Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Summary of minutes of annual meeting: The NC228 business meeting was convened by Dr. Gelb, Chair of NC228 at 8:30 am on Saturday, Nov. 9, 2002, in the Jefferson A Room, Millennium Hotel, St. Louis, MO. He welcomed the Station Representatives, Dr. Klausner, Dr. Wagner, and new member, Dr. Suarez of Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory (SEPRL), USDA, Athens, GA.
Dr. Wagner summarized federal legislative activities as follows; although the farm bill has passed, the funding appropriation was still pending. For NRI, an additional $20-25 million was proposed for agricultural bio-security issues, bringing the total NRI budget to $130-164 million. Allocations for improving air and seaport security and diagnostic lab capabilities to deal with homeland security were explained. Dr. Wagner announced effective Jan. 2003, Dr. Robert Smith would coordinate animal and plant CSREES educational programs. Dr. Wagner also announced his retirement from CSREES at the end of Dec. 2002. The Committee recognized him for his contributions and service to NC228.
The Committee agreed to begin working on a renewal NC228 project for 2004. Dr. Klausner presented a timeline for new project submission as well as distributed information on the project approval process. A writing subcommittee (Drs. Dohms, Saif, and Wu) agreed to coordinate the renewal project resubmission activities in 2003. All members will be working with the subcommittee to finalize the preparation of the proposal. The first step was to provide project objectives to members in January 2003.
Dr. Klausner reported that the current project received an overall favorable mid-project review in a memo dated March 22, 2002 from the Multistate Research Committee (MRC). However, the MRC did encourage a greater commitment to interdependence among the participants. At Dr. Klausners request, the Committee updated project participant information. The Committee also agreed to invite new project participants to strengthen our project renewal request. A list of potential participants was made and Drs. Dohms and Saif agreed to contact the individuals.
Dr. Gelb was re-elected as Chair for 2003-4 and Dr. Khan was elected as Secretary for the same period. The Committee thanked Dr. Wu for serving as Secretary the past two years.
The ongoing development of a NC228 website was discussed. Suggestions were made to add a visitors counter and to add links for the current project and the renewal project, which would be accessible to the writing subcommittee.
For the 2003 NC228 meeting, the Committee agreed to meet in Chicago (Congress Hotel) from Friday Nov. 7 from 2-5 pm and from 8 am-5 pm Saturday Nov. 8. The 2003 CRWAD meeting will be held November 911.
The business meeting concluded at 11 am. The remainder of the meeting was devoted to presentation and discussion of the station reports. The meeting adjourned Nov. 10 at noon.

Accomplishments and Impacts:

Objective 1. Determine the pathogenesis and interactions of specific agents.

Alabama studied the regulation of the pMGA responsible for hemagglutinin adhesin protein in Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) by deleting or inserting nucleotides at the 5 or 3 positions of the GAA repeats. The findings suggested the existence of a hemagglutinin activator binding protein that regulates transcription in the pMGA promoter region. Proteins that regulate transcription in Mycoplasma species have not been reported.

Delaware (Drs. Keeler and Dohms) and Minnesota (Dr. Kapur) are sequencing the Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) genome. MS sequencing will be conducted at U. Minnesota and data will be made available on the Internet (http://udgenome.ags.udel.edu/).

Delaware. Compared to the virulent MG S6 strain, attenuated strains demonstrated varied abilities of to enter chicken embryo fibroblasts suggesting that attenuation may limit intracellular invasion.

Illinois. A genetically modified light-sensitive (photolyase deficient) fowlpox virus was found to replicate less efficiently than the parental FPV and, upon exposure to UV light, its infectivity was drastically reduced compared to the parent. The light-sensitive virus has a potential as an eco-friendly vaccine against fowlpox.

Minnesota. In response to avian pneumovirus (APV) infection in turkeys, B- and T-lymphocytes in the Harderian gland were highly activated and secreted high levels of cytokines, but that T cells were not an absolute requirement in turkey resistance against infection. Molecular analysis showed that APV infection resulted in up-regulation of interferon-associated, pro-inflammatory leukocyte chemo-attractant, adhesion molecule, and complement-associated genes. Avian E. coli genome sequencing is nearly completed and will help identify important virulence factors.

