Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

A. Minutes of the Annual Meeting (October 22-23, 2012):

Monday, October 22

The Administrative Advisory, Dr. David Benfield, talked about the following items:

Rewrite year for NC-1040

Current project will end Sep. 30, 2013

Objectives for renewal already submitted

Participating members must submit appendix E by Nov. 15, 2012

Complete project must be submitted by Dec. 1, 2012

New project will start Oct. 1, 2013 (if approved)

Other administrative tasks to complete: yearly report due Dec. 1, 2012; 6-yr report due Dec. 1, 2013

Dr. Steve Smith, USDA-NIFA participated in the meeting via a conference call. Dr. Smith provided the following information:

New Director appointed (Dr. Sonny Ramaswamy)

Funding update

✓  NIFA is operating with a continuing budget (no budget approved for 2013)
✓  AFRI Budget for FY2013: either flat or slight increase
✓  RFA released for programs supported by both executive/legislative branches
✓  Funding success for AFRI foundational programs on Animal health/products
✓  Success rate below 10% for most
✓  Needs for our continued input to increase funding

Dr. Mark Hanigan introduced National Research Project-9 (NRSP-9) and its progress: two groups formed involving Dairy, Beef, Swine, and Poultry Nutritionists (one group on feed composition and another one on modeling).

The following station reports were presented: University of Wisconsin (Louis Armentano), Kansas State University (Barry Bradford), Utah State University (Jong-Su Eun), University of Missouri (Matt Waldron), Provimi (Gale Bateman), Purdue University (Shawn Donkin), Purina Feed (Jill Davidson), University of Maryland (Rich Erdman), and UC Davis (Jim Fadel).

Tuesday, October 23

First, the Committee elected new officers and a venue for next years meeting: Chair and Secretary for the 2013 meeting: Yves Boisclair (Cornell University) and Kevin Harvatine (Penn State University), respectively. It was decided that the 2013 meeting will be held in either Chicago, IL or Detroit, MI on October 21  22.

The following station reports were presented: Ohio State University (Jeff Firkins), Virginia Tech (Mark Hanigan), Penn State University (Kevin Harvatine), UC Davis (Heidi Rossow), and Michigan State University (Michael Vandehaar).

Dr. Mike Vandehaar discussed with committee members to make initial draft of NC-1040s logic model. The meeting adjourned.

