Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

1. Welcome and participant introductions - Greg Evanylo 2. Project Director, Lee Sommers, report  Update on National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) leadership. One of the significant changes is Sony Ramasamy replaced Roger Beachy as the Director of NIFA. Updates on farm bill were also given. Presentation will be posted on the project website. Lee announced his planned retirement in May 2013. 3. Greg Evanylo has received state reports from most of the participants on time and will be preparing the annual report due 60 days after the annual meeting. W2170 is in Year 3. Renewal proposal is due January 15, 2015 and review will be in March 2015. It was suggested that the renewal proposal include supporting letters from USEPA and USDA stakeholders. The W2170 group will apply for the Multi-state Research award next year. The next award application is due March 1, 2013. This is $10,000 award with one nomination per region. Such an award would be valuable for helping to fund a 2014 decentennial State of the Science meeting in conjunction with our annual meeting. 4. Venues for future annual meetings were finalized as: Denver/Ft. Collins, CO - 2013, Chicago, IL - 2014. Bob Brobst (USEPA) and Colorado State University members will host the Denver/Ft. Collins meeting. (An email survey following the meeting identified June 9-11as the preferred date for the 2013 meeting.) An urban focus was selected as a theme for the 2014 decentennial meeting in Chicago. Collaboration with USDA, USEPA, WEF, WERF, and other such organizations was recommended for the 2014 meeting. 5. Urban soils issues - Greg Evanylo reported a desire by Ann Caroll, USEPA Brownfields Program, in bringing together interested W2170 members and USEPA Brownfield staff for a collaborative information-exchange meeting. It was agreed that the 2012 annual Soil Science Society of America meeting in Cincinnati, OH would be the best venue for such a meeting. The W2170 membership also discussed details necessary for developing an urban soil remediation handbook. Several W2170 members who have been working in this arena volunteered to participate. Pertinent chapter topics were further discussed during the Monday Urban Soils session. Members volunteering for this committee included: Rufus Chaney, Sally Brown, Greg Evanylo, Ganga Hettiarachchi, and Nick Basta. 6. W2170 leadership discussions - Greg Evanylo explained a transition plan for the W2170 leadership. In-coming chair, Albert Cox will assume duty as chair during the 2013 annual meeting. Greg also encouraged members to contact future potential candidates for the W2170 group leadership positions. Albert Cox gave an update on Chicago municipal water treatment department and this included abandoning of their long-term test plots. Additional updates on state biosolids programs were provided by members. Technical Meeting Agenda Monday June 25 8:00-11:45 AM Product development and soil pollutant assessment & remediation Bioretention mixes with organic residuals - Brown, UW EQ biosolids products - Cox, MRWD Environmental screening tool for incorporation of wastes into soil - Halbach, UMN Inexpensive risk-based screening of the usual suspects (i.e., contaminants) in soils from urban vacant lots - Basta, OSU Short paper fiber use - Bonhotal, CWMI Effects of soil amendments on Pb, As, and PAHs bioavailability in Urban soils - Hettiarchchi, KSU Cd and Zn bioavailability to earthworms - Parker, UC-R Using composts to remediate superfund sites and to reduce DDX uptake by earthworms - Chaney, USDA Facilitated discussion: urban soil remediation handbook, W2170-USEPA urban soil remediation collaboration Noon-2:00 PM Lunch and tour of Tacoma Community Gardens for remediation research-demos 2:30-5:00 PM Climate change Effects of long term application of organic residuals on soil carbon sequestration - Evanylo, VT Carbon sequestration in mine soil reclaimed with manure based amendments  Stehouwer, PSU Carbon Sequestration in Appalachian Coal Mine Soils - Daniels, VT Carbon storage in reclaimed mine soils, life cycle analysis of biosolids reclamation, and ecosystem services with reforestation - Brown, UW Continuous automated measurements of soil N2O and CO2 Emissions with the portable IRGA system in the static chamber microplot study - Kostyanovsky, WSU Tuesday, June 25 8:15-10:15 AM Fate and transport of emerging organic contaminants Fate of emerging trace organic contaminants during anaerobic digestion - McAvoy, UC Hormone chemodynamics in soils, sediments, ditches and streams associated with agricultural fields receiving animal waste applications - Lee, PU Bioaccumulation of biosolids-borne triclosan in terrestrial organisms - Waria, UW Tetracycline speciation controls the expression of bacterial antibiotic resistance - Li, MSU EDC activity by YES in irrigated recycled water leachate - Singer, UW 4-nonylphenol in biosolids-applied soils: where is it from? - Evanylo, VT 10:30-11:30 AM Other State Reports and Volunteered Presentations Long term biosolids use in dryland wheat & struvite P availability - Cogger, WSU Threats to US crop exports to the EU based on EU lower Cd limits than Codex - Chaney, USDA 11:30 AM Discussion and wrap-up Noon: Adjourn Meeting

Objective 1: Evaluate the chemistry and bioavailability of trace elements, organic microconstituents and nutrients in residuals and residuals-amended soils to assess the environmental and health risks. The research performed to accomplish objective 1included a) direct chemical measurements of nitrogen, phosphorus, trace elements, and organic compounds in the applied residual and upon transformation and/or transport through the environment and b) bioassays to assess bioavailability. Inorganic Trace Elements/Heavy Metals Use of urban land for agriculture can involve significant exposure to soil. However, most urban soils are not tested for Pb because of the high costs associated with sampling and analysis. Soil testing for plant nutrients is inexpensive and routinely performed for agricultural soils. Researchers from Ohio State University determined total and bioaccessible Pb in soil from 65 vacant lots being considered for food production in Cleveland, OH. Extractable Pb was determined using common agricultural soil test methods including Mehlich 3 extraction, Morgans extraction, and a 1M HNO3 extraction. Both the median and mean total Pb were above the Ohio EPA soil screening level of 400 mg/kg of Pb. Median bioaccessible Pb was 75.8% at a gastric pH of 1.5 and 42.6% at a gastric pH of 2.5. Significant linear regressions between total Pb and Mehlich 3 (r2=0.83), 1M HNO3 (r2=0.92), and Modified Morgan (r2=0.77) were found. Most commercial and university soil testing labs use Mehlich 3, which could be implemented as a screening tool for soil Pb, Cu, and Zn. The Mehlich 3 soil test is widely used and is inexpensive (< $15). Total Pb can be conservatively estimated by the equation: Total Pb (mg kg-1) = Mehlich 3 Pb (mg kg-1) x 2. In addition to accessing plant nutrition, the Mehlich 3 soil test can be expanded to be used as a screening tool to access Pb, and other select inorganic contaminants, and determine suitability of urban soil for food production. As part of an ongoing investigation of the bioavailability of trace metals (Cd and Zn) in soils contaminated by various sources (including biosolids and geogenic), researchers from the University of California-Riverside conducted a study of the uptake and elimination kinetics of Cd and Zn in two physiological contrasting earthworm species (Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris). A subset of three of the soils used previously was employed, and these were not isotopically labeled. Both earthworm species were reared in the three soils, and a subset was destructively sacrificed after 