Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The NC228 business meeting was held Nov. 9, 2001, in the Atrium C Room
of the Millennium Hotel, St. Louis, Missouri.  Dr. Jack Gelb, Chair of
NC228 opened the meeting at 2 PM.  Dr. Gelb will continue to serve as
Chair and Dr. Wu as Secretary for 2001-2002.  For completion of the final
composite annual report, Dr. Gelb requested that each Station to submit the
report by objectives via e-mail. In keeping with the regional research mission,
cooperative activities among project members were to be highlighted. Dr. Klausner stated that the NE138 regional project had officially been merged
into the NC228 project. A subcommittee consisting of Drs. Kapur, Reynolds and Gelb will create a NC228 website that will post the membership list, project proposal, annual station and composite reports. Drs. Saif and Dohms agreed to identify and invite new members to the NC228 project. Drs. Saif and Kapur will finish a position paper on genotypes/serotypes and submit to the journal, Avian Diseases. Dr. Saif proposed that the NC228 co-sponsor a symposium on poultry respiratory diseases with the North Central Avian Diseases Committee for the 2003 meeting in Ohio. Dr. Wagner indicated that conference grants are available from the National Research Initiative. Dr. Wagner summarized federal legislative activities as follows; funding for FY 2002 has passed; the NRI received $120 million for FY ‘02; the Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems was cancelled for FY ‘02; Formula, Hatch and Extension funding is the same as FY‘01; Animal Health and Disease funding is similar to last year (~$5 million); indirect cost allowable charges to 35% are under consideration. The business meeting concluded at 4 PM. The remainder of the meeting was devoted to presentation and discussion of the station reports. The meeting journed Nov. 10 at 3:30 PM.

Objective 1. Determine the pathogenesis and
interactions of specific agents.

Alabama determined that M. gallisepticum
sequences both upstream and downstream of the GAA repeats in the promoter
region of the pMGA gene are important for regulation and that the number of
repeats affects expression by altering the spacing between the flanking
sequences. They have hypothesized that a hemagglutinin-activator protein (HAP)
binds to the GAA repeat region and stimulates pMGA gene transcription if and
only if 12 copies of the GAA repeat are present.

Delaware. Vaccination of 1-day-old SPF
chicks with Marek‘s disease virus (MDV) vaccines HVT + SB1 is highly effective
against very virulent plus MDV (584A) challenge and did not suppress immunity
to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccination at 1 and 14 days of age. Dr.
Robin Morgan contributed to this work.

Delaware. Continued work on the molecular
pathogenesis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, resulting in further characterization
of the cytadhesin operon consisting of mgc1, mgc2, mgc3, and mgc4. MGc3 was
surface-exposed as determined by protease digestion and partitions into the
insoluble triton shell suggesting that it is also associated with the
cytoskeleton, a structure involved in cell division, gliding motility, and bleb
organization.

A tn916 transposon library containing approximately 700 MG mutants was prepared
by optimizing the plasmid (pAM120) DNA and the percent PEG concentrations. A
summary of all the insertions will soon be available at
http://udgenome.ags.udel.edu/mgall/mutants/html.

Illinois. A-type inclusion body protein was
found not to be essential for replication of fowlpox virus in cultured avian
cells. Replication of photolyase-deficient fowlpox virus in the chicken,
was impaired when compared to that of the parent virus, but still was
immunogenic and protective and thus may be a vaccine candidate. Insertional
inactivation of a hemagglutinin (HA)-like gene homologue in fowlpox virus had
no effect on the growth kinetics of the recombinant and parent virus.
Previously unrecognized condorpox virus was determined to be a pox virus based
on EM yet was biologically, antigenically, and genetically distinct from
fowlpox virus and thus may represent a new species of the avipoxvirus genus.

Iowa. The Colorado strain of avian
pneumovirus (APV) was found to be a mild/low virulent pathogen for egg-type
laying chickens based on clinical respiratory signs and egg production.

Minnesota. Transmission of APV was
demonstrated via vertical an airborne roues.

