Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

1. The 2012 (FY13) annual business meeting of the NE 1048 Multistate research project was called to order at 4:15 pm by vice-chair David Kerr, presiding in the absence of the current chair Anne Lichtenwalner. 2. An overview of the 2011 business meeting minutes was presented (the complete minutes of the 2011 business meeting were sent by email and available on the project web site). A motion for approval was seconded and the 2011 business meeting minutes were approved by unanimous vote. 3. Introduction of members and new members. Attending members from 14 stations introduced themselves. Tanya Gressley (Delaware), Pedram Rezamand (Idaho), Jeffery Bewley (Kentucky), Bill Owens (Louisiana), Ron Erskine (Michigan), John Middleton (Missouri), Greg Keefe (Prince Edward Island), Gina Pighetti (Tennessee), David Wilson (Utah State), David Kerr and John Barlow (Vermont), Christina Peterson-Wolfe (Virginia), Larry Fox (Washington), Pamela Ruegg (Wisconsin). 4. The following new members were approved by unanimous vote: Chris Luby (Saskatchewan), Simon DuFour (replacing Daniel Scholl; Montreal). The Chair will look into having the new members officially added to the Appendix E list of participants. 5. One individual is listed on our Appendix E list (David Eide) from Univ. Wisconsin  Dept. of Nutritional Sciences. The Chair will verify if this is correct. 6. Ghent, Belgium was selected for FY 14 meeting that will take place during the summer of 2014. Dr. DeVliegher (University of Ghent) will oversee the local organization. 7. The project Administrative Advisor, Dr. Cameron Faustman, advised that Federal funds allocated to each experimental station could be used for international travel. He also indicated that there would likely be more funding available in USDA Foundation grant program for FY13. Finally, he advised the group that there is an award at the national level for multistate hatch projects and that we should nominate our group. Dr. Faustman has the last 4 years winning projects. Deadline for the nomination is February 28, 20113. Dr. Kerr asked to receive the document regarding the nomination. 8. Concern was raised there are members of the project that do not show up and do we, as a group, need to take some action? Discussion was had on this topic. As a result, we are going to go through the email list over the past 3 years and Dr. Kerr is going to send an email to those not participating explaining by-laws. 9. Dr. Gressley and Dr. Luby were nominated to serve as NE1048 secretary. Voting was done and Dr. Gressley was selected and accepted the position. Dr. Kerr is going to send role and job description to Dr. Gressley. 10. Seeing no other business the meeting was adjourned after a motion and second. Meeting was adjourned at 5:43 pm.

Objective 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. DELAWARE: Continued evaluating effects of thymol on in vitro measurements of neutrophil kill of S. aureus. GEORGIA: Daily feeding of a general immunostimulant supplement to dairy heifers resulted in increased L-selectin and interleukin-8 mRNA expression in blood leukocytes, increased in vitro phagocytic ability of blood neutrophils and monocytes against S. aureus and E. coli, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by blood neutrophils compared with unsupplemented controls, all of which may enhance immunity in heifers against mastitis. After calving, supplemented heifers exhibited a 3-fold reduction in prevalence of mastitis in early lactation, a 4-fold reduction in SCC, and a 7-lb increase in milk production compared with unsupplemented controls. IDAHO: We are investigating the effect of retinol-binding protein (RBP) status (as regulated by dietary retinol and/or protein) on IMI in periparturient Holstein cows. We have demonstrated a strong positive correlation between mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and that of RBP in the liver and adipose tissues. However, a follow up study showed the relationship between RBP and TNF-alpha is not a cause-effect relationship under our experimental condition. We also finished animal phase of our large dairy project entitled Interaction among energy status, retinol-binding protein status and intra-mammary infection in periparturient dairy cows. Laboratory analyses of this project are being performed. MICHIGAN: We investigated if increased NEFA concentrations modify vascular inflammatory responses of endothelial cells in vitro by changing the expression of important inflammatory mediators. In particular, the role of n-3 fatty acid content in altering the profile of vasoactive eicosanoids and attenuating endothelial cell inflammatory responses was a central aim of our work. NEW YORK: The Cornell team studied the immune response in late gestation and evaluated the impact of an E. coli challenge in late gestation and compared this to the response in mid lactation. Important differences in immune response were observed. TENNESSEE: UT has determined that the interleukin-8 receptor, CXCR1 is highly polymorphic. These polymorphisms can be subdivided into groups that are in linkage and travel together. When polymorphisms of individual groups are combined, this forms a haplotype that is more specific than an individual polymorphism. Specific