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days of exposure. Additional metal-loaded earthworms were transferred to an uncontaminated soil and reared for another 30 days (with periodic sub-sampling) to allow for monitoring of elimination. Uptake and elimination rates were each calculated using a first-order, one-compartment, toxico-kinetic model. This allowed evaluation of the element- and species-specific physiology of trace-metal accumulation. The three selected soils contained 130-1170 mg/kg total Zn and 11-19 mg/kg total Cd. Soils were also characterized for textural class, organic matter content, and pH. The labile pools by isotope dilution (E-values) represented 45% of the total Cd but only 25% of the total Zn, a trend that was consistent across all the soils under study. Pronounced differences were found on the earthworms' uptake and elimination kinetics between Zn and Cd. For the essential element Zn, initial uptake was rapid, and steady-state body burdens were observed after just 4-7 days of exposure. Uptake rates were slightly lower in L. terrestris than in E. fetida. The rapid attainment of steady-state body burdens could be explained by rapid elimination kinetics that, in turn, accounted for the rapid decline in Zn levels during the 30 d of cultivation in clean soil. Greater than 90% of the accumulated Zn was eliminated by the earthworms after the transfer to the clean soil. In contrast, initial Cd uptake was much slower and nearly linear, and a steady-state plateau in Cd body-burden was not reached after 25 days of exposure. Uptake rates were again lower in L. terrestris than in E. fetida. The fitted rate coefficients for the elimination of Cd were some 10-fold lower than for Zn and were greater in L. terrestris than in E. fetida. Moreover, less than 70% of internal Cd was eliminated by both species during the subsequent 30 d spent in clean soil. Colorado State University researchers found no adverse effects on earthworms (A. trapezoides) in a biosolids-amended Colby (Aridic Ustorthents)/Adena (Ustic Paleargids) soil. CSU researchers compared the long term application of biosolids and synthetic fertilizer N to dryland no-till wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.)-fallow (WF) and wheat-corn (Zea mays, L.)-fallow (WCF) agroecosystems to determine the effects of biosolids on grain Ba concentrations and soil P, Zn, Ba, and nitrate-N migration. Biosolids resulted in lower wheat grain Ba concentrations due to the soil formation of barium sulfate, and greater soil nitrate-N concentrations than N fertilizer in the 30-90 cm depth for the WF rotation and the 10-120 cm depth for the WCF rotation. Arsenic contaminated soils from past use as herbicides on former sugarcane fields present human health risks in Hawaii. A survey of soil As levels, using soil map units and GPS geographic coordinates, by University of Hawaii researchers concluded that: (1) As levels in Hawaiian soils range from 12 to 950 mg/kg; (2) the soil order of As concentration is Andisols (mean = 161 mg/kg), Oxisols (64 mg/kg), Ultisols (42 mg/kg), Inceptisols (36 mg/kg), and Mollisols (33 mg/kg). High contents of Fe and Al oxides in Andisols and Oxisols strongly retain As. Nutrients Penn State University researchers compared the accumulation of phosphorus (P) in forested and cropland soils continuously irrigated for 26 yr with secondary wastewater effluent. Whereas crop harvesting withdraws P from the cropped system, the lack of forest biomass removal suggests greater P accumulation in the surface horizons of the forest soils. However, both Mehlich-3 P (M3P) and total P (TP) were lower (alpha=0.05) in the 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil horizons in the forest than in the cropped areas. Mehlich-3 Fe and Al were lower in most horizons of the forest soil profile, suggesting soil P retention capacity of the soils has been depleted faster by podzolization in the forest than the cropped fields. Although total organic matter content in profiles were not statistically different, it is speculated that the increased management intensity of the cropped soils caused the soluble organic matter to be less conducive to formation of organo-metal complexes than in the forest soils. This phenomenon is supported by lower Mehlich-extractable Cu, known for its tendency to form strong organic complexes, in the forest soil profile. Greater displacement of P in forest soils appears to be confined to the upper soil horizons, and M3P and TP were statistically similar in the 30-45 and 45-60 cm horizons of the forest and arable soils. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products/Hormones/Emerging Organics Wastewater treatment plants have been identified as a major source of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) to the environment. Since a significant amount of biosolids are land applied in the U.S., it is important to understand the fate of TOrCs during sludge digestion. University of Cincinnati researchers assessed the fate and removal of selected TOrCs during anaerobic digestion by monitoring TOrCs at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant and conducting laboratory fate experiments. Based on observed removal efficiencies in anaerobic sludge digestion, the TOrCs are categorized into three general groups. The first group comprises compounds with significant attenuation (> 90%) and includes atenolol, caffeine, and trimethoprim. These compounds also correspond to those compounds with the most rapid biotransformation rates (> 0.1 d-1) measured under laboratory conditions. The second group consists of compounds with moderate attenuation during anaerobic sludge digestion (removals between 15 and 90%) and includes DEET, meprobamate and triclocarban. Results for these compounds are not consistent with measured laboratory biotransformation rate constants (< 0.01 d-1). The third group of compounds are refractory during anaerobic sludge digestion (removals < 15%) and includes bisphenol A, carbamazepine, fluoxetine, and gemfibrozil. All of these compounds have laboratory biotransformation rate constants < 0.01 d-1. In general, compounds with the highest sorption potential (log Kd > 3) are expected to have the highest sludge concentrations. However, some of the compounds with low sorption potential (log Kd < 2) such as bisphenol A, caffeine, DEET, and trimethoprim have measureable quantities in sludge and biosolids. This observation occurs for high usage and biodegradable TOrCs like caffeine, as well as recalcitrant TOrCs like bisphenol A, carbamazepine, and trimethoprim. A collaborative project between researchers from the University of Florida and the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) entitled Fate and Transport of Biosolids-borne TCS and TCC was completed in 2011. Knowledge about the fate, transport, and risk of TCS (Triclosan) and TCC (triclocarban), antimicrobial chemicals commonly found in biosolids at concentrations on the order of 10-20 mg/kg, respectively, is incomplete, particularly in biosolids-amended soils. Work on biosolids-borne-TCC culminated in a recent submission of Snyder and OConnor (Risk assessment of land-applied biosolids-borne triclocarban (TCC), Sci. Total Environ.). The researchers integrated human and ecological risk assessment parameters measured in previous studies with recent data to perform a two-tiered human health and ecological risk assessment of land-applied biosolids-borne TCC. The 14 exposure pathways identified in the Part 503 Biosolids Rule were expanded, and conservative screening-level hazard quotients (HQ values) were first calculated to estimate risk to humans and a variety of terrestrial and aquatic organisms (Tier 1). The majority of biosolids-borne TCC exposure pathways resulted in no screening-level HQ values indicative of significant risks to exposed organisms (including humans), even under