Minnesota completed the genomic sequence of
Pasteurella multocida, the first major veterinary bacterial pathogen sequenced
in its entirety. The filamentous hemagglutinin protein homolog, which is
expressed in virulent but not avirulent isolates and whose inactivation results
in more than a million-fold reduction in ability to cause mortality, was
identified.

Ohio. Serotype 2 infectious bursal
disease virus (IBDV) that was pathogenic for chicken embryos was found to be
infectious, but not pathogenic in chickens or turkeys.

Ohio. Uncomplicated APV infection did not
persist in birds for a long period and was usually limited to the respiratory
tract. APV was shown to have limited transmissibility.

Objective 2. Surveillance, occurrence
and consequences of agents and host variation on disease susceptibility

Minnesota. Wild passerine birds were found
to be sero- and virus-positive for APV. Infectious virus persisted on
premises inhabited by APV inoculated birds for a period of up to 6 weeks after
initial exposure.

APV infection increased T and B cell infiltration into the gland of Harder,
upregulated Type I and II interferon synthesis, and reduced splenic T-cell
responsiveness. Disease in young poults was more severe and associated with
reduced T-cell function compared to older birds.

Microarray studies showed that lymphoid tissues undergo altered gene expression
in response to APV infection. Transcripts representing proteins involved in the
activation of T cells, T- and B-cell signal transduction and efficient antigen
processing and presentation were found to be upregulated.

North Carolina. The random
amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprint database consisting of all
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) reference strains and more than 200 poultry
isolates, plus ~100 songbirds isolates has been completed. The application of a
computer-assisted analysis system using Gene Profiler (Scanalytics, Inc.,
version 4.0) is ongoing. Since January 2001, MG was isolated from only one
broiler breeder and two turkey farms in the state. Each isolate was a new and
unique RAPD type, which suggested that they were introduced to the farms from
separate external sources (evidence suggests backyard flocks), and there was no
evidence of transmission to or from other commercial poultry.

Ohio. Selection for increased body weight in
turkeys was associated with increased mortality following vaccination with live
LaSota Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine.

Objective 3. Develop new and improved
methods for the diagnosis, prevention, and control of avian respiratory
diseases.

Connecticut, having developed IBV DNA
vaccines for chicks, is now extending the application to in ovo administration.
Future work will focus on in ovo DNA and viral vector (fowlpox) vaccination and
protection studies using vaccines containing the IBV surface glycoprotein S and
S1 genes.

Delaware. Following live IBV vaccine
priming, inactivated oil emulsion IBV vaccination containing the PA/Wolgemuth/98
strain provided better protection than a heterologous inactivated vaccine
containing Massachusetts + Arkansas strains based upon challenge with the
virulent nephropathogenic strain, PA/Wolgemuth/98. Dr. Conrad Pope
contributed to this study.

Illinois. Monoclonal antibodies against
fowlpox virus (FPV) were used to differentiate between vaccine and field
strains of fowlpox virus and may be used for diagnosis.

Illinois and Delaware. A recombinant (r)
infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) lacking the ability to produce
glycoprotein C (gC) was generated to circumvent possible reversion to a more
virulent form and also to "genetically mark" a vaccine virus. The
vaccine potential of the rILTV is being evaluated by Dr. Calvin Keeler,

Indiana. Three weekly DNA vaccinations of
chickens using plasmids containing various fragments of large segment genome
(VP2) of serotype 1 IBDV protected chickens against clinical signs and
mortality following virulent challenge.

Iowa. Anti NDV specific immunoglobulin
administered subsequent to virulent NDV challenge protected chickens against
clinical ND if the immunoglobulin was given prior to the onset of clinical
signs.

Maryland. Using the cRNA-based reverse
genetics system developed for IBDV, residues involved in virulence and
pathogenesis were identified that could lead to the development of a marked,
attenuated, multi-spectrum vaccine against IBDV.

