Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

October 6, 2012 NE-1034 Business meeting  4:30 pm Report from NIFA  Dr. Muquarrab Qureshi. Dr. Qureshi briefly discussed some of the highlights of the information outlined in the written NIFA update he sent to the group. NIFA leadership changes include Dr. Sonny Ramaswamys appointment as Director on May 7, 2012. The group congratulated Dr. Qureshi on his promotion to Assistant Director, Institute of Youth, Family and Communication Systems effective June 3, 2012. Dr. Qureshi talked about his long-time association with NE-1034, and possibility of not being able to attend the meetings in the future, due changes in his position and responsibilities within the agency 1. The group discussed and approved to accept three new members in the group. They are: Rodrigo Gallardo DVM, PhD, ACPV. Avian Diseases Pop. Health and Rep, UC Davis, 1114-C Tupper Hall. Phone: (530) 752-1078; ragallardo@ucdavis.edu Ramesh Selvaraj, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691. Ph: 330-2633793 Fax: 330-263-3949 selvaraj.7@osu.edu Robert B. Beckstead, Ph.D. Department of Poultry Science, 119 Poultry Science Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2772. Office Phone: 706-542-0387 Lab Phone: 706-583-0087 Lab Room: 121 Poultry Science Building Fax: 706-542-1827 e-mail: robertb@uga.edu. 2. Next years meeting will be at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC; Matt Koci will be the host of the 2013. Dr. Koci will provide dates for the meeting as soon as possible. 3. Discussion regarding the project renewal. Dr. Erf thanked all the members who have been helping and responding to her emails to move this proposal ahead; she reminded the members to submit the summary of their contribution to NE-1034 in the last four years. The revised Objectives for the NE-1034 proposal renewal were approved by unanimous vote: Obj. 1. Identify and characterize genes that regulate or affect innate and adaptive immunity and determine their relationships to disease resistance in poultry. Obj. 2. Identify, characterize, and modulate environmental and physiologic factors that regulate or affect immune system development, optimal immune function and disease resistance in poultry. Obj.3. Increase poultry production efficiency and disease resistance by developing and evaluating methods and reagents, including specialized genetic stocks, to assess or modulate immune system development, patterning and function. Before submission, Dr. Erf will be sending the proposal draft for review to all the members. The proposal also will need to be reviewed by scientists outside the group. It was suggested that Drs. K. A. Schat, P. Kaiser and B. Kaspers would be suitable candidates for this task. More suggestions will be welcome, as we get closer to starting the review process. 4. Discussion regarding 2013 meeting venue: In 2011, Mary Delany and Kirk Klasing offered to host the 2013 meeting at UC-Davis, Davis, California; at that time the possibility to host the Avian Immunology Research Group (AIRG) meeting UC-Davis in 2014 was also considered. Hence, it was decided to coordinate the 2014 NE-1034 meeting with the AIRG meeting at UC-Davis. However, Dr. Shayan Sharif will be the host of the 2014 AIRG meeting and offered to also host the 2014 NE-1034 meetings in Guelph, Canada. Several possible meeting dates were discussed but no final decision was made as to if and when Guelph will host the NE-meeting in 2014. Dr. Sharif will send emails to participants of AIRG find out a suitable time for holding the meeting. 5. There was a discussion about of the 2013 Experiment Station Section Award for Excellence in Multistate Research. It was decided to talk with our advisor regarding the possibility of nomination. 6. Nomination for secretary for the 2013 NE-1034 meeting: Dr. Mark Berrers was nominated and approved as the secretary for the 2013 NE-1034 meeting. Juan C. Rodriguez-Lecompte, current secretary, will be Chair of the 2013 meeting. 7. Dr. Taylor thanked to Dr. Erf all her tremendous effort and commitment with the proposal. Regarding the proposal Dr. Erf thanked all the members for their help and contribution (Dr. Taylor). 8. Gisela Erf, Chair of the 2011 NE-1034 meeting, reminded everyone to send their NE-1034 report as a Microsoft Word file to her so that she can prepare the annual report. A short paragraph summarizing this years report would be helpful as well. 9. The group acknowledged and thanked Dr. Mohammad Heidari for his excellent organization and efforts in hosting the 2012 NE-1034 meeting. The group also thanked the sponsors of the meeting Cobb Vantress, represented by Dr. Igal Pevzner, for their generous contribution in sponsoring the dinner on Saturday, October 6. 10. Bob Taylor acknowledged Dr. Lyman Crittendens contribution to NE-1034. Meeting adjourned at 5:45 pm 06/10/12

OBJECTIVE 1. Identify and characterize genes and their relationships to disease resistance in poultry with an emphasis on the major histocompatibility complex as well as other genes encoding alloantigens, communication molecules and their receptors and other candidate systems. CH in collaboration with CA reported mapping of additional genes to chicken chromosome 16, beyond MHC-B, MHC-Y and NOR present on the long arm of this chromosome. Specifically, clusters of olfactory receptor genes and genes from the CD163 gene family were identified on the small arm of chromosome 16. CH reported that BG1, which is a single distinctive BG gene physically separated from the other BG gene families and located near MHC-B class I and class II genes, more generally affect both T cell maturation and activation. Considering the known role of BG1 in the incidence of MD in chickens, BG1 may contribute to genetic resistance to a wide variety of infectious diseases in chickens. CHs studies into the MHC-Y protein structure, suggest that the YF binding groove is hydrophopic and too narrow to accommodate peptide antigens. Rather smaller, unidentified, possibly lipids, may be presented by YF class I molecules. Additionally, only a few YF genes are expressed in the chickens. Further studies are underway to determine the effect of YF allelic polymorphism on antigen presentation and recognition during an immune response. CH lead a focused research effort into MHC class I target recognition, phenotypes and proteomic profiles of natural killer (NK) cells within the spleens of day-14 chick embryos (E14), the purest and richest source of NK cells in chickens. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays revealed a complex NK cell target cell discrimination ability, which is in line with the presence of multiple NK cell receptors. Immunophenotyping and DAVID and KEGG analyses of IL-2 stimulated E14 isolated NK cells provided evidence of a heterogenous NK cell population, NK cell activation pathways and evidence of monocytes within the E14 splenocyte cultures. Viral integration into the chicken genome was studied by CA to gain insight into the role of this mechanism in Mareks disease (MD) both with respect to MD virus induced pathology and T cell transformation. These studies revealed both cell phenotype of viral replication and chromosomal integration, whereby chromosomal integration became the predominant cell phenotype as the infection progressed. CAs chromosome analysis of MHC and NOR complexes in Japanese quail (JQ) identified NOR loci on microchromosomes in JQ with the MHC-B physically linked to one of the 3 NOR loci. CA established the presence of the umami taste receptors TS1/TS3 that recognize foreign peptides and augment phagocytosis are expressed on chicken blood monocytes, heterophils and thrombocytes. Functional analysis of the chicken mannose binding lectin (MBL) promoter by DK revealed that the A1 MBL promoter haplotypes has lower transcription efficacy than other haplotypes, which correlates with lower serum levels of MBL in chickens carrying the A1 genotype. A snip assay was developed to distinguish the frequency of MBL gene promoter haplotypes. Chickens from lines with polyvalent resistance to infectious disease did not carry the A1 haplotype, but A1 was found at a frequency of up to 30% in a commercial broiler line. WI initiated studies into the effect of proximity to domestic poultry operations on Mx allele frequencies and on viral loads in wild red jungle fowl. USDA examined the MHC influence on NK cell function in chickens by expression of MHC class I BF2 (major) and BF1 (minor) glycoproteins from the B13 and B21 haplotype in RP9 target cells. Target cell lysis by intestinal NK-like cells isolated from either B13 or B21 chickens was inhibited by B13/B21 expressing target cells but not in target cells expressing the RP9 endogenous MHC-haplotypes (B2 and B15). Using macrophage depletion, USDA examined the role of macrophages in MDV infection. A combination of i.v. and i.t. treatment with clodronate was successful in depletion of 80% of monocytes and drastically reducing transmigration of these phagocytes to the lung. USDA showed that side-effects of Meq-deleted recombinant MD vaccines on bursa and thymus can be alleviated by attenuation of the mutant construct by cell culture passage. NH compared gene-expression in embryonic immune tissue of HAS and LAS selected lines without (C) and with testosterone propionate (TP) exposure. Bursal gene-expression differences in LAS- and HAS-C groups suggest diverse B-cell maturation. Networks unique to TP- vs C-groups imply TP exposure influences pathways distinct from HAS and LAS selection. For the Wageningen high (H) and low (L) Ab selection lines (31 generation), WU observed shifts in MHC-haplotypes. H-line exhibited increasing frequency of a Bnew allele and a loss of B15 and B24, while in the L-line B15 had reached a frequency of 74% and the Bnew type had disappeared. Different shifts in MHC allele frequency in these lines were associated with a 2 year selection for high or low natural antibody (NAb) titers. Across-line SNP associations were found to be different for NAb IgM and IgG isotypes in laying hens. Forty-three significant associations between SNPs and Nab isotype titers were detected. Some of the SNPs were associated with the titers of either or both isotypes and associations varied with flock ages. CA-WU demonstrated impact of MHC on IBV M41 virus associated clinical illness. Compared to B19/B19 chickens, B2 and B8 homozygous chickens exhibiting greater resistance to IBV, had a lower incidence of detectable virus in lungs, tracheas and kidneys and less lymphocytic-plasmocytic infiltrates in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Using subunit vaccines, a positive correlation between IBV resistance and resistance to AIV has been found, whereby B2/B2 chicks had a better antibody response to the NP subunit than the B19B19 chickens. Impact of MHC-haplotype on innate immunity was also demonstrated by WU. Compared to B19/B19 monocytes, B2/B2 monocytes differentiated earlier into macrophages and exhibited higher activation responses in culture. Deep sequencing of generated cDNA derived from IFN-³ activated B2/B2 of B19/B19 macrophages revealed increases in mRNA expression of more pathways in B2 than B19 macrophages. For example for the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway, 37 elements were upregulated in the B2 macrophages at 4 hours after stimulation compared to 13 in the B19 derived macrophages. The differences in B2 versus B19 macrophage function are consistent with differences in respiratory illness. Work reported by NC on pathogenesis and host response to the type-2 turkey astrovirus (TAstV-2) showed that acute diarrhea induced by this virus in turkey poults is associated with changes in the apical expression of sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3). Oral administration of recombinantly expressed TAstV-2 capsid protein is sufficient to induce diarrhea, altered intestinal barrier function and NHE3 activity. This is the first demonstration that a viral structural protein can induce symptoms and pathology of acute diarrhea seen with various enteric pathogens. Genomic study of the response to avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) by IA has moved from 44K microarray analyses of spleen and WBC transcriptome, to deep sequencing based analysis of immune tissues/organs. Comparison of non-challenged and challenged groups with mild and severe pathology revealed crucial pathways for T cell receptor signaling and microbial metabolism in diverse environments. VA investigated the genetic susceptibility of poultry to clostridial disease using Dr. P. Siegels lines of chickens selected for low (LAS, B13) or high (HAS, B21) antibody response to SRBC. These two genetic lines clearly displayed divergent immune responses to C. perfringens toxin exposure, observations which could lead to uncovering genetic markers associated with resistance that can be employed in selective breeding. VA also reported the cloning and expression of recombinant chicken IL-22 (rChIL-22) and its soluble receptor. Characterization of biological effects of rChIL-22 indicates an important role of ChIL-22 on epithelial cells and hepatocytes during inflammation. rChIL-22 enhanced LPS-stimulated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides in epithelial cells and induced acute phase reactants without co-stimulation in hepatocytes. Chicken and turkey genome analysis by VA revealed the presence of a second TCR-delta locus with unusual V-genes that are more related to IgH V genes than to TCR V genes. Objective 2. Identify and characterize environmental, dietary and physiological factors that modulate immune system development, optimal immune function and immune system related disease resistance and welfare in poultry genetic stocks. AL reported on the induction, expansion and contraction phase of the chicken immune response to ocular IBV vaccination in Harderian glands, CALT and spleen. Assessment included kinetics of IgA spot forming cells, IgA levels in tears and plasma, cytokine expression and splenic IBV-specific B cell levels. Ocular IBV administration resulted in a biphasic Th1-type response that coincided with T memory/effector activity. A Th1 memory response to IBV was detected in the spleen