worst-case land-application scenarios. The two pathways for which the conservative screening-level HQ values exceeded one (i.e. Pathway 10: biosolids->soil->soil organism->predator, and Pathway 16: biosolids->soil->surface water->aquatic organism) were then reexamined using modified parameters and scenarios (Tier 2). Adjusted HQ values remained greater than one for Exposure Pathway 10, with the exception of the final adjusted HQ values under a one-time 5 Mg ha-1 (agronomic) biosolids loading rate scenario for the American woodcock (Scolopax minor) and short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda). Results were used to prioritize recommendations for future biosolids-borne TCC research, which include additional measurements of toxicological effects and TCC concentrations in environmental matrices at the field level. Work on biosolids-borne-TCS reported in the 2010 report was described in three journal articles authored by Waria Pannu and OConnor. A nearly complete risk assessment paper reports that TCS is more strongly retained (log Koc = 4.26 ± 0.31) than TCS (log Koc = 3.82 ± 0.16), but both are essentially immobile in most soil conditions. The major difference between the compounds is in estimated half-lives: TCS t 1/2 ~100 d and TCC t 1/2 ~20 y, which significantly impacted ecological risk assessment. Omitting degradation identified pathway 10 as critical for TCS. Including degradation, however, eliminated pathway 10 (HI value <1) for most biosolids containing TCS. Major conclusions are: 1) ecological risk assessments remain incomplete because of critical data gaps, 2) theoretically modeled/estimated parameters should be viewed with caution as they frequently differ significantly from measured values, and 3) long-term field studies are needed to validate risk assessment parameters and estimates and to accurately derive regulatory standards. A laboratory soil column study performed by Virginia Tech researchers to investigate the transport and transformation of TCS and TCC in a biosolids-surface applied soil was published online by the Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in 2011. During this study, the column leachates and soil samples were analyzed for TCS, TCC, and their transformation products. Significantly more TCS was transformed compared to TCC. Surface application of biosolids significantly retarded their transformation. Downward movement of TCS and TCC occurred within 10-cm soil depth. Methyl-TCS was not detectable in the leachates but was detected in the top 5-cm soil layer, and higher in the biosolids-applied soil. At the end of the column study, carbanilide (CBA) was the only detectable TCC reductive dechlorination products in the soil. None of the TCC reductive dechlorination products were detectable in the leachates. Detection of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and 4-chloroaniline (4-CA) suggested the occurrence of TCC hydrolysis. Rapid leaching of 4-CA through the soil column was observed. The 3,4-DCA was detected throughout the entire 20-cm depth of the soil column but not in the leachates. The fact that only small percentages of the transformed TCS and TCC appeared, after 101-day column study, in the forms of the products analyzed suggested that either the investigated transformation pathways were not significant or rapid transformation of the those products had occurred. Researchers from Michigan State University developed an analytical method to quantitatively determine pharmaceuticals in biosolids. Following freeze drying and grinding, biosolids samples were subjected to accelerated solvent extraction. The optimal operation parameters, including extraction solvent, temperature, pressure, extraction time and cycles, were identified to be acetonitrile/water mixture (v/v 7:3) as extraction solvent with 3 extraction cycles (15 minutes for each cycle) at 100 °C and 100 bars. The extracts were purified using solid-phase extraction followed by determination by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometer. For the fifteen target pharmaceuticals commonly found in the environment, the overall method recoveries ranged from 49% to 68% for tetracyclines, 64% to 95% for sulfonamides, and 77% to 88% for other pharmaceuticals (i.e. acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine, erythromycin, lincomycin and tylosin). The method limit of quantification attained mg pharmaceuticals per kg of dry biosolids level. The method was successfully validated and applied to the biosolids samples collected from WWTPs in six Michigan cities. Fourteen or the 15 targeted pharmaceuticals were detected in the biosolids samples, with mean concentrations ranging from 2.6 g/kg for lincomycin to 744 g/kg for oxytetracycline. Cation exchange is the primary mechanism driving lincomycin for sorption by soils. Lincomycin is more competitive for cation exchange sites occupied by K+ than those by Ca2+. The presence of K+ and Ca2+ in aqueous solution (0.02 M) significantly suppressed lincomycin sorption, with more suppression observed for the soils with lower cation exchange capacity. CaCl2 solution manifested a more suppressive effect on lincomycin sorption than KCl, plausibly because the acidic functional groups in soil organic matter such as carboxylate form relative stable complexes with Ca2+ leading to the reduced interactions with lincomycin. Lincomycin sorption increased as soil solution pH increased from 5.8 to 7.8, and then decreased significantly at pH 8.9. The maximum sorption occurred at pH values between 7.3 and 7.8, near the pKa of lincomycin (7.6). Experiments were conducted by Penn State University researchers to determine the optimal conditions for sample storage of soils spiked with estrogens (17-beta-estradiol, estrone, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol). Soil samples (Ap horizon of the silt loam Hublersburg series) were collected from a wastewater irrigated site in central Pennsylvania. Spiked soils were used to evaluate sample storage stability from samples stored at 4C versus -18C across three storage times (2 days, 7 days, 30 days). With respect to storage, -18C was found to provide better stability for storage of 17-²-estradiol compared with storage at 4C, but similar storage stability occurred for estrone and 17-±-ethinylestradiol whether samples were stored at -18C or 4C. Moreover, storage in the refrigerator and freezer showed similar recovery rates for time frames of 2 days and one week; however, recovery rates dropped ~ 20% after one month of storage for both the freezer and refrigerator. Purdue University researchers conducted or completed research focused on the fate of natural and veterinary hormones associated with animal manures. They quantified trenbolone (TB) and E2 isomers and their metabolites in manure collection pits and lagoon effluent from beef cattle implanted with the commercial anabolic preparation Ravoler-S (containing 140 mg 17²-trenbolone acetate and 28 mg 17b-E2). 17±-TB was the most abundant androgen with the highest concentration observed 2 weeks post implant. 17²-TB and trendione peaked at the end of week 2 and 4, respectively. For the estrogens, the highest concentrations for estrone (E1), estriol (E3), and 17a-E2 were observed after week 4, 6, and 8, respectively. 