control of nematodes, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:N004 Phipps, P. M., and J. D. Eisenback. 2012. Response of peanut cultivars to Proline, Propulse, and Sectagon-42 for disease control in peanut, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:N003 Askew, S D., Eisenback, J. D., M. Goatley, Jr., R. D. Grisso, P. L. Hipkins, D. S. McCall, and R. R. Youngman. 2012. Turf Pest Control: A Guide for Turf Managers in Virginia. Virginia Cooperative Extension publication 346. P. M. Phipps, Darcy Telenko, and J. D. Eisenback . 2012. The response of cotton varieties to Temik 15G in-furrow, Plant Disease Management Reports 5:N003. P. M. Phipps, Darcy Telenko, and J. D. Eisenback . 2012. The response of cotton to seed treatments for control of southern root-knot nematode. Plant Disease Management Reports 5:N001. P. M. Phipps, Darcy Telenko, and J. D. Eisenback . 2012. The response of cotton to foliar applications of CMT4856 and Temik in-furrow, Plant Disease Management Reports 5:N002 Johnson, Charles, Jonathan Eisenback, David Reed, Stephen Barts and Taylor C. Clarke. 2012. Progress report on, "Continuation of "Assessing populations of Meloidogyne species in Virginia's flue-cured tobacco fields". Virginia Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco Board