North Carolina. Studies with S. J. Geary (U. Connecticut) reaffirmed that high frequency phenotypic variation occurs in MG shed following homologous challenge of chickens vaccinated with whole cell killed bacterins. This underscores the need for live attenuated vaccines which will ultimately present to the host (vaccinated birds) the full array of diverse phenotypes required to develop complete protective immunity without the risk of developing persistent shedders.
B. Sanei and D. Ley compared the pathogenicity of a RAPD type B field strain of MG from North Carolina with the S6 reference strain in chickens and turkeys. Mean gross air sac lesion scores were highest in type B-infected chickens. Tracheas of type B-inoculated chickens demonstrated severe lesions 2 wk PI.

Objective 2. Surveillance, occurrence and consequences of agents and host variation on disease susceptibility

Delaware. Although antigenic differences of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were observed by VN, S1 sequencing and challenge of immunity findings suggest that Georgia 98 and Alabama isolates AL/2975/00 and AL/3701/00 obtained from the 1999-2000 outbreak were related to the DE/072/92 strain.

Illinois. A poxvirus isolate from ostriches was found to be similar to fowlpox virus based on antigenic (Western blotting), genetic (RFLP) and biologic (infection of susceptible chickens) studies. Hawaiian goose poxvirus (HGPV) and an avipoxvirus from finches on the Galapagos Island were identified as new species of the avipoxvirus genus. In addition, poxvirus infection in two Palila (Loxioides bailleui), an endangered Hawaiian forest bird, was confirmed using either chicken embryos or avian cell cultures for virus isolation.

USDA SEPRL. Turkeys were found to be highly susceptible to wild waterfowl-origin AIV, requiring 5 to 10,000 times less virus to become infected than chickens.
AIVs from the US and around the world were characterized by sequence analysis and animal studies for the purposes of assessing the risk of influenza outbreaks and to study mechanisms enabling low pathogenic AIV to become highly pathogenic. Researchers at NVSL, TX, CA, and NJ Dept. of Agriculture, the Korean National Vet. Res. and Quarantine Service, and the Chile Dept. of Agriculture collaborated on this work.

Minnesota. Wild birds harbor APV suggesting that they may be important reservoirs. A partially attenuated APV strain (APV/MN/1A-97) shown to be efficacious as vaccine in turkeys was approved by the USDA.

North Carolina and Georgia and collaborators from other laboratories. MG isolates suspected of being of vaccine origin recovered from unvaccinated chicken or turkey flocks were shared and characterized. A publication resulted from this effort.
In a related study. scientists from North Carolina and Georgia and collaborators K. Whithear and G. Browning (U. Melbourne, Australia) found the molecular properties of MG isolates from an unvaccinated broiler breeder and a layer were essentially identical to a vaccine strain.
Since the1999-2000 MG epornitic in commercial poultry in North Carolina, MG has been isolated from only one broiler breeder and two turkey farms, both in January 2001. Each of these isolates was a new and unique RAPD type, suggesting separate external sources of infection that has been linked to backyard flocks.

Objective 3. Develop new and improved methods for the diagnosis, prevention, and control of avian respiratory diseases.

Alabama and North Carolina. Fifty-five isolates from house finches infected with MG were compared to 11 strains from poultry. The finch isolates were found to be more similar to each other than to the poultry isolates. Three RFLP groupings and 16 genotypes were found among the MG finch isolates.

Connecticut. SPF chickens given a spike gene (Mass-type) DNA vaccine in ovo did not produce IBV serum antibodies but did show resistance to Mass 41 challenge at 6 weeks of age, but not at 2 or 4 weeks of age. The vaccine did not have an adverse effect on embryo development.

Illinois. Recombinant fowlpox vaccines in which REV sequences have been deleted or only REV-envelope gene is incorporated provided complete protection against fowlpox virus. These vaccines will minimize the chances of future REV integration in FPV genome. Homologous fowlpox virus promoters can be modified by specific mutations in order to develop strong promoters. Specific PCR primer sets have been designed for rapid diagnosis of avianpox virus infection.

Indiana. Chickens vaccinated with plasmid encoding infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) genes VP243-VE alone or both plasmids (VP243-VE and VP243-STC) conferred protection against classical or variant IBDV challenge.

Iowa. A composting study was initiated to evaluate the inactivation of viruses (Newcastle disease virus and avian encephalitis virus), odor emissions, and the effect of cover materials (silage, ground cornstalks, finished yard waste compost) on animal carcass degradation.