17b-E2 concentrations were the lowest of the estrogens and erratic over time. In lagoon water, which is used for irrigation, 17±-TB and E1 had the highest detected hormone concentrations (1.53 and 1.72 µg L-1, respectively). Assuming a 1 to 2 order dilution during transport to surface water, these hormone levels could lead to concentrations in receiving waters that exceed some of the lowest observable effect levels (LOELs) reported for hormones (e.g., 0.01-0.03 µg L-1). The Purdue researchers developed and validated a hydro-biogeochemical model, Hormone Export and Restoration Dynamics (HERD) to determine the relative roles of macropore and matrix flow on hormone transport, hormone persistence, and effect of management practices to reduce downstream export of hormones. HERD simulation results confirmed that retardation and degradation play a minor role in macro-pore transport given the short travel times, exporting hormone loads directly to tile drains and receiving ditches. For matrix flow with longer travel times, retardation and fast hormone degradation rates leads to limited contributions to hormone loads. Additionally, preliminary HERD simulations suggest that hormones build up in the source zone over time as a result of repeated animal effluent irrigations, suggesting the development of legacy sources. Findings imply that hydrologic variability rather than biogeochemical processes serve as the dominant control of hormone export from agricultural fields. Trends observed in HERD simulations are consistent with field-scale observations measured in an earlier EPA STAR funded project. Model and field-scale monitoring results show that long-term, repeated animal waste applications can lead to chronic exposure of aquatic organisms to hormones at low concentrations and intermittent, short durations of high concentrations closely related to application times and hydrologic variability. The preliminary model simulation results also suggest a short lag time (~5 years) between the ceasing of animal waste application and subsequent depletion of the accumulated legacy sources, suggesting that the extent of legacy hormone sources is much less than that of nutrients, which can have lag times on the order of decades. Furthermore, the positive correlation between hormone loads and hydrologic variability leads to the majority of hormone export occurring during high-flow events. Considerable research has focused on the fate of 17²-estradiol (17²-E2) given its high estrogenic potency and frequency of detection in the environment; however, little is known about the fate and transport behavior of 17±-estradiol (17±-E2) although it often dominates in some animal feces such as dairy, beef cattle, and sheep, and recently has been shown to have similar impacts as the ²-isomer. Purdue researchers quantified the degradation and metabolite trends for both isomers using two agricultural soils under aerobic conditions and sediments under nitrate- and sulfate-reducing conditions. In laboratory-based aerobic surface soils, 17²-estradiol (E2) and 17a-E2 half-lives were similar for a given soil and ranged between 4-12 h with estrone (E1) as the primary metabolite and E2 degradation retarding after 1-2 days. Under both reducing conditions, the half-lives of 17²E2 < 17±E2 and half-lives were greater under sulfate-reducing conditions. Interconversion between 17²E2 and 17±E2 was observed under both reducing conditions, presumably with E1 serving as the intermediate. Under both reducing conditions, E1 was transformed back to its precursors, with a preference for 17²-E2 formation. Initial conversion to ²E2 was rapid, especially under sulfate-reducing conditions where ~30% E1 (% mole) was transformed to ²E2 within 3 days and ~2.5% under nitrate-reducing conditions within hours. E1 was more persistent under nitrate-reducing conditions; however, transformation back to the precursors was greater under sulfate-reducing conditions with a higher accumulation of the precursors under sulfate-reducing conditions. Therefore, while sediments may serve as a sink for estrogenic compounds, anaerobic conditions provide a unique environment where metabolites may transform back to the parent estrogens, which are often the more potent contaminants of concern. Controls performed in autoclaved-sterilized soils and sediments indicate that E2 degradation is dominated by microbial processes. Objective 2: Evaluate the agronomic and environmental benefits/advantages of land applying residual by-products and/or substituting such materials for fertilizers. Use of biosolids as a beneficial fertilizer in agricultural ecosystems Colorado State University researchers determined that the long term application of biosolids to dryland, no-till wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.)-fallow (WF) and wheat-corn (Zea mays, L.)-fallow (WCF) agroecosystems at a site approximately 40 km east of Byers, CO improved soil moisture retention and vegetative cover that reduced erosion. Biosolids and N fertilizer produced similar wheat and corn yields. University of Minnesota researchers conducted studies for the Southern Minnesota Beet Sugar Cooperative (SMBSC) on soil byproducts derived from sugar beet tare soils. Experiments have been completed to evaluate the germination of corn, oats, and soybeans in soil byproducts relative to field soils and the stable aggregate size distributions of a field soil amended with varying amounts of a soil byproduct. The soil byproduct reduced germination rate and increased time to germination of corn, oats, and soybeans planted in a clay loam and a sandy soil. Variations among growth media in crop germination percentage and time to germination could not be explained by any of 19 measured soil characteristics (pH, salts, etc.). The byproduct amended soils had a significantly greater percentage of their mass in moderately large particles (1-2 mm and 2-4 mm in diameter) and a significantly smaller percentage in small particles (< 0.25 mm) than the untreated soil. Field studies conducted by Virginia Tech researchers on coarse-textured soils from 2009-2011 demonstrated the beneficial effects of biosolids on drought-amelioration, carbon (C) sequestration and nitrogen (N) availability in a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation under both conventional and no-tillage practices. The estimated agronomic N rate of both lime-stabilized and anaerobically digested biosolids increased soil inorganic (plant-available) N immediately prior to the high N uptake period by corn, plant tissue N at silking, and soil organic C and N by the end of the growing season compared to similar synthetic fertilizer nitrogen rates supplemented with needed P and potassium. The same combination of mineralization and volatilization factors used to calculate plant available N for soil-incorporated biosolids can be used on biosolids applied to no-till systems in coarse-textured soils of the mid Atlantic Coastal Plain. There was no effect of amendment type on soil C concentration, but both biosolids types increased plant available water holding capacity above that attained with the fertilizer treatment by the end of the study. Biosolids applied at agronomic rates have been shown to improve hormone metabolism and drought tolerance in greenhouse trials, but no research has demonstrated such effects in the field. Application of lime stabilized and anaerobically digested biosolids increased leaf photochemical efficiency (PE), auxin, cytokinin, proline, protein, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in corn throughout the season. The soybean grown in the plots previously amended with the biosolids exhibited greater PE, auxin, trans-zeatin riboside, protein content and SOD activity when compared to those without biosolids. The lime stabilized and anaerobically digested biosolids increased corn grain yield by 87% and 77%, respectively, and soybean grain yield by 15% and 18%, respectively, compared to the fertilizer control. The results of this study indicated that biosolids application could improve PE, growth hormones, proline, protein, and antioxidant metabolism, and increase grain yields, especially under drought stress environment. Large-scale sampling of long term field plots and farm fields were conducted in WA and CA by University of Washington researchers and in Virginia by Virginia Tech researchers to determine the value of agronomic rates of biosolids and composts on soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations and stocks. Changes in water holding capacity and bulk density were also measured in CA and WA. For the majority of the sites, using organic residuals resulted in increased soil carbon storage, persistent increases in total nitrogen and improved soil physical properties. These results suggest that land application of such residuals may be useful for sequestering carbon and for maintaining or enhancing soil quality attributes. Land Reclamation with Residuals Penn State University researchers determined that substantial production of switchgrass and Atlantic coastal panic grass is possible with the use of manure and paper mill sludge amendments for reclaiming mined land. As a result of historic mining activities conducted in the Tri-State Mining District, the Spring River and its tributaries in the far southeast part of the Neosho Basin in southeast Kansas are contaminated with lead, zinc, and cadmium. It has been hypothesized that under reducing conditions, metals in these materials can be transformed back in to their sulfide forms, greatly limiting their mobility. Kansas State University researchers showed that, upon stimulation of reduction, metals were effectively immobilized within ninety days of submergence. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis conducted on micro- and nano-size colloids in the effluent water provided evidence of bacterial associated and freely dispersed colloidal-bound contaminant transportation. Virginia Tech researchers continued their long-term evaluation of the effects of higher than agronomic (78 Mg/ha) loadings of biosolids on soil productivity of lands reclaimed at a mineral sands mining site in 2001. Consistent with previous results, significant improvements in soil productivity were noted, and reclaimed mined lands continue to exceed local county average crop yields by 25% to 35%. Virginia Tech researchers installed a new experiment in April 2011to evaluate potential nitrate-N leaching following use of biosolids to reclaim mineral sands mined lands in Dinwiddie County. The overall objective is to determine the effectiveness of high rates of biosolids (21Mg/ha) vs. agronomic rates (4Mg/ha) of biosolids for soil reconstruction as compared with standard fertilization practices. First year vegetation establishment was hindered by hot dry conditions, but a wide array of weed species that invaded the plots was more abundant on the two biosolids treatments. The plots were over-seeded again in the fall of 2011 and vegetation establishment and production to date is still substantially higher on the biosolids treated plots. Large leaching losses of fertilizer N have been noted below the conventionally fertilized plots while a minor loss of N has also been noted for the high rate of biosolids. A surprising pulse of ortho-P was also noted in leachates in the late summer of 2011 following several very large rain events. Use of biosolids as a beneficial soil amendment for urban/brownfield soils Kansas State University researchers evaluated the uptake of contaminants by food crops grown on residual unamended- and amended-mildly contaminated urban soils (formerly brownfields), the effects of residual amendments on bioaccessibility of contaminants, and developed recommendations for corrective/protective actions to minimize direct (ingestion) and indirect (food chain transfer) exposure pathways of contaminants. Contaminants were: As and Pb (Tacoma, WA); Pb (Seattle WA); Pb, As, and PAHs (Indianapolis, IN); Pb (Pomona, CA); Pb (Philadelphia, PA); and Pb and As (Toledo, OH). Treatments at the Indianapolis site were 28 kg/m2 of leaf and mushroom compost and biosolids (composted and uncomposted). Three types of crops were planted: a leafy vegetable (collard green); a root crop (carrot), and a fruit crop (tomato). Two cleaning procedures used were kitchen style washing and thorough laboratory cleaning. Results to-date show soil pH and residuals additions reduce plant uptake of contaminants. Thorough cleaning of vegetables significantly reduces potential for food-chain transfer of soil contaminants. Although soil Pb concentration was as high as 2000 mg/kg and soil As was as high as 146 mg/kg, concentrations in laboratory cleaned leafy vegetables and fruit crops were low. Uptake of Pb from some mildly Pb contaminated soils (~200 to 250 mg/kg) by root crops was high. Bioaccessibility of Pb in most urban soils appeared to be low (< 15-20% of total Pb in soil). University of Washington researchers investigated the ability of high Fe biosolids composts to reduce Pb and As bioaccessibility in situ. In many municipalities, Fe is added to the wastewater treatment process to reduce P concentrations in effluent. Fe oxides are also commonly used to treat potable water and spent water treatment residuals (WTR) are commonly landfilled. The UW researchers tested a high-Fe compost from Philadelphia and two composts created by adding Fe as iron chloride or an iron grit powder to feedstocks prior to composting. Composts were evaluated in a field trial as well as in laboratory incubations. Bioaccessibility was measured using an in vitro extract. Pb and As speciation were determined using u-XAFS. Results indicate that not all Fe is created equal. Reductions in absolute bioaccessibilty, as well as changes in mineral form of Pb and As, were only observed for the compost where spent Fe WTR were added to the compost. These results suggest a potential specialized compost blend could be produced for homeowners concerned about potential Pb and As contamination in home gardens. Composting and compost use Researchers from the Cornell Waste Management Institute continued surveying uncharacterized organic residuals from New York state industries and began a multi-tiered analysis protocol to evaluate them for use as soil amendments. Residuals included short-fiber paper mill residuals, residues from the grape industry, residuals from manufacture of composite board, and limed and unlimed short-fiber paper residuals (PR) as a byproduct of paper manufacturing. Currently, these residuals are landfilled, with issues arising due to leachate runoff, methane emissions and cost. Alternatives being testing include composting, pyrolysis, and direct soil incorporation. Organic residuals with no current beneficial end use determinations continue to be surveyed. Only the PR and unlimed PR with no additional feedstocks did not compost well, likely due to their high C:N ratios. Metal concentrations in PR and unlimed PR were within the USEPA Part 503 Ceiling Concentrations. The ranges of the composition of the composts were pH: 8.3 - 8.4, soluble salts (dS m-1): 0.05 - 0.06, bulk density (g cm-3): 0.82 - 0.98; moisture (g kg-1): 430-460, organic matter (g kg-1): 340-420, total N (g kg-1): 17.4-26.5, organic N (g kg-1): 16.7-25.7, C:N: 16-18, P (g kg-1): 6.3-6.8, K (g kg-1): 8.5-8.6, Cu (mg kg-1): 46  69, Zn (mg kg-1): 97  111; and indicated very good organic amendments for soil. Use of these residuals as a compost feedstock is proving thus far to be an environmentally-friendly alternative to disposing of them in a dedicated landfill. The process of producing Class A, air-dried biosolids at the MWRDGC includes lagoon-aging followed by air-drying, which often produce odors during storage because it is not well stabilized. MRWDGC researchers composted various blends of aged and unaged biosolids and high carbon materials (tree leaves, wood chips and landscaping waste mixture) to determine the effect on biological stability and odor potential of the final air-dried product. Each type of biosolids was mixed with a high carbon material at the ratio of 2:1 (w/w) biosolids:high carbon waste. Maximum temperature in windrows was higher in the unaged than aged, with landscaping waste mixture than with leaves and wood, and with the higher carbon:biosolids ratio. All