B. Summary of Station Reports: Louis Armentano (University of Wisconsin, Obj. 1): It was assessed to determine if detectable and repeatable differences in units of bulk tank remained. The parlor in which the data was collected is a Westfalia-Surge double 16 parallel with 2 rapid exit gates and 2 possible exit lanes per side (8 cows each). There were significant correlations found between milking time within period (AM vs. PM) and for the same milking time across periods (P<0.01). Cows occasionally did visit the same unit, in 20 milkings per cow, 50% of cows visited a different unit each time, 5% of cows visited the same unit 4 or more times; and 1 % visited the same unit 6 or more times. Range of units in a given milking was 47.0 to 51.6 and 49.5 to 51.7 lbs. for AM; and 37.9 to 42.8 and 37.7 to 43.4 for PM. Coefficient of variation ranged from 2.21 to 2.75%. Barry Bradford (Kansas State University, Obj. 1 and 2): 0.50), but there was a treatment by parity interaction where 3P SS cows tended to have greater protein yield than 3P CON (14% increase, P = 0.06). Jong-Su Eun (Utah State University, Obj. 1): An experiment was conducted to test a hypothesis that lactating dairy cows fed 35% brown midrib (BMR) corn silage and 25% alfalfa hay (DM basis) would consume more DM around peak lactation compared to those fed convention corn silage (CS), resulting in longer peak milk production. Twenty-eight multiparous Holstein cows were used starting at the onset of lactation through 180 DIM. Through peak lactation (1-60 DIM), DM intake was not different between dietary treatments, whereas DM intake post peak lactation (61-180 DIM) tended to increase (P = 0.07) by feeding the BMR diet compared with the CCS diet (25.8 vs. 24.7 kg/d). Cows fed the BMR diet tended to lose less body weight (P = 0.09) through peak lactation compared with those fed the CCS diet (-0.22 vs. -0.52 kg/d). While milk yield was not different between dietary treatments through peak lactation, milk yield post peak lactation increased by feeding the BMR diet compared with the CCS diet (41.0 vs. 38.8 kg/d). Overall milk protein concentration was similar between dietary treatments throughout the experiment (2.96% on average), whereas milk protein yield tended to be higher (P = 0.10) for the BMR diet post peak lactation compared with the CCS diet (1.19 vs.1.13 kg/d). Another experiment was conducted to determine the effects of corn silage (CS) hybrids and quality of alfalfa hay (AH) in high forage dairy diets on N metabolism and ruminal fermentation by early lactating dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Intake of DM did not differ because of CS hybrids and AH quality. While feeding BMRCS-based diets decreased urinary N output by 32% (P < 0.01), it did not affect fecal N output. Feeding high quality AH decreased urinary N output by 18% (P = 0.01), but increased fecal N output by 14.5% (P = 0.01). Nitrogen efficiency (milk N (g/d)/intake N (g/d)) was similar across treatments. Ruminal ammonia-N concentration was lower for cows fed BMRCS-based diets than those fed CCS-based diets (P = 0.02), but was not affected by quality of AH. Significantly decreased MUN by feeding BMRCS or high quality AH suggests improved whole-body N utilization efficiency. Matthew Waldron (University of Missouri, Obj. 2): A lactation dairy trial has been conducted to determine the effects of Diamond V XP yeast culture and a next generation probiotic (LAC) on blood glucose kinetics, metabolism, health and productive variables of the dairy cow. The animal phase of an experiment to study the mode of action, productive, metabolic, and immunological effects of commercially available and experimental feed additives was completed. One-hundred and sixty primiparous (30%) and multiparous (70%) Holstein cows were fed one of four different treatments (n = 40 animals per treatment) from 42 d before expected calving through 85 d postpartum. Laboratory and statistical analyses have been initiated; publication submission is expected by summer of 2013. Gale Bateman (Provimi North America, Obj. 3): A trial was performed to determine if tail skin temperatures could be used as a proxy for core body temperature in neonatal Holstein male calves in order to have continuous measurements of body temperature over multiple days. A total of 79 calves were used in 3 measurement periods (7+ d each). Thermocron® (Maxim Integrated Products, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA) was attached to the underside of the tail immediately proximal to the observable vein using expandable tape (Vetrap", 3M, St. Paul, MN). Day of trial was found to be non-significant and removed from the model. All other terms remained significant at P < 0.05. The final model adjusted for calf, period, and time of day. Rectal temperature (°C) was best predicted as tail temperature (°C) * 0.4964±0.02551 + 19.9177±0.9869. This equation has an R2 of 0.6120 and a variance inflation factor of 2.57. Tail skin temperature is related to rectal temperature in neonatal male calves and can be used as a noninvasive proxy for core body temperature. An experiment was designed to determine the extent that ambient temperatures influenced body temperature in neonatal male Holstein calves housed in a non-temperature controlled calf nursery. A total of 78 calves were used in 3 measurement periods (7+ d each). Each calf had Thermocron® (Maxim Integrated Products, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA) attached to the underside of the tail immediately proximal to the observable vein using expandable tape (Vetrap", 3M, St. Paul, MN). Calves were initially 2 d old and were monitored for 56 d. The model has log likelihood R2 of 0.32 and a variance inflation factor of 1.46. Body temperature in neonatal calves had a circadian rhythm and was partially related to ambient temperatures indicating that they may have troubles thermoregulating in periods of extreme temperature swings. Research published after the Dairy NRC (2001) relating to protein needs of calves and heifers was reviewed and compared with requirements from NRC (2001). The experiments reviewed varied intakes or concentrations of CP or varied fraction or fractions of CP in the diet relative to an energy measure. Animal requirements were reviewed in 4 categories to identify advances in understanding of nutritional requirements since publication of NRC (2001). Categories included 1) calves less than 2 mo of age fed milk or milk replacer and starter, 2) calves to approximately 4 mo of age fed starter with limited forage, 3) pre-breeding age heifers, and 4) post breeding age heifers. For calves in category 1, data estimating optimum ratios of amino acids for the milk-fed calf were identified. For calves in categories 1 and 2, data estimating optimum ratios of CP to ME were identified. For heifers in category 3, optimum diet CP:ME appeared similar to NRC (2001) but other differences existed. No experiments found tested the 70% RDP of CP recommendation for calves in category 3, however, approximately 65% RDP