Maryland. Dermal DNA vaccination of chickens
using the HN gene of NDV and the VP2 of IBDV induced IgG, IgM, IgA antibody
responses to the viruses in serum and tears. Plasmid DNA persisted in kidney,
bone marrow and muscle. DNA vaccination in ovo using combinations of plasmid
DNA, neutral lipid and DMSO resulted in gene expression in liver and muscle.
Production of insert-specific mRNA and protein in a variety of tissues was
evident, resulting an immune response that can provide partial protection from
viral challenge with IBDV.

Minnesota. Turkey turbinate and kidney cells
were successfully life-span-extended to produce higher APV titers for the
purposes of vaccine production.

APV sequencing lead to the development of RT-PCR and Taqman diagnostic tests.
ELISA assays for APV were developed using recombinant viral M and N proteins.

APV isolates from the upper Midwest were sequenced and the N, P, M, F, and M2
genes were analyzed. Nucleotide substitution rates across provided evidence
that only a single clone of APV exists and is widely disseminated.

Formalin and UV-inactivated APV vaccines were determined to be safe but
ineffective whilst a live-attenuated passage 63 vaccine was both safe and
effective. In ovo vaccination did not adversely affect hatchability or
livability of the hatched poults and induced earlier and longer lasting
protection compared to post-hatch vaccination.

Minnesota. A temperature-sensitive (Ts)
mutant of the respiratory pathogen Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) was
shown to elicit an immune response in turkeys vaccinated via the drinking water
and resulted in reduced clinical signs, gross lesions, and re-isolation rates
following experimental challenge with pathogenic ORT.

Ohio. Single and multiple nucleotide
polymorphisms of IBDV were detected using real-time RT-PCR. Analysis
revealed the presence of multiple genetic sub-populations of virus within a
vaccine. Studies will be conducted to determine if plaque purification creates
single and stable genetic viral populations. Real-time RT-PCR will be used to
examine vaccines and laboratory samples for polymorphisms encoding major
neutralizing epitiopes. A genetic marker for wild-type potentially pathogenic
IBDV strains was identified making it possible to differentiate between strains
that are the potential cause of the disease and those viruses that are
attenuated. Monoclonal antibodies to the very virulent IBDV will be developed.

Abdel-Alim, G.A. and Y. M. Saif:
Immunogenicity and antigenicity of very virulent strains of infectious bursal
disease viruses. Avian Dis. 45:92-101, 2001.

Alkhalaf, A.N., R.N. Dearth, and Y.M.
Saif.  Pathogenicity, infectivity, and tissue distribution of avian
pneumovirus in turkey poults. Proc. 52nd North Central Avian Dis. Conf., p. 38,
2001.

Bautista DA, Elankumaran S, Heckert RA,
Oshop GL, Moura LC, Wilson JD. Interaction of Salmonella typhimurium and
infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in broiler chickens. Proc. 138th Am.
Vet. Med. Assn. Mtg, Boston, MA, July 14-18, 2001.

Brandt, M., Yao, K., Liu, M., Heckert, R.A.,
and Vakharia,V.N. Molecular determinants of virulence, cell tropism and
pathogenic phenotype of infectious bursal disease.  J. Virol.  74. In
press.

Chang, H. C., Lin, T. L., and C. C. Wu.
DNA-mediated vaccination against infectious bursal disease in chickens. Vaccine
20: 328-335, 2002.

Chiang, S., A. M. Dar, S. M. Goyal, M. A.
Sheikh, J. C. Pedersen, B. Panigrahy, D. Senne, D. A. Halvorson, K. V.
Nagaraja, and V. Kapur. A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the
detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies J Vet Diagn Invest. 12:381-4. 2000.

Dar, A. M., K. Tune, S. Munir, B. Panigrahy,
S. M. Goyal, and V. Kapur. PCR-based detection of an emerging avian pneumovirus
in US turkey flocks J Vet Diagn Invest. 13:201-5. 2001.

Dar, A. M., S. Munir, S. M. Goyal, M. S.
Abrahamsen, and V. Kapur. Sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid and
phosphoprotein genes of avian pneumoviruses circulating in the US Virus Res.
79:15-25. 2001.