Maryland. An attenuated, marked, multi-spectrum vaccine candidate, derived from full-length and chimeric cDNA clones of segments A and B of the D78 and GLS strains protected against classical and variant strains of IBDV.
A transcutaneous method utilizing dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for delivery of DNA vaccines for IBDV and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) gave promising results. Neutral lipid encapsulation may be useful for delivering DNA to the avian embryo for immunization.

Minnesota and Ohio. Avian pneumovirus was shown to differ antigenically from avian paramyxoviruses, PMV-1, PMV-2, PMV-3 and PMV-7 by ELISA, virus-neutralization, and hemagglutination-inhibition. A publication resulted from this effort.

North Carolina and Georgia are evaluating various methods of MG strain identification.

Ohio. Real-time RT-PCR was used to identify nucleotide sequence homology at the hydrophilic B region of VP2 for each virus encoding a neutralizing epitope of IBDV. The technique has the potential to rapidly provide information for selecting the most appropriate vaccine strain.

USDA SEPRL. In collaboration with APHIS NVSL, a real time RT-PCR test was developed and validated for detecting and subtyping influenza virus.
A real time RT-PCR test for avian influenza virus (AIV) diagnosis was developed, validated and adopted for clinical use by state veterinary diagnostic labs in VA, PA, and NC. The test was widely employed to rapidly identify positive flocks in the 2002 H7N2 AIV outbreak in VA that lead to control of the outbreak.
Pasteurization temperature inactivated low path AI virus H7N2 LPAI virus in homogenized egg, liquid egg whites and salted egg yolks. This information re-assures our trading partners that pasteurization destroys AIV.

Minnesota. A partially attenuated APV strain (APV/MN/1A-97), shown to be efficacious as a vaccine in turkeys, was approved by USDA.



Work Planned for the Coming Year

Avian influenza. USDA SEPRL will continue to investigate AIV.

Avian paramyxoviruses (pneumovirus and Newcastle disease virus). Minnesota will continue to investigate APV. Delaware and Maryland will evaluate Newcastle disease virus as a vector for delivering IBV S antigen in chickens.

Infectious bronchitis. Connecticut will continue to evaluate DNA and fowl pox viral vector S1 gene vaccines. Delaware will characterize genotype PA/1220/98 related isolates from geographically widespread regions in the USA and evaluate the replication interference potential of NDV and IBV vaccine strains. Indiana will send IBDV field isolates to Delaware for S1 genotyping.

Infectious bursal disease. Indiana will study immune responses, immunomodulation, and delivery system regarding DNA vaccination against IBDV. Iowa will continue composting studies regards to biosecurity. Maryland will evaluate the efficacy of an attenuated recombinant IBDV vaccine in ovo, as well as an IBDV/Newcastle DNA vaccine in ovo Ohio will continue evaluating interactions of vaccine and mild strains of IBDV, develop monoclonals specific for very virulent IBDV, and perform epidemiologic studies using real-time RT-PCR to determine sequence diversity among wild-type IBDV strains.

Mycoplasmosis. Delaware will complete the M. synoviae genome sequence project. North Carolina will continue the development and application of RAPD fingerprinting of pathogenic avian Mycoplasma spp., the development of new capabilities by application of a software system for DNA fragment analysis and databasing, assessing the pathogenic potential of emerging avian Mycoplasma species or isolates for commercial poultry, will continue research on the ongoing MG outbreak in house finches and will continue investigations related to avian mycoplasma vaccines.

Alkahalaf, AN, Halvorson DA, Saif YM. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and virus neutralization test for detection of antibodies to avian pneumovirus. Avian Dis.:46:700-703. 2002.

Alkhalaf, A.N., D.A. Halvorson, and Y.M. Saif: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and virus neutralization test for detection of antibodies to avian pneumovirus. Avian Dis. 46:700-703, 2002.

Alkhalaf, A.N., L.A. Ward, R.N. Dearth, and Y.M. Saif: Pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tissue distribution of avian pneumovirus in turkey poults. Avian Dis. 46:650-659, 2002.

Amonsin, A, Wellehan JF, Li LL, Laber J, Kapur V. DNA fingerprinting of Pasteurella multocida recovered from avian sources. J Clin Microbiol. 40:3025-3031. 2002.

