SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: S295 : Enhancing Food Safety Through Control of Food-Borne Disease Agents
- Period Covered: 10/01/2001 to 09/01/2002
- Date of Report: 05/09/2003
- Annual Meeting Dates: 11/21/2002 to 11/22/2002
Participants
Susan Barefoot (sbrft@clemson.edu), Clemson University, Administrative Advisor; Mindy Brashears (mindy.brashears@ttu.edu), Texas Tech University, Secretary; Xiuping Jiang (xiuping@clemson.edu), Clemson University; Rolf Joerger(rjoerger@udel.edu), University of Delaware; Mike Johnson (mjohnson@uark.edu), University of Arkansas, Chair; Guy Loneragan (gloneragan@mail.wtamu.edu), West Texas A&M University; Melissa Newman (mnewman@uky.edu), University of Kentucky; Stuart Price (pricesb@vetmed.auburn.edu), Auburn University; Ram Rao (rrao@reeusda.gov), USDA CSREES, CSREES representative; Elliott Ryser (ryser@msu.edu), Michigan State University Karl Siebert (kjs3@cornell.edu), Cornell University; Denise Smith (dsmith@uidaho.edu), University of Idaho; Sue Snider (snider@udel.edu), University of Delaware; Harshavardhan Thippareddi (hthippareddi2@unl.edu), University of Nebraska; Margaret Venuto (mvenuto@reeusda.gov), USDA, CSREES; Rob Williams (rcwillia@vt.edu), Virginia Tech; Randy Worobo (rww8@cornell.edu), Cornell, chair-elect;
[Minutes]
Accomplishments
Direct-feeding of microbial to cattle reduced Escherichia coli O157:H7.
Sampling of fecal pats to determine prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 is not an accurate measurement due to the fact that the pathogen is not evenly distributed in the fecal pat.
Time and temperature combinations for pork fabrication and production of ground pork were determined based on growth rates of Salmonella at various temperatures.
Adding specific cultures of lactic acid bacteria resulted in up to 3 log reductions of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in raw ground beef.
A novel mixture of colicinogenic strains has been developed that could be used to treat cattle to reduce fecal shedding. This unique probiotic mixture is based on the ability of anti-O157 colicins, the identification of specific colicins, their lack of virulence factors, the combination of a diverse type of colicins, and their ability to inhibit other E. coli strains.
A combination of sodium carbonate and urea could be used as a treatment to reduce populations of Gram-negative food-borne pathogens in animal manure.
Microbial contamination of animal carcasses is a result of the necessary procedures required to process live animals into retail meat. The contamination can be minimized by good manufacturing processes, but the total elimination of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms is difficult, if not impossible. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the survival of Listeria under conditions comparable to processing environments, and to determine the effect of irradiation on Listeria in packaged ready to eat foods. Results of this research demonstrated that under dry, cool conditions, Listeria was able to survive and contaminate ready to eat meat products. Irradiation was demonstrated to be an excellent intervention on pre-packaged ready to eat meats. Under experimental conditions designed to allow survival of some Listeria after irradiation, the surviving Listeria cells grew in a manner consistent with Listeria growth in non-irradiated meats. That is, irradiation did not result in an environment free of competitors, which would then allow more rapid growth of Listeria.
Pathogen reduction in a calf model of E. coli O157:H7 Shedding - RpoS and GadC resulted in reduction in days of shedding of E. coli O157 in calf model.
Antibiotic Administration to Reduce E. coli O157:H7 in cattle:
o Administration of thjerapeutically used antibiotic tilmicosin to calves caused a transient increase in shedding. (1 log difference). However, ceftiofur-decreases shedding of O157 and normal levels return after drug clears from system.
o Spectinomycin treatments resulted in significant reduction in shedding of E. coli O157:H7
o Oxytetracycline and monensin -No difference in shedding at therapeutic dose.
Trans-2-nonenal inhibited E. coli O157:H7 on alfalfa sprouts. 24 h exposure eliminates O157 on seeds.
In country hams L. monocytogenes could be recovered up to 6 mim and staph enterotoxin was detected at 6 min. Salmonella was destroyed during normal processing.
A UV treatment resulted in a 5-log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in apple cider while dimethyl dicarbonate - sulfur dioxide resulted in 6-log reductions. Treated Red delicious apples exhibited less reduction than other varieties due to pH.
Thermal processing adequacy was determined to improve the safety of meat products. The validation of lethality standards was done through challenge studies using a pathogen surrogate, a compound that relates to log reduction in pathogens (relates to a specific z value) was discovered. Phycoerythrin fluoresces in visible range and mimics the heat resistance of Salmonella. Agreement good with experimental results and model.
Internalization of apples - E. coli is incorporated inside apples during growth as demonstrated using a surrogate which was infiltrated into apples in field studies.
Pathogens on raw produce are reduced by UV Light
o Apples 2.2 log reduction 24 mW/cm2 - EC
o Lettuce - 2.7 log red Salmonella, 2.8 log red EC
o Tomatos - 2.2 log red - Salmonella
15 h of chilling of ground beef meets the USDA performance standard.
Treatment with nisin resulted in 2-log reduction of Listeria in frankfurters.
Salmonella survived after CPC treatment on produce. Shigella at 0.05% levels resulted in a good kill.
Fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters were found in raw chicken carcass rinses in commercial environments.
Treatment of calves for 5 days with ceftiofur increased the number of animals shedding antibiotic resistant bacteria from 10% to almost 100%.
A quantitative method to detect L. monocytogenes was developed. Kimwipes are more effective than sponges to collect samples.
3% sodium chlorate solution administered to 3 day old chicks inoculated with Salmonella decreased shedding for 4-7 days after treatment stopped.
