Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

AGENDA and MINUTES W-3185 Meeting, The Wort Hotel, Jackson, WY, Oct. 1-3, 2013 Tuesday, Oct. 1, 2013 Hotel check-in (4:00 pm  ) Registration and hors doeuvres (4:00 - 7:00). Clymer Room. (Please bring a check payable to the University of Wyoming, amt. $140). Beverages available in the Silver Dollar Bar. Wednesday, Oct. 2, 2013 Breakfast (7:30 - 9:00). Jackson Room. Agency/Cooperator/Working Group Updates (9:00 - 10:00). Jackson Room. 9:00-9:10 Welcome  Tim Collier (University of Wyoming). Introductions around the room. 9:10-9:20 W-3185 Announcements, USDA and AES issues  Dave Thompson (NMSU). Thompson started by mentioning that the W3185 is still considered a great work group. Some of our regular members still need to officially join  he will send out the current Participation List to have members check and see if their name is still lacking. Some have applied, but it is common for the paperwork to get stuck at various levels. Impact Statements are still a priority for all of the working groups. It would be great if the W3185 could do a few of the expanded articles highlighting a success story  we have many! As of Oct. 1, the government is still on a Continuing Resolution (and he government is, in fact, shut down). Federal funds could be cut another 8%, which might result in additional belt-tightening at the Ag. Exp. Station level. Some programs that might also suffer would be Special Crops etc., a few could be eliminated. 9:20-9:30 Spreading the word on biological control: the 15th anniversary of the website on natural enemies in North America.  Tony Shelton (Cornell University). 9:30-9:40 U.S. Forest Service Biological Control of Invasive Plants (BCIP) call for proposals.  Richard Reardon (USFS). CANCELLED DUE TO GOV. SHUTDOWN. 9:40-10:00 CABI Update.  Hariet Hinz (CABI). Hariet send a presentation with audio file. 10:00-10:20 EBCL Update on Biological Control of Arthropods and Weeds. Rene Sforza. (European Biological Control Laboratory). 10:20-10:40 Break Arthropod Biological Control (10:40  12:00). Jackson Room. 10:40-11:00 CDFA: Update on Biocontrol Activities and New Invasive Pests.  Charlie Pickett (California Dept. of Food and Agriculture). 11:00-11:20 "Use of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi for the control of wheat stem saw fly and wireworms on wheat and flea beetles on canola."  G.V. Reddy. (Montana State University). 11:20-11:40 "Micronesian Update  Life and Death on a Small Island."  Ross Miller (University of Guam). 11:40-12:00 Managing natural enemy biodiversity to improve biological control. Bill Synder (Washington State University). Lunch (12:00 - 1:20 pm). Jackson Room. Weed Biological Control (1:20 - 3:20). Jackson Room. 1:20-1:40 Biological Control of Russian Knapweed and Whitetop.  Jeff Littlefield (Montana State University). 1:40-2:00 Adding Precision to Tamarix Biological Control using Diorhabda carinulata and its Aggregation Pheromone.  Alexander Gafke (Montana State University). 2:00-2:20 Geographic origins of Medusahead.  Stephen Novak (Boise State University). 2:20-2:40 A Brief History of Weed Biological Control in Wyoming.  Lars Baker (Wyoming Weed and Pest, Fremont County). 2:40-3:00 Break 3:00-3:20 Open-field tests in Eurasia: between science, regulation, and politics. -Massimo Cristofaro (Biotechnology and Biological Control Agency, Rome, Italy) 3:20-3:40 Break (due to another Federal employee absence). 3:40-4:00  Biological Control and the Decline of Tamarisk in Western Colorado."  Dan Bean (Colorado Department of Agriculture). W-3185 Business and Future Plans (4:00 - ?) 1. Russell Messing, 2014 meeting on Oahu, Hawaii Messing gave a ppt talk and report for Secretary, Mark Wright (Univ. of Hawaii), who will be Chair for 2014. Prices (room rates) for hotels in Hawaii have skyrocketed. Sleeping rooms for a decent hotel approach $200 per night and over, which is limiting factor for per diems and travel in general. Several hotels were highlighted on Oahu and discussion focused on cost. The group consensus was to hear more from Mark Wright via email and vote on options electronically. 2. Jeff Littlefield, 2015 meeting in Montana Jeff showcased 4 different hotel/lodge options for the 2015 meeting in Montana. As usual with this group, we often pick spots where a bit of driving is required. Four locations were described and Jeff will give more details on each at the 2014 meeting. 3. Election of officers (Chair, vice-chair, Secretary) Mark Wright, University of Hawaii, will move to the Chair position for 2014; Jeff Littlefield moves to Secretary; and the new Member-at-Large will be Dan Bean, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Dinner on your own Thursday, Oct. 3, 2013 Breakfast (7:30  9:00). Jackson Room. Conceptual Issues in Biological Control (9:00  11:00). Jackson Room. 9:00-9:20 Cereal leaf beetle parasitism: escape in space? Ted Evans (Utah State University) 9:20-9:40 Biological control and Bt plants: can they play together in the sandbox? Tony Shelton (Cornell University). 9:40-10:00 Interpreting physiological host-specificity testing in the context of ecological host range. Ernest (Del) DelFosse (Michigan State University). 10:00-10:20 Rapid evolution of biocontrol insects in response to climate change." Peter McEvoy (Oregon State University). 10:20-10:40 Open discussion about Climate Change & Other Conceptual Issues in Biological Control. 10:40-11:00 Break Teaching and Outreach in Biological Control (11:00 - 12:00). Jackson Room. 11:00-11:20 Teaching and Outreach Needs in Biological Control. - Jim Nechols (Kansas State University). 11:20-11:40 Pest-management Decision Making: a Comparison of Farmer and Scientist "mental models" and the Implications for Outreach.  Randa Jabbour (University of Wyoming). 11:40-12:00 Open discussion about Outreach and Teaching in Biological Control Lunch (12:00 - 1:00 pm). Jackson Room.