Berinstein, A., B. Seal and D.L. Suarez. Heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA): its use for detection of new avian influenza virus (AIVs) variants. Avian Dis. 46:393-400. 2002.

Chang, H. C.; Lin, T. L.; Wu, C. C. DNA vaccination with plasmids containing various fragments of large segment genome of infectious bursal disease virus. Vaccine, 2002. In press.

Chang, H. C.; Lin, T. L.; Wu, C. C. DNA-mediated vaccination against infectious bursal disease in chickens. Vaccine 20:328-335, 2002.

Chary, P, Rautenschlein S, Njenga MK, Sharma JM. Pathogenic and immunosuppressive effects of avian pneumovirus in turkeys. Avian Dis. 46:153-161. 2002.

Chary, P, Rautenschlein S, Sharma JM. Reduced efficacy of hemorrhagic enteritis virus vaccine in turkeys exposed to avian pneumovirus. Avian Dis. 46:353-359. 2002.

Dar AM, Munir S, Goyal SM, Abrahamsen MS, Kapur V. Sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid and phosphoprotein genes of avian pneumoviruses circulating in the US. Virus Res. 79:15-25. 2001.

Dar AM, Tune K, Munir S, Panigrahy B, Goyal SM, Kapur V. PCR-based detection of an emerging avian pneumovirus in US turkey flocks. J Vet Diagn Invest.13:201-205. 2001.

Dar, AM, Munir S, Goyal SM, Kapur V. A single subtype of avian pneumovirus circulates among Minnesota turkey flocks. J Vet Diagn Invest.14:371-376. 2002.

Direksin K, Joo H, Goyal SM. An immunoperoxidase monolayer assay for the detection of antibodies against swine influenza virus. J Vet Diagn Invest.14:169-171. 2002.

Dohms, J. E. Botulism (Poultry). In: The Merck Veterinary Manual, 8th ed. In press.

Dohms, J. E. Botulism. In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. In press.

Elankumaran, S., Heckert, R.A., and Moura, L. Persistence and tissue distribution of a variant strain of infectious bursal disease virus in commercial broiler chickens. Avian Dis. 46:169-176. 2002.

Gelb, J., Jr. Infectious bronchitis in multi-age layer complexes. Proc. Midwest Poultry Federation Convention. St. Paul, Minnesota. pp. 172-178. 2002.

Gelb, J., Jr., B. S. Ladman, C. R. Pope, A.F. Ziegler, T. Swieczkowski and J. M. Callahan. Inactivated virus vaccination for controlling the nephropathogenic PA/Wolgemuth/98 strain of infectious bronchitis virus. Proc. Western Poultry Disease Conference and ANECA, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico. May 1-4, 2002.

Gelb, J., Jr., B. S. Ladman, P. R. Woolcock, F. J. Hoerr, K. C. Cookson, D. W. Trampel, A. F. Ziegler, and B. D. Binnington. Presence of a novel S1 infectious bronchitis virus genotype PA/1220/98 in North America; Implications for understanding spread of the virus. Proc. 74th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases. Mystic, Connecticut. June 4-6, 2002.

Gelb, J., Jr., B. S. Ladman, P. R. Woolcock, F. J. Hoerr, K. C. Cookson, D. W. Trampel, A. F. Ziegler, and B. D. Binnington. Recognition of a unique, widely-disseminated infectious bronchitis virus genotype in North America; Implications for understanding spread of the disease. Proc. AVMA/AAAP Annual Meeting. Nashville, Tennessee. July 13-17, 2002.

Gelb, J., Jr., C. L. Keeler, B. S. Ladman and B. F. Kingham. S1 sequencing and its use in understanding nephropathogenic IBV in Pennsylvania. Proc. Summit V The Challenge of Infectious Bronchitis. Atlanta, Georgia. March 4-5, 2002.

Gulati BR, Munir S, Patnayak DP, Goyal SM, Kapur V. Detection of antibodies to U.S. isolates of avian pneumovirus by a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 39:2967-2970. 2001.

Gulati BR, Patnayak DP, Sheikh AM, Poss PE, Goyal SM. Protective efficacy of high-passage avian pneumovirus (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) in turkeys. Avian Dis. 45:593-597. 2001.

Heckert, R.A., Elankumaran S, Oshop G, and Vakharia V.N. A novel transcutaneous plasmid-dimethylsulfoxide delivery technique for avian nucleic acid immunization. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 89:67-81. 2002.

