Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Items of discussion: 1. Approved last years minute (unanimous) 2. Jonathan Edelson: From the Administrative Director S-1034 is up for renewal. Multi-state collaboration needs to be stated in the justification for renewal. Directors of Experiment Stations look for a reasonable research proposal and emphasis on collaborations among states as a group, instead of individual projects. The federal government is interested in cooperating with the states and provides funding to support the activities (cost share, travel money, Hatch funds). So, there needs to be formal reporting structure  proposal, report, renewal and review. Presidents budget for next year may increase funding or at least hold steady. There will actually be a reduction in formula funding and an increase in competitive funding via AFRI. The Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Directors will work with legislators about changing the budgeting. The four broad objectives listed in the draft renewal proposal are reasonable. Bob Nowierski commented that including objectives that are accomplishable in the proposal is good but measurable progress must be shown. It is important to involve multiple states to look at issues differently and look at geographical differences. Potential collaborators outside of universities should also be included in this meeting. 3. Bob Nowierski: Updates from NIFA and the Presidents Budget NIFA budget is up 3%, or 60 million dollars, with new redirection. Six IPM-related line items will be consolidated into a single item  Crop Protection  worth $21 million. The budget and structure will be finalized after the listening sessions. Multiple listening sessions are scheduled on several programs that fund basic research and integrated research. Listening sessions: 4/11 via web/conference call, 4/16 at DC, 5/1 via web/conf call, etc. Bob encouraged the membership to address these AFRI programs and make recommendations to structure AFRI and Crop Protection. A letter from Bob, giving a brief summary of the Budget, is attached to the end of these minutes. 4. State Reports State representatives gave brief verbal reports of the most recent project activities and changes to programs or personnel in their respective states. Written reports from individual states are attached to the end of these minutes. Some items not included in the reports: FL: Norm Leppla announced that Howard Frank has decided to retire and prepared this report as the last effort for the group. New for Objective 4: mole cricket nematodes went out of commercial production 2 weeks ago, license is now available. KY: James Harwood reported that Ken Yeargan is half-retired and involvement is limited now. Most accomplishment under Objective 3. TX: No official written report was received from TX. Jerry Michels gave a brief summary of the saltcedar biocontrol efforts in Texas. In Texas Panhandle, saltcedar biological control has been implemented since 2004. The result is largely hit-and-miss because of the photoperiod requirement of the leaf beetles and not knowing that there are 4 species of beetles. A species of weevil that may become a biological control agent of saltcedar just showed up (perhaps as an accidental introduction) and begin to spread. 5. The Biological Control Success Stories Symposium Carmen Greenwood reminded everyone about attending a symposium sponsored by S-1034: Biological Control Success Stories. This symposium is slated for Tuesday, 6 March 2012, 2:00-3:30 pm, at the Chicot meeting room at the Peabody Hotel. Four presentations were included in the symposium. Kris Braman (UGA) will present a talk on Conservation biological control of azalea lace bug. Yanzhuo Zhang (UGA) will present Leptoypha hospital: a potential biocontrol agent of Chinese privet. Jerry Michaels (TAMU) will talk about Saltcedar biological control in the Texas Panhandle: working toward success. Dr. L. T. Kok will discuss Biological Control: criteria that constitute success. 6. Project Renewal Committee: Kris Giles, Carmen Greenwood, Tim Kring and James Harwood are editing the draft proposal. A working draft was passed around and the attending membership was asked to provide feedbacks on the working draft. John Ruberson suggested dropping Objective 4 from the renewal proposal because assessment is well covered in the previous objectives, making Objective 4 redundant. Risks and benefits aspects should go to Objective 2. Jonathan Edelson commented that there is a requirement for assessment of current and previous works. No details about the projects in the renewal proposal. But it is important to find connectedness among projects for a multi-state projects. So, this proposal should contain collaborative projects; individual research projects should be included in the Hatch Project. Tim Kring suggested that the proposal should only contain collaborative projects. The list of projects is already too long. The following highlighted/targeted groups of insects/pests/research areas are suggested: Fire ant, hemlock wooly adelgid, stink bugs (BMSB, stink bugs, kudzu bug), scale insects, and organic production. There are numerous collaborations among the members in these areas. Carmen Greenwood suggested the possibility of combining S-1034 with the working group on entomopathogens group. There was a long history between the two groups and collaboration was previously explored. The members supported efforts to explore combination of the two groups. Timeline for the proposal: April 15, a draft will be sent to group. Members will be allowed 2 weeks for comments; discuss details of the draft by email. Proposal submission by the end of May. 8. Officer Nomination and Election: JC Chong will be the chair for the 2013 meeting. Election of Secretary (2013): Gregg Wiggins is nominated by Tim Kring and seconded by John Ruberson Vote: Unanimous Meeting adjourned at 4:42 pm