ACCOMPLISHMENTS Goal A: Import and Establish Effective Natural Enemies Objective 1. Survey indigenous natural enemies. Surveys for natural enemies of arthropod and weed pests were conducted either in the native home of the pest or within the country of invasion. Several of these surveys are highlighted. A survey of natural enemies of Diatraea spp. was conducted in El Salvador, Central America on host plants which included corn, sorghum, sugarcane and rice. Larvae of Diatraea spp. were field collected and reared on artificial diet until either adult moths or parasitoids emerged. Parasitism was mostly by tachinid flies, which were identified as Palpozenillia spp. and Billea spp. Parasitism of D. lineolata was much higher on corn than on sorghum. D. saccharalis had higher parasitism on sugarcane than on sorghum or rice. Host plant was an important factor in the level of parasitism of both Diatraea spp. Foreign exploration for classical biological control agents was conducted in the native range of the cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus microplus in India and the Philippines. R. microplus, used in host exposures, are still in the process of being dissected to look for natural enemies. Surveys were conducted for presence of natural enemies on Genista monspessulana in California. Objective 2. Conduct foreign exploration and ecological studies in native range of pest. Several institutions in the western US conducted foreign exploration and importation of natural enemies for both new and established arthropod and weed pests this past year. Field studies were completed in Europe to determine the interaction of biogeographical factors and their influence on growth of Arundo donax. Human disturbance from mowing and irrigation was found to significantly affect the impact of key natural enemies, especially the arundo scale. The areas along the Rio Grande where A. donax is invasive is largely undisturbed, therefore the arundo scale should not be adversely affected. Field surveys were conducted in Brazil in organic fruit orchards, pastures, and adjoining forested regions for green lacewings. Significant progress was made in establishing fundamental knowledge of regional chrysopid fauna and in establishing plans for further field sampling throughout the seasons. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate host specificity of Larinus filiformis for yellow starthistle, and Larinus latus for Scotch thistle. Foreign exploration continued for natural enemies of the invasive light brown apple moth, spotted winged drosophila, olive psyllid, and the Asian citrus psyllid. Many of these exploratory trips are only partially successful. Species sent to quarantine facilities must survive the trip and reproduce. Subsequent cultures will then be used for non-target host testing and evaluation for potential release. (See Objective No. 4). Objective 3. Determine systematics and biogeography of pests and natural enemies. Systematics studies generate both molecular and morphological data that are essential to distinguishing between biotypes of both pests and natural enemies. These data also provide information about species biogeography, which ultimately helps select the best biological control species. Genetic work was conducted to determine genotypes of Diatraea lineolata and D. saccharalis and their parasitoids found on corn, sugarcane, sorghum and rice collected in El Salvador. The purpose is to determine if cryptic species of moths or their parasitoids are present, and if there may be existing host plant strains/biotypes. Two genetic techniques are being employed, the mitochondrial CO1 barcode region of DNA and AFLPs. The leaf beetle, Diorhabda carinata, which feeds on saltcedar, was observed for the first time in Kansas. Recorded in August 2013 in southwestern Kansas, beetles may have dispersed naturally from Oklahoma. Specimens appear to have hybrid genital characteristics from D. elongata, which matches the morphological profiles of populations from Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle. Russian olive microsatellites were developed, but research is needed to implement these on a collection of native and invasive samples to determine origins and population structure of this invasion. Morphological and molecular studies with A. acroptiloni were continued in 2013. Mite species found on A. repens, mites extracted from Russian knapweed, and from test plants used in host-range tests were sent to Russia for identification. Objective 4. Determine environmental safety of exotic candidates prior to release. Many non-target studies and host-specificity tests are underway. Examples follow. Host specificity testing continued for the Chondrilla crown moth, O. wertheimsteini. Fifty seven plant species plus several cultivars and three C. juncea biotypes were tested. Feeding and larval development was observed in two species, Krigia biflora and Microseris lindleyi, and three introduced species: Scorzonia lacinata, Sonchus arvensis, and Tragopogon dubius, but was very marginal when compared with that of the C. juncea controls. To further delineate this attraction to potential hosts, the use of plant volatiles as attraction or ovipositional cues