Davison, S., A. F. Ziegler, J. Gelb, Jr., P.
A. Dunn, and R. J. Eckroade. Infectious bronchitis in Pennsylvania. Proc. AAAP
Symposium. Respiratory Diseases of Poultry. AVMA/AAAP Ann. Mtg. Boston,
Massachusetts, July 14-18, 2001.

Elankumaran, S, Heckert, RA, Moura, L.
Persistence and tissue distribution of a variant strain of infectious bursal
disease virus in commercial broiler chickens. Proc. 2nd International symposium
on infectious bursal diseases and chicken infectious anemia. Rauischholzhausen,
Germany, June 2001.

Gelb, J., Jr.,  C. L. Keeler, B. S.
Ladman, and B. F. Kingham. S1 sequence analysis; a tool for understanding IBV outbreaks. 
Proc. AAAP Symposium. Respiratory Diseases of Poultry. AVMA/AAAP Ann. Mtg.
Boston, Massachusetts, July 14-18, 2001.

Goyal, S. M., S. J. Chiang, A. M. Dar, K. V.
Nagaraja, D. P. Shaw, D. A. Halvorson, and V. Kapur. Isolation of avian
pneumovirus from an outbreak of respiratory illness in Minnesota turkeys J Vet
Diagn Invest. 12:166-8. 2000.

Gulati, B. R., D. P. Patnayak, A. M. Sheikh,
P. E. Poss, and S. M. Goyal. Protective efficacy of high-passage avian
pneumovirus (APV/MN/turkey/1- a/97) in turkeys Avian Dis. 45:593-7. 2001.

Gulati, B. R., K. T. Cameron, B. S. Seal, S.
M. Goyal, D. A. Halvorson, and M. K. Njenga. Development of a highly sensitive
and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant matrix
protein for detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies J Clin Microbiol.
38:4010-4. 2000.

Gulati, B. R., S. Munir, D. P. Patnayak, S.
M. Goyal, and V. Kapur. Detection of antibodies to US. isolates of avian
pneumovirus by a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based sandwich enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay J Clin Microbiol. 39:2967-70. 2001.

Hartup B. K., Kollias GV, Ley DH.
Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in songbirds from New York.  J. Wildlife Dis.,
36:257-264.  2000.

Hartup BK, Bickal JM, Dhondt AA, Ley
DH,  Kollias GV. Dynamics of conjunctivitis and Mycoplasma gallisepticum
infections in house finches.  The Auk,118:327-333, 2001.

Jackwood, D. J.  Diagnosis of
infectious bursal disease viruses using the RT/PCR-RFLP assay: Advantages,
limitations and comparison to other molecular assays. Proc. of the Partnerships
in Poultry Symposium.  Fort Dodge Animal Health. Paris, France. July 9-11.
2001.

Jackwood, D. J.  Genotypic and
phenotypic diversity among wild-type IBDV strains. Proc. of the Partnerships in
Poultry Symposium.  Fort Dodge Animal Health. Paris, France. July 9-11.
2001.

Jackwood, D. J.  Molecular diagnosis of
infectious bursal disease viruses: Practical applications and significance of
the results. Proc. of the Symposium on Molecular identification and
epidemiology of avian pathogens. Amer. Assn. of Avian Pathol.. 137th Am. Vet.
Med. Assn.. Mtg., Salt Lake City, Utah.  2000.

Jackwood, D. J.  Molecular diagnosis of
infectious bursal disease viruses. Proc. of the Intervet Workshop on Immune
Suppression and Emerging Diseases in Broilers.  Baltimore, Maryland. 2000.

Jackwood, D. J.  New molecular
techniques for the diagnosis and control of infectious bursal disease
virus.  Proc. of the 51st North Central Avian Dis. Conf., Columbus, Ohio.
2000.