supported more typical dairy heifer ADG than lower amounts. Few differences from NRC (2001) were found for heifers in category 4. Precision or limit-feeding vs. more conventional ad lib fed programs appears to offer utility to save costs and reduce nutrient and fecal outputs with dietary adjustments to maintain protein intake relative to energy and DMI. The presentation will cite the literature since NRC (2001) found in the search. The new literature includes experiments measuring growth, rumen and whole animal metabolism, digestibility, tissue harvest, blood chemistries, and hormones. Shawn Donkin (Purdue University, Obj. 1 and 2): We compared the effects of supplying amino acids via postruminal casein infusion on gene expression in the liver and mammary gland of early lactation dairy cattle. A replicated crossover design was utilized for this study using six rumen cannulated lactating Holstein cows (35 ± 8 DIM). The study utilized two treatments; the control treatment (CON) consisted of water infused into the abomasum of the animal at an equal rate and volume to the other treatments, whereas the protein treatment (PRO) consisted of milk protein isolate (MPI) infused at a rate of 600g/d. Increasing protein supply post-ruminally appears to have a significant effect on protein, as a percent of milk, in addition to altering milk production. When milk protein is expressed relative to total milk production (kg/kg) as well as dry matter intake (kg/kg) there is a significant effect of lysine infusion. Contrasts show that there is a linear effect of infusion on protein, as a percent of milk, as well as milk urea nitrogen. Forty eight Holstein cows were fed diets containing either corn silage (no glycerol, 10% food-grade glycerol, or 10% biodiesel glycerol) or a CDS-stover (ensiled mix, fresh mix, and CaO treated) blend as the primary forage for 35 d. CDS-stover blend diets replaced high moisture corn with biodiesel glycerol. The objective of this study was to determine the value of blended corn residue as an alternative to corn silage for lactating dairy cattle. Milk yield was 65.2, 66.2, 65.3, 64.8, 61.2, and 62.1 ± 3.6 lb/d and overall did not differ between treatments. Feed intake was 53.4, 47.6, 51.8, 54.3, 48.6, and 45.9 ± 2.35 lb/d, where the control and ensiled mix groups ate the most and cows on the CaO-blend ate the least, respectively. Also a difference in change of body weight was observed, where cows fed the CaO mix lost weight. These results conclude that treated stover, biodiesel glycerol, and other biofuels products can be included in mid-lactation dairy cattle diets to partially replace corn silage and corn without an effect on milk yield or DMI. Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) is a rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis and catalyzes the release of glucose from liver. The objective of this experiment was to clone bovine G6Pase promoter and determine the effects of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and dexamethasone (Dex) on G6Pase promoter activity. Basal luciferase activities of G6Pase promoter constructs were not different from pGL3-Basic (P0.05), but were induced (P0.05) with exposure to cAMP as well as the combined cAMP and Dex. Dex alone had no effect on promoter activity (P0.05). The responsiveness of G6P promoter to cAMP was decreased as the 5 end was truncated (P0.05). The data demonstrate a synergistic role of cAMP and Dex in regulating bovine G6Pase expression through promoter activation. Furthermore, the data indicate the sequence TTACGTAA located from -161 to -154 bp upstream of the TSS is essential for the induction of G6Pase promoter activity by cAMP or the combination of cAMP and Dex. Rich Erdman (University of Maryland, Obj. 1): We have been looking at effects of dietary DCAD on feed efficiency (FE) expressed as 3.5% FCM/DMI. In a principal components analysis of earlier work with DCAD, we found that both Na and K were positively associated with milk fat percent, FCM, and FE. However, Na was positively associated with DMI while K had no effect, suggesting a greater FE response to K supplementation. A feeding study conducted last spring tested the effect of DCAD on FE in 20 Holstein cows (8 primiparous, 12 multiparous) fed a basal diet containing 60% corn silage, 18% ground shell corn, 19% soybean and 3% vitamin/mineral supplement with a DCAD of 277 meq/kg DM (Na + K  Cl). Treatments consisted of the basal or the basal supplemented with 50, 100, or 150 meq/DM added K using potassium carbonate as the cation source. There was no effect of DCAD on DMI and milk production which averaged 22.0 and 38.8 kg/d respectively across treatments. DCAD had a significant linear effect on milk fat percentage (P = 0.014) and fat yield (P = 0.013). Milk fat percentage was very low (2.58%) in the 250 DCAD group and increased up to 2.89% in the 400 DCAD treatment. Corresponding fat yield increased from 987 to 1,108 g/d. As expected the greatest response fat percent and yields came with the first two increments of DCAD (300 and 350) with a smaller increment in the 400 meq/kg DCAD treatment. Surprisingly, DCAD had a negative effect on milk protein concentration which decreased linearly (P = 0.047) from 3.03 to 2.97% with increasing DCAD. Therefore, an optimal DCAD for maximal FE could not be determined. Thus, we concluded that diets needed to contain at least 406 meq/kg DCAD (K+Na-Cl equation). Jim Fadel (UC Davis, Obj. 3): The objectives were to evaluate extant VFA stoichiometric models for their capacity to predict VFA molar proportion and CH4 using independent data sources. Model comparison was based on mean square prediction error (MSPE), concordance correlation coefficient and regression analysis. In general, models showed different prediction performance with respect to the type of VFA in rumen fluid with root MSPE (RMSPE, % observed mean) values from 5.2 to 43.2. Among the 4 models evaluated, that of Murphy et al. (1982, MUR) had the highest RMSPE value for propionate (25.7%) with 19.6% MSPE being random error. The model of Bannink et al. (2006, BAN) had the lowest RMSPE (10.7%) for butyrate with 97.8% MSPE being random error. Similarly, the model of Nozière et al. (2010, NOZ) had the lowest RMSPE (5.2%) for acetate with 83.0% MSPE being random error. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of forage proportion in the diet on efficiency of utilization of energy for milk production. A database containing energy balance observations on 600 individual dairy cows was assembled from 35 calorimetry studies conducted in the UK. A meta-analytical approach based on Bayesian methods was used to analyze the data as the conclusion reached is valid across studies. There was a significant effect of forage proportion on parameters for NEM (P = 0.015) and kl (P = 0.004). However, kg and kt were not significantly different (P = 0.39 and 0.14, respectively) in cows fed various proportions of forage. Net energy for maintenance was estimated to be 0.25 MJ/(kg0.75 d) (SD=0.024), where SD is the standard deviation. The overall equation that describes the effect of forage proportion in the diet on efficiency of energy utilization for milk production was kl = 0.52 (SD = 0.016)  0.032 (SD = 0.096) × (F:C  0.64) (when centered on the mean of the observations). The results agreed with Strathe et al. (2011) who reported that kl was linearly related to metabolizability (i.e. ME/gross energy) of the diet, and predicted a 0.012 change in efficiency per 0.1 unit change in metabolizability. However, the magnitude of change in kl was higher when the analysis was conducted based on forage proportion compared to metabolizability. This may be because the calculated metabolizability had a narrow range in the dataset (0.42 and 0.76) compared to a wider range in forage proportions because of the nature of diet formulation to meet energy requirements. Jeff Firkins (Ohio State University, Obj. 1): In pilot studies, we screened and evaluated dose-responsiveness of various compounds used to study motility of non-rumen ciliates. The current objectives were to evaluate effects and potential interactions among wortmannin (200 ¼M, indirectly decreasing energy availability by blocking phosphoinositide signaling), insulin (countered wortmannins inhibition of cell growth, potentially through a receptor tyrosine kinase, RTK), genistein (RTK blocker, potentially inhibiting chemotaxis), U73122 (100 ¼M, inhibitor of phospholipase C, PLC, potentially disrupting Ca++ gradients needed for swimming and turning), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 500 ¼M, protein kinase G activator to enhance turning toward a chemoattractant) preloaded for 3 h in ruminal fluid that was flocculated and maintained anaerobically at 39°C. Chemoattractants were glucose, peptides, and their combination; peptides also were combined with guanosine triphosphate (GTP, a universal chemorepellent to protists). Isotrichids increased chemotaxis to glucose, but wortmannin decreased this response. Peptides were strongly chemorepellent to isotrichids, even in the presence of glucose and especially when preloaded with genistein or SNP. GTP had no effect on peptide repellence, although it reduced chemoattraction to glucose in a previous study. For entodiniomorphids, U73122 increased random swimming into saline controls. Wortmannins opposite results for entodiniomorphids versus isotrichids appear to be mediated through differences in vacuolization or receptor signaling mechanisms. For entodiniomorphids, motility toward chemoattractants appears to be sensitized by energy deprivation (wortmannin). Turning toward gradients is mediated through PKG; however, we could not support a direct PLC role. Mark Hanigan (Virginia Tech, Obj. 2 and 3): We hypothesized that dairy cattle may be able to maintain performance when fed a combination of sub-NRC requirement levels of RUP and RDP. Thirty-six mid-lactation dairy cows (24 Holstein and 12 Jersey × Holstein cross-breds) were fed diets containing sufficient or deficient amounts of RDP and RUP in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement within a 4 × 4 Latin Square design with 3-wk periods. Diets were formulated to contain 16.5, 15.75, or 15.0 % CP (DM basis) with RUP and RDP balances of +57 and +58 g/d (High-RUP/High-RDP, 16.5% CP); +42 and -209 g/d (High-RUP/Low-RDP, 15.75% CP); -133 and +61 g/d (Low-RUP/High-RDP, 15.75% CP); or -182 and -186 g/d (Low-RUP/Low-RDP, 15.0% CP), respectively. Treatment had no effect on DMI, milk production, milk protein, lactose, or fat yield. Diets containing low levels of RUP had significantly reduced MUN and urinary urea N levels as compared to diets with higher RUP levels. Urinary N excretion was significantly reduced in the Low-RUP/Low-RDP diet. Microbial N flow, calculated from urinary purine derivatives, was not significantly affected by treatment. Reduced levels of dietary RUP and RDP reduced N excretion and improved N efficiency without altering microbial outflow. The objective of the present work was to extend that model to represent individual EAA effect on mTOR phosphorylation and fractional protein synthesis rates (SR(Pr)) in the mammary gland. The model was fitted against mTOR phospho:total ratios standardized to the observed mean of the complete Dubelcco Modified Eagle Medium treatment (QP(mTOR)) and SR(Pr) (% h-1). Intracellular Leu concentration explained 67 % of the variation observed in mTOR phosphorylation. No mean or slope bias were observed for QP(mTOR) predictions. Intracellular concentrations of Ile and Met together explained 63 % of the variation observed in protein synthesis with no mean or slope bias. Regression of SR(Pr) residuals on intracellular Leu concentration and QP(mTOR) showed no remaining effect explained by these two variables. In conclusion, the model indicated that protein synthesis was inhibited when the cell sensed a shortage of Ile and Met, but this signal was not mediated by the mTOR pathway. Kevin Harvatine (Penn State University, Obj. 1 and 2): Our objective was to determine if inhibition of milk fat synthesis during diet-induced milk fat depression occurred to a higher degree during certain phases of the day. In Experiment 1, 9 multiparous cows were arranged in a 3x3 Latin Square design. Treatments were control TMR, control TMR plus 3 d intravenous infusion of 7.5 g/d of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and a low forage and high fat diet for 10 d. In Experiment 2, 10 multiparous ruminally cannulated cows were arranged in a replicated design and milk samples were collected during a control period or after 5 d of abomasal infusion of 10 g/d of CLA. In Experiment 1, there was a significant effect of treatment and milking for milk fat concentration and yield (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), but no interaction of milking time and treatment. In Experiment 2, there also was an effect of treatment and milking time on milk fat concentration (P < 0.05) and no treatment by milking time interaction. There was a treatment, but no milking time or treatment by milking time interaction on milk fat yield. Milk fat percent was 0.48 and 0.28 percentage units lower at the morning milking than the afternoon milking in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. A daily rhythm of milk fat concentration and yield can be observed in cows milked three times a day. However, diet-induced milk fat depression decreases milk fat yield equally over the day. The variation in milk composition within a milking was studied in high producing cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (54.86 ± 6.8 kg milk/d; mean ± SD) fed a 31.5% NDF and 17.0% CP diet were used in the experiment. There was an effect of milking (AM vs. PM) on total milk yield and milk protein, lactose, and fat concentration. There also was an interaction of milking time (AM vs. PM) and milking fraction, and a quadratic effect of milking fraction on milk fat, protein and lactose concentration (P < 0.001). Milk fat concentration exhibited the most marked change during milking and the best