will also be investigated. The mite Aceria drabae was recommended for release against hoarycress by TAG in May 2013. An application for its field release was submitted to the USDA-APHIS-PPQ and an environmental assessment is being drafted. Mikania micrantha is a neotropical invasive weed that can smother both agro-forestry and natural forest ecosystems, and many crops within forest zones of Asia and the Pacific Region. Current control methods utilize slashing and herbicides, but are expensive, ineffective, not sustainable, and can be environmentally damaging. The rust, Puccinia spegazzinii, was found to occur on M. micrantha throughout the native range of the plant and a variety of pathotypes were tested for efficacy in M. micrantha control as well as for host-plant specificity. Permits were obtained to receive P. spegazzinii from Fiji and have locations have been identified for its release and subsequent monitoring on Guam. Host range testing of the arundo leafminer, Lasioptera donacis is underway at the USDA-ARS European Biological Control Laboratory. Host plant specificity tests were conducted in quarantine for Larinus filiformis for yellow starthistle, Arytinnis hakani for French broom, and Mecinus janthiniformis for Dalmatian toadflax. Objective 5. Release, establish and redistribute natural enemies. Many releases and redistributions of natural enemies (tens of thousands) were carried out against pests in 2013. Pest species include (but were not limited to): Russian knapweed (redistributed to nine locations in Montana, an insectary site at MSU, as well as consignments to Wyoming Weed and Pest, University of Wyoming and USDA-APHIS-CPHST Fort Collins, CO); Hawkweed (A total of 355 A. subterminalis galls were placed at three release sites in Lincoln County, MT. Releases were made in late June 2013 just prior to adults emerging); rush skeletonweed (Two collections of the root moth B. gilveolella were made in July 2013 and consigned to California and British Columbia); spider and broad mites (Neoseiulus californicus was imported and released for the control of spider and broad mites on Guam. Monitoring of N. californicus is currently being carried out to evaluate the mites ability to disperse naturally); coconut rhinoceros beetle (using two pathogens specific to Dynastinae: Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) and Metarhizium majus, commonly referred to as green muscardine fungus); cycad aulacaspis scale, CAS (A screen house culture of CAS devoid of predators was established so that parasitoids can be reared. Shipments of parasitoids from the US mainland will be used to infest beetle-free CAS populations with hopes to build up populations sufficient for field release); Arundo donax (The arundo wasp has widely established and spread throughout south Texas and northern Mexico. Extensive dispersal north into the Nueces and Brazos watersheds was documented. The arundo scale is now established at 9 locations along the Rio Grande); water hyacinth (An inundative rearing and release program is needed for the introduced planthopper, Megamelus scutellaris, for biological control of water hyacinth in the Sacramento Delta and the San Joaquin River watershed in California); Aphis gossypii (the braconid aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis against Aphis gossypii on taro crops in Hawaii. After temporary establishment and reproduction for several generations, it appears to have gone extinct. Hyperparasitism is a possible cause for this failure; however, the newly established B. communis was less susceptible to hypers than the previously established A. colemani, which continues to provide partial aphid control); Bactrocera latifrons (the braconid parasitoid Diachasmimorpha kraussii, was shown to be well established and surviving in the field at relatively low numbers). Objective 6. Evaluate natural enemy efficacy and study ecological/physiological basis for interactions. Fields of small grains were sampled in northern Utah to assess parasitism rates of cereal leaf beetle by the parasitoid Tetrastichus julis. Results from years with varying weather revealed greater change with warm vs. cool springs in the life cycle of the beetle than of the wasp. A sampling grid was used to determine population densities of the moth, Bradyrrhoa gilveolella, and the weed it feeds on, rush skeletonweed. In 2013 the adult moth emergence period had increased over a longer time period compared to 2011 and adults can now be observed from June into October. The impact of the arundo wasp is being measured at 29 locations along the Rio Grande from Del Rio to Brownsville, TX. White boards which measure visibility into the stand at 2m are being used to document impact. In a greenhouse study, nitrogen fertilization was found to decrease generation time of the arundo wasp, a finding which has implications for mass-rearing. A field test was conducted in central Turkey for testing damage induced by the grass fly, Dicraeus sabroskyi on medusahead seed production. Preliminary observations show the fly only on medusahead but it is not clear if this species impacts seed production. A laboratory test was conducted in Thessaloniki (Greece) for testing the specificity of the smut (U. phrygica) against native and North American medusahead. A new biocontrol agent for Russian knapweed was released in Wyoming at new sites, and monitoring where another Russian knapweed insect (J. ivannikovi) was released previously. The latter showed that while densities of the biocontrol agent increased three-fold in 2013, knapweed