blends with high carbon materials reduced final basal respiration, odor and nitrogen loss. These preliminary results show that the addition of low rates of high carbon materials could improve the stability of the MWRDGCs air-dried biosolids. University of Hawaii researchers investigated the effects of vermicompost tea (aqueous extract) on yield and chemical quality of pak choi (Brassica rapa cv Bonsai, Chinensis group) grown in three media (two soils and a peat-perlite medium) under two fertilizer regimes (compost and synthetic fertilizer). Application of vermicompost tea increased plant production, total carotenoids and total glucosinolates in plant tissue. This effect was most prominent under compost fertilization. Total phenolics concentration was lower in vermicompost tea treated plants compared to those treated with only mineral nutrient solution and the water control. Vermicompost tea improved mineral nutrient status of plants and media, and enhanced the biological activity of the media. Variability in yield and chemical quality of plants across treatments was explained largely by variability in tissue N uptake and dry matter accumulation. Dehydrogenase activity and soil respiration of vermicompost tea-treated growth media were approximately 50% higher than untreated media. This study confirmed that vermicompost tea can positively influence plant yield and quality and increase soil biological activity in multiple soil types. Penn State University and Virginia Tech faculty conducted basic and advanced composting training to commercial composters from across the mid-Atlantic region. Course participants indicated a strong intent to add food and other residuals to their composting operations.

Colorado JA Figueroa-Viramontes, U., Delgado, J.A., Cueto-Wong, J.A., Nunez-Hernandez, G., Reta-Sanchez, D.G., and Barbarick, K.A. 2011. A new Nitrogen Index to evaluate nitrogen losses in intensive forage systems in Mexico. J. Agic. Ecosys. Environ. 142: 352-364. JA Ippolito, J. A., Barbarick, K. A., and Elliott, H. A. 2011. Drinking Water Treatment Residuals: A Review of Recent Uses. J. Environ. Qual. 40:1-12. TR Barbarick, K.A., Hansen, N.C., and McDaniel, J. 2011. Biosolids application to no-till dryland crop rotations. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR11-5. TR Barbarick, K.A., Gourd, T., and McDaniel, J. 2011. Application of anaerobically digested biosolids to dryland winter wheat. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR11-6. Florida JA Miller, M.L., J.H. Bhadha, G.A. O Connor, J.W. Jawitz, and J. Mitchell. 2011. Aluminum water treatment residuals as permeable reactive sorbents to reduce phosphorus losses. Chemosphere. 83: 978-983. JA Snyder, E.H., G.A. O Connor, and D.C. McAvoy. 2011. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of biosolids-borne triclocarban (TCC). Chemosphere. 82: 460-467. JA Waria, M., G.A. O Connor, and G.S. Toor. 2011. Biodegradation of triclosan in biosolids-amended soils. Environ. Technol. & Chem. 30: 2488-2496. JA Castillo, M. S., L. E. Sollenberger, J.M.B. Vendramini, K.R. Woodard, G.A. OConnor, Y.C. Newman, M.L. Silveira, and J.B. Sartain. 2011. Incorporation of municipal biosolids affects organic nitrogen mineralization and elephantgrass production. Agron. J. 103: 899-905. TR America Society for Microbiology. 2011. Land application of organic residuals: Public health threat or environmental benefit? [Booklet committee: G.M. King (Chair), J.P. Brooks, S.L. Brown, C. Gerba, G.A. OConnor, and I.L. Pepper]. Hawaii JA Hue, N.V. 2011. Alleviating soil acidity with crop residues. Soil Sci. 176:543-549. JA Ortiz-Escobar, M. and N.V. Hue. 2011. Changes in soil properties and vegetable growth in preparation for organic farming in Hawaii. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 42:2064-2072. JA Pant A., T.J.K. Radovich, N.V. Hue, and N. Q. Arancon. 2011. Effects of Vermicompost Tea (Aqueous Extract) on Pak-choi Yield, Quality, and on Soil Biological Properties. Compost Science & Utilization. Vol.19:279-292 Illinois JA Kar, G., L.S. Hundal, J.J. Schoenau, and D. Peak. 2011. Direct Chemical Speciation of P in Sequential Chemical Extraction Residues Using P K-edge XANES Spectroscopy. Soil Sci. 176:589-595. JA Sepulvado, J., A. Blaine, L.S. Hundal, and C. Higgins. 2011. Occurrence and Fate of Perfluorochemicals in Soil Following the Land Application of Municipal Biosolids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45:8106-8112. JA Kelly, J.J., K. Policht, T. Grancharova, and L.S. Hundal. 2011. Addition of Biosolids to an Agricultural Soil Increases Nitrification and Produces Distinct Responses in Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea and Bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:6551-6558. JA Hundal, L.S., K. Kumar, N. Basta, and A. Cox. 2011. Evaluating Exposure Risk to Trace Organic Chemicals in Biosolids. Biocycle 52:31-36. AB Cox, A., D. Collins, and O. Oladeji. Update on the Development of a Biosolids Land Application Network. Illinois Water Environment Association, Annual Meeting, Springfield, IL. Mar 21-24, 2011. AB Kumar, K. Improving Soil Quality for Sustained Productivity and Human Health. Illinois Water Environment Association, Annual Meeting, Springfield, IL. Mar 21-24, 2011. AB Oladeji, O., A. Cox, and D. Collins. Utilization of Exceptional Quality Biosolids for Turfgrass Management in the Chicago Area. Illinois Water Environment Association, Annual Meeting, Springfield, IL. Mar 21-24, 2011. AB Tian, G., A. Cox, T. Granato, C. Chiu and A. Franzluebbers. The Role of Biosolids in Replenishing Organic Matter in Cultivated Soils. Meeting of the Soil Ecology Society. Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. May 24-27. 2011. Indiana JA Gall, H., S. Sassman, L.S. Lee, and C. Jafvert. 2011. Hormone Chemograph Behavior in a Tile Drained Agroecosystem Receiving Animal Wastes. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45:8755-8764. AB Leet, J.K., J.J. Amberg, L.S. Lee, A.W. Olmstead, G.T. Ankley, M.S. Sepúlveda. 2011. Evaluation of responses to trenbolone acetate metabolites in early life-stage fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) using molecular tools. Poster Presentation at the 2011 Purdue University Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Research Symposium in West Lafayette, IN. AB Butler, L., J.K. Leet, M.S. Sepúlveda. 2011. Impacts of Wastes from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations on Fish Sex Differentiation. Poster Presentation at the 2011 Purdue University Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Research Symposium in West Lafayette, IN. AB Mashtare, M.L. and Linda S. Lee. 2011. Biotransformation of 17alpha- and 17beta-estradiol Under Anaerobic Conditions, ESE 2011 Symposium, West Lafayette, IN, November 8, 2011. AB Gall, H., S. Sassman, L.S. Lee, and C. Jafvert. 2011. Hormone Transport in a Tile-Drained Agroecosystem Receiving Animal Waste Applications. Indiana Water Research Association, June 2011. AB Gall, Heather E., Michael L. Mashtare, Stephen A. Sassman, P. Suresh C. Rao, Sally E. Thompson, Nandita B. Basu, Linda S. Lee. 2011. Legacies and Trajectories of Hormone Export from Agricultural Catchments Under Natural and Anthropogenic Drivers, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, December, 2011. Kansas JA De Livera, D. Beak, M.J. McLaughlin, G.M. Hettiarachchi, and J.K. Kirby. 2011. Release of dissolved cadmium and sulfur nanoparticles from oxidizing sulfide minerals. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75: 842- 854. JA Lombi, E., G.M. Hettiarachchi, and K.G. Scheckel. 2011. Advanced in situ spectroscopic techniques and their applications in environmental biogeochemistry: Introduction to the special section. J. Environ. Qual. 40:659-666. JA De Livera M.J. McLaughlin, G.M. Hettiarachchi, J.K. Kirby, and D.G. Beak. 2011. Cadmium solubility in paddy soils: effects of soil oxidation, sulfide equilibria and competitive ions. Sci. Total Environment. 