but not the Harderian gland or CALT. Based on initial analysis of IBV-specific IgA in the intestinal tract after ocular and oral vaccination, limited humoral mucosal immunity appears to be generated after exposure to IBV vaccine. AR continued to examine the multifactorial nature of complex, non-communicable disease such as autoimmune vitiligo in the Smyth line (SL) chicken. The IL-21/IL-21R ligand receptor pair emerged as a candidate promoting the autoimmune response. Inherent weaknesses in the melanocyte (target cell) were revealed through in vitro and in vivo studies. Studies into the environmental trigger of vitiligo expression in susceptible SL individuals confirmed a role of MD viruses (HVT) and established an age-limitation (first 6 weeks of life) when this virus can precipitate autoimmune disease expression in susceptible SL chickens. With the goal of mapping the immune response in poultry during parasitic infection and development of a mucosal recombinant vaccine, DK compared parasite-specific immunoglobulin levels in serum and bile of two MHC chicken lines during sustained infection with Ascardia galli, tested protection induced by oral or i.m. injection of Ascardia galli soluble antigen, assessed local adaptive immunity after infection with Ascardia galli in chickens, examined cytokine gene-expression profiles in the spleen and intestinal tissues during Ascaridia infection and demonstrated impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity to vaccination against Newcastle disease virus in Ascaridia galli infection. CA conducted fine-mapping of chicken genomic aberrations that were identified by copy number variants associated with Camphylobacter jejuni colonization in genetically distinct line A (resistant) and line B (susceptible) broilers. CA used the newly developed Agilent chicken miRNA microarray to examine differential expression of miRNA associated with AIV infections in two genetically distinct, highly inbred lines known to exhibit resistance or susceptibility to AIV. ON (UG) evaluated the efficacy of adjuvanted virosome-based vaccines against AIV infection in chickens. Virosomes adjuvanted with CpG-ODN or interferon-gamma reduced AIV shedding after virus challenge and elicited AIV specific antibody responses. In this context, TLR were also studied as possible prophylactic treatment to enhance host resistance, whereby TLR3 appeared to be most effective. Characterization by ON of chicken thrombocyte responses to TLR-ligands revealed that thrombocytes constitutively express transcripts for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in addition to proteins associated with anti-viral responses and antigen-presentation. TLR ligands greatly increased the expression of cytokines, nitric oxide production and phagocytic activity of thrombocytes. Chicken responses to TLR2 and TLR5 ligands were reported by ON to involve a mixed Th1- and Th2-like response. MB has been investigating the effects of bacterial cell wall products, DDGS and yeast-derived products on B cells, gastrointestinal tract development, immune system function and growth performance of broiler chickens. Using the chicken B lymphoma cell line DT40, in vitro studies indicate that yeast and yeast-derived products may be able to control LPS induced inflammatory activity. MB continues research on using carbohydrates for nutritional intervention in local and systemic innate immunity in poultry. CA monitored aggregate chances in the mass and amino acid content of leukocytes and effector proteins at maintenance (health) and during a response to E. coli injected i.v. into laying hens. Observations suggested that there is no net cost of the adaptive immune response as it is easily fueled by the decay of the acute phase proteins produced during the innate response. Some amino acids needed for the immune response were predicted to be limiting in a diet formulated for growth. As part of VAs studies on effects of in ovo delivery of probiotics in broilers, the effect of a commercially available probiotic on broiler hatchability, post-hatch performance and intestinal gene-expression of T helper cytokines was examined. In ovo supplementation did not impact hatchability but immunomoculatory effects on T helper cytokine production were observed. NL continues research on husbandry effects on immune responsiveness demonstrating the importance of inhaled pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and dust on immunocompetence and immune responses in broilers and in genetic lines of chickens. Influence of the gut microbiota, specifically gram-negative bacteria, on systemic immune responses and immune system development, but not on the antibody repertoire, was also reported by NL. NL extended their studies into natural auto-antibodies prone to post-translational polymorphism induced by biochemical (inflammation) and physical factors by establishing binding profiles of these antibodies to liver homogenates. This quantitative Western blot finger-printing revealed unique profiles that may be used as a health marker for individual chickens. A 6 year project on divergent selection on NAb was initiated starting with pheno- and geno-typing of G0 birds. IA reported work on a USDA-AFRI funded Climate change project investigating the interaction of heat-stress and exposure to the inflammation-inducing agent LPS in two genetic lines. Objective 3. Develop, evaluate and characterize methodologies, reagents and genotypes to assess immune function and disease resistance to enhance production efficiency through genetic selection in poultry. Specialized poultry genetic lines for research were maintained at several stations (AR, CA, DK, IA, NC, NL, USDA, VA). For their studies on MDV evolution of virulence, UD focused on two MDV genes that appear to be under some level of selection, namely Meq and glycoprotein L. Recombinant viruses with Meq genes from different pathotypes of MDV will be used in combination mutation rate modeling to determine the contribution of Meq mutations on overall MDV pathotype and virulence evolution. Examination of tumor composition (% CD4+ T cells, CD30, MATSA) revealed different tumor composition with different MDV pathotype viruses providing insight into the role of Meq mutation in changing MDV virulence. A mutation in glycoprotein L (gL) seen in field strains affecting maternal antibody positive (mAb+) commercial broilers, was studied in vitro and in vivo. It appeared that the mutant gL selection was not at the level of mAb escape. Further research lead to the hypothesis that the gL mutation was selected as it causes the gL signal peptide epitope to be seen as a cellular protein and not as a foreign peptide (as in the case of the parental gL peptide). The role of splice-variants of Meq protein, which occur in in vivo MDV infection, in latency and transformation was also examined by UD. Based on their finding it seems likely that the splice variants are involved in silencing the MDV genome during latency and may be more important in targeting CtBP-1 to specific gene loci during MDV latency than the full length form of Meq. To evaluate changes in