densities have remained high. Field studies were continued of yellow thistle and seedhead insect population dynamics at Briones Regional Park. Long-term monitoring began of Mecinus janthiniformis and Dalmatian toadflax at Hungry Valley State Vehicular Recreational Area. Goal B: Conserve Natural Enemies to Increase Biological Control of Target Pests. Objective 7. Characterize and identify pest and natural enemy communities and their interactions. Squarrose knapweed in Utah was sampled over the growing season to evaluate effectiveness of seed-feeding insects that now occur broadly throughout the region. Dissection of seedheads from large-scale spatial sampling will enable assessment of the degree to which the two biocontrol agents complement each other in suppressing weed reproduction. Populations of Chrysoperla rufilabris were obtained from Georgia and Texas and are being compared with a population from Kansas to determine environmental factors underlying diapause of this species, and how diapause responses vary geographically. Objective 8. Identify and assess factors potentially disruptive to biological control. Parasitism of A. acroptilonica (which feeds on Russian knapweed) was evident at a primary release site and at new releases as well, but it did not prevent the wasp from significantly expanding. Gall numbers increased from an estimated 120,000 in 2012 to several million galls in 2013, but many were later consumed by livestock. Surveys continued for invasive ants on Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Rota in the Mariana Islands during 2013. This activity is part of an ongoing project on surveillance of Wasmannia auropunctata and Solenopsis invicta on Guam and the CNMI. A related study will describe attendance behavior of Guams invasive ants towards aphids, scales and mealybugs commonly encountered in the Marianas, and the effects on biocontrol against hemipteran plant pests. Objective 9. Implement and evaluate habitat modification, horticultural practices, and pest suppression tactics to conserve natural enemy activity. The spider mite, Tetranychus marianae, a pest of vegetable crops and perennials, is widespread in the Pacific islands. T. marianae has become a serious pest affecting eggplant. An IPM approach to control of T. marianae was started using a combination of spray oil with Neoseiulus californicus for its management. Combining N. californicus with spray oils controlled T. marianae without affecting N. californicus. The release of N. californicus at 200 individuals per plant appeared to be the optimal release rate. Seven low risk pesticides (spinosad, malathion, azadirachtin, Morinda citrifolia extracts, petroleum oil, mixed rosemary oil, perppermit oil, thyme oil and clove oil), and Beauveria bassiana were tested against C. formicarius on Guam. Azadirachtin and spinosad showed the greatest effectiveness, and are candidates to replace synthetic neurotoxins in C. formicarius for control. Goal C: Augment Natural Enemies to Increase Biological Control Efficacy. Objective 10. Assess biological characteristics of natural enemies. Scientists at the EBCL-ARS lab in France discovered the association of Arthrinium fungus with a natural enemy of giant reed. The fungus was identified using molecular techniques, taking spores directly from the flys ovipositor. An experiment showed that flies reared on plants inoculated with the fungus completed development successfully; whereas, uninfected plants failed to produce any flies. The fungus seems to be important for larval survival in the plant and may also be involved in damage to the plant. This basic knowledge about the fly and the fungus will allow scientists to perform host-range testing necessary to get permission to release it in Texas. It may also lead to artificial diets for the fly. Objective 11. Develop procedures for rearing, storing, quality control and release of natural enemies, and conduct experimental releases to assess feasibility. Results have been reported under other objectives. Objective 12. Implement augmentation programs and evaluate efficacy of natural enemies. Results have been reported under other objectives. Goal D: Evaluate Environmental and Economic Impacts and Raise Public Awareness of Biological Control. Objective 13. Evaluate the environmental and economic impacts of biological control agents. Seasonal patterns of abundance of the native ladybird beetle Coccinella novemnotata were examined in montane foothills above agricultural crops, to evaluate the potentially adverse effect of the introduction and establishment of the exotic ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata, on the abundance of this native species (a species that has largely disappeared from eastern North America). Water use studies using eddy covariance equipment is planned for Eagle Pass, TX to document the change in water use of Arundo donax over time as natural enemies spread into this area. Objective 14. Develop and implement outreach activities for biological control programs. Approximately 30 quarantine personnel from the CNMI, the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia were trained in the importance of natural enemies in regulating populations of invasive insect pests in Micronesia, with special recognition of the potential impact of Hemiptera and ants if not intercepted or detected at or shortly after introduction to the islands. Regulations for importing natural enemies and prohibiting the entry of potential pests were discussed, along with methods for inspection and enforcement of regulations.

