Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

W-3186 REGIONAL PROJECT Variability, Adaptation, and Management of Nematodes Impacting Crop Production and Trade 2013 ANNUAL MEETING Honolulu, HI November 14 - November 15, 2013 Agenda Wednesday November 13: Arrivals (contact B. Sipes or taxi which is probably $30 to $35) to Lincoln Hall on the UH Manoa campus. Thursday November 14: 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Gilmore Hall 311. Walk from Lincoln Hall the 1 block to Gilmore Hall. A continental breakfast including coffee, pastry, juice and fruit will be available. 8:30 a.m. Welcome and introductions (W-3186 Chair, Kathy Lawrence Presiding) 8:40 a.m. Welcome and instructions (W-3186 Host, Dr. Brent Sipes) 8:50 p.m. Welcome (Maria Gallo, Dean College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources) 9:00 a.m. Summary of the new project (Dr. Phil Roberts) 9:30 a.m. Project overview: Dr. David Thompson, Administrative Advisor, Associate Dean and Director, Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico State University. Skype in by 10:00 a.m. Begin annual report presentations Kathy Lawrence -Alabama Phil Roberts- California Ed Caswell-Chen - California Brent Sipes  Hawaii Gary Lawrence - Mississippi Haddish Melakeberhan - Michigan Tom Powers - Nebraska Steve Thomas  New Mexico Russell E. Ingham  Oregon Inga Zasada  Unsure Axel Elling - Washington Noon Lunch (box lunches) 1:00 p.m. Report presentations 3:00 p.m. Break 5:00 p.m. Instructions for dinner (Dr. Brent Sipes). Return to the hotel 6:00 p.m. Meet in the lobby and drive to Nico's Pier 38 for dinner Friday November 15: 8:00 a.m. to Noon. Gilmore Hall 311. Breakfast Good morning welcome and daily updates (W-3186 Host, Brent Sipes) 8:15 a.m. Continuation of reports: Graduate student reports. 10:00 a.m. Morning break 10:30 a.m. Business Meetings (Chair, Presiding): Increasing membership Joint proposals Annual report preparations Meeting site selections for 2015 and 2016 Election of Secretary Other matters Noon-1 p.m. Lunch (boxes provided) 1:00 p.m. Adjourn Afternoon departures

Objectives: Objective 1: Characterize genetic and biological variation in nematodes relevant to crop production and trade. Idaho: During the survey, a total of 128 samples from different mint growing areas in Nampa, Wilder, Caldwell, Marsing, Fruitland, Nyssa, Emmett, and Ontario were analyzed. Out of 128 samples, 120 samples contained root lesion nematode, 44 samples contained root-knot nematode, 97 samples contained spiral nematode, and 112 samples contained pin nematode. Similarly, sheath nematode found in 2 samples, dagger nematode in 5 samples, ring nematode in 5 samples, and stubby root nematode in 9 samples. County wise, 115 samples were surveyed in Canyon, 11 in Malheur, and two in Gem. Nematode were recorded in the range of 10-2750 for root lesion nematode, 10-6900 for root knot nematode, 10-6550 for spiral nematode, and 30-67200 for pin nematode per 500 cc soil sample. As mint is also rotated with other crops, survey for three growing seasons is necessary to obtain the ecological diversity of nematodes associated with commercial mint. Mississippi: Functional analysis of Glycine max genes identified from its resistant reaction to its major parasitic nematode pathogen, Heterodera glycines. Tests are in process to identify genes that are involved in the resistance of Glycine max (soybean) to the Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode [SCN]). To identify these genes involves isolation of syncytia cells formed by SCN that are undergoing compatible or incompatible reactions at different times during the reactions. The RNA was isolated from these cells and used in comparative gene expression analyses. Candidate resistance genes were identified and then genetically engineered into soybean plants that are normally susceptible to SCN. The results from examining the function of 62 candidate genes demonstrate that some of the genes play a role in resistance. Further experimentation is ongoing to understand the details of the process of resistance. Mississippi: The use of RNAi in functional analyses of soybean genes involved in suppressing soybean cyst nematode (SCN) infection. The interaction between soybean and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) results in a 7-10% decrease in production worldwide. The SCN is capable of inducing the formation of multinucleate feeding structure known as a syncytium that is the site of parasitism. Syncytia undergoing an incompatible