Jackwood, D. J.  Standardization and
quality control of diagnostic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) assays: Detection and identification of single nucleotide
polymorphisms in poultry pathogens using new fluorescence hybridization based
technology.  Proc.of the X International Symposium of Vet. Laboratory
Diagnosticians and OIE Seminar on Biotechnology. Salsomaggiore-Parma, Italy,
July 4-7. 2001.

Jackwood, D. J. and S. Sommer. 
Detection of single and multiple nucleotide polymorphisms in infectious bursal
disease viruses using real-time RT/PCR.  Abstr. 138th AVMA Mtg. 2001.

Jackwood, D. J., E. H. Byerley and S. E.
Sommer.  Molecular marker for attenuation in infectious bursal disease
viruses.  Avian Dis.  45:701-705. 2001.

Jackwood, D. J., S. E. Sommer and H. V.
Knoblich.  Amino acid comparison of infectious bursal disease viruses
placed in the same or different molecular groups using RT/PCR-RFLP.  Avian
Dis. 45:330-339. 2001.

Jirjis, F. E., S. L. Noll, D. A. Halvorson,
K. V. Nagaraja, and D. P. Shaw. Immunohistochemical detection of avian
pneumovirus in formalin-fixed tissues J Vet Diagn Invest. 13:13-6. 2001.

Jirjis, F. E., S. L. Noll, D. A. Halvorson,
K. V. Nagaraja, E. L. Townsend, A. M. Sheikh, and D. P. Shaw. Avian pneumovirus
infection in Minnesota turkeys: experimental reproduction of the disease Avian
Dis. 44:222-6. 2000.

Khan, M. I. Avian Pathogenic Mycoplasmas.
PCR detection of Microbial Pathogens. Methods in Molecular Biology. eds. J.
Frey and K. Sachse. Humana Press Inc. Totowa, NJ. In press.

Khan, M. I. Avian respiratory tract
infections and their control strategies. World Poultry Science Assn. in
collaboration with Pakistan Poultry Assn., Islamabad, Pakistan, July 7, 2001.

Khan, M. I. Recombinant fowlpox virus
containing the S1 gene of Massachusetts 41 strain of infectious bronchitis
virus, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science,
Jinan City, Shandong, Peoples Republic of China, March 26, 2001.

Khan, M., Wang, X., Schnitzlein, W. and
Tripathy, D.N. A recombinant fowlpox virus containing IBV-S1 gene and its
potential for a vaccine. Abst. AAAP/AVMA Scientific Program, Boston, MA. p. 39.
2001.

Khan. M. I. Are your turkeys healthy? 37th
Annual New England Turkey Growers Conf., Sturbridge, Massachusetts. March 8,
2000. p. 9.

Kim, H., S. You, B. W. Kong, L. K. Foster,
J. Farris, and D. N. Foster, Necrotic cell death by hydrogen peroxide in
immortal DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblast cells expressing deregulated MnSOD and
catalase Biochim Biophys Acta. 1540:137-46. 2001.

Kim, H., S. You, I. J. Kim, J. Farris, L. K.
Foster, and D. N. Foster. Increased mitochondrial-encoded gene transcription in
immortal DF-1 cells Exp Cell Res. 265:339-47. 2001.

Kim, H., S. You, I. J. Kim, L. K. Foster, J.
Farris, S. Ambady, F. A. Ponce de Leon, and D. N. Foster. Alterations in p53
and E2F-1 function common to immortalized chicken embryo fibroblasts Oncogene.
20:2671-82. 2001.

Kim, H., S. You, J. Farris, L. K. Foster, Y.
J. Choi, and D. N. Foster. Gonad-specific expression of two novel chicken
complementary DNA isoforms Biol Reprod. 64:1473-80. 2001.

Kim, H., S. You, L. K. Foster, J. Farris,
and D. N. Foster. The rapid destabilization of p53 mRNA in immortal chicken
embryo fibroblast cells Oncogene. 20:5118-23. 2001.

Kim, H., S. You, L. K. Foster, J. Farris, Y.
J. Choi, and D. N. Foster. Differential expression of chicken dimerization
cofactor of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 (DcoH) and its novel counterpart,
DcoHalpha Biochem J. 354:645-53. 2001.