innate immune signaling in response to MDV infection, construction and testing of macrophage cell line HTC-based reporter constructs for various cytokines and components of innate immunity is underway. Similarly, efforts are underway by UD constructing recombinant vaccines targeting the spread of co-infecting field strain MDVs. DK is assessing the binding-affinity of MBL to mannose and other sugar residues present on the surface of many viruses, parasites and bacteria in in vitro assays. The binding affinity of MBL to Salmonella was shown to differ depending on the Salmonella serotype groups. WI initiated development of a comprehensive in vivo procedure to assess the anti-viral efficacy of avian Mx allele to protect a live host against low and high pathogenic AIV infection. Approaches used will include genetic modification technologies based on HIV-lentiviral transduction and development of the model in an inbred line of leghorn chickens, GHS6 provided by IA. Based on their work on resistance to respiratory viruses, WU is working on defining a monocyte/macrophage response assay as a screening tool of poultry with greater resistance to IBV and not other respiratory pathogens. AR continues monitoring tissue immune responses using the growing feather as an in vivo test-tube. ON is developing an interfering RNA strategy to knockdown chicken cytokine expression. Selection of siRNA and feasibility studies of adeno-associated virus to deliver siRNA in vitro have been successful. VA reported progress on the turkey genome sequencing projects. The latest assembly presents nearly 95% coverage of the genome. Turkey tissue collection has been carried out and transcriptome sequencing using the Illumina Hi-Seq platform has been initiated to aid both annotation of the latest assembly as well as create gene-expression data sets. IA continues the effort of genetic population development, maintenance and characterization providing resources in the form of highly inbred and advanced intercross lines of mainly egg-type chickens, as well as, non-inbred and advanced intercross broiler lines.

BOOK CHAPTERS: Guix, S., N. Krishna, and M. D. Koci. 2012. Astrovirus Immunity. Pb. xx-xx. In: Astroviruses. S. Schultz-Cherry, and E. Mendez, Eds. Springer Science. (in press) M. Pantin-Jackwood, D. Todd, and M. D. Koci. 2012. Avian Astroviruses. Pb. xx-xx. In: Astroviruses. S. Schultz-Cherry, and E. Mendez, Eds. Springer Science. (in press) Cheng, H. H. and Lamont, S J. 2012. Genetics of disease resistance. Pp. xx-xx. In: Diseases of Poultry. 13th ed. Y. M. Saif, A. Fadly, J. Glisson, I. McDonald, L. Nolan, and D. Swayne, Eds., Blackwell Publ. (in press) Parcells, M. S., J. Burnside and R. W. Morgan. 2012. Mareks Disease Virus-induced T-cell Lymphomas. Chapter 13. In: Current Cancer Research: Cancer Associated Viruses. E. Robertson (Ed.) Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, ISBN 978-1-4419-9999-3 PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS: Anderson, J., L., S. C. Smith, and R. L. Taylor, Jr. 2012. Atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant pigeon aortic smooth muscle cells express different genes and proteins in vitro. In: Current Trends in Atherogenesis. R. Rezzani, (ed.) InTech, Inc., Rijeka, Croatia (Review, in press). Anderson, J. L., R. L. Taylor, Jr., E. C. Smith, W. K. Thomas, and S. C. Smith. 2012. Differentially expressed genes in aortic smooth muscle cells from atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant pigeons. Poult. Sci. 91:1315-1325. Anderson, J. L., S. C. Smith, and R. L. Taylor, Jr. 2011. Spontaneous atherosclerosis in pigeons: A good model of human disease. In: Atherogenesis. S. Parthasarathy, (ed.) InTech, Inc., Rijeka, Croatia (Review) pp. 25-48. http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/spontaneous-atherosclerosis-in-pigeons-a-good-model-of-human-disease Brisbin J. T., P. Parvizi, and S. Sharif. 2012. Differential cytokine expression in T-cell subsets of chicken caecal tonsils co-cultured with three species of Lactobacillus. Benef. Microbes. 3(3):205-10. Burks, T. A., and R. L. Taylor, Jr. 2012. Genetic control of Rous sarcoma virus-induced tumor growth in chickens: Role of the major histocompatibility (B) complex. Animal Science Image Gallery. National Agriculture Library http://anscigallery.nal.usda.gov//index.php #5178 in press Byrne, K. A., L. Dong, F. Shi, R. L. Dienglewicz, and G. F. Erf. 2012. Heightened innate immune responsiveness in Smyth line chickens before onset of autoimmune vitiligo. Poult. Sci. 91 (Suppl.1):107. Cabral, R., P. Erickson, and R. L. Taylor, Jr. Processing effects on colostrum quality. Animal Science Image Gallery. National Agriculture Library http://anscigallery.nal.usda.gov//index.php #5181 (in press) Chang, S., J. R. Dunn, M. Heidari, L. F. Lee, C. W. Ernst, J. Song, and H. Zhang. 2012. Vaccine by chicken line interaction alters the protective efficacy against challenge with a very virulent plus strain of Mareks disease virus in white leghorn chickens. Vaccine 2:1-11. Chazara, O., H. R. Juul-Madsen, C. S. Chang, M. Tixier-Boichard, and B. Bed'hom. 2011. Correlation in chicken between the marker LEI0258 alleles and major histocompatibility complex sequences. BMC Proc. 5 Suppl. 4:S29. Dong, L., R. L. Dienglewicz, and G. F. Erf. Divergent gene-expression profiles in 4-TBP-injected growing feathers of vitiligo-prone Smyth- and control chickens. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 25:696-697. Erf, G. F. 2012. Animal models of vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 25:701-702. Hamal, K. R., G. F. Erf, N. B. Anthony, and R. F. Wideman. 2012. Immunohistochemical examination of plexiform like complex vascular lesions in the lungs of broiler chickens selected for susceptibility to pulmonary arterial hypertension. Avian Pathol. 41:211-219. Heinze, C. R., M. G. Hawkins, L. A. Gillies, X. Wu, R. L. Walzem, J. B. German and K. C. Klasing. 2012. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on red blood cell lipid composition, inflammation and plasma metabolites. J. Anim. Sci. 90(9): 3068-3079. Hermes, R. G., E. G. Manzanilla, S. M. Martin-Orue, J. F. Perez, and K. C. Klasing. 2011. Influence of dietary ingredients on in vitro inflammatory response of intestinal epithelial cells challenged by an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases 34(6):479-488. Hunt, H. D., and M. Heidari. 2012. MHC allotypes regulate NK-like cell function. Avian Dis. (Submitted). Juul-Madsen H. R., L. R. Norup, P. H. Jørgensen, K. J. Handberg, E. Wattrang, and T. S. Dalgaard. 2011. Crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune responses to Infectious bronchitis virus after vaccination and challenge in chickens varying in serum mannose-binding lectin concentration. Vaccine 29:9499-9507. DOI: 10.1016 / J. Vaccine 10.016. Kaiser, M. G., S. S. Block, C. Ciraci, W. Fang, M. Sifri, and S. J. Lamont. 2012. Effects of dietary vitamin E type and level on LPS-induced cytokine mRNA expression in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 91:1893-1898. Kogut, M., H.