reaction to SCN parasitism were analyzed for gene expression that is active specifically during the incompatible reaction. These genes were then expressed in a susceptible genotype (Williams 82). Two genes, MSU12-1 and MSU13-1, when expressed to high levels in the susceptible Williams 82 genotype resulted in suppressed SCN infection. To confirm that the gene was involved in suppressing SCN infection, MSU12-1 and MSU13-1 was engineered as RNAi constructs into Peking/PI 548402 which is a genotype that is normally resistant to SCN. RNAi is used to decrease the normal RNA levels of a target gene, acting as a hypomorphic condition. As hypothesized, SCN growth is increased significantly in these roots where MSU12-1 and MSU13-1 gene activity is suppressed. The combination of overexpression and RNAi in the high throughput gene testing pipeline is a useful tool in examining the function of large numbers of candidate genes. Washington: Meloidogyne chitwoodi is a significant threat to the potato industry in the Pacific Northwest. The goal of this project is to analyze the phylogeographic relationships of M. chitwoodi populations. This is significant because it will aid in developing more durable M. chitwoodi resistance and improve M. chitwoodi diagnostics. Since the last reporting period we have studied the morphological and molecular variability of four M. chitwoodi isolates representing distinct races/pathotypes. Using a canonical discriminant analysis it was found that stylet length is the least variable morphological character in females. Perineal patterns were significantly more variable than reported in the original species description. Washington: Each of the four M. chitwoodi races/pathotypes showed species-characteristic isozyme patterns (Mdh: N1a, Est: S1, Sod: H1). Nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences amplified with the diagnostic primer sets 194/195 and JMV1/JMV2/JMVhapla were stable across the M. chitwoodi isolates analyzed here. In contrast to conserved nuclear markers a high level of variability was detected in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). To study the genetic structure of M. chitwoodi, regions of the COII, tRNA-His and 16S rRNA mtDNA genes were amplified using single second-stage juveniles. For each individual, five clones were sequenced and a minimum-spanning haplotype network was developed. It was found that even though all M. chitwoodi races/pathotypes share one dominant mtDNA haplotype, there are certain haplotypes that were overrepresented in certain M. chitwoodi races/pathotypes. Nebraska: A set of experiments were conducted with the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) primers to test haplotype and nucleotide diversity in Heterodera and Meloidogyne species. The primer set amplified a 721-724bp fragment for of COI in Meloidogyne and 862bp for Heterodera. For Heterodera glycines COI from 82 specimens collected from 8 U.S. states were amplified and sequenced. Geographic location of the samples ranged from Delaware to central Nebraska, and Alabama to Minnesota. Only 4 different haplotypes were observed. Overall nucleotide diversity was 0.19%. Most collection sites had a single common haplotype (0 haplotype diversity) which was widely distributed across the U.S. A second haplotype was observed in 7 counties in Minnesota and a single county in northeast Nebraska. To date there are no known physiological differences among the different haplotypes. On a smaller geographic scale only two haplotypes were recorded among 20 specimens of the sugar beet cysts nematode, Heterodera schachtii collected in two states with a nucleotide diversity of 0.05%. Nebraska: For Meloidogyne species, a range of within species diversity was recorded. At the lowest level, no haplotype diversity was observed in the COI nucleotide sequence for M. chitwoodi collected from three states. Forty-seven specimens of the M. javanica/arenaria/incognita complex from 12 states produced 4 haplotypes and 0.02% nucleotide diversity. In contrast, 28 specimens of M. hapla from 11 states produced 11 haplotypes and a nucleotide diversity of 1.21%. The nucleotide and haplotype diversity observed in M. hapla was similar to undescribed species of Mesocriconema from native North American grasslands. This suggests that M. hapla may be native to North America whereas M. chitwoodi may be an exotic invasive species in North America. Hawaii: Pratylenchus have been reported across the tropics and subtropics. A molecular identification of root-lesion