Kim, I. J., and J. M. Sharma. IBDV-induced
bursal T lymphocytes inhibit mitogenic response of normal splenocytes Vet
Immunol Immunopathol. 74:47-57. 2000.

Kim, I. J., S. K. You, H. Kim, H. Y. Yeh,
and J. M. Sharma. Characteristics of bursal T lymphocytes induced by infectious
bursal disease virus J Virol. 74:8884-92. 2000.

Kim, T-J. and Tripathy, D.N.
Reticuloendotheliosis virus integration in the fowlpox virus  genome: not
a recent event.  Avian Dis. 45: 663-669. 2001.

 

Kim, T-J., Pessier, A.P. and Tripathy, D.N.
Condor poxvirus with biological differences from

fowlpox virus. Poster Presentation at the AAAP/AVMA Scientific Program, Boston,
MA. p. 54. 2001.

Kinde, H., H. L. Shivaprasad, B. M. Daft, D.
H. Read, A. Ardans, R. Breitmeyer, G. Rajashekara, K. V. Nagaraja, and I. A.
Gardner. Pathologic and bacteriologic findings in 27-week-old commercial laying
hens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis, phage type 4 Avian
Dis. 44:239-48. 2000.

Knoblich, H. V., S. E. Sommer and D. J.
Jackwood.  Antibody titers to infectious bursal disease virus in broiler
chicks following vaccination at one day-of-age with infectious bursal disease
virus and Mareks disease virus.  Avian Dis. 44:874-884.  2000.

Kwon, H. M., D. K. Kim, T. W. Hahn, J. H.
Han and D. J. Jackwood.  Sequence of precursor polyprotein gene (segment
A) of infectious bursal disease viruses isolated in Korea.  Avian Dis.
44:691-696.  2000.

Ley DH, Martinez A, Vaillancourt J-P, Smith
C.  DNA fingerprints of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates from the
1999-2000 North Carolina experience. Proc. 35th Natl. Mtg. on Poultry Health
and Processing. p. 31-33, 2000.

Ley DH, Vaillancourt J-P, Martinez A. 
Molecular and field epidemiological investigations of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
outbreaks in commercial poultry. Proc. XXI Worlds Poultry Congress, Abstracts
and Proc. CD. 2000.

Ley DH, Vaillancourt J-P, Martinez A.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum in North Carolina: 1999-2000. Convention Notes from
the 138th Ann. Convention of the Amer. Vet. Med. Assn., CD-ROM produced by
Veterinary Software Publishing, Inc., OFallon, IL., July 14-18, 2001.

Ley DH, Vaillancourt J-P, Martinez A.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum in North Carolina: 1999-2000 (and beyond). Proc.
Respiratory Diseases of Poultry, Amer. Assn. of Avian Pathol. Symposium 2001,
Amer. Vet. Med. Assn Ann. Convention, Boston, MA (4 pp.). July 15, 2001.

Ley DH, Vaillancourt J-P, Martinez A.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum in North Carolina: 1999-2000. Amer. Assn. Avian
Pathol./Amer. Vet. Med. Assn. Scientific Program, Boston, MA; (abstract, p.
10). July 2001.

Ley DH. Identification of Avian Mycoplasma
Strains by Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Zootechnica No. 6,
pp. 46-48. June 2001.

Li, Z., K. E. Nestor, Y. M. Saif, J. W.
Anderson, and R. A. Patterson. Effect of selection for increased body weight in
turkeys on lymphoid organ weights, phagocytosis, and antibody responses to fowl
cholera and Newcastle Disease-inactivated vaccines. Poultry Sci. 80:689-694,
2001.

Liu, L., K. Dybvig, V. S. Panangala.
Sequences 5‘ of the GAA repeats and the spacing between GAA repeats and the
transcription start site are important for pMGA gene expression in Mycoplasma
gallisepticum. 101" General Mtg. Amer. Soc. Micro., (abstract # G23).
May-June, Orlando, Florida. 2001.