fit predictions for the AM and PM milkings were 1.43 + 1.65*MF + 2.71*MF2 and 1.89 + 1.42*MF + 2.7124*MF2, respectively. Milk fat content increased quadratically over the course of milk let down in high producing dairy cows, while much smaller changes were observed in protein and lactose. This pattern is consistent with previous results in lower producing dairy cows and reflects the dynamic nature of milk fat secretion from the mammary gland. Heidi Rossow (UC Davis, Obj. 1, 2, and 3): Two year study of variability in nutrients and ingredients and the impact of variability on milk production have just been completed and data is currently being analyzed. Data was collected from 5 commercial dairies in CA with feed management systems (EZFeed or FeedWatch). Variability can be incorporated in ration formulation models to refine nutrients supplied to a pen of cows rather than the average cow in a pen and add a factor representing precision of feed management practices to current formulation systems. In collaboration with John Deere and EZFeed (DHI Provo), equations have been developed to predict DM changes with rain for short term DM adjustments to silage. Weekly blood samples from 150 lactating Holstein cows were collected over a lactation cycle and analyzed for glucose, BHBA and NEFA. Variability in this data will be compared to milk production and components data and nutrient intake data to determine if there is a relationship between blood nutrients and milk components and if variability in feed nutrient intake is reflected in blood nutrient levels. Sample collection and lab analyses have just been completed. In collaboration with Kirk Klasing, John Ramsey, and Gabriela Acetoze, we have just finished a study in poultry examining effects of an immune challenge and Zn or Cu supplementation on feed and mitochondrial efficiency. We are planning on using these methods to examine the relationship between feed efficiency and mitochondrial efficiency in commercial dairy cows. We have just completed another study to determine if we can measure feed efficiency in individual cows on a commercial dairy. Samples are currently being analyzed. Michael Vandehaar (Michigan State University, Obj. 1, 2, and 3): We have been assembling a database to assess feed efficiency in lactating cows. To date, about 1600 Holstein cows from the US (WI and ISU are main contributors, along with MSU cows, as well as some from VT and FL) and another 3000 from Europe (Scotland and Netherlands) are included. The following data is based on 840 cows at UW, ISU, and MSU. On average, as cows eat more as a multiple of maintenance (MM) and produce more milk, feed energy is captured more efficiently. However, the marginal increase in efficiency is expected to decrease with increasing MM, especially with the decrease in digestibility predicted by NRC. The current data support this diminishing return and suggest a digestibility discount that is intermediate as illustrated by the trend lines (primiparous in red; multiparous in black). We suggest that once cows are above 3X maintenance on a lifetime basis, further increases in MM from more milk or smaller BW will return little gain in gross efficiency. Our best estimate at predicting DMI accounted for 77% of the variation in observed DMI across this dataset. Metabolic BW, BCS, and their interaction influenced NE captured (P<0.05). Efficiency decreased for fat cows, but not thin cows, as mBW increased. NE captured was not correlated with BCS and BW (R2<0.02). Across all BCS, heavier cows, especially those with mBW >140 (750 kg BW), were less efficient; this is reflected in greater RFI if mBW is not included in the RFI calculation. The increase in RFI matches the increase in DMI expected with increased mBW in NRC predictions. Including mBW in the RFI calculation removes any benefit to smaller BW, and therefore a penalty of 0.1 kg feed DM /mBW for mBW >140 (750 kg BW) should be considered. Yves Boisclair (Cornell University, Obj., 2): Recently, a novel hormone known as Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 (FGF21) was shown to regulate lipid mobilization in laboratory animals but nothing is known about its regulation and role in lactating dairy cattle. The two major goals of our work on FGF21 are, first to assess the relationship between plasma FGF21 on one hand and indices of lipid metabolism, productivity and diseases on the other; and second to determine whether FGF21 administration can improve productivity, lipid metabolism and metabolic well-being in transition dairy cows. Regarding the first objective, we have undertaken development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies so that we can develop a completely homologous bovine assay (either a radioimmunoassay or an enzyme-linked immunoassay). Specifically, we have raised 4 independent rabbit polyclonal antibodies against bovine FGF21. These antibodies have been evaluated in 2 independent fashions. First, all 4 recognized bovine FGF21 when diluted between 1:5000 and 1:20000 in a modified enzyme-linked immunoassay format setting where bovine FGF21 is captured with an anti human FGF21 monoclonal antibody. They were also tested in a radioimmunoassay format and we showed that binding of radiolabelled bovine FGF21 was competed by excess bovine FGF21 for each of the 4 antibodies. These data suggest that these antibodies adequately recognize bovine FGF21. Regarding the second FGF21 objective, we have obtained over 1 gram of recombinantly produced bovine FGF21 to allow infusion in early lactating dairy cows. After refolding and purification, we have analyzed the protein on polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gels and established that it is over 99% pure. Finally, we have documented that it has a minimum level of endotoxins and that it is biologically active in two different bioassays (ability to stimulate glucose uptake and ability to stimulate ERK signaling in adipocytes). This material is therefore ready and suitable for infusion in dairy cows. J.W. Schroeder (North Dakota State University, Obj. 1): The objective of this feeding study is to determine 1) the S-methyl-cysteine sulfoxide content in mustard bran; 2) the rate of conversion of S-methyl-cysteine to the toxic S-methyl cysteine dimethyl disulfide in the rumen; 3) the nutrient digestibility of mustard bran (in vitro): RDP, RUP, NDF, and IVDMD, as well as to determine milk production, milk composition, rumen fermentation, and DMI responses of lactating Holstein cows fed a diet containing 4 different levels of mustard bran (0, 2.5, 5, and 8%) based on the S-methyl-cysteine sulfoxide content. While the optimum dietary intake of conventional feeds for dairy cattle is well accepted, novel combinations of grains and oilseeds with currently available co-products has presented opportunities to explore unique sources of supplemental nutrients. The effects of drought and high feed prices have dairy producers demanding alternative feeds that promote dairy efficiency, food production and environmental stewardship.