nematode populations from across Thailand and Hawaii was undertaken. Pratylenchus were obtained from banana (Thailand) and corn (Hawaii). The D2-D3 expansion region of 28S rDNA was amplified and sequenced. The majority of the isolates were identified as P. coffeae followed by P. brachyurus and then P. speijeri. New Mexico: In 2013 work was initiated to improve the capability for using molecular tools to differentiate Ditylenchus species of regulatory concern from more benign soil-inhabiting species. Plant and soil samples thought to contain one or more species of Ditylenchus were obtained from WA, OR, NE, and ID. Additional samples are pending from SC, WI, and the Philippines. Nematodes recovered from these samples were lysed following procedures by Solano, 2013 (Ph.D. dissertation, New Mexico State University), after which 18S rDNA was amplified using 18sF (5-GAAACCGCGAACGGCTCA-3) and 18sR (5-AACTAAGAACGGCCATGCACC-3) primers (Solano 2013, Ph.D. thesis) which were shown to be more universal than the previous standard primer set of SSU18a and SSU26r (Floyd et. al., 2002) in previous studies in our lab. The ITS/5.8S rDNA region was also amplified with primers ITSF (5-CGCAGTGGCTTGA ACCGG-3) and 528S R (5-CGCCGACTCTATCCGTTTCCACC-3) (Solano 2013, Ph.D. thesis). The 100% success rate for the 56 samples analyzed to date suggests that the proposed approach will be highly productive for generating a robust sequence library for Ditylenchus from around the world that is unlikely to have holes from samples that could not be characterized using this approach. Alabama: Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) resistance in the cotton LONREN-1 x FM966 breeding lines developed at Auburn University have demonstrated that reniform resistance is accompanied by severe plant intolerance limiting plant growth and yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of applying nematicides to selected reniform nematode resistant breeding lines to reduce the intolerance symptoms. Four resistant breeding lines from the LONREN-1xFM966 cross, the germplasm lines LONREN-1 and BARBREN 713, one susceptible line from the LONREN-1xFM966 cross, and the susceptible cultivar DP393 were treated with nematicides and their performances evaluated. In the greenhouse, nematicides increased plant heights in resistant lines. Nematicides further reduced reniform populations in the resistant lines 45 days after planting (DAP). Reniform populations were 50% lower in resistant lines compared to the susceptible lines by the end of the growing period. In microplot and field trials, the phenotypic stunting response of resistant lines was reduced by nematicides with increased plant heights at 30 and 75 DAP. Nematicides reduced early season R. reniformis populations in the microplot trial by 41%. By harvest, R. reniformis populations in microplot and field trials were 54 and 52%, respectively, higher in the susceptible lines compared to resistant lines. Egg populations in the field trial at 100 DAP were 84% lower in resistant lines compared to susceptible checks. Seed cotton yields in the field trial were increased by nematicides to levels that were comparable to susceptible checks. Objective 2: Determine nematode adaptation processes to hosts, agro-ecosystems and environments. Michigan: Reducing the impact of sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN), through use of mustard and radish as resistant-, cover-, green manure- and/or trap-crops, and improving soil health (organic matter, biological, physiochemical, nutritional and water holding priorities) are two of the critical research priorities for the Michigan Sugar Beet Industry (MSC). However, consistent suppression of SBCN and increase of crop yield from use of these crops has been elusive due to many factors. These include lack of integrated knowledge on the performance of these crops in different soil conditions and their impact on other plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) of economic significance in the sugar beet production landscape. On-going are studies to identify and understand these complex relationships using resistant and susceptible of each of radish (Defender and Tillage), mustard (Pacific Gold and Ida Gold) and soybean (92Y80 and 92M91), respectively, and SBCN-tolerant (BTS18RR4N) and susceptible (BTS10RR34) sugar beet along with corn (P9910R) as controls in Loamy and Sandy loam soils. Preliminary analyses indicate similar population densities of cysts and root-lesion (Pratylenchus spp.) nematodes