ACCOMPLISHMENTS Objective 1. Characterize and evaluate the effect of established introduced natural enemies. TROPICAL SODA APPLE (TSA) Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae): has invaded many pastures and natural areas in Florida. The biological control agent Gratiana boliviana Spaeth (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is providing adequate control of TSA stands in south and central Florida. However, poor or no establishment of this agent has occurred in northern Florida. The goal of this study was to examine the mortality factors that influence the population dynamics of G. boliviana in Florida. Horizontal life tables were constructed by following cohorts of individuals in the laboratory and inside closed and open cages at field sites in central and north Florida. Fertility life table parameters were estimated using laboratory and field data. In addition, as part of a vertical life table analysis, TSA plants were sampled every two weeks in pastures in central Florida, and counts of all G. boliviana and other herbivores and predators were recorded. Survival to adulthood was similar between Central and North Florida (open cages: 1219%). Intrinsic mortality (laboratory data) and biotic factors (predation) together accounted for 75% of the mortality of immature stages. Survival of beetles in a natural population determined from vertical life tables was 5%. A complex of three mirid species (Engytatus modesta Distant, Tupiocoris notatus Distant, and Macrolophus sp.) were the most abundant predators found in the field, and are known to feed on G. boliviana eggs and larvae. Positive growth rates (rm = 0.3) during the summer and early fall allow the beetle population to increase and provide suppression of TSA in central Florida. HYDRILLA ( Hydrilla verticillata): Cricotopus lebetis Sublette (Chironomidae). To define the host range of C. lebetis, plant tips were placed individually in 35 ml test tubes filled with well water. Each tip was exposed to two newly hatched C. lebetis larvae and held at 25 C and a 14:10 (L:D) photoperiod. Initial results showed that in addition to hydrilla, C. lebetis completed development on Egeria densa, Elodea canadensis, Najas guadalupensis, Vallisneria americana, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Potamogeton illinoensis. Development time on E. canadensis was significantly lower than on other plants, and there was no difference in developmental time on hydrilla, N. guadalupensis, and V. americana. Development was slowest on C. demersum, and P. illinoensis. Survival was highest on E. canadensis, followed by hydrilla, N. guadalupensis, and E. densa, and was lowest on V. americana, P. illinoensis and C. demersum. To establish the thermal limits and cold tolerance for establishment of C. lebetis, individual neonate larvae were placed in test tubes with hydrilla tips (40 replications). Each rack was maintained at a different constant temperature ranging from 10-35 C ±1 C @ 2.5C intervals, with a 14:10 (L: D) photoperiod. Survival to adulthood was highest at temperatures between 20 and 30 C. No larvae developed at 10 C, and only one larva completed development at 35 C. The estimated lower and upper developmental thresholds were 10.53 and 36 C, respectively. For the cold tolerance experiment, an hydrilla plant tip with four larvae was slowly cooled to the desired temperatures of 5 and 10 C for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days. After larvae were exposed for the prescribed length of time, they were brought to room temperature and checked for survival. At 5 C, 100% mortality was reached after approximately 14 days. At 10 C, some larvae were still alive after 16 days. Objective 2. Exploration, characterization and assessment of natural enemies for invasive species. MEXICAN BROMELIAD WEEVI: A 10-day trip to Belize in October-November 2010 with four collectors yielded 187 specimens, mainly larvae, of Metamasius callizona with principal host Tillandsia utriculata, the very species pair of greatest concern in Florida. Specimens were carried alive to the Hayslip Biological Control Facility at Ft. Pierce, FL. Unfortunately, all specimens were void of insect parasitoids. HYDRILLA: The submersed aquatic plant, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle (hydrilla) is a serious invasive weed in the southern USA, but in Central African lakes, it is not considered a problem. Previous surveys in Lake Tanganyika identified two species of chironomid midges in the genus Polypedilum Kieffer that putatively caused tip-mining damage to hydrilla. We returned to Lake Tanganyika to further investigate the midges and to explore for other natural enemies of hydrilla. High proportions of stems