Heeder CJ, Lopes VC, Nagaraja KV, Shaw DP, Halvorson DA. Seroprevalence of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in commercial laying hens in the north central region of the United States. Avian Dis. 45:1064-1067. 2001.

Jackwood D. J. Molecular diagnosis of infectious bursal disease viruses using conventional and real-time RT/PCR. In. Proceedings of the COST Action 839, Immunosuppressive Viral Diseases of Poultry. Larnaca, CYPRUS. June 2002.

Jackwood, D. J., and S. E. Sommer. Virulent vaccine strains of infectious bursal disease virus not distinguishable from wild-type viruses with the use of a molecular marker. Avian Dis. 46:1030-1032. 2002.

Jirjis FF, Noll SL, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV, Shaw DP. Pathogenesis of avian pneumovirus infection in turkeys. Vet Pathol. 39:300-310. 2002.

Jirjis FF, Noll SL, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV, Townsend EL, Goyal SM, Shaw DP. Rapid detection of avian pneumovirus in tissue culture by microindirect immunofluorescence test. J Vet Diagn Invest.14:172-175. 2002.

Jirjis FF, Noll SL, Martin F, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV, Shaw DP. Vaccination of turkeys with an avian pneumovirus isolate from the United States. Avian Dis. 45:1006-1013. 2001.

Khan, M. I. Avian Pathogenic Mycoplasmas. PCR detection of Microbial Pathogens. Methods in Molecular Biology. eds. J. Frey and K. Sachse. Humana Press Inc. Totowa, NJ. 203-229, 2003.

Khan, M. I., J. J. Fabis and Ted Girshick. In-Ovo Vaccination for IBV Using DNA Vaccine. A Preliminary Study. Presented at 137th AVMA Meeting, Nashville, TN. July 13-17, 2002.

Kim H, Farris J, Christman SA, Kong BW, Foster LK, O‘Grady SM, Foster DN. Events in the immortalizing process of primary human mammary epithelial cells by the catalytic subunit of human telomerase. Biochem J. 365:765-772. 2002.

Kim H, You S, Farris J, Kong BW, Christman SA, Foster LK, Foster DN. Expression profiles of p53-, p16(INK4a)-, and telomere-regulating genes in replicative senescent primary human, mouse, and chicken fibroblast cells. Exp Cell Res.15:199-208. 2002.

Kim, T.J. and Tripathy Genetic characterization of Poxvirus isolated from Nene goose in Hawaii. Poster presentation, XIV International Poxvirus and Iridovirus Workshop, Lake Placid, NY. p 164. 2002.

Kim, T.J., Schnitzlein, W.M. and Tripathy, D.N. (2002) Genetic Approaches Toward Characterization of Avian Poxviruses. Poster presentation at the American Association of Avian Pathologists, American Veterinary Medical Association, Nashville, TN, July 14-17, 2002.

Kleven SH, Bricker JM, Fulton RM, Garcma M, Hein RG, Ikuta VN, Leiting VA, Liu T, Ley DH, Opengart KN, Rowland GN, Wallner-Pendleton E. Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine-like strains from unvaccinated turkeys. Avian Dis. (in press).

Ladman, B. S., C. R. Pope, A. F. Ziegler, T. Swieczkowski, J. M. Callahan, S. Davison, and J. Gelb, Jr. Live and inactivated virus vaccination for controlling the nephropathogenic PA/Wolgemuth/98 strain of infectious bronchitis virus. Proc. 74th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases. Mystic, Connecticut. June 4-6, 2002.

Ladman, B. S., C. R. Pope, A. F. Ziegler, T. Swieczkowski, J. M. Callahan, S. Davison, and J. Gelb, Jr. Protection of chickens following live and inactivated virus vaccination against challenge with nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus PA/Wolgemuth/98. Avian Dis. 46:938-944. 2002.

Ley DH. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In: Calnek BW, Barnes HJ, Beard CW, McDougald LR, Saif YM (eds). Diseases of Poultry, 11th Edition. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press 2002 (in press).

Liu, M., and Vakharia, V.N. Two amino acid residues in VP2 protein of IBDV are involved in cell entry and efficient replication in vivo. 21st Ann Meeting of American Society for Virology, July 20-24, Lexington, KY. 2002.