in the pairs of resistant/tolerant and susceptible crops in both fields, but more variable soil food web structure by field and across crops than within crops. Overall, the data support the hypothesis that there are distinct interactions among the crops, SBCN and soil conditions. Idaho: To determine the onset of wilt, pathogenicity and interaction of Verticillium and mint nematodes, a greenhouse experiment was established. The experiment includes seven treatments with untreated control. Plants were inoculated with Pratylenchus penetrans, P. neglectus (lesion nematode), Verticillium dahliae, Pratylenchus penetrans + Verticillium dahliae, P. neglectus + Verticillium dahliae, Pratylenchus penetrans + P. neglectus + Verticillium dahliae. Data obtained from a greenhouse experiments on interaction of predominant species of lesion nematodes and Verticillium dahliae on the mint has been analyzed. Interactive effect of V. dahliae and lesion nematodes seems an additive on mint hay yield in the greenhouse experiment. Verticillium dahliae alone caused 44 % damage in mint hay yield. Root lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus seems pathogenic to mint. A 23 and 46 % reduction on mint hay were caused by P. neglectus alone or in combination with V. dahliae, respectively. P. penetrans alone caused 44 % yield reduction of mint hay while combination of P. penetrans and V. dahliae killed almost all plants (98%). Population of P. penetrans is increased by 41 fold which indicates that mint is an excellent host for P. penetrans. The experiment will be repeated one more times with necessary modifications based on the outcome of this experiment to confirm the results. New Mexico: An as yet undetermined species of Meloidogyne that was recovered from purple nutsedges in two field locations in Dona Ana County, NM in 2012 was tested against the major crops produced in southern NM. Non-host crops for this root-knot nematode include: cotton, chile pepper, corn, sorghum, alfalfa, onion, tomato, and winter rye. Additional poor hosts upon which small amounts of nematode reproduction were observed include: oat, wheat, and perennial ryegrass. Initial nematode populations doubled in 45 days on bentgrass and barley. Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and purple nutsedge (C. rotundus) were the best hosts for this nematode, resulting in population increases of over 26-fold on yellow nutsedge and over 5-fold on purple nutsedge after 45 days. New Mexico: A study was established to determine the effect of previous crop on subsequent M. incognita reproduction on yellow and purple nutsedges. Such information is necessary for accurate prediction of the extent to which different cropping scenarios will impact root-knot nematode carryover to future crops from perennial weeds. Both nutsedges were inoculated with eggs recovered from cotton, chile, or corn (the major summer annual crops in southern NM). Inoculum from tomato was also included to allow extrapolation to results from previous studies. The experiment will be harvested upon accumulation of 750 heat units (DD24), and eggs extracted from roots. Inoculum viability from each source was determined over 22 days post-inoculation with the following results: cotton (22.1%); chile pepper (57.7%), corn (14.0%), tomato (56.2%). Inoculum viability will be used to normalize final egg recovery from nutsedges. Objective 3: Develop and assess nematode management strategies in agricultural production systems. Michigan: In order to develop integrated and scalable management strategies in diverse production systems and across climatic zones, the relationships of agricultural input- (temperate) and broad anthropogenic-driven (tropical) changes are being investigated. Preliminary analysis of the effects of plant- and animal-based organic and non-organic soil amendment application in mineral soils on carrot quality and yield, soil physiochemical properties, nematode community, and overall soil quality of fresh market and processing carrot cultivars mostly show cultivar-specific responses. On-going are studies to understand the relationships among biological, physiochemical and nutritional degradations in selected sub-Saharan Africa soil groups (order), plates that hold the ecosystem change footprints of land use practices. Preliminary analyses show close relationships between biological degradation and land use practices, but differing by soil group and climatic zones, potentially leading to identifying specificity of biological and