409:1489-1497. PR Hettiarachchi, G.M., C. Attanayake, P. Defoe, S. Martin, A. Harms, D. Presley, and G. M. Pierzysnki. 2011. Field based evaluations of trace element transfer from contaminated urban garden soils to plants. Proceedings of the 11th Intern. Conf. on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, 3-7 July. Florence, Italy. PR Pierzynski, G.M., W. Friesl, W. Hartley, G.M. Hettiarachchi, J. Kumpiene, P. Madejon, and M. Mench. 2011. In situ stabilization/phytostabilization and site revegetation. Proceedings of the 11th Intern. Conf. on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, 3-7 July. Florence, Italy. AB Defoe, P., G. M. Hettiarachchi, C. Benedict, C. Attanayake, and S. Martin. 2011. Gardening on arsenic and lead-contaminated brownfields: Is it safe?. ASA/SSSA/CSA Annual Meetings, Oct. 2011, San Antonio, TX. AB Harms, A., D. Presley, G. Hettiarachchi, and S. Thien. 2011. Needs assessment survey of urban gardeners and farmers on soil contamination. AS A/SSSA/CSA Annual Meetings, Oct. 2011, San Antonio, TX. AB Attanayake, C., G. Hettiarachchi, P. Defoe, S. Martin, and G. Pierzynski. 2011. A field evaluation of lead transfer from urban soils to vegetables. ASA/SSSA/CSA Annual Meetings, Oct. 2011, San Antonio, TX. AB Hettiarachchi, G.M., C. Attanayake, P. Defoe, S. Martin, C. Benedict, and A. Harms. 2011. Evaluating lead and arsenic transfer from contaminated urban garden soils to vegetable plants. 8th International Conference on Phytotechnologies. Sep. 2011, Portland, Oregon. AB Hettiarachchi, G.M., D. Van der Merwe, S. Datta, L. Erickson, L. Davis, and S. Martin. 2011. Soil arsenic and potential risk pathways of arsenic in urban garden soils. . 8th International Conference on Phytotechnologies. Sep. 2011, Portland, Oregon. Michigan JA Hao Chen, Bin Gao, Hui Li, and Lena Q Ma, 2011, Effects of pH and Ionic Strength on Sulfamethoxazole and Ciprofloxacin Transport in Saturated Porous Media. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 126:29-36. JA Yunjie Ding, Weihao Zhang, Cheng Gu, Irene Xagoraraki, and Hui Li, 2011, Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Biosolids using Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometer. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218:10-16. Minnesota JA Shane, E.M., M. I. Endres, M. P. Russelle, C. J. Rosen, D. G. Johnson. 2011. Compost: A potential value added product for dairy operations? Appl. Eng. In Agric. 27:225-233. Ohio JA Wragg, J., Mark Cave, Helen Taylor, Nick Basta, Esther Brandon, Stan Casteel, Sebastien Denys, Christian Gron, Agnes Oomen, Kenneth Reimer, Karine Tack and Tom Van de Wiele. 2011. An Inter-laboratory Trial of the Unified BARGE Bioaccessibility Method for Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead in Soil. Sci. Total Environ. 409:4016-4030. JA Lakhwinder S. Hundal, Kuldip Kumar, Nick Basta, and Albert E. Cox. 2011. Evaluating Exposure Risk to Trace Organics in Biosolids. Biocycle 52(8):31-36. JA Snyder, E.H., G.A. OConnor, and D.C. McAvoy. 2010. Measured Physicochemical Characteristics and Biosolids-Borne Concentrations of the Antimicrobial Triclocarban (TCC), Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 408, pp. 2667-2673. JA Snyder, E.H., G.A. OConnor, and D.C. McAvoy. 2010. Fate of 14C-Triclocarban in Biosolids-Amended Soils, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 408, pp. 2726-2732. JA Snyder, E.H., G.A. OConnor, and D.C. McAvoy. 2011. Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Biosolids-Borne Triclocarban (TCC) in Terrestrial Organisms, Chemosphere, Vol. 82, pp. 460-467. PR Rauch-Williams, Tanja, Andrew Salveson, Eric Dickerson, Jorg Drewes, Douglas Drury, Daniel Gerrity, Chris Higgins, Drew McAvoy, Shane Snyder, and Brett Vanderford. 2011. Trace Organic Compound Removal in Biological Wastewater Treatment, 26th Annual WaterReuse Symposium, Phoenix, AZ, Sept. 11-14. TH Minca, K.K. 2011. M.S. Thesis. Using Soil Nutrient Tests and 1M HNO3 to Predict Total and Bioaccessible Pb in Urban Soils. TR Higgins, C.P., J.O. Sharp, J.G. Sepulvado, B.Littrell, G. O'Connor, E. Snyder, and D.C. McAvoy. 2010. State-of-the-Science Review of Occurrence and Physical, Chemical, and Biological Processes Affecting Biosolids-Borne Trace Organic Chemicals in Soil, Water Environment Research Foundation, Stock No. SRSK5T09, Alexandria, VA, Co-published by IWA Publishing. EB Dayton, E.A., S.D. Whitacre, N.T. Basta, R.S. Dungan, and R.L. Chaney. 2011. Beneficial use of spent foundry sand as a component in manufactured soil blends. SENR fact sheet. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. AB Basta, N., K. Scheckel, K. Bradham, D. Thomas, M. Failla, R. Chaney, C. Schadt, and P. Jardine. 2011. Mechanisms and Permanence of Sequestered Pb and As in Soils: Impact on Human Bioavailability. Partners in Environmental Technology Technical Symposium & Workshop sponsored by Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Washington, DC. Nov. 29 to Dec 1, 2011. AB Schadt, Chris, Tarah Sullivan-Guest, Nicholas Basta, Phillip Jardine. 2011. Firing Range Soils Yield a Diverse Fungal Community Capable of Pb-Mineral Solubilization and Organic Acid Secretion. Partners in Environmental Technology Technical Symposium & Workshop sponsored by Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Washington, DC. Nov. 29 to Dec 1, 2011. AB Basta, N.T., S.D. Whitacre, Valerie Mitchell, and Perry Myers. 2011. Assessing Arsenic Exposure in Soil and Mining Waste Rock by In Vitro Gastrointestinal and Soil Chemical Methods. National Association of Abandoned Mine Land Programs Annual Meeting, Squaw Creek, CA October 11-13, 2011. AB Meyers, P.A., V.L. Mitchell, C.N. Alpers, N.T. Basta, S.W. Casteel, A.L. Foster, and C. S. Kim. 2011. Methods and Tools for the Evaluation of Bioavailability of Arsenic at Abandoned Mine Lands: The Search for a More Cost-Effective Approach to Site Clean-Up. National Association of Abandoned Mine Land Programs Annual Meeting, Squaw Creek, CA October 11-13, 2011. AB Basta, Nicholas, Elizabeth Dayton, Shane Whitacre, Philip Jardine, Stan Casteel, and Amy Hawkins. Use of in Vitro or Soil Property Models to Assess Toxic Metal Bioavailability in Soil: Validation to Support Regulatory Acceptance. 2011. The 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference, Adelaide, Australia, September 1115, 2011. AB Basta, N.T. 2011. In Vitro Gastrointestinal Bioaccessibility Methods to Assess Metal(Loid) Bioavailability and Risk from Soil Ingestion . 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment , Adelaide, Australia. September 7-9, 2011. AB Basta, N.T., S. D. Whitacre, E. A. Dayton, P. M. Jardine, J. S. Richey, S.W. Casteel, and A.L. Hawkins. 2011. Predicting Arsenic Bioavailability in Contaminated Soils Using Bioaccessibility or Soil Properties. 11th International Conference for Trace Element Biogeochemistry (ICOBTE), Florence, Italy. July 3-7, 2011. AB Minca, K.K., N.T. Basta, M. Taggart, and M. Barni. 2011. Using Agricultural Soil Tests to Estimate Total and Bioaccessible Pb in Urban Soils. 11th International Conference for Trace Element Biogeochemistry (ICOBTE), Florence, Italy. July 3-7, 2011. AB Whitacre, S.D., N.T. Basta, and E.A. Dayton. 2011. Soil Controls on Arsenic Bioaccessibility: Arsenic Fractions and Soil Properties. . 11th International Conference for Trace Element Biogeochemistry (ICOBTE), Florence, Italy. July 3-7, 2011. AB Basta, N.T. 2011. Assessment, Remediation and Revitalization (R&R) of Urban Soils. Rediscovering the Rhizosphere Workshop. Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District, Independence, OH. May 24, 2011. AB Mitchell, Alpers, Basta, Burlak, Casteel, Fears, Foster, Kim, Myers, Petersen. 2011. The Role of Iron in the Reduced Bioavailability of Arsenic in Soil. 2011. Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. March 6-10, 2011. Pennsylvania JA Dere, A.L., R.C. Stehouwer and K.E. McDonald. 2011. Labile and stable nitrogen and carbon in mine soil reclaimed with manure-based amendments. Soil Sci Soc Am. J. 75:890-897. JA Dere, A.L., R.C. Stehouwer and K.E. McDonald. 2011. Nutrient leaching and switchgrass growth in mine soil columns amended with poultry manure. Soil Science 172:84-90. JA Ippilito, J.A., K.A. Barbarick, and H.A. Elliott. 2011. Drinking water treatment residuals: A review of recent uses. J. Environ. Qual. 40:1-12. JA Jaiswal, D. and H.A. Elliott. 2011. Long-term phosphorus fertility in wastewater-irrigated cropland. J. Environ. Qual. 40:214-223. JA Johnson, K.N, P.J.A. Kleinman, D.B. Beegle, H.A. Elliott, and L.S. Saporito. 2011. Effect of dairy manure slurry application in a no-till system on phosphorus runoff. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 90:201-212. TH Heyler, T. 2011. Comparison of soil phosphorus accumulation in wastewater-irrigated forests and cropland. M.S. Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University. University Park, PA. 57 pp. Virginia JA Kostyanovskiy, K.I., G.K. Evanylo, K.K. Lasley, C. Shang, B.F. Sukkariyah, and W.L. Daniels. 2011. Transformations of nitrogen and carbon in entrenched biosolids at a reclaimed mineral sands mine. J. Environ. Qual. 40:67-75. JA Dunifon, S.N., G.K. Evanylo, R.O. Maguire, and J.M. Goatley, Jr.. 2011. Soil nutrient and fescue (Festuca spp.) responses to compost and hydroseed on a disturbed roadside. Compost Science and Utilization 19:147-151. JA Kostyanovskiy, K., G.K. Evanylo, K.K Lasley, W.L. Daniels, and C. Shang. 2011. Leaching potential and forms of phosphorus in deep row applied biosolids underlying hybrid poplar. Ecological Engineering 37:1765-1771. JA Kwon, J. W. and K. Xia. 2011. Fate of Triclosan and Triclocarban in Soil Columns With and Without Biosolids Surface Application. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (on-line) (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.1703/pdf). PR Orndorff Z., W. Daniels, K. Meredith, M. Alley, and A. Wick. 2011. Effects of prime farmland soil reconstruction methods on postmining productivity of mineral sands mine soils in Virginia. p. 504-518. In: R. Barnhisel (ed.), Proc. Am. Soc. Min. Reclam., Bismarck, ND. 12-16 Jun. 2011. ASMR, Lexington, KY. http://www.asmr.us/. PR Wick A., W. Daniels, and C. Carter III. 2011. Soil development and vegetation establishment on amended saline dredged materials. p. 710-733. In: R. Barnhisel (ed.), Proc. Am. Soc. Min. Reclam., Bismarck, ND. 12-16 Jun. 2011. ASMR, Lexington, KY. http://www.asmr.us/. PR Wick A., W. Daniels, Z. Orndorff, and C. Carter III. 2011. Upland placement and management of acid-forming dredge materials. p. 734-750. In: R. Barnhisel (ed.), Proc. Am. Soc. Min. Reclam., Bismarck, ND. 12-16 Jun. 2011. ASMR, Lexington, KY. http://www.asmr.us/. AB W.L. Daniels and G.K. Evanylo. 2011. Screening protocols for beneficial utilization of solid waste residuals as soil amendments and conditioners. Environment Virginia. Lexington, VA. April 7. AB Evanylo, G.K., D. Shan, and J.M. Goatley. 2011. Effects of compost sources and treatments on germination and emergence of four turfgrass species. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Annual Meetings. October. San Antonio, TX. AB Li, J., G.K. Evanylo and J. Mao. 2011. Effects of Long term Application of Organic Residuals on Quantitative and Qualitative Soil Carbon Sequestration. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Annual Meetings. October. San Antonio, TX. AB Li, J., G.K. Evanylo. 2011. Effects of Biosolids Types on Nitrogen Availability under Varying Tillage Practices. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Annual Meetings. October. San Antonio, TX. AB Cataldi, J., E. Ervin and G.K. Evanylo. 2011. The effects of biosolids on tall fescue sod production and soil properties. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Annual Meetings. October. San Antonio, TX. AB Kostyanovskiy, K., G.K. Evanylo, and T.R. Fox. 2011. Biomass production, C, N and P sequestration in short rotation plantation of hybrid poplar on deep row applied biosolids. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Annual Meetings. October. San Antonio, TX. AB Daniels W., J. Perry, and G. Whittecar. 2011. Hydric soil development in wetlands created from sandy dredge materials in Virginia, USA. Abstracts, Joint Meeting of Society of Wetland Scientists, WETPOL and Wetland Biogeochemistry Symposium. July 3-8, 2011, Prague, Czech Republic. p. 67. AB Chen Y., S. Day, A. Wick, W. Daniels, B. Strahm, P. Wiseman, and K K. McGuire. 2011. Characterization of Soil Carbon Pools Three Years after Urban Soil Rehabilitation. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International 75th Annual Meetings. San Antonio, TX. S06. AB Mula, M., K. Xia, M. A. Williams, and M. Cox. Peptide selection on soil minerals using phage display technology. American Society of Agronomy, San Antonio, TX. October 16-19, 2011. AB Armbrust, K., K. Xia, G. Hagood, J. Jewell, D. Diaz, A. Brown, N. Gatian, and H. Folmer. Monitoring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Seafood in Mississippi in Response to the Gulf Oil Spill. SETAC North America, Boston MA, November 13-17. 2011. AB K. Xia, G. Hagood, C. Childers, J. Atkins, B. Rogers, L. Ware, K. Armbrust, J. Jewell, D. Diaz, N. Gatian, and H. Folmer. PAHs in Mississippi Seafood from Areas Affected by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster. Association of Southern Feed, Fertilizer and Pesiticide Control Officials; Little Rock, AR, June 13-15, 2011. AB K. Xia, G. Hagood, C. Childers, J. Atkins, B. Rogers, L. Ware, K. Armbrust, J. Jewell, D. Diaz, N. Gatian, and H. Folmer. Determination of PAHs in Mississippi Seafood from Areas Affected by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster. SETAC Gulf Oil Spill Focused Topic Meeting; Pensecola, FL, April 26-28, 2011. AB K. Xia, M. A. Williams, S. G. Shanmugam. Soil Organic Nitrogen Speciation During 4000-Year Soil and Ecosystem Development: Nitrogen K-edge NEXAFS Investigation. 2011 Ecological Society of America Annual meeting. Austin, TX. Aug 7 -12. TH Haus, N.W. 2011. Beneficial Reuse of Dredged Materials in Upland Environments. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 124 p. TH Chamindu Liyanapatirana, Ph.D thesis: Oxidative Transformation of Antimicrobial Compounds by Ferric-Modified Montmorillonite. May 2011, Mississippi State University. EB Evanylo, G.K. and J. M. Goatley, Jr. 2011. Chapter 9. Organic and inorganic soil amendments. Pp. 9.19.16. In Urban Nutrient Management Handbook. VCE 430-350. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Blacksburg, VA. EB Daniels, W.L., Evanylo, G.K., K.Haering, L.Fox, and D. Sample. 2011. Chapter 11. Soil-water budgets and irrigation sources and timing. Pp. 11.1-11.8. In Urban Nutrient Management Handbook. VCE 430-350. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Blacksburg, VA. Washington JA Brown, S., K. Kurtz, A. Bary, and C. Cogger. 2011. Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil carbon storage and physical properties. Environ. Sci. & Tech. dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2010418. JA Brown, S. and M. Cotton. 2011. Changes in Soil Properties and Carbon Content Following Compost Application: Results of On-farm Sampling. Compost Sci. Util. 19:88-97. BK King, G.M., G.OConnor, S. Brown, C. Gerba, J. Brooks, and I. Pepper. 2011. Sustainable management of organic residuals: microbial contributions, microbial solutions. ASM Press, Washington, D.C. http://asm.org/index.php/policy/biorep8-2011.html AB = abstract, BK=book, BC=book chapter, EB=extension bulletin, JA=journal article, PR = proceedings, TB=technical bulletin, TH= thesis, TR=Technical report.