Liu, M., Brandt, M., Liu, Y., Edwards, G.H., and Vakharia, V.N. Recombinant attenuated IBDV vaccine that protects against classic and variant strains. 138th American Veterinary Medical Assn Annual Convention, July 13-17, 2002, Nashville, TN. 2002.

Lopes V, Back A, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV. Minimization of pathologic changes in Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in turkeys by temperature-sensitive mutant strain. Avian Dis. 46:177-185. 2002.

Lopes VC, Back A, Shin HJ, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV. Development, characterization, and preliminary evaluation of a temperature-sensitive mutant of ornithobacterium rhinotracheale for potential use as a live vaccine in turkeys. Avian Dis. 46:162-168. 2002.

Lwamba HC, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV, Turpin EA, Swayne D, Seal BS, Njenga MK. Antigenic cross-reactivity among avian pneumoviruses of subgroups A, B, and C at the matrix but not nucleocapsid proteins. Avian Dis. 46:725-729. 2002.

May BJ, Zhang Q, Li LL, Paustian ML, Whittam TS, Kapur V. Complete genomic sequence of Pasteurella multocida, Pm70. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98:3460-3465. 2001.

Mikaelian I, Ley DH, Claveau R, Lemieux M, Berube J-P. Mycoplasmosis in evening and pine grosbeaks with conjunctivitis in Quebec. J Wildl Dis. 37:826-830, 2001.

Njenga MK. Isolation of avian pneumovirus from mallard ducks that is genetically similar to viruses isolated from neighboring commercial turkeys. Virus Res. 83:207-212. 2002.

Oshop G, Elankumaran S, Heckert R.A. DNA vaccination in the avian. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 89:1-12. 2002.

Oshop, G.L., Elankumaran, S., Vakharia, V.N., and Heckert, R.A. (2002) In ovo delivery of DNA to the avian embryo. Vaccine (in press).

Pang, Yaoshan., H. Wang, T. Girshick, Z. Xie and M. I. Khan. Development and application of a Multiplex PCR for avian respiratory agents. Avian Dis. 46: 691-699. 2002.

Patnayak DP, Sheikh AM, Gulati BR, Goyal SM. Experimental and field evaluation of a live vaccine against avian pneumovirus. Avian Pathol. 31:377-382. 2002.

Paustian ML, May BJ, Kapur V. Transcriptional response of Pasteurella multocida to nutrient limitation. J Bacteriol. 184:3734-3739. 2002.

Peebles, E.D., K.O. Willeford, K.E. Nestor, Y.M. Saif, and J.W. Anderson. Effective use of a caprine serum fraction to reduce mortality in a large-bodied turkey line infected with Pasteurella multocida. Proc. 91st Annual Poultry Science Assoc. Mtg, abstract 252, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. August 11-14, 2002.

Perkins, L.E.L., Swayne D.E. Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus for Emus, Geese, Ducks and Pigeons. Avian Dis. 46:53-63. 2002.

Pillai S, Mays H, Ley D, Luttrell P, Panangala V, Farmer K, Roberts S. Molecular variability of house finch Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates revealed by sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the pvpA gene. Infection and Immunity 2002 (submitted).

Rautenschlein S, Sheikh AM, Patnayak DP, Miller RL, Sharma JM, Goyal SM. Effect of an immunomodulator on the efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against avian pneumovirus in turkeys. Avian Dis. 46:555-561. 2002.

Rautenschlein S, Yeh HY, Njenga MK, Sharma JM. Role of intrabursal T cells in infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection: T cells promote viral clearance but delay follicular recovery. Arch Virol. 147:285-304. PMID:11890524. 2002.

Rautenschlein, S., H.-Y. Yeh, and J. M. Sharma. The role of T cells in protection by an inactivated infectious bursal disease virus vaccine. Vet. Immunolo. Immunopathol. 89:159. 2002.

Saif, Y.M. and K.E. Nestor: Increased mortality in turkeys selected for increased body weight following vaccination with a live Newcastle disease virus vaccine. Avian Dis. 46:505-508, 2002.

Saif, Y.M. Infectious bursal disease vaccines and vaccinations. Proc. 45th Annual Meeting, AAAP, Poultry Vaccines and Vaccination Practices, Nashville, TN, July 14, 2002.

Saif, Y.M. Recent research findings on infectious bursal disease. Proc. XII Intl. Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association, pages 23-29, Cairo, Egypt, January 28-February 2, 2002.