Publications: List of peer-reviewed journal articles published by NC-1040 committee members during 2012 reporting year (includes papers in press, accepted, or submitted)

Aguilar, M., M. D. Hanigan, H. A. Tucker, B. L. Jones, S. K. Garbade, M. L. McGilliard, C. C. Stallings, K. F. Knowlton, and R. E. James (in press). Cow and herd variation in milk urea nitrogen concentrations in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci.
Alemu, A.W., J. Dijkstra, A. Bannink, J. France and E. Kebreab. 2011. Rumen stoichiometric models and their contribution and challenges in predicting enteric methane production. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 166-167:761-778.
Alemu, A.W., K. Ominski, and E. Kebreab. 2011. Trends of enteric methane emissions from Manitoba beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 91:305-321.
Allen, M. S. and B. J. Bradford. 2012. Control of food intake by metabolism of fuels: a comparison across species. Proc Nutr Soc. 71(3):401-9.
Appuhamy, J. A. D. R. N., N. Knoebel, J. Escobar, and M. D. Hanigan. 2012. Isoleucine and leucine independently regulate mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in MAC-T cells and bovine mammary tissue slices. J. Nutr. 142:483-91.
Baldwin, R. L., R. W. Li, C. J. Li, J. M. Thomson, and B. J. Bequette. 2012. Characterization of the longissimus lumborum transcriptome response to adding propionate to the diet of growing Angus beef steers. Physiol. Genomics. 44:543-550. DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00144.
Baldwin, R. L. VI, Wu, S., Li, W., Li, C., Bequette, B. J., and Li, R.W. (2012) Quantification of transcriptome responses of the rumen epithelium to butyrate infusion using RNA-seq technology. Gene Regulation and Systems Biology. 6:67-80.
Bateman, H. G., II, T. M. Hill, J. M. Aldrich, R. L. Schlotterbeck, and J. L. Firkins. 2012. Meta-analysis of the effect of initial serum protein concentration and empirical prediction model for growth of neonatal Holstein calves through 8 weeks of age. J. Dairy Sci. 95:363-369.
Bork, N. R., J. W. Schroeder, K. A. Vonnahme, and G. P. Lardy, 2012. Effect of physical form of flaxseed on digestibility when fed to Holstein steers. J. Dairy Sci. (in review).
Bradford, B. J., and C. R. Mullins. 2012. Invited Review: Strategies for promoting productivity and health of dairy cattle by feeding non-forage fiber sources. J Dairy Sci. 95(9):4735-46.
Brown, K. L., B. G. Cassell, M. L. McGilliard, M. D. Hanigan, and F. C. Gwazdauskas. 2012. Hormones, metabolites, and reproduction in Holsteins, Jerseys, and their crosses. J. Dairy Sci. 95(2):698-707.
Carrillo, A. E., Flynn, M. G, Pinkston, C, Markofski, M. M., Jiang. Y, Donkin S. S., Teegarden, D. 2011.Vitamin D supplementation during exercise training does not alter inflammatory biomarkers in overweight and obese subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011 Dec 20. [Epub ahead of print].
Faciola, A. P., G. A. Broderick, A. N. Hristov, and M. I. Leã. 2012. Effects of lauric acid on ruminal protozoal numbers and fermentation pattern and milk production in lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. (accepted).
Fokkink, W. B., T. M. Hill, H. G. Bateman II, J. M. Aldrich, R. L. Schlotterbeck, and A. F. Kertz. 2011. Case Study: Effect of high-and low-cereal-grain starters on straw intake and rumen development of neonatal Holstein calves. Prof. Anim. Sci. 27:357-364.
Ghimire, S., P. Gregorini, and M. D. Hanigan. (submitted). Evaluation of predictions of volatile fatty acid production rates by the Molly cow model. J. Dairy Sci.
Hanigan. M. D., J. A. D. R. N. Appuhamy, and P. Gregorini. (submitted). Estimation of digestive parameters in the Molly cow model. J. Dairy Sci.
Harvatine, K. J., and D. E. Bauman. 2011. Characterization of the acute lactational response to trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. 94:6047-56.
Hill, T. M., H. G. Bateman II, J. M. Aldrich, and R. L. Schlotterbeck. 2011. Case Study: Effects of adding arginine and histidine to dairy calf milk replacers. Professional Animal Scientist 27:565-570
Hill, T. M., M. J. VandeHaar, L. M. Sordillo, D. R. Catherman, H. G. Bateman II, and R. L. Schlotterbeck. 2011. Fatty acid intake alters growth and immunity in milk-fed calves. J. Dairy Sci. 94:3936-3948.
Hill, T. M., H. G. Bateman II, J. M. Aldrich, and R. L. Schlotterbeck. 2012. Methods of reducing milk replacer to prepare dairy calves for weaning when large amounts of milk replacer have been fed. Professional Animal Scientist. 28:332-337.
Hill, T. M., H. G. Bateman II, J. M. Aldrich, and R. L. Schlotterbeck.2012. High-starch, coarse-grain, low-fiber diets maximize growth of weaned dairy calves less than 4 months of age. Professional Animal Scientist. 28:325-331. Hill, T. M., H. G. Bateman II, J. M. Aldrich, and R. L. Schlotterbeck. 2012. Case Study: Effect of feeding rate and weaning age of dairy calves fed a conventional milk replacer during warm summer months. Professional Animal Scientist 28:125-130
Holt, M. S., J.-S. Eun, A. J. Young, X. Dai, and K. E. Nestor Jr. 2012. Effects of feeding brown midrib corn silage with a high dietary concentration of alfalfa hay on lactational performance of Holstein dairy cows for the first 180 days of lactation. J. Dairy Sci. (manuscript accepted and in press)
Hristov, A. N. 2012. Historic, pre-European settlement, and present-day contribution of wild ruminants to enteric methane emissions in the United States. J. Anim. Sci. 90:1371-1375.
Hristov, A. N., C. Lee, R. Hrisova, P. Huhtanen, and J. L. Firkins. 2012. A meta-analysis of variability in continuous-culture ruminal fermentation and digestibility data. J. Dairy Sci. 95:5299-5307.
Hristov, A. N., T. R. Callaway, C. Lee, and S. E. Dowd. 2012. Ruminal bacterial, archaeal, and fungal diversity of dairy cows with normal and reduced ruminal fauna. J. Anim. Sci. (in press).