physiochemical associations in production soils. Mississippi: Quantitative field testing Heterodera glycines from metagenomic DNA samples isolated directly from soil under agronomic production. A quantitative PCR procedure targeting the Heterodera glycines ortholog of the Caenorhabditis elegans uncoordinated-78 gene determined their number from metagenomic DNA samples isolated directly from field soil under agronomic production. This outcome was in the presence of other soil dwelling plant parasitic nematodes including Hoplolaimus, predatory nematodes including Mononchus, free-living nematodes and biomass. The methodology provides a framework for molecular diagnostics of nematodes from metagenomic DNA isolated directly from field soil. Hawaii: Reniform and burrowing nematodes are chronic problems in many crops. Growers require environmentally sound post-plant treatments to augment preplant management tactics to manage these nematodes. Avermectin, thiophanate-methyl, spinosad, spirotetramat, and imidacloprid are possible alternatioves. Spinosad, spirotetramat, and thiophanate-methyl show possible benefits by decreasing nematode populations and increasing plant growth. These products may provide postplant treatment options that can aid in the management of anthurium decline. New Mexico: Grape yield and rate of M. incognita population recovery in a commercial vineyard was measured following spring and fall treatment with 200 ppm Cordon® (an emulsifiable formulation of 1,3-dichlorpropene) in 2011 and 2012. The 12 year old vineyard has a history of 50% reduction in cabernet sauvignon tonnage associated with root-knot nematode injury beginning the fifth year after establishment. In spring 2013 M. incognita JS numbers remained at 25% of threshold density in treated plots compared to five times threshold density in untreated plots. Yield in treated plots was 8% greater than untreated plots, and fall JS numbers in treated plots had resurged to 50% of numbers in untreated plots. In a related study that evaluated M. incognita population development in grass varieties being considered for use as understory crops in vineyards, all nine fine fescue varieties were excellent hosts for the nematode (RF values ranging from 13.0 to 41.2). However, perennial ryegrass (SR 4650) and Jesup (Max-Q) tall fescue supported far fewer nematodes (RF = 2.7 for perennial ryegrass; mean RF = 1.9 for tall fescue, with 60% of plants exhibiting RF < 0.1). Evaluation of M. incognita reproduction on different brassicaceous crops being considered for use as biofumigants in organic chile pepper production found that all three mustard varieties exhibited RF values between 13.2 and 28.3, and should be considered good hosts for southern root-knot nematode. Broccoli cultivar Arcadia, however was a poor host for the nematode, with a mean RF value of 0.4. Alabma: Five nematicide combinations were evaluated for Meloidogyne incognita (Root-knot nematode) and Rotylenchulus reniformis (Reniform nematode) management on three cotton varieties at different locations across Alabama. The field sites were located at the Plant Breeding Unit (PBU) of the E.V. Smith Research Center near Tallassee and the Tennessee Valley Research and Extension Center (TVREC) near Belle Mina. The cotton varieties were treated with nematicide seed treatments. Temik 15G was applied at planting with granular hoppers attached to the planters and Vydate was applied as a foliar spray at the six- to eight-leaf stage. Nematode samples were taken at 45 and 85 days after planting at the PBU and at 35 and 65 days after planting at the TVREC. Statistically no interaction occurred between the varieties and the nematicides at either location. In both locations FM 1740 B2F supported a greater stand counts compared to the Stoneville varieties; also seed cotton yield was significantly greater in the Stoneville varieties compared to the FM 1740 B2F. The two locations differ in the ranking of nematicide effectiveness. At the PBU, Temik 15G produced the greatest average seed cotton yield at 4,488.4 kg/ha in two of the three varieties followed by Aeris seed treatment which produced an average of 3,735 kg/ha. However, at the TVREC, Vydate CLV produced the greatest seed cotton yield at 3445.8 kg/ha in two of the three varieties followed by Temik 15G at 3067 kg/ha and then the seed treatments. The nematicides increased the seed cotton yields on two of the three varieties but did produce enough additional lint yields to pay for the additional nematicide investment.