-I. Chiang, C. Swaggerty, and H. Zhou. 2012. Gene expression analysis of Toll-like receptor pathways in heterophils from genetic chicken lines that differ in their susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis. Frontiers in Epigenomics (in press). Kumar, P. M., H. Dong, D. Lenihan, S. Gaddamanugu, U. Katneni, S. Shaikh, P. Tavlarides-Hontz, S. M. Reddy, W. Peters, and M. S. Parcells. 2012. Selection of a recombinant Mareks disease virus (MDV) in vivo through expression of the Meq oncoprotein: characterization of an rMd5-based mutant expressing the Meq protein of RB-1B. Avian Dis. 56:328-340 Kuttapan, V. A., Y. S. Lee, G. F. Erf, J. F. Meullenet, S. R. McKee, and C. M. Owens. 2012. Consumer acceptance of visual appearance of broiler breast meat with varying degrees of white striping. Poult. Sci. 91:1240-47. Lai, H. T. L., M. G. B. Nieuwland, B. Kemp, A. J. A. Aarnink, and H. K. Parmentier. 2011. Effects of repeated intratracheally administered lipo polysaccharide on primary and secondary specific antibody responses, and body weight gain of broilers. Poult. Sci. 90:337-351. Lai, H.T.L., M. G. B. Nieuwland, A. J. A. Aarnink, B. Kemp, H. K. Parmentier. 2012. Effects of two size classes of intratracheally administered airborne dust particles on primary and secondary specific antibody responses and body weight gain of broilers: a pilot study on the effects of naturally occurring dust. Poult. Sci. 91:604-615. Lee, L. F., K. Kreager, M. Heidari, H. Zhang, B. Lupiani, S. M. Reddy, and A. Fadly. 2012. Pathogenesis and protective efficacy of cell-culture attenuated Meq null rMd5 virus in commercial chickens. Avian Dis. (Submitted). Lee, L. F., M. Heidari, H. Zhang, B. Lupiani, S. Reddy, and A. Fadly. 2012. Cell culture attenuation eliminates rMd5 Meq-induced bursal and thymic atrophy and renders the mutant virus as an effective and safe vaccine against Mareks disease. Vaccine 30:5151-5158. Lian, L., C. Ciraci, G. Chang, J. Hu, and S. J. Lamont. 2012. NLRC5 knockdown in chicken macrophages alters response to LPS and poly (I:C) stimulation. BMC Vet. Res. 8:23 doi:10.1186/1746-6148-8-23. Lian, L., H. Sun, L. Qu, Y. Chen, S. Lamont, and N. Yang. 2012. Gene expression analysis of host responses to Mareks disease virus infection in susceptible and resistant spleens of chickens. Poult. Sci. 9:2130-2138. Mallick, A. I., R. R. Kulkarni, M. St Paul, P. Parvizi, E. Nagy, S. Behboudi , and S. Sharif. 2012. Vaccination with CpG-adjuvanted avian influenza virosomes promotes antiviral immune responses and reduces virus shedding in chickens. Viral Immunol. Jun; 25(3):226-31. Meyerhoff, R. R., K. Nighot, R. A. Ali, A. T. Blikslager, and M. D. Koci. 2012. Characterization of turkey inducible nitric oxide synthase and identification of its expression in the intestinal epithelium following astrovirus infection. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 35:63-9. Meyerhoff, R. R., R. A. Ali, K. Liu, G. Q. Huang, and M. D. Koci. 2012. Comprehensive analysis of commercially available mouse antichicken monoclonal antibodies for cross-reactivity with peripheral blood leukocytes from commercial turkeys. Poult. Sci. 91:383-92. Munyaka, P., G. Tactaman, M. Jing, O. K., J. D. House, and J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte. 2012. Effects of dietary folic acid supplementation and Lipopolysaccharide on systemic acute immune response of young laying hens. Poult. Sci. 91(10):2454-63. Munyaka, P., G. Tactaman, M. Jing, O. K., J. D. House. M. St. Paul, S. Sharif, and J. C. Rodriguez Lecompte. 2012. Response of old laying hens to an Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge when fed diets with or without supplemental folic acid. Poult. Sci. (in press). Munyaka,P., H. M. Echeverry, A. Yitbarek, G. Carmelo-Jaime, S. Sharif, W. Guenter, J. D. House, and J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte. 2012. Performance and innate immune system responses of chickens fed with yeast-derivate carbohydrates. Poult. Sci. 91(9):2164-724. Ndegwa, E. N., K. S. Joiner, H. Toro, F. W. van Ginkel, and V. L. van Santen. 2012. Significance of differences in proportions of specific minor viral subpopulations within Ark-type infectious bronchitis vaccines. Avian Dis. (in press). Nie, Q., E. E. Sandford, L. K. Nolan, X. Zhang, S. J. Lamont. 2012. Deep sequencing-based transcriptome analysis of chicken spleen in response to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infection, PLoS ONE 7(7): e41645. doi:10.1371/J. Pone. 0041645. Norup, L. R., T. S. Dalgaard, A. R. Pedersen, H. R. Juul-Madsen. 2011. Assessment of Newcastle disease-specific T cell proliferation in different inbred MHC chicken lines. Scand. J. Immunol. 74(1):23-30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.02534.x. Norup, L. R., T. S. Dalgaard, J. Pleidrup, A. Permin, T. W. Schou, G. Jungersen, D. R. Fink, and H. R. Juul-Madsen. 2012. Comparison of parasite-specific immunoglobulin levels in two chicken lines during sustained infection with Ascaridia galli. Vet Parasitology. (in press) DOI.org/10.1016/ J. Vetpar.07.031. Ozpinar, H., I. H. Aydin, K. C. Klasing and I. H. Tekiner. 2012. Interaction of mannan oligosaccharide with immune system "transport of MOS in to the lamina propria". Kafkas Veteriner Dergisi 18(1):121-128. Parmentier, H. K., L. P. M. Verhofstad, G. De Vries Reilingh, and M. G. B. Nieuwland. Breeding for high specific immune reactivity affects sensitivity to the environment and is negatively associated with egg production in layers. In press Poult. Sci. (in press) Parvizi, P., A. L Mallick, K. Haq, H. R. Haghighi, S. Orouji, N.Thanthrige-Don, M. St Paul, J. T. Brisbin, L. R. Read, S. Behboudi, and S. A. Sharif. 2012. A Toll-like receptor 3 ligand enhances protective effects of vaccination against Marek's disease virus and hinders tumor development in chickens. Viral Immunol. (in press) Ploegaert, T. C. W., E. Tijhaar, T. J. G. M. Lam, A. Taverne-Thiele, J. J. vander Poel, J. A. M. van Arendonk, H. F. J. Savelkoul, and H. K. Parmentier. 2011. Natural antibodies in bovine milk and blood plasma: variability among cows, repeatability within cows, and relation between milk and plasma titers. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 144: 88-94. Qiu, R. J. Croom, R. A. Ali, A. L. Ballou, C. Smith, C. M. Ashwell, H. M. Hassan, C.-C. Chiang, and M. D. Koci. 2012. Direct fed microbial supplementation repartitions host energy to the immune system. J. Anim. Sci. 90:1-13.M. Rasaputra, K. S., R. Liyanage, J. O. Lay, Jr., G. F. Erf, R. Okimoto, and N. C. Rath. 2012. Changes in serum protein profiles of chickens with tibial dyschondroplasia. The Open Proteomics Journal. 5: 1-7. Rodríguez-Lecompte, J. C., A. Yitbarek, J. Brady, S. Sharif, M. D. Cavanagh, G. Crow, W. Guenter, J. D. House, and G. Camelo-Jaimes. 2012. The effect of microbial-nutrient interaction on the immune system of young chicks following early probiotic and organic acids administration. J. Anim. Sci. 90 (7):2246-2254. Sandford, E. E., M. Orr, M. Shelby, X. Li, H. Zhou, T. J. Johnson, S. Kariyawasam, P. Liu, L.K. Nolan, and S. J. Lamont. 2012. Transcriptome response of leukocytes from chickens infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli identifies pathways associated with resistance. Results in Immunol. 