haplotype combinations were significantly associated with the degree of infection and inflammation following experimental challenge with S. uberis. CXCR1 also is expressed by mammary epithelial cells and would be capable of responding to interleukin-8 released in the mammary gland during infection. VERMONT: Dermal fibroblasts are being used as a model cell to investigate genetic and epigenetic differences between cows in their innate responses to mastitis causing pathogens. The in vitro production of the IL-8 chemokine in response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide or to a synthetic Gram positive cell wall component (PAM2CSK4) are reflected to some degree by in vivo responses to intramammary challenge with E. coli or S. aureus. Candidate genes responsible for the between-animal differences are being investigated VIRGINIA: We are continuing our characterization of T cell responses to dendritic cells presenting S. aureus antigens. In addition to cytokine profiles, we will be evaluating memory cell proliferation and identifying S. aureus specific antigen responses. To date we have shown an increase in IL-17 production from T cells stimulated with irradiated and live Staphylococcus aureus. In addition to cytokine profiles we are evaluating the ability of S. aureus to inhibit dendritic cell apoptosis during intracellular infection. WASHINGTON: A project is on ongoing to determine the innate immune response to experimental challenge by M. bovis. Experimental challenge of dairy calves for 3 days with M. bovis through milk replacer feeding, indicated that M. bovis colonization and shedding after challenge was affected by glucocorticoid administration. A higher carriage and shedding rate in Dexamethasone treated calves, as compared to controls, from the respiratory tract was observed. These results are consistent with shedding in dairy cows during an outbreak of mycoplasma mastitis. WISCONSIN: UW Milk Quality lab members are currently collecting data for a study that is evaluating pathogen specific effects on reproductive performance and embryo loss. Almost 1600 cows have been enrolled of the approximately 2800 cows for the full study. Data collection will be completed in 2013. Objective 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses. GEORGIA: Assessment of 118 non-hemolytic staphylococcal isolates from heifers and cows in 2 herds, presumptively identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) on blood agar demonstrated that 32.2% of isolates were actually S. aureus based on coagulase production, fermentation of mannitol on mannitol salt agar, and species-level identification based on the API staph test system; 15.2% were other coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS); and 52.5% were identified correctly as CNS. Thus, a significant proportion of S. aureus and CPS infections may be misdiagnosed as CNS, and additional testing should be performed to correctly identify such staphylococcal isolates. KENTUCKY: A MS student in Microbiology at Eastern Kentucky University (Erica Lynch) is conducting a project to assess antimicrobial resistance in pathogens responsible for causing bovine mastitis in Kentucky. This project is a field survey of multiple herds in Kentucky. LOUISIANA: The Hill Farm Research Station continues to collect mastitis pathogens and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility to various antibiotics. Studies are underway to compare susceptibility patterns of veterinary isolated to human isolates of the same pathogens. An increase in goat milk submission has lead to the isolation and characterization of mastitis pathogens from goats, the majority of which are CNS. Susceptibility studies are underway on these isolates. The Mycoplasma mastitis control program continues to be active in Louisiana, quarterly bulk milk samples are cultured for Mycoplasma and routine mastitis pathogens to determine the incidence of these pathogens in Louisiana dairies. MISSOURI: The association between mammary inflammation, duration of infection, and coagulase negative staphylococcal (CNS) intramammary infection continues to be a major focus of our research. In-depth genotypic characterization of predominant CNS species using whole genome sequencing is underway to elucidate putative virulence factors involved in mastitis pathogenesis. NEW YORK: Full genome sequencing of a number of mastitis E. coli isolates was completed. Differences between transient and persistent isolates were observed and reported. TENNESSEE: This past year, two studies were conducted to prove S. uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) is a relevant virulence factor in vivo. Dairy cows challenged with a SUAM-negative mutant of S. uberis or S. uberis pre-treated with antibodies against SUAM did not develop as severe an infection or inflammation when compared to the wild-type strain or S. uberis receiving antibodies not specific for SUAM. Additionally, several new genes that potentially contribute to S. uberis were identified using a transcriptomic-based approach that identified S. uberis genes activated following intramammary challenge. VIRGINIA: Using irradiated and live S. aureus cultures, we are identifying a role for virulence factors in immune suppression, activation, and manipulation. Specifically we are evaluating changes in T cell activation through granzyme production following antigen presentation and stimulation with live or irradiated S. aureus. Objective 3. Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. GEORGIA: Use of a horn fly control program on dairy heifers based on a pour-on containing 5% permethrin, which was administered every 2 wk was successful in reducing fly populations on animals and allowing teats to heal, which had been damaged (lesions and scabs) by the horn flies. Such control led to decreases in new intramammary infections caused by S. aureus. KENTUCKY: A two-year study to examine the mastitis detection potential of multiple Precision Dairy Farming Technologies (MilkLine P4C individual quarter conductivity, IceRobotics IceQube lying behavior monitors, DVM Systems temperature boluses, SCR Rumination Tags) began in October 2011 at the University of Kentucky. Di Liang has worked on developing a model to examine the economics of mastitis on dairy farms. MAINE: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety.Implementation of a nested PCR for detection and speciation of prototheca from dairy farm samples has contributed to a change in knowledge by allowing sensitive and specific detection of prototheca in herds of dairy cattle. Culling and changing management has been advised to reduce prototheca on affected farms. Studies of pasteurization resistance of Maine isolates, and of bedding types to reduce prototheca growth on farms, have been completed. Results have been communicated to Maine farmers, and at National Mastitis Council workshops. MICHIGAN: We have continued outreach efforts to promote better stewardship of antibiotic use on dairy farms. Key contributions included workshops on mastitis bacteriology for dairy producers and veterinary practitioners to help these stakeholders make better therapeutic decisions. Additionally, several presentations were given to veterinary practitioner and dairy producer groups to highlight the interaction between poor therapeutic decisions and residues in meat and milk. MISSOURI: In the last 12 months, we have continued to evaluate prevention and treatment strategies for mastitis. We have evaluated a Lysostaphin-fusion protein as a dry cow therapy for treatment of chronic Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in an experimental challenge trial. Data from these studies are currently being analyzed. MINNESOTA: The University of Minnesotas College of Veterinary Medicine is developing an on-line curriculum in mastitis and milking system analysis that will provide web-based, self-directed learning systems for veterinarians and other milking system professionals. Thus far, two modules have been delivered to approximately 30 registrants. The courses are offered through the Office of Veterinary Continuing Education of the College of Veterinary Medicine. Collaborator: University of Wisconsin-Madison. The University of Minnesota conducted a multi-state multi-herd randomized non-inferiority clinical trial to compare the efficacy of three commonly used dry cow mastitis formulations: penicillin/dihydrostreptomycin, ceftiofur hydrochloride and cephapirin benzathine. Results indicate there was no difference among the three treatments tested regarding quarter-level outcomes (e.g. new infections, cures), or cow- level outcomes in the first 100 DIM, including SCC, milk production (strong trend present), risk for a clinical mastitis event, risk for culling or death, and risk for conception. Collaborators: Iowa State University and University of California-Davis. The University of Minnesota reported on a study designed to validate the use of the Minnesota Easy Culture System II Bi-plate and Tri-plate systems to diagnose the presence of classes and species of bacteria in milk samples. Results suggested that readers using the Bi-plate or Tri-plate systems on farms will get the most accurate and useful results when using this diagnostic tool to identify the presence of a Gram positive intramammary infection (IMI). Either tool has moderate ability to identify no growth, Gram negative and Staphylococcus aureus IMI. With the exception of Staphylococcus aureus, readers should refrain from trying to speciate the type of organism cultured using either the Bi-plate or Tri-plate. NEW YORK: We evaluated treatment of Gram-negative intramammary infections using a first and third generation cephalosporin with and without corticosteroid. Efficacy of treatment was observed and reported. OHIO: The efficacies of two immune-modulating compounds were tested using a Streptococcus uberis intramammary challenge model. Neither the incidence of intramammary infections, incidence of clinical mastitis, shedding rate of bacteria, nor clinical signs of infection were affected by the test products. UTAH: Completed study of SPC bacteria counts in pasteurized waste milk for feeding to calves, as pasteurized on commercial farms. Developed season-specific milk handling guidelines. Data collection nearly completed for comparison of blood test strips, milk test strips and Fossomatic automated milk analysis for beta-hydroxybutyrate levels in early lactation dairy cattle. Goal is to use DHIA or other meter-collected milk samples for high throughput inexpensive detection of ketotic/negative energy