Liu, M, Brandt, M., and Vakharia,V.N. 
(2001).  Phylogenetic analysis of infectious bursal disease virus strains
of different pathotypes.  20th Ann. Mtg. of Amer. Soc. for Virol. July
21-25, Madison, WI. 2001.

Liu, M., and Vakharia,V.N. 
(2001).  Expression of infectious bursal disease virus structural and
Newcastle disease virus HN protein genes in a baculovirus insect/cell
system.  73rd Northeastern Conf. on Avian Dis., College Park, MD, June
2001.

Liu, Y., and Vakharia,V.N. 
(2001).  Molecular determinants of virulence in variant infectious bursal
disease.  73rd Northeastern Conf. on Avian Dis., College Park, MD, June
2001.

Lopes, V., G. Rajashekara, A. Back, D. P.
Shaw, D. A. Halvorson, and K. V. Nagaraja. Outer membrane proteins for
serologic detection of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in turkeys
Avian Dis. 44:957-62. 2000.

Martinez A, Vaillancourt J-P, Ley DH. The
epidemiology of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in North Carolina: an update.
Convention Notes from the 138th Ann. Convention of the Amer. Vet. Med. Assn.
CD-ROM produced by Veterinary Software Publishing, Inc., OFallon, IL., July
14-18, 2001.

Martinez A, Vaillancourt J-P, Ley DH. The
epidemiology of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in North Carolina: an update. Amer.
Assn. Avian Pathol./Amer. Vet. Med. Assn. Scientific Program, Boston, MA;
(abstract, p. 25). July 2001.

May, B. J., Q. Zhang, L. L. Li, M. L.
Paustian, T. S. Whittam, and V. Kapur. Complete genomic sequence of Pasteurella
multocida,Pm70 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98:3460-5. 2001.

Meir, R., D. J. Jackwood and Y.
Weisman.  Molecular typing of infectious bursal disease virus of Israeli
field and vaccine strains by the reverse transcription/polymerase chain
reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism assay.  Avian Dis. 45:
223-228. 2001.

Mikaelian I, Ley DH, Claveau R, Lemieux
M.  Mycoplasma gallisepticum from evening grosbeaks (Coccothraustes
vespertinus) and pine grosbeaks (Pinicola enucleator) with conjunctivitis in
Quebec, Canada.  Proc. 49th Ann. Wildlife Dis. Assn. Conf., 91, Abstr.
2000.

Moura L, Elankumaran S, Oshop GL, Bautista
DA, Wilson JD, Heckert RA. Determination of the most effective route for in ovo
delivery of DNA vaccines. Proc. 138th Am. Vet. Med. Assn. Mtg., Boston, MA,
July 14-18, 2001.

Oshop GL, Elankumaran S, Vakharia VN, Wilson
JD, Moura LC, Bautista DA, Heckert RA. In ovo nucleic acid immunization of the
chicken against infectious bursal disease and Newcastle disease, Proc. 138th
Am. Vet. Med. Assn. Mtg, Boston, MA, July 14-18, 2001.

Oshop GL, Heckert RA, Elankumaran S. DNA and
mRNA persistence and tissue distribution following topical delivery of a DNA
vaccine in chickens. 73rd Northeastern Conf. on Avian Dis., College Park, MD,
June 2001.

Pang, Yao-shan., M. I. Khan, H. Wang, Z. Xie
and T. Girshick. Multiplex PCR and its application in experimentally infected
SPF chickens with respiratory pathogens. 50th  Western Poultry Dis.
Conf.,.March 23-26, Davis, California p. 141. 2001.

Paustian, M. L., B. J. May, and V. Kapur. Pasteurella multocida gene expression
in response to iron limitation Infect Immun. 69:4109-15. 2001.

Pedersen J. C., D. A. Senne, B. Panigrahy
and D. L. Reynolds. Detection of avian pneumovirus in tissues and swab
specimens from infected turkeys. Avian Dis. 45:581-92. 2001.