2: 44-53. Sandford, E. E., M. Orr, X. Li, H. Zhou, T. J. Johnson, S. Kariyawasam, P. Liu, L.K. Nolan, and S. J. Lamont. 2012. Strong concordance between transcriptomic patterns of spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes in response to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infection. Avian Dis. (in press) Sandford, E., M. Orr, M. Shelby, X. Li, H. Zhou, T. J. Johnson, S. Kariyawasam, P. Liu, L. K. Nolan, and S. J. Lamont. 2012. Leukocyte transcriptome from chickens infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli identifies pathways associated with resistance. Results in Immunology, 2:44-53. Shi, F., and G. F. Erf. 2012. IFN-gamma, IL-21 and IL-10 co-expression in evolving autoimmune vitiligo lesions of Smyth line chickens. J. Invest. Dermatol. 132:642-649. Shi, F., B.-W. Kong, J. J. Song, J. Y. Lee, R. L. Dienglewicz, and G. F. Erf. 2012. Understanding mechanisms of spontaneous autoimmune vitiligo development in the Smyth line chicken model by transcriptomic microarray analysis of evolving lesions. BMC Immunology 13:18. Smith, S. C., E. C. Smith, and R. L. Taylor, Jr. 2011. Genetic analysis of spontaneous aortic atherosclerosis in susceptible and resistant pigeons. Animal Science Image Gallery. National Agriculture Library http://anscigallery.nal.usda.gov//index.php #5153. St. Paul, M, S. Paolucci, L. R. Read, and S. Sharif. 2012. Characterization of responses elicited by Toll-like receptor agonists in cells of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 149(3-4):237-44. St. Paul, M., A. I. Mallick , L. R. Read, A. L Villanueva, P. Parvizi, M. F. Abdul-Careem , E. Nagy, and S. Sharif. 2012. Prophylactic treatment with Toll-like receptor ligands enhances host immunity to avian influenza virus in chickens. Vaccine. 30(30):4524-31. St. Paul, M., S. Paolucci, N. Barjesteh, R. D. Wood, K. A. Schat, and S. Sharif. 2012. Characterization of chicken thrombocyte responses to toll-like receptor ligands. PLoS One. 7(8):e43381. Epub Aug 20. Sun, Y., H. K. Parmentier, K. Frankena, and J. J. van der Poel. 2011. Natural antibody isotypes as predictors of survival in laying hens. Poult. Sci . 90:2263-2274. Tactacan G. B., J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte, O, K., and J. D. House. 2012. The adaptive transport of folic acid in the intestine of laying hens with increased supplementation of dietary folic acid. Poult. Sci. 91(1):121-128. Taylor, R. L., Jr., T. A. Burks, P. B. Siegel, and C. M. Ashwell. 2012. Temporal and treatment changes in embryonic bursal gene expression after testosterone exposure in high and low antibody lines. Poult. Sci. 91(Suppl. 1):29. Toro, H., D. Pennington, R. A. Gallardo, V. L. van Santen, F. W. van Ginkel, J. F. Zhang, and K. S. Joiner. 2012. Infectious bronchitis virus subpopulations in vaccinated chickens after challenge. Avian Dis. (In press) van Ginkel, F. W., S. L. Gulley, A. Lammers , F. J. Hoerr, R. Gurjar, and H. Toro. 2012. Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue in avian ocular immunity. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 36: 289-297. van Knegsel, A. T. M., M. Hostens, G. de Vries Reilingh, A. Lammers, B. Kemp, G. Opsomer, and H. K. Parmentier. 2012. Natural antibodies related to metabolic and mammary health in dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med. 103:287-297. Wang, Y. V. Brahmakshatriya, B. Lupiani, S. M. Reddy, B. Soibam, A.L. Benham, P. Gunaratne, H.-C. Liu, M. Trakooljul, N.Ing, R. Okimoto, and H. Zhou. 2012. Integrated analysis of microRNA expression and mRNA transcriptome in lungs of avian influenza virus infected broilers. BMC Genomics 13:278. Wideman, R. F., D. D. Rhoads, G. F. Erf, and N. B. Anthony. 2012. Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome (PHS, Ascites Syndrome) in Broilers: A Review. Poult. Sci. (in press) Xu, M., S. D. Fitzgerald, H. Zhang, D. M. Karcher, and M. Heidari. 2012. Very virulent plus strains of MDV induce an acute form of transient paralysis in both susceptible and resistant chicken lines. Viral Immunol. (In press). Yitbarek, A., H. Echeverry, P. Munyaka , M. Alizadeh, Y.-K. Kim, and J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte. 2012. Prebiotics and symbiotics supplementation to pullets differentially regulate toll-like receptors and cytokines in the intestine and systemically. Poult. Sci. 91 E-Suppl 1:81 Yitbarek,, A., H. Echeverry, J. Brady, J. Hernandez-Doria, G. Camelo-Jaimes, S. Sharif, W. Guenter, J. D. House, and J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte. 2012. Innate immune response to yeast derived carbohydrates in broiler chickens fed organic diets and challenged with Clostridium perfringens. Poult. Sci. 91:11051112. Zhang L, Katselis, G., R. E.Moore, K. Lekpor, R. M. Goto,T. D. Lee, and M. M. Miller. 2012. MHC class I target recognition, immunophenotypes and proteomic profiles of natural killer cells within the spleens of day-14 chick embryos. Comp. Develop. Immunol. 37: 446-456. ABSTRACTS & PROCEEDINGS Abernathy, J., X. Li, X. Jia, and H. Zhou. 2012. Fine-mapping of chicken genomic aberrations by identifying CNVs associated with Campylobacter jejuni colonization. 33rd Conference of the International Society of Animal Genetics, Cairins, Australia Abernathy, J., C. Corkill, C. Hinojosa, X. Li, H. Andrew-Polymenis, and H. Zhou. 2012. Host innate immune response to a pflB Salmonella typhimurium mutant with elevated SPI1-mediated virulence. Innate Immunity: Sensing the Microbes and Damage Signals. Colorado. Abernathy, J., C. Corkill, C. Hinojosa, X. Li, H. Andrew-Polymenis, and H. Zhou. 2012. Host Response to Gene Knockouts in the Pyruvate Metabolism Pathway of Salmonella typhimurium. Proc. Plant & Animal Genome XX, San Diego, CA. Abernathy, J., R. M. Goto, M. M. Miller, and H. Zhou. 2012. Using Trisomy Mapping and Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization to Assign Candidate Genes to Chicken Chromosome 16. Proc. Plant & Animal Genome XX, San Diego, CA. Alizadeh, M., H. Echeverry, J. C. Rodriquez-Lecompte, and B. Slominski. 2012. Antibody-mediated response in broiler chickens fed yeast-derived products and distillers dried grains with solubles. AVMA AAAP, San Diego, CA, August 4-5. Alizadeh, M., A. Yitbarek, H. Echeverry, P. Munyaka, B. Slominski, and J. C. Rodriquez-Lecompte. 2012. Antibody-mediated immune responses in chicken pullets fed prebiotic, organic trace minerals, and a blend of pre- and probiotic. Southern Conference on Avian Diseases. Atlanta, Georgia, USA. January 23-24. Bjorkquist, A., M. Kaiser, E. E. Sandford, L. K. Nolan, and S. J. Lamont. 2012. Toll Like receptor and clusters of differentiation RNA expression levels in the bursa of Fabricius of broiler chickens challenged with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Plant & Animal Genome XX, January 2012, San Diego, CA Burks, T., C. M. Ashwell, and R. L. Taylor, Jr. 2012. High or low antibody responder chickens have differential embryonic bursal gene expression after testosterone exposure. 