Sanei B, Barnes H J, Vaillancourt J-P, Ley DH. Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum field isolates for turkeys. 4th International Symposium on Turkey Diseases, Berlin Germany; May 15-18, 2002.

Sato N, Matsuda K, Sakuma C, Foster DN, Oppenheim RW, Yaginuma H. Regulated gene expression in the chicken embryo by using replication-competent retroviral vectors. J Virol. 76:1980-1985. 2002.

Schultz-Cherry S., Dybdahl-Sissoko N., Neumann G., Kawaoka Y., Hinshaw V.S. Influenza virus ns1 protein induces apoptosis in cultured cells. J Virol ;75:7875-81. 2001.

Sharma JM, Zhang Y, Jensen D, Rautenschlein S, Yeh HY. Field trial in commercial broilers with a multivalent in ovo vaccine comprising a mixture of live viral vaccines against Marek‘s disease, infectious bursal disease, Newcastle disease, and fowl pox. Avian Dis. 46:613-622. 2002.

Shin HJ, Cameron KT, Jacobs JA, Turpin EA, Halvorson DA, Goyal SM, Nagaraja, KV, Kumar MC, Lauer DC, Seal BS, Njenga MK. Molecular epidemiology of subgroup C avian pneumoviruses isolated in the United States and comparison with subgroup A and B viruses. J Clin Microbiol. 40:1687-1693. 2002.

Shin HJ, Jirjis FF, Kumar MC, Njenga MK, Shaw DP, Noll SL, Nagaraja KV, Halvorson DA. Neonatal avian pneumovirus infection in commercial turkeys. Avian Dis. 46:239-244. 2002.

Shin HJ, Nagaraja KV, McComb B, Halvorson DA, Jirjis FF, Shaw DP, Seal BS,
Shin HJ, Njenga MK, Halvorson DA, Shaw DP, Nagaraja KV. Susceptibility of ducks to avian pneumovirus of turkey origin. Am J Vet Res. 62:991-994. 2001.

Shivprasad, H.L., Kim, T-J., Woolcock, P.R. and Tripathy, D.N. Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of a Poxvirus Isolate from Ostriches. Avian Dis. 46: 429-436. 2002.

Singh, P. and Tripathy, D.N. Evaluation of recombinant vaccines for protection against fowlpox and reticuloendotheliosis. Poster presentation, XIV International Poxvirus and Iridovirus Workshop, Lake Placid, NY. p 157. 2002.

Singh, P., Kim, T-J and Tripathy, D.N. Identification and Characterization of Fowlpox Virus Strains Utilizing Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Vet. Diag.Ivest. In press. 2002.

Singh, P., Schnitzlein W.M. and Tripathy, D.N. (2002), Evaluation of a recombinant vaccine for protection against fowlpox in chickens. Poster Presentation (Best Poster)American Association of Avian Pathologists, American Veterinary Medical Association, Nashville, TN, July 14-17, 2002

Spalding, B. D. Identification of multiple genetic infectious bursal disease virus populations (quasispecies) in commercial vaccines following plaque purification. M.S. Thesis, The Ohio State University. 2002.

Spalding, B. D. and D. J. Jackwood. Identification of multiple genetic infectious bursal disease virus populations (quasispecies) in commercial vaccines following plaque purification. Abstr. 139th AVMA Mtg. 2002.

Srinivasan, V., Schnitzlein, W.M. and Tripathy, D.N. (2002). Infectivity and Persistence of Fowlpox Virus. 5th Ann.Conf. on New and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois, Abst.. p 11. April 18-19, 2002.

Srinivasan, V., Schnitzlein, W.M. and Tripathy, D.N. (2002). Role of CPD-Photolyase and Acidic-Type Inclusion Body in Maintaining the Infectivity and Environmental Persistence of Fowlpox Virus. Poster Presentation at American Association of Avian Pathologists, American Veterinary Medical Association, Nashville, TN, July 14-17, 2002

Srinivasan, V., Schnitzlein, W.M. and Tripathy, D.N. (2002).. Fowlpox virus encoded DNA repair enzyme, CPD-photolyase is involved in maintaining virus infectivity and persistence. Poster presentation, XIV International Poxvirus and Iridovirus Workshop, Lake Placid, NY, p 109. 2002.