balance cows. VERMONT: A case study to demonstrate contagious pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae) transmission dynamics in a herd using automated milking system (robotic milkers) has been completed. Transmission parameters for these 2 contagious pathogens and the impact of control practices in this herd are being evaluated. VIRGINIA: In the past year, we have completed a study examining the changes in animal activity and milk component data around the onset of naturally occurring clinical mastitis. In this study, daily animal activity and milk component data were collected from cows with mastitis and compared to healthy cows. Changes in milk components and daily step activity were observed prior to detection of mastitis. A statistical model utilizing all collected data was able to distinguish cows with mastitis from healthy cows 1 d prior to onset of clinical signs. Early detection of disease may lead to reduced economic losses associated with mastitis. WASHINGTON: Factors associated with time to clearance of mycoplasma mastitis were studied in 18 herds. Most herds cleared mycoplasma mastitis within 1 month, greater than 50% culled diseased cows preferentially, yet culling was not associated with hastened clearance as herds that culled preferentially cleared the infection at ostensibly the same rate as those that did not cull preferentially. Milking time hygiene practices were practiced near full by 17 of the 18 herds and such practices were not associated with time to clearance. Other known mastitis biosecurity and management practices were not associated with clearance time. WISCONSIN: The UW Milk Quality lab completed a study that characterized the differences in in-vitro susceptibility testing of Ceftiofur & Cephapirin as compared to results using the active metabolites of the same compounds (Desfluoceftiofur & Deactylcephaparin). Differences in outcomes for Staphylococci (ceftiofur) and E coli (cephapirin) probably account for some of the lack of association of in vitro susceptibility test results with outcomes of intramammary treatments. UW Milk Quality lab members completed an epidemiological study that characterized the occurrence of clinical mastitis on 51 large modern dairy farms in Wisconsin. Results of this study indicate a strong shift to mastitis caused by a variety of opportunistic environmental pathogens. Upon observation of the cases, approximately 25% of the milk samples resulted in no significant growth of bacteria and a further 20% were caused by pathogens for which no currently available antimicrobials are effective. Most cases were mild and the median days in lactation upon occurrence was approximately 130 days. The association between exposure to antimicrobials and occurrence of resistance will be reported.

PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE GEORGIA: Jackson, K.A., D.J. Hurley, F.M. Kautz, L.O. Ely, and S.C. Nickerson. 2012. Technical note: Development of a challenge model for Streptococcus uberis mastitis in dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 95:7210-7213. Nickerson, S. C. 2012. Invited review. Managing mastitis in heifers: An initial step in improving dairy herd health. 2012. Chapter 16 in Milk Production - An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health. Pp. 333-358, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia. IDAHO: Rezamand, P., J. S. Watts, K. M. Hunt, B. J. Bradford, L. Mamedova, and S. D. Morey. 2012. Bovine hepatic and adipose retinol binding protein gene expression and its relationship with tumor necrosis factor-±. J. Dairy Sci. 95:7097-7104. MICHIGAN: Contreras, G.A., S.A. Mattmiller, W. Raphael, J.C. Gandy, L.M. Sordillo. 2012. Enhanced n-3 phospholipid content reduces inflammatory responses in bovine endothelial cells. J. Dairy Sci. 95:5729-5736. Contreras, G.A., W. Raphael, S.A. Mattmiller, J. Gandy, L.M. Sordillo. 2012. Nonesterified fatty acids modify inflammatory response and eicosanoid biosynthesis in bovine endothelial cells. J. Dairy Sci. 95:5011-5023. Erskine RJ. Vaccination strategies for mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2012 Jul;28(2):257-270. MISSOURI: Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. 2011. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 16:357-372. NEW YORK: Gurjar A, Gioia G, Schukken Y, Welcome F, Zadoks R, Moroni P. 2012. Molecular diagnostics applied to mastitis problems on dairy farms. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 28(3):565-76. Oikonomou G, Machado VS, Santisteban C, Schukken YH, Bicalho RC. 2012. Microbial Diversity of Bovine Mastitic Milk as Described by Pyrosequencing of Metagenomic 16s rDNA. PLoS One. 7(10): e47671 . Epub 2012 Oct 17. Reksen O, Gröhn YT, Barlow JW, Schukken YH. 2012. Transmission dynamics of intramammary infections with coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Dairy Sci. 95(9):4899-910. Schukken Y, Chuff M, Moroni P, Gurjar A, Santisteban C, Welcome F, Zadoks R. 2012. The "other" gram-negative bacteria in mastitis: Klebsiella, serratia, and more. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 28(2):239-56. Dogan B, Rishniw M, Bruant G, Harel J, Schukken YH, Simpson KW. 2012. Phylogroup and lpfA influence epithelial invasion by mastitis associated Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol. 14;159(1-2):163-70. Watters RD, Schuring N, Erb HN, Schukken YH, Galton DM. 2012. The effect of premilking udder preparation on Holstein cows milked 3 times daily. J Dairy Sci. 95(3):1170-6. Quesnell RR, Klaessig S, Watts JL, Schukken YH. 2012. Bovine intramammary Escherichia coli challenge infections in late gestation demonstrate a dominant antiinflammatory immunological response. J Dairy Sci. 95(1):117-26. Schukken YH, Bennett GJ, Zurakowski MJ, Sharkey HL, Rauch BJ, Thomas MJ, Ceglowski B, Saltman RL, Belomestnykh N, Zadoks RN. 2012. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 5-day ceftiofur hydrochloride intramammary treatment on nonsevere gram-negative clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 94(12):6203-15. Dohoo I, Andersen S, Dingwell R, Hand K, Kelton D, Leslie K, Schukken Y, Godden S. 2012. Diagnosing intramammary infections: comparison of multiple versus single quarter milk samples for the identification of intramammary infections in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 94(11):5515-22. Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. 2011. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 16(4):357-72. Schukken YH, Günther J, Fitzpatrick J, Fontaine MC, Goetze L, Holst O, Leigh J, Petzl W, Schuberth HJ, Sipka A, Smith DG, Quesnell R, Watts J, Yancey R, Zerbe H, Gurjar A, Zadoks RN, Seyfert HM; members of the Pfizer mastitis research consortium. 2011. Host-response patterns of intramammary infections in dairy cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 144(3-4):270-89. Cremonesi P, Capoferri R, Pisoni G, Del Corvo M, Strozzi F, Rupp R, Caillat H, Modesto P, Moroni P, Williams JL, Castiglioni B, Stella A. 2012. Response of the goat mammary gland to infection with Staphylococcus aureus revealed by gene expression profiling in milk somatic and white blood cells. BMC Genomics. 13(1):540. OHIO: Hogan, Joe and K. Larry Smith. 2012. Managing environmental mastitis. Vet. Clin. Food Anim. 28:217-224. Hogan, J.S., L. Raubenolt, J.L. McCormick, and W.P. Weiss. 2012. Evaluation of propane flaming for reducing bacterial counts in sand bedding. J. Dairy Sci. 95:2152-6159. TENNESSEE: Gillespie, B. E., M. J. Lewis, S. Boonyayatra, M. L. Maxwell, A. Saxton, S. P. Oliver and R. A. Almeida. 2012. Short Communication: Evaluation of bulk tank milk microbiological quality of nine dairy farms in Tennessee. J Dairy Sci. 95:4275-9. Kerro Dego O, R. A. Almeida and S. P. Oliver. 2012. Host - Pathogen gene expression profiles during infection of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells with Escherichia coli strains associated with acute or persistent bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol. 155:291  297. Oliver, S.P., S.I. Headrick., M.J. Lewis., B. E. Gillespie., D.L. Johnson and R. A. Almeida. 2012. Experimental intramammary infection with a Strain of Escherichia coli isolated from a cow with persistent E. coli mastitis. Open Journal Veterinary Medicine, 2: 186-190 Pighetti GM and AA Elliott. 2012. Gene polymorphisms: The keys for marker assisted selection and unraveling core regulatory pathways for mastitis resistance. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 16(4):421-432. Pighetti GM, C Kojima, L. Wojakiewicz, and M Rambeaud. 2012. The bovine CXCR1 gene is highly polymorphic. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 145:464-470. UTAH: Wilson, D.J., K. A. Rood, and G.M. Goodell. 2012. Bovine viral diarrhea milk ELISA test detecting anti-p80 antibody  association with milk handling methods and cow characteristics. J. Veterinar. Sci. Technolo. 3:1:1-5, 2012. Wilson, D.J., G.M. Goodell, and T. Kelly. 2012. On-farm pasteurized milk fed to dairy calves  association of bacteria counts following pasteurization with season, temperature and time until feeding. J. Veterinar. Sci. Technolo. 3:6:1-5, 2012. VERMONT: Kandasamy, S., and D.E. Kerr. 2012. Genomic analysis of between-cow variation in dermal fibroblast response to lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Dairy Science. 95: 3852-3864. Kandasamy, S., B.B. Green, A.L. Benjamin, and D.E. Kerr. 2011. Between-cow variation in dermal fibroblast response to lipopolysaccharide reflected in resolution of inflammation during Escherichia coli mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science. 94:5963-5975. Green, B.B., S. Kandasamy, T.H. Elsasser, and D.E. Kerr. 2011. The use of dermal fibroblasts as a predictive tool of the toll-like receptor 4 response pathway and its development in Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science. 94:5502-5514. Becker, S.C., J. Foster-Frey, A. Powell, D.E. Kerr, and D. M. Donovan. 2011. Lysostaphin: molecular changes that preserve staphylolytic activity. In "Science and Technology against Microbial Pathogens. Research, Development and Evaluation" A. Mendez-Vilas ed. World Scientific Publishing Co. pp18-22. Reksen, O., Gröhn, Y., Barlow, J.W., and Schukken, Y.H. 2011. Transmission dynamics of intramammary infections with coagulase negative Staphylococci. Journal of Dairy Science, 95:4899-4910. Barlow, J. 2011. Mastitis Therapy and Antimicrobial Susceptibility: a multispecies review with a focus on antibiotic treatment of mastitis in dairy cattle. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 16:383-407. VIRGINIA: Yeiser, E. E., K. E. Leslie, M. L. McGilliard and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2012. The effects of experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis and flunixin meglumine administration on activity measures, feed intake and milk parameters. J. Dairy Sci. 95(9):4939-49. Maxymiv N.G., M. Bharathan, I.K. Mullarky. Bovine mammary dendritic cells: A heterogeneous population, distinct from macrophages and similar in phenotype to afferent lymph veiled cells. 2012. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. Jan;35(1):31-8. WASHINGTON: Quirk, T., L.K. Fox, D.D. Hancock, J. Capper, J. Wenz, and J. Park. 2012. Intramammary infections and teat canal colonization with coagulase-negative staphylococci after postmilking teat disinfection: Species-specific responses. Journal of Dairy Sci. 95:1906-1912. Park, Y.K., Fox, L.K., D.D. Hancock, W. McMahan, and Y.H. Park. 2012. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of mastitis pathogens from dairy herds transitioning to organic management. J. Vet. Sci. 13:103-105. Boonyayatra, S., L.K. Fox, T.E. Besser, A. Sawant, J.M. Gay and Z. Ravivi. 2012. A PCR assay and PCR-Restriction fragment length polymorphism combination identifying the 3 primary Mycoplasma species causing mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 95:196-205. Boonyayatra, S., L.K Fox, J.M Gay, A. Sawant and T.E. Besser. 2012. Discrimination between Mycoplasma and Acholesplasma species of bovine origin using digitonin disc diffusion assay, nisin disc diffusion assay and conventional polymerase chain reaction.. J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 24:7-13 WISCONSIN: Olivera, L., H. Langoni, C.M. Hulland and P. L. Ruegg. 2012. Minimum inhibitory concentration of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from clinical and subclinical cases of bovine mastitis. J Dairy Science 95:1913-1920. Oliveira, L., A. C. O. Rodrigues, C. Hulland and P.L. Ruegg. 2011. Toxin production, toxin genes and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from cases of bovine subclinical mastitis. Am. J. Vet Res. 72:1361-1368. Lago, A., S. M. Godden, R. Bey, P.L. Ruegg, and K. Leslie. 2011. The selective treatment of clinical mastitis based on on-farm culture results I: Effects on antibiotic use, milk withholding time and short-term clinical and bacteriological outcomes. J Dairy Sci 84:4441-4456. Pantoja, J.C. F., D. J. Reinemann, and P. L. Ruegg. 2011. Factors associated with coliform counts in unpasteurized bulk milk. J Dairy Science 94:2680-2691. Pínzon-Sanchéz, C., V. E. Cabrera and P.L. Ruegg. 2011. Decision tree analysis of treatment strategies for mild and moderate cases of clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 94:1873-1892. BOOK CHAPTERS / PERIODICALS LOUISIANA: Owens WE and Nickerson SC (2011) Mastitis Therapy and Control | Medical Therapy Options. In: Fuquay JW, Fox PF and McSweeney PLH (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edition, vol. 3, pp. 435439. San Diego: Academic Press. Nickerson, S.C. and W.E. Owens. (2011) Mastitis Therapy and Control | Management Control Options. In: Fuquay JW, Fox PF and McSweeney PLH (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edition, vol. 3, pp. 429434. San Diego: Academic Press. MISSOURI: Middleton JR and Fry PR. 2012. Antimicrobial resistance and mastitis pathogens: Trends and issues. M2 Magazine, Gent, Belgium. June 2012 Edition. pp. 15-20. ABSTRACTS GEORGIA: Eubanks V.J., D.J. Hurley, L. O. Ely, F.M. Kautz, S.C. Nickerson, N.E. Forsberg, Y.Q. Wang, K. Zanzalari, and J. Chapman. 2012. Pre- and postpartum immunomodulatory effects of a dietary supplement on the immune system of dairy heifers. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 90, Suppl. 3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, Suppl. 2. Pg 222. Abstr # 220. Eubanks V., N. Forsberg, Y. Wang, K. Zanzalari, J. Chapman, L. Ely, and S.C. Nickerson. 2012. Dietary supplementation to enhance immunity against mastitis in dairy heifers vaccinated against Staphylococcus aureus: An update. Poster Session. Proceedings of the 51 Annual Meeting, National Mastitis Council, Inc. St. Petersburg, FL, 2012. Eubanks, V.J., S.C. Nickerson, D.J. Hurley, L.O. Ely, F.M. Kautz, J. Graham, N.E. Forsberg, Y.Q. Wang, J.D. Chapman, and K.P. Zanzalari. 2012. Enhancing immunity against mastitis in dairy heifers through vaccination and use of a dietary immunostimulant. Poster Session sponsored by PrinceAgri, ADSA-AMPA-ASAS-CSAS-WSASAS Joint Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ. IDAHO: Rezamand, P., K. M. Hunt, J. S. Watts, J. D. Blickenstaff, B. J. Bradford, and L. K. Mamedova. 2012. Bovine hepatic retinol binding protein gene expression and its relationship with tumor necrosis factor-±. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95 (E. Suppl. 2): 513 (Abst.). KENTUCKY: Sterrett, A.E., C.L. Wood, K.J. McQuerry, and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Potential utility of a parlor-based individual quarter milking system. Page 23 in Proceedings of the 38th of the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) Session. Cork, Ireland. Liang, D., M.M. Schutz, and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Stochastic simulation of the impact of commodity price variation on mastitis costs. Abstract 646. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. Sterrett, A.E., K.N. Brock, B.I. Kiser, J.D. Clark, D.L. Ray, and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Detection of clinical and subclinical mastitis using reticulorumen temperatures. Abstract M110. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. Wolf, K.M. and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Challenges and inconsistencies associated with goat somatic cell counts. Abstract 183. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. MISSOURI: Paradis MÈ, Haine D, Messier S, Middleton J, Perry J, Ramirez AI and Scholl DT. 2011. Identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species by gas chromatography. International Conference on Udder Health and Communication. Utrecht, Netherlands. Oct 25-57, 2011. Suntrup D, Middleton JR. 2012. Comparison of milker hand hygiene techniques. Phi Zeta Research Day. May 4, 2012. Columbia, MO. Suntrup D, Middleton JR, Calcutt MJ, Stewart GC. 2012. Comparative genomic analysis of Staphylococcus chromogenes with other known staphylococcus genotypes. Phi Zeta Research Day. May 4, 2012. Columbia, MO. MINNESOTA: Arruda, A.G., S. Godden, P. Rapnicki, P. Gorden, L. Timms, S. Aly, T. Lehenbauer, J. Champagne. 2012. Preliminary results from a non-inferiority clinical trial: Ability of three commercial dry cow mastitis preparations to cure intramammary infections present at dry off. Proc 45th Annu. Mtg. AABP. Sept. 20-22. Montreal, QC. P. Haran, Godden, S., S. Sreevatsan, J. Bender. Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk of Minnesota dairy herds. Annu mtg of the National Mastitis Council. St. Petersberg, FL. Jan. 22-25, 2012. TENNESSEE: Almeida RA, O Kerro-Dego, SI Headrick, MJ Lewis, C Young, BE Gillespie, LS Siebert, DA Luther, GM Pighetti, SP Oliver. 2012. Use of anti-SUAM antibodies in a passive protection model to prevent Streptococcus uberis mastitis. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. USA Almeida RA, O Kerro-Dego, SI Headrick, MJ Lewis, C Young, BE Gillespie, LS Siebert, DA Luther, GM Pighetti, SP Oliver. 2012. Defining the role of SUAM in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus uberis mastitis using a SUAM-negative gene deletion mutant. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. USA Kerro Dego, O., D. A. Luther, S. P. Oliver, A. M. Saxton, L. J. Hauser and R. A. Almeida. 2012. Transcriptome expression profiles of Streptococcus uberis during bovine mastitis. Proceedings 2012 Annual Meeting of Mastitis Research Workers. Chicago, IL. USA. Luther, D. A., O. Kerro Dego, S.A. Kania, L. Hauser, A. M. Saxton, S. P. Oliver, and R. A. Almeida. 2012. Next-generation sequencing of Streptococcus uberis UT888 genome facilitates quest for virulence /pathogenic associated gene features. Proceedings 2012 Annual Meeting of Mastitis Research Workers. Chicago, IL. USA. Pighetti GM, S Headrick, M Lewis, B Gillespie, C Young, L Siebert, L Wojakiewicz, O Kerro Dego, R Almeida, SP Oliver. 2012. Genetic variation in CXCR1 amino acid expression significantly tied to clearance of Streptococcus uberis in an intramammary challenge model. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. USA. Siebert L, J Lippolis, GM Pighetti. 2012. Interleukin-8 receptor expression in bovine mammary tissue. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. http://tinyurl.com/crwad128 Siebert LJ, J Lippolis, and GM Pighetti. 2011. Expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in bovine mammary tissue. In Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. USA. Warren J, O Kerro Dego, RA Almeida, SP Oliver, and GM Pighetti. 2011. Identification of Streptococcus uberis mutants susceptible to neutrophil killing. In Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. USA. UTAH: Wilson, D.J., K. A. Rood, and G.M. Goodell. 2012. Bacteria counts in on-farm pasteurized milk for dairy calves vs. season and time post-pasteurization. J.Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, E-Suppl. 2:394. VERMONT: Benjamin, A.L., and D. E. Kerr. 2012. Use of dermal fibroblasts to predict the innate immune response to bovine mastitis. 92nd Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. Green, B.B., S.D. McKay, and D. E. Kerr. 2012.The potential contribution of epigenetic modifications to the animal-specific responses of dermal fibroblasts to LPS. 92nd Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. Green, B.B., and D. E. Kerr. 2012. Epigenetic contribution to between-animal variation in their fibroblast response to lipopolysaccharide. Annual Meeting of The American Association of Immunologists. Boston, MA. Kerr, D.E., B.B. Green, and S. Kandasamy. 2011. Relationship between bovine dermal fibroblast response to LPS in vitro, and animal response to systemic LPS or E. coli mastitis. Physiology and Genomics of Mastitis Conference. Tutzing, Germany. Woolpert, M., Ochoa, A., Barlow, J. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus transmission and control in a robotic milking dairy herd. American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Montreal, Quebec. Barlow, J.W. Sammons, M., Drolet, J.N., Hart, S., Gross, B., Ochoa, A. (2011). Evaluation of novel practices addressing mastitis control on organic dairy farms in Vermont. 