21st UNH COLSA Undergraduate Research Conference 2012 p.8 http://www.unh.edu/urc/sites/unh.edu.urc/files/media/COLSA URC 2012 Abstract Book.pdf Coble, D. J., E. E. Sandford, T. Ji, J. Abernathy, D. Fleming, H. Zhou, and S. J. Lamont. 2012. Impacts of Salmonella Enteritidis infection on liver transcriptome in broilers. Proc. 2012 World's Poultry Congress, July 2012, Brazil. Abstract sp27. Collisson, E. 2012. Avian cellular immune responses to coronaviruses and avian influenza viruses. Seminar College of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia, June, 2012. Collisson, E. 2012. Avian influenza and SARS: A virologists perspective on emerging diseases at the animalhuman interface. Annual Pathology Mtg, Zagreb, Croatia; University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia; and Zadar, Croatia. June, 2012. Collisson, E. 2012. Avian influenza and SARS: A virologists perspective on emerging diseases at the animalhuman interface. University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia, June, 2012. Collisson, E. 2012. Avian influenza education for families with backyard poultry in Southern California., USDA-APHIS Annual Mtg Live Bird Market, New Orleans, Feb. 201s Collisson, E. et al. 2012. Macrophage function as a predictor of resistance to respiratory disease, Avian Immunology Research Group, Aug. 2012. Collisson, E., et al. 2012. Macrophage function as a predictor of resistance to coronavirus associated illness in B haplotype defined chicks. AAAP, San Diego, Aug. 2012. Croom, J., C. Nash, M. D. Koci, J. Wock, A. Ballou, D. Carver, and J. Brake. Fluoxetine increases growth and feed efficiency in broilers. July 2012. Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association. Athens, GA. Eads, L., S. L. Gulley, and F. W. van Ginkel. Mucosal vaccine delivery to generate specific immunity to infectious bronchitis virus. Phi Zeta Research Emphasis Day, November 9, 2011, Auburn, AL. Eads, L., S. L. Gulley, and F. W. van Ginkel. Ocular and Oral Vaccination to Generate Infectious Bronchitis Virus Specific Immunity. Auburn University Research Week, April 2-5, 2012, Auburn, AL. Echeverry, H., A. Yitbarek, and, J. C. Rodriguez-Lecomptempte. 2012. Immunomodulatory effects of yeast and yeast-derived products on avian macrophages toll-like-receptors, and cytokine profile. 12th Avian Immunology Research Group, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, August 28-3. Echeverry, H., A. Yitbarek, E. Matini, P. Munyaka, A. Hunde , R. Adhikari, W-K. Kim, and J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte. 2012. Influence of dietary calcium and vitamin D on gene expression of toll-like receptors, cytokines and total IgG production in broilers chickens. 12th Avian Immunology Research Group, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, August, 28-31. Echeverry, H., A. Yitbarek, M. Alizadeh, P. Munyaka, B. Slominski, and J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte. 2012. Toll-like receptors and cytokines profile of chicken B cell added with yeast-derivate carbohydrates. AVMA- AAAP, San Diego, CA, August, 4-5, 2012. Gurjar, R. S., S. L. Gulley, R. Gallardo, H. Toro, and F. W. van Ginkel. 2011.Infectious bronchitis virus-specific effector and memory T cell responses in white leghorns. Phi Zeta Research Emphasis Day, November 9, 2011, Auburn, AL. Gurjar, R. S., S. L. Gulley, R. Gallardo, H. Toro, and F. W. van Ginkel. 2011.Infectious bronchitis virus-specific effector and memory T cell responses in white leghorns. Auburn University Research Week, April 2-5, 2012, Auburn, AL. Kaiser, M., E. E. Sandford, M. E. Persia, M. F. Rothschild, C. Ashwell, C. J. Schmidt, and S. J. Lamont. 2012. Physiological differences among chicken breeds in response to embryonic thermal conditioning and post-hatch heat stress. Plant & Animal Genome XX, January 2012, San Diego, CA. Kjærup, R. M., T. S. Dalgaard, L. R. Norup, and H. R. Juul-Madsen. 2012. Polymorphism in the chicken Mannose-Binding Lectin 2 gene. Annual Meeting in Danish Society of Immunology, 24th May Aarhus, Denmark. Kjærup, R. M., T. S. Dalgaatd, L. R. Norup, R. M. Goti, M. M. Miller, and H. R. Juul-Madsen. 2012. Effect of polymorphism in chicken mannose-binding lectin promoter on the transcription efficiency. 12th Avian Immunology Research Group Meeting 28 - 31. August, Edinburgh, UK. Lamont, S. J., M. G. Kaiser, M. F. Rothschild, M. E. Persia, C. M. Ashwell, and C. J. Schmidt. 2012. Genomics of heat stress in poultry. Proc Intl. Soc. Animal Genetics, July, Cairns, Australia. Lohani, M., J. Suddeth, D. Shannon, F. W. van Ginkel, and B. Kemppainen. 2012. Effects of American Skullcap on Aflatoxin-Contaminated Feed in Broiler Chickens. Auburn University Research Week, April 2-5, Auburn, AL. Mak, Y. T., M. Mendoza, T. Helmy, R. Ali, M. D. Koci, and H. Hassan. 2012. Efficacy of Salmonella detection in poultry: Evaluating different sampling methods to minimize number of animal use. August. 11th Annual NC State University Summer Undergraduate Research Symposium. Raleigh, NC. McPherson, M. M. and M. E. Delany. 2012. Cytogenetic Mapping of Ribosomal DNA, the Major Histocompatibility Complex, Telomerase and Telomere Loci in Japanese Quail. International Plant and Animal Genomes XX, January 14-19, San Diego, CA. Miller, M. M., Lei Zhang, R. M. Goto, J. Abernathy, H. Zhou, and M. E. Delany. 2012. Insights into MHC evolution provided by interesting genes on Gallus gallus. The American Association of Immunologists. May 4-8, Boston, MA. Munyaka, P., G. Tactacan, M. Jing, O K., J. D. House, and J. C. Rodríguez-Lecompte. 2012. Response of old laying hens to an Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge when fed diets with or without supplemental folic acid. Poult. Sci. Vol. 91 E-Suppl 1:80* Munyaka, P., J. D. House, M. St. Paul, S. Sharif., and J. C. Rodriiguez-Lecompte. 2012. Age-associated cytokine expression profile in spleen and cecal tonsils in laying hens supplemented with folic acid under an acute Escherichia coli derivate-lipopolysaccharide challenge. AVMA-AAAP, San Diego, CA, August 4-5. Nazmi, A., J. Zhang, X. Li , C. L. Swaggerty, M. H. Kogut, H. I. Chiang, Y. Wang, K. Genovese, K., H. He, V. J. Dirita, I. Pevzner, and H. Zhou. 2012. Transcriptional profiling of innate immune response in broiler ceca following campylobacter jejuni infection. 101th Annual Poultry Science meeting, Athens, GA . Nazmi, A., J. Zhang, X. Li, C. I. Swaggerty, M. H. Kogut, H. I. ChiangI, Y. Wang, K. Genovese, H. He, V. J. Dirita, I. Pevzner, and H. Zhou. 2012. Global Gene Expression Profiles of Early Cecal Response to Campylobacter jejuni Challenge in Two Genetically Distinct Broiler Lines. Proc. Plant & Animal Genome XX, San Diego, CA. Nighot, P., R. Ali, L. A. Moser, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry, R. DuBois, A. Blikslager, and M. D. Koci. 2012. Turkey astrovirus capsid protein induces electrophysiological changes in the intestinal epithelium. August. The 2012 American Association of Avian Pathologist/American Veterinary Medical Association Meeting. San Diego, CA. Orr, N., S. L. Gulley, and F. W. van Ginkel. 