Suarez, D.L. and D.J. King. Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease: Two threats and their control. Proc. 3er Seminario Interacional Comlejo Respiratorio-InmunLa Amenaza. Pp 28-46. 2001.

Suarez, D.L., P.R. Woolcock, A.J. Bermudez, D.A. Senne. Isolation from turkey breeder hens of a reassortant H1N2 influenza virus with swine, human and avian lineage genes. Avian Dis. 46:111-121. 2002.

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Swayne, D.E. Biotecnologie applicate alla produzione dei vaccini: il vaccino contro linfluenza aviare (Application of biotechnology in production of vaccines: vaccines to control avian influenza). Proc. Mostra Internazionale delle Attivita Avicunicole. 2001. v. 40. p.1-10.
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Swayne, D.E., Beck J.R., Smith C., Shieh W.J., Zaki S. West Nile Virus Causes Fatal Encephalitis and Myocarditis in Young Domestic Geese (Anser anser domesticus) Goose WNV. Emerging Infectious Dis. 7:751-753. 2001.

Swayne, D.E., Senne D. Impact of West Nile Virus on the United States Poultry Industry. Convention Notes for 138th Ann Meeting American Veterinary Medical Assn. CD-ROM. OFallon, Illinois:Veterinary Software Publishing, Inc. 2001.

Swayne, D.E., Suarez, D.L. Evolution and Pathobiology of Avian Influenza Virus Virulence in Domestic Birds. Dodet, B., Vicari, M., editors. John Libbey Eurotext, Paris. Emerging Diseases. Emergence and Control of Zoonotic Ortho- and Paramyxovirus Diseases. 2001. p. 35-42.

Swayne, D.E., Suarez, D.L.. Avian Influenza in Europe, Asia and Central America during 2001. Proc. US Animal Health Assn:104:465-470. 2001.

Tripathy, D.N. Future of New Generation of Virus-Vectored Vaccines for Efficient Poultry Production. Proc. 51st Western Poultry Disease Conference Puerto Valletta, Mexico. Pp. 22-25. May 1 -4, 2002.

Tripathy, D.N. and Kim, T-J. (2002) Diagnosis and Characterization of Avianpox Viruses from Wild Birds American Association of Avian Pathologists, American Veterinary Medical Association, Nashville, TN, July 14-17, 2002.

Tumpey, Terrence M., D.L. Suarez, L.E.L. Perkins, D.A. Senne, J. Lee , Y. Lee , I. Mo , H. Sung, and D.E. Swayne. Characterization of a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus isolated from duck meat. J Virol. 76:6344-6355. 2002.

Vakharia, V.N. Molecular determinants of virulence in infectious bursal disease virus. 3rd European Concerted Research Action (COST 839) Meeting on Immunosuppressive Viral Diseases in Poultry, April 25-28, Leipzig, Germany. 2002.

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Wang, X., W.M. Schnitzlein, D. N. Tripathy, T. Girshick and M. I. Khan. Construction and immunogenicity studies of recombinant fowlpox virus containing the S1 gene of Massachusetts 41 strain of infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Dis. 46:831-838. 2002.

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Whetzel, P. L., L. L. Hnatow, C. L. Keeler, Jr.,and J. E. Dohms. Transposon mutagenesis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Plasmid. In press. 2002.

Wooming B, Huyan S, Ley DH. Diagnosis of Mycoplasma Infections in Colorado (1999 to present). American Association of Avian Pathologists/American Veterinary Medical Association Scientific Program, Nashville, TN; (abstract, p. 26) July 2002.

Wu, C. C.; Lin, T. L.; Chang, H. C.; Hsieh, M. K. DNA vaccination against classical and variant infectious bursal disease virus in chickens. In: Proc. 139th Ann. Mtg. American Veterinary Medical Assn. Avian Medicine Section. Nashville, TN, July, 2002.

Yeh, H.-Y., S. Rautenschlein, and J .M. Sharma. Protective immunity against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens in the absence of virus-specific antibodies. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 89:149. 2002.

Ziegler, A. F., B. S. Ladman, P. A. Dunn, A. Schneider, S. Davison, P. G. Miller, H. Lu, D. Weinstock, M. Salem, R. J. Eckroade, and J. Gelb, Jr. Nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis in Pennsylvania chickens 1997-2000. Avian Dis. 46:847-858. 2002.