3rd International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality. St. Louis. Missouri. VIRGINIA: R. J. Ortiz-Marty, N. E. Forsberg, J. D. Chapman, and I. K. Mullarky. 2012. Omnigen-AF restores GR-1, L-selectin, and RANTES expression by immunosuppressed murine PMN challenged with lipopolysaccharide in a MyD88-dependent manner. American Dairy Science Association. J. Dairy Science. 95 Suppl. 2. A. Johnson, M. Lehtimaki, W. Wark, S. Neal, I. Mullarky. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus inhibition of dendritic cell apoptosis. Proceedings of the 93rd Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. M.K. Lehtimaki, S. DaCosta, A. Johnson, I.K. Mullarky;Granzyme B release is triggered by activation of bovine lymphocytes. 2012. Proceedings of the 93rd Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. S.M. Neal. 2012. The effect of maternal colostral immune cells on neonatal health and immune development. 2012. Proceedings of the 93rd Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. WASHINGTON: Buttram, S.M., K.M. Hunt, L.K. Fox and M. A. McGuire. 2012. Changes in bacterial communities in bovine milk when comparing low and high somatic cell count quarters using culture independent analysis. Journal Dairyl Sci. 95 (Suppl.2):262 WISCONSIN: M. J. Fuenzalida, W. Oliveira, J. Gaska, P. M. Fricke, and P. L. Ruegg. 2012. Treatment Outcomes for Clinical Mastitis Caused by E. coli in a Wisconsin Dairy Herd. J Dairy Sci 95 (Suppl.2):278. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS GEORGIA: Eubanks V., S. Nickerson. D. Hurley, F. Kautz, J. Graham, N. Forsberg, Y. Wang, K. Zanzalari, and J. Chapman. 2012. Dietary supplementation to enhance immunity against mastitis in dairy heifers vaccinated against Staphylococcus aureus: An update. Pages 155-156 in Proceedings of the 51 Annual Meeting, National Mastitis Council, Inc. St. Petersburg, FL, 2012. Nickerson, S. C. 2012. Mastitis Management for the Future Milking Herd. In Proceedings of the High Plains Dairy Conference 2012, Amarillo, TX. March 7-8, 2012. MICHIGAN: RJ Erskine Applying Pharmacology to Avoid Drug Residues. Presented to the Michigan Dairy Industry Conference, Mt Pleasant, MI; May, 2012 RJ Erskine Mastitis Therapy: Quality Milk Short Course for Dairy Practitioners, - St Peters, MN (Univ of Minnesota) July, 2012 RJ Erskine Mastitis Vaccines. Presented to the Professional Dairy Producers of Pennsylvania, Shippensburg, PA; July, 2012. RJ Erskine Mastitis Pharmacology: NOSAI Japan- Veterinary Shortcourse, East Lansing, MI, Oct, 2012 MISSOURI: Middleton JR, Suntrup DS. 2012. Comparison of milker hand hygiene techniques. Proc. 51st Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. St. Pete Beach, FL. Jan 21-15, 2012. pp. 205-206. Middleton JR. 2012. Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications for human and animal health on dairy farms. Proc. 51st Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. St. Pete Beach, FL. Jan 21-15, 2012. pp. 3-8. MINNESOTA: Goulart, D., A. Dahlke, N. Mayer, J. Timmerman, P. Rapnicki, and S. Godden. 2012. Preliminary results from validation of the Minnesota Easy Culture System II Bi-Plate and Tri-Plate. Proc. Annu. Mtg. MN Dairy Health Conference. May 23-24, 2012. Minneapolis, MN. Pp. 112-113. Arruda, A.G., S. Godden, P. Rapnicki, P. Gorden, L. Timms, S. Aly, T. Lehenbauer, J. Champagne. 2012. Preliminary results from a non-inferiority clinical trial: Ability of three commercial dry cow mastitis preparations to cure intramammary infections present at dry off. Proc. Annu. Mtg. MN Dairy Health Conference. May 23-24, 2012. Minneapolis, MN. Pp. 114-115. UTAH: Wilson, D.J. 2012. Johnes disease milk ELISA test strategy. SPC in pasteurized milk for calves  time, season, and temperature. Proc. Utah Vet. Med. Assoc.:1-11. Wilson, D.J., and G.M. Goodell. 2012. PetrifilmTM measurement of bacteria counts (SPC) in pasteurized waste milk for feeding to dairy calves and association of SPC with time until feeding, season and temperature. Proc 55th Ann. Conf. Am. Assoc. Vet. Lab. Diag.: 38. VERMONT: Kerr, D.E., B.B. Green, and S. Kandasamy. 2011. Variation in cow response to mastitis predicted by laboratory testing of skin cells. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council. Arlington, VA. pages 64-69. VIRGINIA: Yeiser, E. E., K. E. Leslie, M. L. McGilliard and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. The use of peripartum activity measures and blood metabolites as indicators of naturally occurring postpartum disease. The Dairy Cattle Welfare Symposium. 2012. Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Tholen, A. R. and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. The use of animal activity and milk component data as indicators of clinical mastitis. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting. 2012. St. Pete Beach, FL. Pp. 231-232. I.K. Mullarky. Bovine Immunology: The Intersection of Innate and Acquired Immunity 2012. 23rd Discover Conference on Food Animal Agriculture. WASHINGTON: Fox, L.K., 2012. Mycoplasma and Prototheca Mastitis Management. Minnesota Dairy Health Conference, Minneapolis, MN, May 22-24. WISCONSIN: Ruegg, P.L., 2011. Factors influencing treatment outcomes for clinical mastitis. Proc. 16th Annual NC Veterinary Conference. Raleigh Nov 4-6, NC.