PUBLICATIONS ISSUED AND MANUSCRIPTS APPROVED Acebes, A. L. & R. H. Messing. 2013. Comparative susceptibility to hyperparasitism of Binodoxys communis and Aphidius colemani, primary aphid parasitoids introduced to Hawaii. Biological Control 65: 286-292. Beck, J. J., L. Smith and N. Baig. 2013. An Overview of Plant Volatile Metabolomics, Sample Treatment and Reporting Considerations with Emphasis on Mechanical Damage and Biological Control of Weeds. Phytochemical Analysis. Benelli, G, G. Giunti, R. H. Messing & M. G. Wright. 2013. Visual and olfactory female-borne cues evoke male courtship in the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, doi: 10.1007/s10905-013-9386-4. Bokonon-Ganta, A., G. McQuate, R. Messing & E. Jang. 2013. Release and establishment of the parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha kraussii against the tephritid fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons in Hawaii. Journal of Insect Science 13(5): 1-15. Cristofaro M., De Biase A. and Smith L., 2013. Field release of a prospective biological control agent of weeds, Ceratapion basicorne, to evaluate potential risk to a nontarget crop. Biological Control, 64, 3: 305-314 Cristofaro, M., A. De Biase, and L. Smith. 2013. Field release of a prospective biological control agent of weeds, Ceratapion basicorne, to evaluate potential risk to a nontarget crop. Biological Control 64: 305-314. Evans, E.W., N.R. Carlile, M.B. Innes, and N. Pitigala. 2013. Warm springs reduce parasitism of the cereal leaf beetle through phenological mismatch. Journal of Applied Entomology 137: 383-391 Gaskin J.F., M Schwarzländer, C.L. Kinter, J.F. Smith, SJ Novak. 2013. Propagule pressure, genetic structure and geographic origins of Chondrilla juncea (Asteraceae); an apomictic invader on three continents. American Journal of Botany 100:1871-1882. Gaskin J.F., M. Schwarzländer, H. L. Hinz, L. Williams III, E Gerber, BG Rector, and D-YZhang. 2013. Genetic identity and diversity of perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) in its native and invaded ranges. Invasive Plant Science and Management 6:268-280. Gaskin J.F., R.A. Hufbauer, S.M. Bogdanowicz. 2013. Microsatellite markers for Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia; Elaeagnaceae). Applications in Plant Sciences. 1(9): 1300013 Gaskin,, J.F., Schwarzländer, M., Hinz, H.L., Williams, L., Gerber, E., Rector, B.G., Zhang, D.Y. 2013. Genetic identity and diversity of perennial pepperweed in its native and invaded ranges. Invasive Plant Science and Management 6 (2): 268-280. Goolsby, J.A, E. Cortes Mendoza, P.J. Moran, J.J. Adamczyk, Ma. Marcos Garcia, and A.A. Kirk. 2013. Evaluation of Spanish Arundo scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Leonardi) (Hemiptera; Diaspididae) survival and fecundity on three New World genotypes of Arundo donax (Poaceae; Arundinoideae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 23: 499-506. Goolsby, John, A., Elena Cortes Mendoza, Patrick Moran, John Adamczyk, Mariangeles Marcos Garcia, and Alan Kirk. 2013. Evaluation of Spanish Arundo scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Leonardi) (Hemiptera; Diaspididae) survival and fecundity on three New World genotypes of Arundo donax (Poaceae; Arundinoideae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 23: 499-506. Goolsby, John, A., John A., Racelis, Alex E., Goolsby, Julia B., Kirk, Alan A., Cristofaro, Massimo, Grusak, M. and Perez de Leon, Adalberto. 2013. Evaluation of biogeographical factors in the native range to improve the success of biological control agents in the introduced range. Biological Control and Technology. 