2011. Mucosal and systemic immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) after ocular vaccination. Phi Zeta Research Emphasis Day, November 9, Auburn, AL. Orr, N., S. L. Gulley, and F. W. van Ginkel. 2012. Mucosal and systemic immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) after ocular vaccination. Auburn University Research Week, April 2-5, Auburn, AL. Permin, A., Torben Schou, Helle Juul-Madsen, Liselotte Norup, Tina Dalgaard, Janne Pleidrup Andersen, Dorthe Fink og Gregers Jungersen. 2011. The AIM vaccination project- understanding and controlling. Pleidrup, A. J., L. R. Norup, T. S. Dalgaard, and H. R. Juul-Madsen. 2012. Chicken immune responses after immunisation with Ascaridia galli antigens and protectivity after challenge infection 2012. Annual Meeting in Danish Society of Immunology, 24th May Aarhus, Denmark. Pleidrup, A. J., L. R. Norup, T. S. Dalgaard, P. Kaiser, A. Permin, T. W. Schou, G. Jungersen, P. Sørensen, and H. R. Juul-Madsen. 2012. The effect of A. galli infection on vaccine-induced immunity to NDV in chickens. 12th Avian Immunology Research Group Meeting 28  31. August 2012, Edinburgh, UK. Rey, M. R., J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte, T. Joseph, J. Morrison, A. Yitbarek, K. M. Wittenberg, R. Tremblay, M. Undi. and K. H. Ominski. 2012. Effect of vaccination technique and antibody level on primary and secondary response in beef calves after vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea virus. CSAS, Phoenix, AR. Robinson, C., H. Cheng, and M. E. Delany. 2012. Mareks disease viral genome status in immune organs post-infection. 9th International Meeting on Mareks Disease and Avian Herpesviruses. June 24-28, Berlin, Germany. Rodríguez-Lecompte, J. C., P. Munyaka, H. Echeverry, M. Alizadeh, A. Yitbarek, W. Guenter, and J. D. House. 2012. Effect of Prebiotic, organic trace minerals, and a blend of pre- and probiotics on natural and acdquired maternal antibodies in chicken pullets. Southern Conference on Avian Diseases. Atlanta, Georgia, USA. January 23-24. Sandford, E. E., M. Orr, X. Li, H. Zhou, T. Johnson, S. Kariyawasam, P. Liu, L. K.. Nolan, and S. J. Lamont. 2012. Insights from Multi-Tissue Transcriptome Analysis Into the Genomics of Host Resistance to Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Proc. Plant & Animal Genome XX, San Diego, CA. Sandford, E. E., M. Orr, X. Li, H. Zhou, T. J. Johnson, S. Kariyawasam, P. Liu, L. K. Nolan, and S. J. Lamont. 2012. Multi-tissue, multi-time transcriptome analysis of host response to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Proc. Avian Immunology Research Group, August 2012, Roslin, U.K. Seal, A. G., T. Helmy, R. Ali, E. Akers, M. Mendoza, E. Stafford, H. Hassan, and M. D. Koci. 2012. Development of a Salmonella specific ELISA to test the efficacy of a novel Salmonella vaccine. August 2012. 11th Annual NC State University Summer Undergraduate Research Symposium. Raleigh, NC. Sharif, S. 2012. Identification of lactobacilli with immune enhancing activities. Presented at the Poultry Industry Council Research Day, May, 2012. Sharif, S. 2012. Immunity against avian influenza virus: implications for vaccine development. Presented at the Pathobiology Seminar Series, March, 2012. Sharif, S. 2012. Perspectives on immunity against Mareks disease virus. State-of-the-art lecture given at the Mareks disease conference, Berlin, Germany, June,2012. Sharif, S., F. Abdul-Careem, A. I. Mallick, K. Haq, H. Haghighi, S. Orouji, M. Heidari, S. Behboudi, and P. Parvizi. 2012. Toll-like receptor 4 and 21 agonists enhance immunity and delay the onset of clinical disease in chickens infected with Mareks disease virus (Mareks disease conference, Berlin, Germany, June, 2012. Ulrich-Lynge, S., T. S. Dalgaard, L. R. Norup, J. E. Olsen, and H. R. Juul-Madsen. 2012. The binding ability of purified chicken Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL) to Salmonells enterica serotype B, C1, and D. 12th Avian Immunology Research Group Meeting 28  31. August 2012, Edinburgh, UK. van Ginkel, F. W. Novel research on the immune responses of respiratory and digestive tracts of chickens. Poultry session of the GVMA and AVMA. June 1-3, 2012, Sandestine, FL. van Ginkel, F. W., R. Gurjar, N. Orr, H. Toro, and S. L Gulley. 2012. Ocular Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination Induces T and B Cell Responses in Head-Associated Lymphoid Tissues that Differ from that in the Spleen. Avian Immunology Research Group, August 28-31, 2012, Edinburgh, Scotland. Wang, Y., V. Brahmakshatriya, B. Lupiani, S. M. Reddy, S. J. Lamont, and H. Zhou. 2012. Differentially expressed microRNAs associated with avian influenza virus infection in two genetically distinct chicken lines. 12th Avian International Immunology Group meeting, Edinburgh, Scotland. Wattrang , E., L. R. Norup, H. R. Juul-Madsen, and T. S. Dalgaard. 2012. Preliminary characterisation of CD107a nad CD57 as potential activation markers of chicken cytotoxic T-cells. 12th Avian Immunology Research Group Meeting 28  31. August 2012, Edinburgh, UK. Yitbarek, A., H. Echeverry, M. Alizadeh, P. Munyaka, and J. C. Rodiguez-Lecompte. 2012. Prebiotics and synbiotics supplementation on toll-like receptors and cytokines in the intestine and systemically in pullets stimulated with sheep red blood cells. 12th Avian Immunology Research Group, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, August 28-31. Yitbarek, A., H. Echeverry, P. Munyaka, M. Alizadeh, Y-K. Kim, and J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte. 2012. Prebiotics and symbiotics supplementation to pullets differentially regulate toll-like receptors and cytokines in the intestine and systemically. PSA meeting, Athens, Georgia, USA, July, 2012. Yitbarek, A., H. Echeverry, E. Matini, P. Munyaka, A. Hunde, R. Adhikari, W-K. Kim, and J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte. 2012. Effects of Vitamin D2, and D3 forms and analog Vitamin D3 25-OH-D3 on immune parameters in laying hen. 12th Avian Immunology Research Group, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, August 28-31. Yitbarek, A., H. Echeverry, J. Brady, J. Hernandez-Doria, G. Camelo-Jaimes, S. Sharif, W. Guenter, J. D. House, and J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte.. 2012. Effect of Mannan-Oligosaccharides on Innate Immune Response of Broiler Chickens Fed Organic Diet and Challenged with Clostridium perfringens. Canadian Organic Science Conference, Winnipeg, MB, February. Zhou, H., and X. Jia. 2012. Principal component analysis of gene expression profiling to Campybacter infection in two distinctly genetic chicken lines. 33rd Conference of the International Society of Animal Genetics, Cairins, Australia. THESIS-DISSERTATIONS COMPLETED: Lei Dong. Ph.D. Sp 2012. Environmental triggers of autoimmune vitiligo expression in vitiligo-susceptible Smyth line chickens. University of Arkansas. James Burnett. Honors (ARSC). Fa 2011. Maternal antibodies and lysozyme in eggs of parasitic and non-parasitic birds. University of Arkansas. Erin OBrien. Honors (ARSC). Sp 2012. Incidence of, and immune activity to, v-src-induced tumors in Arkansas Progressor chickens. University of Arkansas.