Pitts, G. R., S. You, D. N. Foster, and M.
E. El-Halawani. Evidence for multiple prolactin receptor transcripts in the
turkey Poult Sci. 79:355-62. 2000.

Qureshi, M. A., Y. M. Saif, R. A. Ali, F. W.
Edens, C. L. Heggen-Peay, and G. B. Havenstein. Comparison of PEMS-associated
and classical astroviruses-mediated effects on performance and immune functions
of turkey poults.  Poultry Sci., Vol. 80, supplement 1, abstract 538,
2001.

Rajashekara, G., E. Haverly, D. A.
Halvorson, K. E. Ferris, D. C. Lauer, and K. V. Nagaraja. Multidrug-resistant
Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in poultry J Food Prot. 63:155-61. 2000.

Rajashekara, G., S. Munir, M. F. Alexeyev,
D. A. Halvorson, C. L. Wells, and K. V. Nagaraja. Pathogenic role of SEF14,
SEF17, and SEF21 fimbriae in Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection
of chickens Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:1759-63. 2000.

Rautenschlein, S., and J. M. Sharma.
Immunopathogenesis of haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) in turkeys Dev Comp
Immunol. 24:237-46. 2000.

Rautenschlein, S., M. Suresh, and J. M.
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Rautenschlein, S., R. L. Miller, and J. M.
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Reiness, C. G., M. J. Seppa, D. M. Dion, S.
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Reynolds, D. and S. Akinc.  Passive
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Reynolds, D., J. Oesper and S. Akinc. 
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Sanei B, Ley DH, Barnes HJ, Vaillancourt
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Schnitzlein, W. M., Singh, P., and Tripathy,
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Sharma, J. M., I. J. Kim, S. Rautenschlein,
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Shin, H. J., B. McComb, A. Back, D. P. Shaw,
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Shin, H. J., G. Rajashekara, F. F. Jirjis,
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Shin, H. J., G. Rajashekara, F. F. Jirjis,
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Shin, H. J., M. K. Njenga, B. McComb, D. A.
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Shin, H. J., M. K. Njenga, B. McComb, D. A.
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Shin, H. J., M. K. Njenga, D. A. Halvorson,
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Singh, P. Schnitzlein, W. and Tripathy, D.N.
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Singh, P., Schnitzlein, W. M., and Tripathy,
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Singh, P., Schnitzlein, W.M. and Tripathy,
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Smiley, J. R., and D. J. Jackwood. 
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Sprenger, S. J., D. A. Halvorson, D. P.
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Sprenger, S. J., D. A. Halvorson, K. V.
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Srinivasan, V., Schnitzlein, W. and
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Srinivasan, V., Schnitzlein, W. M., and
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Srinivasan, V., Schnitzlein, W.M. and
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St Hill, C. A., and J. M. Sharma. Viral
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Townsend, E., D. A. Halvorson, K. V.
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Tripathy, D.N. , Schnitzlein, W.M. Singh, P.
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Tripathy, D.N., Kim, T-J., Shivprasad, H.L.
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Vaillancourt JP, Ley D, Martinez A. Les
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Vaillancourt JP, Martinez A, Carver D, Ley
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Vaillancourt J-P, Martinez A, Ley D, Carver
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Vaillancourt J-P, Martinez A, Ley D. Disease
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Vaillancourt J-P, Martinez A, Smith C, Ley
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Wellehan, J. F., M. Calsamiglia, D. H. Ley,
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Wellehan, J. F., M. S. Zens, M. Calsamiglia,
P. J. Fusco, A. Amonsin, and V. Kapur. Diagnosis and treatment of
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Wooming B, Huyan S, Ley DH. Observations on
the use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis test on Mycoplasma
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Wu, C. C., Chang, H. C., and T. L Lin..
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Wu, C. C., Chang, H. C., and T. L. Lin. DNA
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Yao, K., and Vakharia, V.N. Induction of
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Yu, L., Liu, W., Schnitzlein, W.M.,
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Zhang, Y., and J. M. Sharma. Early posthatch
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