23:1213-1230. Hulme, P.E., Pyaek, P., Jaroaík, V., Pergl, J., Schaffner, U., Vilà, M., 2013. Bias and error in current knowledge of plant invasion impacts. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28: 212-218. Kirichenko, N., Péré, C., Baranchikov, Y., Schaffner, U., Kenis, M., 2013. Do alien plants escape from natural enemies of congeneric residents? Yes but not from all. Biological Invasions (DOI 10.1007/s10530-013-0436-9). Marler, T.E., R.H. Miller, and A. Moore. 2013. Vertical stratification of predation on Aulacaspis yasumatsui infesting Cycas micronesica seedlings. Hort. Sci. 48(1): 60-62. Moran, P. J., Goolsby, J. A., Racelis, A. E., Cohen, A. C., Ciomperlik, M. A., Summy, K. R., Sands, D. P. A., and Kirk, A. A. 2013. Mass-rearing of the stem-galling wasp Tetramesa romana, a biological control agent of the invasive weed Arundo donax. In: Mass-Rearing of Beneficial Organisms (Morales-Ramos J. A., Shapiro-Ilan D. and Rojas G., Eds.), Elsevier, San Diego, CA, pp. 163-201. Parepa, M., Schaffner, U., Bossdorf, O., 2013. Help from underground: soil biota facilitate knotweed invasion. Ecosphere 4: 31. Racelis, A. E. and J. A. Goolsby. 2013. Rapid assessment of above-ground biomass of giant reed using visibility estimates. Subtropical Plant Science 64:61-66. Racelis, Alex E., Moran, Patrick J., Goolsby, John A. 2013. Topping of Arundo donax as a pre-treatment to biological control. Journal of Subtropical Plant Science 64: 54-60. Smith, L. and J. J. Beck. 2013. Effect of mechanical damage on emission of volatile organic compounds from plant leaves and implications for evaluation of host plant specificity of prospective biological control agents of weeds. Biocontrol Science and Technology DOI:10.1080/09583157.2013.807908 Summy, K.R., Lieman, J., Gandy, Y.P., Mamachen, A, Mamachen, A., Goolsby, J.A., and Moran, P. J. 2013. Effects of leaf excision and sample storage methods on spectral reflectance by foliage of giant reed, Arundo donax. Subtropical Plant Science. 63: 54-64. Sun Y, Collins AR, Schaffner U., Müller-Schärer H., 2013. Dissecting impact of plant invaders: do invaders behave differently in the new range? Ecology 94:2124-2130. Tarin, D. Manhart, J. Pepper, A., Goolsby, J., Moran, P. Contreras Arquieta, B., and Kirk, A. 2013. Microsatellite markers indicate multiple origins of Arundo donax L. in North America. Invasive Plant Science and Management 6: 328-338. Tauber, C. A. and M. J. Tauber. 2013. An unusual chrysopid larva: identification, description, and taxonomic implications. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 106: 729-740. Tauber, C. A., F. Sosa, and G. S. Albuquerque. 2013. Two common and problematic leucochrysine species  Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies. ZooKeys 310: 57-101. Toaevski I., Caldara, R., Jovi J., Baviera, C., Hernandez-Vera, G., Gassmann, A., Emerson, B.C. 2013. Revision of Mecinus heydenii species complex (Curculionidae): integrative taxonomy reveals multiple species exhibiting host specialization. Zoologica Scripta (doi:10.1111/zsc.12037). Toaevski I., Jovi J., Krsti, O., Gassmann A. 2013. PCR-RFLP-based method for reliable discrimination of cryptic species within Mecinus janthinus species complex (Mecinini, Curculionidae) introduced in North America for biological control of invasive toadflaxes. BioControl, DOI: 10.1007/s10526-013-9506-2. Vargas, German, J.P. Michaud and James R. Nechols. 2013. Trajectories of reproductive effort in Coleomegilla maculata and Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) respond to variation in both income and capital. Environ. Entomol. 42: 341-353.