Lee, C., A. N. Hristov, K. S. Heyler, T. W. Cassidy, H. Lapierre, G. A. Varga, and C. Parys. 2012. Effects of metabolizable protein supply and amino acids supplementation on nitrogen utilization, production and ammonia emissions from manure in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:52535268.
Lee, C., A. N. Hristov, C. J. Dell, G. W. Feyereisen, J. Kaye, and D. Beegle. 2012. Effect of dietary protein concentration on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from dairy manure. J. Dairy Sci. 95:19301941.
Lee, C., A. N. Hristov, T. W. Cassidy, K. S. Heyler, H. Lapierre, G. A. Varga, M. J. de Veth, R. A. Patton, and C. Parys. 2012. Rumen-protected lysine, methionine, and histidine increase milk protein yield in dairy cows fed metabolizable protein-deficient diet. J. Dairy Sci. (in press).
Legesse, G., J. A. Small, S. L. Scott, G. H. Crow, H. C. Block, A. W. Alemu, C. D. Robins, and E. Kebreab. 2011. Evaluation of enteric methane emissions from alternative cow-calf production systems. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 166-167:678-687.
Moallem, U., D. Vyas, B. B. Teter, P. L. Delmonte, and R.A. Erdman. 2012. Transfer rate of alpha-linolenic acid from abomasally infused flaxseed oil into milk fat and the effects on milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95: 5276-5284.\
Morvay, Y., A. Bannink, J. France, E. Kebreab, and J. Dijkstra. 2011. Evaluation of models to predict the stoichiometry of volatile fatty acid profiles in rumen fluid of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 94:3063-3080.
Mullins, C. R., L. K. Mamedova, M. J. Brouk, C. E. Moore, H. B. Green, K. L. Perfield, J. F. Smith, J. P. Harner, and B. J. Bradford. 2012. Effects of monensin on metabolic parameters, feeding behavior, and productivity of transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 95:1323-1336.
Reveneau, C., S. K. R. Karnati, E. R. Oelker, and J. L. Firkins. 2012. Interaction of unsaturated fat or coconut oil with monensin in lactating dairy cows fed twelve times daily. I. Protozoal abundance, nutrient digestibility, and microbial protein flow to the omasum. J. Dairy Sci. 95:2046-2060.
Reveneau, C., C. V. D. M. Ribeiro, M. L. Eastridge, and J. L. Firkins. 2012. Interaction of unsaturated fat or coconut oil with monensin in lactating dairy cows fed twelve times daily. I. Fatty acid flow to the omasum and milk fatty acid profile. J. Dairy Sci. 95:2061-2069.
Rezac, D. J., K. N. Grigsby, N. M. Bello, and B. J. Bradford. 2012. Effects of varying rates of tallgrass prairie hay and wet corn gluten feed on productivity of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 95(2):842-9.
Rius, A. G., H. A. Weeks, J. Cyriac, R. M. Akers, B. J. Bequette, and M. D. Hanigan. 2012. Protein and energy intakes affected amino acid concentrations in plasma, muscle, and liver, and cell signaling in the liver of growing dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 95: 1983-1991.
Schoenberg, K. M., S. L. Giesy, K. J. Harvatine, M. R. Waldron, C. Cheng, A. Kharitonenkov, and Y. R. Boisclair. 2011. Plasma FGF21 is elevated by the intense lipid mobilization of lactation. Endocrinology. 152:4652-61.
Singh, K., A. J. Molenaar, K. M. Swanson, B. Gudex, J. A. Arias, R. A. Erdman, and K. Stelwagen. 2012. Epigenetics: a possible role in acute and transgenerational regulation of dairy cow milk production. Animal. 6:375-381.
Stewart, B. A., R. E. James, M. D. Hanigan, and K. F. Knowlton. 2012. Cost of reducing protein and phosphorus content of dairy rations. Prof. Anim. Sci. 28:115-119.
Storm, A. C., N. B. Kristensen, and M. D. Hanigan. 2012. A model of ruminal VFA absorption kinetics and rumen epithelial blood flow in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:2919-2934.
Sullivan, M. L., K. N. Grigsby, and B. J. Bradford. 2012. Effects of wet corn gluten feed on ruminal pH and productivity of lactating dairy cattle fed diets with sufficient physically effective fiber. J Dairy Sci. 95:5213-20.
Tekippe, J. A., A. N. Hristov, K. S. Heyler, V. D. Zheljazkov, J. F. S. Ferreira, C. L. Cantrell, and G. A. Varga. 2012. Effects of plants and essential oils on ruminal in vitro batch culture methane production and fermentation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92:395-408.
Thompson, V. A., J. G. Fadel, and R. D. Sainz. 2011. Meta-analysis to predict sweating and respiration rate for Bos indicus, Bos taurus and crossbred cattle. J. Anim. Sci. Accepted. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-3913.
Urschel, K. L., R. J. Geor, M. D. Hanigan, and P. A. Harris. 2012. Amino acid supplementation does not alter whole-body phenylalanine kinetics in Arabian geldings. J. Nutr. 142:461-469.
Vyas, D., B. B. Teter, and R. A. Erdman. 2012. Milk fat responses to dietary supplementation of short-and medium-chain fatty acids in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:5194-5202.
White, H. M., S. L. Koser, and S. S. Donkin. 2011. Differential regulation of bovine pyruvate carboxylase promoters by fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-± agonist. J Dairy Sci. 94:3428-3436.
White, H. M, S. S. Donkin, M. C. Lucy, T. M. Grala, and J. R. Roche. 2012. Short communication: Genetic differences between New Zealand and North American dairy cows alter milk production and gluconeogenic enzyme expression. J Dairy Sci. 95:455-459.
White, H. M., S. L. Koser, and S. S. Donkin. 2012. Regulation of bovine pyruvate carboxylase mRNA and promoter expression by thermal stress. Anim. Sci. 90:2979-87.
Zhao, C. P., F. Tian, Y. Yu, J. Luo, Q. Hu, B. J. Bequette, R. L. Baldwin, G. Liu, L. S. Zan, M. S. Updike, and J. Z. Song. 2012. Muscle transcriptomic analyses in Angus cattle with divergent tenderness. Mol. Biol. Rept. 39:4185-4193.
Zheljazkov, V. D., T. Astatkie, and A. N. Hristov. 2012. Lavender and hyssop productivity, oil content, and bioactivity as a function of harvest time and drying. Ind. Crops Prod. 36:222 228.
Zou M, E, J. Arentson, D. Teegarden, S. L. Koser, L. Onyskow, S. S. Donkin. 2012. Fructose consumption during pregnancy and lactation induces fatty liver and glucose intolerance in rats. Nutr Res. 32:588-98.