Al-Hammouri, A., W .Lindemann, S. Sanogo, S.Thomas, and R. Steiner. 2013. Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne incognita on chile pepper in soil infested simultaneously with both plant pathogens. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93:67-69. Alemayehu Habteweld, D. Brainard, M. Ngouajio, S. Kravchenko, and H. Melakeberhan (2013). Assessing the impact of compost amendment for managing nematodes and soil health in mineral soil to improve carrot production. 52nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists Meeting, Knoxville, Tennessee. Bai, X., B. J. Adams, T. A. Ciche, S. Clifton, R. Gaugler, K.-s. Kim, J. Spieth, P. W. Sternberg, R. K. Wilson, and P. S. Grewal. 2013. A Lover and a Fighter: The Genome Sequence of an Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. PLoS ONE 8:e69618. Bailey, David, K. S. Lawrence, and D. S. Schrimsher. 2013. Evaluation of seed treatment nematicides on soybeans for reniform management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N003. DOI:10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. Bailey, David, K. S. Lawrence, and D. S. Schrimsher. 2013. Evaluation of seed treatment nematicides on soybeans for root knot management in central Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N001. OI:10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. Bailey, David, K. S. Lawrence, and D. S. Schrimsher. 2013. Soybean variety response to reniform nematodes in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N002. DOI:10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. Bailey, David, K. S. Lawrence, and D. S. Schrimsher. 2013. Valent soybean seed treatment evaluation for reniform management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N004. DOI:10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. Bennett, Rebecca S., Tamara Z. Scott, Katheryn S. Lawrence, and Gary W. Lawrence. 2013. Sequence characterization of race 4-like isolates of Fusarium oxysporum from Alabama and Mississippi. Journal of Cotton Science 17:1-6. Bennett, Rebecca S., Tamara Z. Scott, Katheryn S. Lawrence, and Gary W. Lawrence. 2013. Sequence characterization of race 4-like isolates of Fusarium oxysporum from Alabama and Mississippi. Journal of Cotton Science 17:1-6. Castillo, J. D., Lawrence, K. S., and Kloepper, J. W. 2013. Biocontrol of the reniform nematode by Bacillus firmus GB-126 and Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 on cotton. Plant Disease 97:967-976. Castillo, J.D., D. Schrimsher, and K. Lawrence. 2012. Effect of Bacillus firmus GB-126 against Rotylenchulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, and Heterodera glycines under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. Journal of Nematology 44: 456-457. de Tomasel, C. M., B. J. Adams, F. G. Tomasel, and D. H. Wall. 2013. The life cycle of the Antarctic nematode Plectus murrayi under laboratory conditions. Journal of Nematology 45:39-42. Gutt, J; Adams, B; Bracegirdle, T; Cowan, D; Cummings, V; di Prisco, G; Gradinger, R; Isla, E; McIntyre, T; Murphy, E; Peck, L; Schloss, I; Smith, C; Suckling, C; Takahashi, A; Verde, C; Wall, DH; Xavier, J. 2012. Antarctic Thresholds - Ecosystem Resilience and Adaptation: a new SCAR-Biology Programme. Polarforschung, 82, 2, 147-150, hdl:10013/epic.42531.d001 (erschienen 2013) http://aurora.auburn.edu/repo/bitstream/handle/11200/44167/CottonResearchReport2012.pdf?sequence=2 Humphreys-Pereira, D.A. and Elling, A.A. 2013. Intraspecific variability and genetic structure in Meloidogyne chitwoodi from the USA. Nematology 15:315-327. K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, S. KR. Yellareddygari, M. S. Reddy, J. W. Kloepper, K. S. Khairy M. Soliman, Ernst Cebert, and Govind C. Sharma. 2013. 