collected at two locations south of Bujumbura were found to have bored apical meristems. No insects were observed in the burrows, but large numbers of nymphs of the African burrowing mayfly, Povilla adusta Navas, were dislodged when hydrilla stems were shaken under water. Because P. adusta is known to burrow in living aquatic plants, wood and several inorganic substrates, we hypothesized that P. adusta nymphs caused the boring damage to hydrilla. To test this hypothesis, undamaged hydrilla was exposed to P. adusta nymphs in a series of laboratory experiments. In all experiments combined, 4% of hydrilla stems exposed to P. adusta were damaged, whereas no stems in containers without P. adusta were damaged. Damage was characterized as lateral or vertical boring in apical meristems and, less frequently, in stems. To quantify the level of damage in the field, stems were collected from two locations on six occasions. The proportions of stems with bored apical meristems ranged from 5-52% and 13-57% of stems were missing apical meristems. Although Povila adusta caused substantial damage to hydrilla in Lake Tanganyika, it should not be considered for biological control because it is not a herbivore, and is known to burrow in a wide variety of substrates. The Polypedilum spp. midges earlier reported to bore into hydrilla apical meristems were not abundant in the field and not found associated with boring damage. The damage earlier attributed to the midges was likely due mostly or entirely to P. adusta. These midges should not be pursued further as candidate biological control agents of hydrilla. BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE (Schinus terebinthifolius): Apocnemidophorus pipitzi (Faust) during this reporting period, produced 3,909 adults in our laboratory colony (1,727 males, 1,856 females, 326 unsexed). The sex ratio was 1.1 females to males. Collected fecundity data to be used in a computational model for predicating the population dynamics of the stem boring weevil A. pipitzi , a candidate for biological control of Brazilian peppertree (BP). For the fecundity test, a single virgin female was isolated with two males in cage. A new BP stem was replaced daily for the life of the female. The stems were dissected at a later date and the number of larval tunnels was counted to determine approximate fecundity (assuming high rates of survival from egg to larval stages). The test was replicated three times. The results of the first trial showed that a single female weevil produced on average 120 eggs during her lifetime. The fecundity data for the other two trials are still to be collected. The population models (one for growth of A. pipitzi and one for S. terebinthifolius, which will act as a variable for food supply of the weevil) are being created using Dymex® modeling software. The basic model for the weevil has been completed using life history parameters generated in the laboratory. Calophya latiforceps Burckhardt. A new species of leaflet galling psyllid was discovered attacking Brazilian peppertree in Bahia, Brazil in March 2010. A formal morphological description of the new psyllid C. latiforceps was published along with molecular evidence confirming new species designation. . HYGROPHILA POLYSPERMA: Surveys previously undertaken in India (Assam and West Bengal) to collect suitable natural enemies for the potential biological control of Hygrophila polysperma in Florida (see previous report) resulted in the discovery of a damaging systemic rust (pycnial and acecial stages only found) infecting H. polysperma in natural habitats. The species identity has not been confirmed, but from the literature and field observations, the rust fungus could be: (a) Puccinia cacao. This is a heteroecious, full cycle rust, with a grass primary host on which the uredinia and telia would be found (Hemarthria compressa is the primary host of the rust pathotype that infects Hygrophila spinosa). If this proves to be the case, then it would be unlikely to have any potential as a classical biological control agent for H. polysperma in the USA. (b) A short-cycled rust with aecioid uredinia. This could be considered for introduction to the USA. (c) The pycnia and aecial rust stages found on H. polysperma could be spore stages of the rust Uredo hygrophilae (recorded from H. phlomoides and H. salicifolia), for which only uredinia are currently known. If so this rust could be considered for introduction to USA.During this reporting period, studies were undertaken in India to investigate these hypotheses. Field observations of the rust over the entire season have commenced in collaboration with Assam Agricultural University (AAU), and some cross inoculation studies have been undertaken. However, no definitive conclusions regarding the identity of the rust have been made. Once the life cycle is elucidated, then host range testing will commence under quarantine at CABI Europe-UK. Objective 3. Implementation, evaluation, and enhancement of biological control. TROPICAL SODA APPLE: The leaf feeding beetle Gratiana boliviana Spaeth has been released since 2003 in the southeastern United States for biological control of tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal. In Florida, G. boliviana can be found on tropical soda apple growing in open pastures as well as in shady wooded areas. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of light intensity on the performance of tropical soda apple and G. boliviana under greenhouse conditions, and to determine the abundance and mortality of G. boliviana in open and shaded habitats. Leaves growing in the shade were less tough, had higher water and nitrogen content, lower soluble sugars, and less dense and smaller glandular trichomes compared with leaves growing in the open. Plants grew slightly taller and wider under shaded conditions but total biomass was signiÞcantly reduced compared with plants grown in the open. In the greenhouse, G. boliviana had higher immature survival, greater folivory, larger adult size, and higher fecundity when reared on shaded plants compared with open plants. Sampling of Þeld populations revealed that the overall abundance of G. boliviana was lower but leaf feeding damage was higher in shaded habitats compared with the open habitats. The percentage of eggs surviving to adult was greater in shaded compared with open habitats. The abundance of predators was higher in the open pasture and was positively correlated with the abundance of G. boliviana. These results indicate that not only plant quality but also habitat structure are important to the performance of weed biological control agents. FICUS WHITEFLY: Ficus Whitefly (Singhiella simplex) was first reported in Miami-Dade County in August 2007. This invasive pest causes infested plants to exhibit leaf yellowing, followed by leaf drop. The pest has been recorded on multiple ficus hosts including Ficus benjamina, F. altissima, F. bengalensis, F. microcarpa, F. aurea, F. lyrata, and F. maclellandii. Little information is known about its potential to be controlled by natural enemies currently present in Florida. In collaboration with C. Mannion and D. Amalin (Univ. of FL), we report on predation rates of the coccinellid predator Delphastus catalinae (adults and larvae) presented three life stages of ficus whitefly: eggs, small nymphs (2nd-3rd instars), and large nymphs (4th instar-pupae). We found that both adult and immature D. catalinae preyed on substantially more eggs than the small or large nymphs of the ficus whitefly in a 24-hr feeding period. Results from these studies will be used to develop future management strategies. BEMISIA TABACI: A major insect pest of vegetables and horticultural crops in the southeast US is the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (also known as silverleaf whitefly). In collaboration with A. Simmons (USDA, ARS, Charleston, SC), we evaluated the effect of giant red mustard plants (Brassica juncea) and commercial products to control these whiteflies. In laboratory tests, whiteflies were released in potted cantaloupe plants sprayed with mustard oil, garlic oil, horticultural petroleum oil, hot pepper wax and a water control. We found that the plants sprayed with the oils had significantly lower numbers of whiteflies compared to those sprayed with hot pepper wax and water alone. It is possible that whiteflies were repelled by volatiles from the oils. In a separate study, we studied the effect of plant volatiles on whitefly behavior using an olfactometer. We found that whiteflies were repelled by giant red mustard plants. Our results indicate that giant red mustard plants and commercial oils such as mustard, garlic and horticultural oils are promising control agents against whiteflies in vegetable plants. PHYTOSEIID MITES:A visiting scientist from Turkey, Dr. Rana Akyazi, conducted research on the effect of food quality on the predatory mite (Metaseiulus or Galendromus or Typhlodromus occidentalis (Nesbitt)). She discovered that adult females reared on a lower-quality diet produced fewer eggs and her progeny had a slower development rate, higher mortality rate during development, and a modified sex ratio (fewer females). In addition, Jeyaprakash and Hoy showed that we could evaluate species of phytoseiids using DNA extracted from whole bodies, which allows the bodies to be retained as voucher specimens and allows immatures and eggs to be identified using DNA from these life stages (which cannot typically be identified using morphological traits). We also showed that titers of endosymbionts vary depending on the temperature at which the phytoseiid mites are held. Heat treatments result in a loss of Cardinium, a microorganism that is transovarially and transstadially transmitted. Objective 4. Evaluate the benefits and risks of introduced and indigenous natural enemies. No report on this topic. UTILITY OF FINDINGS: TROPICAL SODA APPLE: The life table study of Gratiana boliviana in north and central Florida provides insight into why the agent is unable to effectively control tropical soda apple in north Florida. The study on the performance of the same agent in open and shaded habitats resulted in information which will help to better target field releases and also to optimize laboratory rearing methods. The study on insect herbivory of hydrilla in Lake Tanganyika did not find any potential biological control agents, but this information is useful as it helps to geographically narrow down future exploration efforts. MEXICAN BROMELIAD WEEVIL:. Finding of no parasitoids virtually rules out the presence of a suitable insect parasitoid in the native range