List of abstracts published by NC-1040 committee members during 2012 reporting year Agarwal, U., Hu, Q., and Bequette, B. J. 2012. Metabolomic profiling of changes in metabolism of CD1 rats from late gestation to early lactation using GC-MS. Metabolomics Society.
Aguilar, M., S. D. McKinney, B. M. Burns, D. H. Sedlak, M. K Burton, M. L. Bell, S. Kadotani, K. E. Peacock, B. L. Trexler, and M. D. Hanigan. 2012. Effect of simultaneous reduction of ruminally degradable protein and ruminally undegradable protein below NRC requirements on milk production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95 (Suppl. 2): 488.
Arentson, E.J., R. Potu, D. Ragland, K. K. Buhman, K. Ajuwon, S. S. Donkin. 2012. Excess pregnancy weight gain and early energy-rich environment in swine program offspring for indications of metabolic syndrome. FASEB J. 25.
Arriola Apelo, S. I., J.A.D.R.N. Appuhamy, and M. D. Hanigan. 2012. Representation of protein synthesis regulation in mammary epithelial cells.
Can. J. Anim. Sci. (in press). Bateman, H. G., T. M. Hill, A. B. Chestnut, J. M. Aldrich, and R. L. Schlotterbeck.Use of tail skin temperature as a proxy for core body temperature in neonatal Holstein male calves. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 90, Suppl. 3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, Suppl. 2 pp717
Bateman, H. G., T. M. Hill, A. B. Chestnut, J. M. Aldrich, W. Hu, and R. L. Schlotterbeck.Body temperature of neonatal male Holstein calves is partially influenced by ambient temperature in the calf nursery. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 90, Suppl. 3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, Suppl. 2 pp717
Brown, D. E., C. D. Dechow, W. S. Liu, and K. J. Harvatine. Telomere length assessment of Holstein cows in 10 Pennsylvania dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 95(E-Suppl. 2):225.
Cook, K., D. E. Bauman, and K. J. Harvatine. 2012. CLA and diet induced milk fat depression reduces milk fat across the entire day. J Dairy Sci. 95(E-Suppl. 2):555.
Diaz, H. L., J. L. Firkins, J. E. Plank, I. Zapata, and A. N. Schappacher. 2012. Using eukaryotic inhibitors or activators to elucidate differential responses to chemosensory compounds by ruminal isotrichids and entodiniomorphids. Proc. 8th INRA-Rowett Symposium on Gut Microbiology, Clermont-Ferrand, France. p. 47.
Dolecheck, K. A., J. M. Vera, A. J. Young, A. H. Smith, V. Fellner, and J.-S. Eun. 2012. Effects of supplementing Propionibacteria in lactation dairy diets on ruminal fermentation in continuous cultures. J. Dairy Sci. 95 (Suppl. 2):215. (Abstr.)
Donkin, S. S., and M. J. Cecava. 2012. Rethinking and expanding the role of co-products and crop residues as livestock feeds. J. Dairy Sci., 95 Suppl. 2:404 Donkin, S. S., A. C. Headley, H. A. Tucker, P. H. Doane, and M. J. Cecava. 2012. Processed corn stover as a corn silage replacement feed for lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 95 Suppl. 2:606.
Esselburn, K. M., K. M. Daniels, T. M. Hill, H. G. Bateman, J. M. Aldrich, and R. L. Schlotterbeck Fat and fatty acid sources affect growth and health of milk-fed calves. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 90, Suppl. 3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, Suppl. 2 pp 717
Esselburn, K. M. T. M. Hill, K. M. ODiam, V. A. Swank, H. G. Bateman, R. L. Schlotterbeck, and K. M. Daniels. Ultrasonographic monitoring of mammary parenchyma growth in preweaned Holstein heifers. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 90, Suppl. 3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, Suppl. 2. Pp 417
Ghimire, S., P. Gregorini, and M. D. Hanigan. 2012. Prediction of volatile fatty acid production rates by the Molly cow model. Can.J.Ani Sci.:in press. Hackmann, T. J., K. L. Backus, and J. L. Firkins. 2012. Mixed rumen microbes respond to excess carbohydrate by synthesizing glycogen and spilling energy. J. Dairy Sci. 95(Suppl. 2):no page (late-breaking abstract).
Harvatine, K. J., M. Tanino, Y. R. Boisclair, and D. E. Bauman. 2012. Thyroid hormone responsive spot 14 null mice are acutely responsive to trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in the mammary gland. J Dairy Sci. 95(E-Suppl. 2):416.
Hill, T. M., H. G. Bateman, J. M. Aldrich, and A. J. Heinrichs. Revising protein requirements of calves and heifers. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 90, Suppl. 3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, Suppl. 2 pp739
Hill, T. M., H. G. Bateman, J. M. Aldrich, and R. L. Schlotterbeck.Methods of reducing milk replacer to prepare dairy calves for weaning when large amounts of milk replacer have been fed. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 90, Suppl. 3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, Suppl. 2 pp717
Holt, M. S., A. J. Young, J.-S. Eun, and K. E. Nestor. 2012. Effects of corn silage hybrids and quality of alfalfa hay on nitrogen metabolism and ruminal fermentation of early lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95 (Suppl. 2):176. (Abstr.)
Holt, M. S., A. J. Young, X. Dai, K. E. Nestor, and J.-S. Eun. 2012. Effects of feeding brown midrib corn silage with a high dietary concentration of alfalfa hay during early and midlactation on milk production of Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95 (Suppl. 2):608. (Abstr.)
Hristov, A. N., K. Heyler, E. Schurman, K. Griswold, P. Topper, M. Hile, V. Ishler, E. Wheeler, and S. Dinh. 2012. Reducing dietary protein decreased the ammonia emitting potential of manure from commercial dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 95(Suppl. 2):477.
Hristov, A. N., C. Lee, R. A. Hristova, and P. Huhtanen. 2012. A meta-analysis of continuous culture rumen fermentation and digestibility data. J. Dairy Sci. 95(Suppl. 2):613.
Hristov, A. N., K. J. Shingfield, P. Huhtanen, J. L. Firkins, and K. Harvatine. 2012. Relationships between ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations, milk production, digestibility, and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95(Supp. 2):344.
Isenberg, B. J., A. N. Hristov, D. M. Kniffen, C. Lee, K. S. Heyler, and T. W. Cassidy, and R. A. Fabin. 2012. Effect of temperature during drying and mechanical extrusion on soybean meal protein in situ degradability and in vitro digestibility. J. Dairy Sci. 95(Suppl. 2):216.
Kallaway, L., N. Falcony, T. Meister, H. A. Rossow. 2012. Dry matter changes in corn silage with rain. American Dairy Science Assn, Phoenix, AZ, July 15.
Kebreab E., A. B. Strathe, J. Dijkstra, A. Bannink, J. Ellis, T. Yan, and J. France. 2011. Forage proportion of diet affects efficiency of energy utilization for milk production in lactating dairy cows. Advances in Animal Biosciences. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores. p. 258.
Lapierre, H., A. N. Hristov, C. Lee, and D. R. Ouellet. 2012. Applying knowledge of AA metabolism to maximize N-efficiency of the dairy cow: the case of histidine. EAAP Annual Meeting 2012, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Lee, C., A. N. Hristov, T. Cassidy, K. Heyler, H. Lapierre, G. A. Varga, M. J. de Veth, R. A. Patton, and C. Parys. 2012. Effect of rumen-protected amino acid supplementation of a protein-deficient diet on performance of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95(Suppl. 2):179.
Nayananjalie, W. A. D., T. R. Wiles, D. E. Gerrard, M. A. McCann, and M. D. Hanigan. 2012. Adipose tissue preference for acetate in finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 3): 366.
Oh, J., A. N. Hristov, C. Lee, K. Heyler, T. Cassidy, and D. Bravo. 2012. Effect of post-ruminal supplementation of phytonutrients on total tract digestibility, nitrogen losses, and milk production and composition in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95(Suppl. 2):350.
Oh, J., A. N. Hristov, C. Lee, K. Heyler, T. Cassidy, J. Pate, S. Walusimbi, E. Brzezicka, K. Toyokawa, J. Werner, and D. Bravo. 2012. Effect of post-ruminal supplementation of plant extracts on immune response, blood cell counts, and blood chemistry in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95(Suppl. 2):180.
Oh, J., A. N. Hristov, C. Lee, K. Heyler, T. Cassidy, S. Dowd, and D. Bravo. 2012. Effect of post-ruminal supplementation of phytonutrients on bacterial diversity in feces of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95(Suppl. 2):345.
Peters, R. R., S. W. Fultz, J. W. Semler, and R. A. Erdman. 2012. Body growth and first lactation milk production of pregnant Holstein heifers reared on pasture or conventional diets. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 90, E-Suppl. 3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, E-Suppl. 2: 27.
Rico, D. E., E. R. Marshall, and K. J. Harvatine. 2012. Changes in milk composition of Holstein dairy cows within a milking. J. Dairy Sci. 95(E-Suppl. 2):53.
Rico, D. E., A. R. Clarke, Y. Ying, and K. J. Harvatine. 2012. The effect of ruminal adaptation on the time course of recovery from diet induced milk fat depression in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95(E-Suppl. 2):435.
Rossow, H. A., R. J. van Hoeij, and G. Acetoze. 2011. Differences in nutrients formulated and nutrients supplied on three California Dairies. American Dairy Science Assn, New Orleans, LA, July 15.
Rottman, L. W., Y. Ying, P. A. Bartell, and K. J. Harvatine. 2012. The effects of a two ration feeding regimen on intake, milk production, and rumen fermentation in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95(E-Suppl. 2):247.
Shepherd, D.M., J.L. Firkins, and P. von Behren. 2012. Interactions in rumen pool characteristics by dairy cows fed two concentrations of a novel co-product from corn wet milling with different forage sources. J. Dairy Sci. 95(Suppl. 2):434.
Tucker, H. A., M. D. Hanigan, J. Escobar, P. H. Doane, and S. S. Donkin. 2012. Genes for lysine catabolism in lactating dairy cows are responsive to postruminal lysine supply. J. Dairy Sci., 95 Suppl. 2: 46.
Vargas, C. F., C. D. Reinhardt, J. L. Firkins, and B. J. Bradford. 2012. Meta-analysis of the effects of dietary sugar on intake and productivity of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 95(Suppl. 2):433.
Viner, M. E., S. S. Donkin, and H. M. White. 2012. Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 mRNA expression is increased during feed restriction and in transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 95 Suppl. 2:77.
Zhang, Q., S. Koser, and S. S. Donkin. 2012. Cloning and responsiveness of bovine glucose-6-phosphatase promoter to cyclic AMP and glucocorticoids. J. Dairy Sci., 95 Suppl. 2:567.