18S and ITS1 Genomic Sequence Variations in Rotylenchulus reniformis Isolates from Alabama. Journal of Cotton Science 17:184194. Klink VP, Lawrence GW, Lawrence KS. 2013. Engineered soybean cyst nematode resistance. Ch. 6: 139-172. in Soybean - Pest Resistance. Ed. HA El-Shemy. Intech Publishers. ISBN 978-953-51-0978-5. Klink VP, Matsye PD, Lawrence KK, Lawrence GW. Engineered soybean cyst nematode resistance. Intech Publishers. "Soybean - A Review / Book 1", ISBN 980-953-307-542-1. Klink VP, Matsye PD, Lawrence KK, Lawrence GW. Engineered soybean cyst nematode resistance. Intech Publishers. "Soybean - A Review / Book 1", ISBN 980-953-307-542-1 Klink, V.P., G.W. Lawrence and K.S. Lawrence 2013 Engineered sobean cyst nematode resistance, Ch 6: 139-172. In Soybean  Pest Resistance, Ed: HA EL-Shemy, Intech Publishers ISBN 978-953-51-0978-5. Lawrence, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2013. Holistic Crop Management Systems in Reniform Nematode Infected Fields. Proceeding of the XXXI Congress of Brazilian Nematology Vol.1:33-34. Lawrence, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2013. Holistic Crop Management Systems in Reniform Nematode Infected Fields. Proceeding of the XXXI Congress of Brazilian Nematology Vol.1:33-34. Lawrence, K. S., C. D. Monks, and D. Delaney. Eds. 2012 AU Crops: Cotton Research Report. March 2013. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Series No. 42. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, and Chet Norris. 2013. Fungicide combination evaluations for cotton seedling disease management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: ST011. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, and S. Nightengale. 2013. Cotton variety and nematicide combinations for root knot management in south Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N013. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, and S. Nightengale. 2013. Cotton seed treatment, granular and foliar nematicide combinations for root knot management in Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N011. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, C. H. Burmester, and Chet Norris. 2013. Seed quality and fungicides combinations for seedling disease management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: ST010. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, C. H. Burmester, and Chet Norris. 2013. Cotton variety and nematicide combinations for reniform management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N014. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K.S., D.W, Schrimsher, C. H. Burmester, and Chet Norris. 2013. Cotton seed treatment, granular, and foliar nematicide combinations for reniform management in north Alabama, 2012. Report 7: N012. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR07. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, M. E. Miller, H. Sudini, E.C. Surendranatha Reddy, X. G. Zhou and D. E. Groth. 2013. Ultrastructural studies on the interaction between Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 (Integral®) and the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 7:2078-2086. Levy, J., W. Berry Lyons, and B. Adams. 2013. Understanding Terrestrial Ecosystem Response to Antarctic Climate Change. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 94:33-33. Maung, Zin Thu Zar, S. Yildiz, T. Teal, J. Gronseth, C. Kwoseh, T. Adjeigyapong, V. Saka, M. Lowole, G.N. Karuku, P.M. Wachira, J.W. Kimenju, J. Qi, T. Schmidt, and H. Melakeberhan (2013). Abundance and frequency of nematodes in Ferralsol, Lithosol and Nitosol soil groups in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi. 52nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists Meeting, Knoxville, Tennessee. Maung, Zin Thu Zar, S. Yildiz, T. Teal, J. Gronseth, C. Kwoseh, T. Adjeigyapong, V. Saka, M. Lowole, G.N. Karuku, P.M. Wachira, J.W. Kimanju, J. Qi, T. Schmidt, and H. Melakeberhan (2013). 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