of M. callizona, so we were surprised to find thriving populations of Tillandsia utriculata, the bromeliad species that is devastated by that weevil in Florida. We noted that the plants differ from the native Florida form, in having purple-colored flower spikes, which are apparently typical of the Central American form. We now wonder whether the color difference is accompanied by other differences, such as chemicals that make the plants distasteful or poorly digestible to the weevils. This concept provided a new avenue for research that we have now begun. If indeed the Central American plants differ chemically, then we might have the basis for selection of genes with that chemical that would provide repellency in Florida. HYDRILLA: New knowledge generated on the host range of the stem mining midge C. lebetis showed that under laboratory conditions, the midge is not a hydrilla specialist. Because the insect performed better on Elodea canadensis than hydrilla, this finding suggests that the native E. canadensis may be the natural host plant for C. lebetis, and hydrilla is a novel host plant. The impact of this finding suggests that further host range testing under field conditions is warranted. If the field hosts range tests confirm the laboratory findings, then the incorporation of C. lebetis into the IPM program will be restricted to Florida and Louisiana, where the insect is naturalized. BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE: Psyllids from the Atlantic coastal region of Santa Catarina appear to be locally adapted to Brazilian peppertree haplotype A plants, which occur in Florida. The discovery of the new psyllid Calophya latiforcelps is significant because it also may be better adapted to the Brazilian peppertree haplotype B plants, also found in Florida. This previously unknown natural enemy may have potential as a biological control agent for Brazilian peppertree. Understanding the fine tuned adaptation of these psyllids to their respective host plants will facilitate establishing a laboratory colony for conducting host range tests. HYGROPHILA: The discovery of candidate biological control agents of hygrophila is important for Floridas waterways because conventional control methods (chemical, mechanical, grass carp) have been relatively ineffective in controlling this aquatic weed. Biological controls, if approved for field release, could provide selective and sustainable control of hygrophila. PHYTOSEIID MITES: These study on diet quality is part of a project to develop a rapid assay for quality of mass-reared phytoseiids used in augmentative biological control. The study on symbionts is important because Cardinium can cause reproductive incompatibility in phytoseiids, which can result in reduced fecundity if populations with and without the symbiont interbreed. The DNA extraction protocol allows biological control scientists to identify all life stages of phytoseiids without destroying them; as a result, voucher specimens can be kept to document establishment and distribution of predatory mites released in classical biological control projects.

Burckhardt, D., Cuda, J.P., Manrique, V., Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A., Williams, D.A., Christ, L.R., Vitorino. M.D. 2011. Calophya latiforceps, a new species of jumping plant lice (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) associated with Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) in Brazil. Florida Entomol. 94: 489-499. Copeland, R.S., Nkubaye, E., Nzigidahera, B., Cuda, J.P., Overholt, W.A. 2011. The African burrowing mayfly, Povilla adusta (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae), damages Hydrilla verticillata (Alismatales: Hydrocharitaceae) in Lake Tanganyika. Florida Entomol. 94: 669-676. Copeland, C.S., Hoy, M.A., Jeyaprakash, A., Aluja, M., Ramirez-Romero, R., Sivinski, J.M. 2010. Genetic characteristics of bisexual and female-only populations of Odontosema anastrephae (Hymenoptera: Figitidae). Florida Entomol. 93: 437-443. Croxton, M., Andreu, M. Williams, D., Overholt, W., Smith, J. 2011. Source and diversity of air-potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) in Florida. Invasive Plant Science and Management 4: 22-30. De Groote, H., Overholt, W.A., Ouma, J.O., Wanyama, J. 2011. Assessing the potential economic impact of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize in Kenya. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 4741-4751. Diaz, R., Aguirre, C., Wheeler, G., Lapointe, S., Rosskopf, E., Overholt, W.A. 2011. Differential performance of tropical soda apple and its biological control agent Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in open and shaded habitats. Environmental Entomology 40: 1437-1447. Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A., Hahn, D., Samayoa, A.C. 2011. Diapause induction in Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of tropical soda apple in Florida. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 104:1319-1326. Frank, J.H., Giardina, D.J., Andrus, T.A. 2011. Exploration in Guatemala and Belize for more parasitoids to use against Metamasius callizona in Florida. Journal of the Bromeliad Society 61: 112-115. Frank, J.H., Van Driesche, R.G., Hoddle, M.S., McCoy, E.D. 2011. 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