Sampling of fecal pats to determine prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 is not an accurate measurement due to the fact that the pathogen is not evenly distributed in the fecal pat.
Time and temperature combinations for pork fabrication and production of ground pork were determined based on growth rates of Salmonella at various temperatures.
Adding specific cultures of lactic acid bacteria resulted in up to 3 log reductions of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in raw ground beef.
A novel mixture of colicinogenic strains has been developed that could be used to treat cattle to reduce fecal shedding. This unique probiotic mixture is based on the ability of anti-O157 colicins, the identification of specific colicins, their lack of virulence factors, the combination of a diverse type of colicins, and their ability to inhibit other E. coli strains.
A combination of sodium carbonate and urea could be used as a treatment to reduce populations of Gram-negative food-borne pathogens in animal manure.
Microbial contamination of animal carcasses is a result of the necessary procedures required to process live animals into retail meat. The contamination can be minimized by good manufacturing processes, but the total elimination of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms is difficult, if not impossible. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the survival of Listeria under conditions comparable to processing environments, and to determine the effect of irradiation on Listeria in packaged ready to eat foods. Results of this research demonstrated that under dry, cool conditions, Listeria was able to survive and contaminate ready to eat meat products. Irradiation was demonstrated to be an excellent intervention on pre-packaged ready to eat meats. Under experimental conditions designed to allow survival of some Listeria after irradiation, the surviving Listeria cells grew in a manner consistent with Listeria growth in non-irradiated meats. That is, irradiation did not result in an environment free of competitors, which would then allow more rapid growth of Listeria.
Pathogen reduction in a calf model of E. coli O157:H7 Shedding - RpoS and GadC resulted in reduction in days of shedding of E. coli O157 in calf model.
Antibiotic Administration to Reduce E. coli O157:H7 in cattle:
o Administration of thjerapeutically used antibiotic tilmicosin to calves caused a transient increase in shedding. (1 log difference). However, ceftiofur-decreases shedding of O157 and normal levels return after drug clears from system.
o Spectinomycin treatments resulted in significant reduction in shedding of E. coli O157:H7
o Oxytetracycline and monensin -No difference in shedding at therapeutic dose.
Trans-2-nonenal inhibited E. coli O157:H7 on alfalfa sprouts. 24 h exposure eliminates O157 on seeds.
In country hams L. monocytogenes could be recovered up to 6 mim and staph enterotoxin was detected at 6 min. Salmonella was destroyed during normal processing.
A UV treatment resulted in a 5-log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in apple cider while dimethyl dicarbonate - sulfur dioxide resulted in 6-log reductions. Treated Red delicious apples exhibited less reduction than other varieties due to pH.
Thermal processing adequacy was determined to improve the safety of meat products. The validation of lethality standards was done through challenge studies using a pathogen surrogate, a compound that relates to log reduction in pathogens (relates to a specific z value) was discovered. Phycoerythrin fluoresces in visible range and mimics the heat resistance of Salmonella. Agreement good with experimental results and model.
Internalization of apples - E. coli is incorporated inside apples during growth as demonstrated using a surrogate which was infiltrated into apples in field studies.
Pathogens on raw produce are reduced by UV Light
o Apples 2.2 log reduction 24 mW/cm2 - EC
o Lettuce - 2.7 log red Salmonella, 2.8 log red EC
o Tomatos - 2.2 log red - Salmonella
15 h of chilling of ground beef meets the USDA performance standard.
Treatment with nisin resulted in 2-log reduction of Listeria in frankfurters.
Salmonella survived after CPC treatment on produce. Shigella at 0.05% levels resulted in a good kill.
Fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters were found in raw chicken carcass rinses in commercial environments.
Treatment of calves for 5 days with ceftiofur increased the number of animals shedding antibiotic resistant bacteria from 10% to almost 100%.
A quantitative method to detect L. monocytogenes was developed. Kimwipes are more effective than sponges to collect samples.
3% sodium chlorate solution administered to 3 day old chicks inoculated with Salmonella decreased shedding for 4-7 days after treatment stopped.
Impacts
- After HACCP implementation the numbers of washer systems, plant personnel and overall water use increased to meet the zero tolerance requirement on fecal contamination; however, the food safety benefit gained from these increases has been questioned. These results suggest that existing commercial washing systems are not effective in the removal of Campylobacter from chicken carcasses.
- More than 3 million cattle per day are fed the direct-fed microbial studied in this trial.
Publications
Amezquita, A., M.M. Brashears, and J. Stratton. 2001. Recovery of injured pathogens on selective and non-selective media. J. Food Prot. 64(10): 1466-1471.
Brashears, M.M., D. Burson, L. Boyle, F. Aramouni, J.Mann and M. Murphy. 2002. Development and Evaluation of an Advanced HACCP Workshop for Meat Processors. DFES. 22: 976-984.
Fluckey, W.M., M.X. Sanchez, M.M. Brashears, S.R. McKee and D. Smith. Microbiological Profile of an Air Chilling Poultry Operation from Farm to Table. J. Food Prot. 66(2): 272.
Fluckey, W.M., M.M. Brashears, S.R. McKee, and M.X. Sanchez. 2002. Microbiological Profile of Air Chilled Chickens from Farm to Table. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3.
Stratton, J.E., Hutkins, R.W., Brashears, M.M., Benson, A.K. , Durso, L., McKee, S.R. 2002. Genotypic Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter Strains Collected from a Single Poultry Farm over Four Seasons. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology.
Khaitsa, J.L., D. R. Smith , R.A. Moxley, S. Hinkley, L.L. Hungerford, G. E. Erickson, T.J. Klopfenstein, M. Brashears. 2002. Clinical trials to test the effectiveness of cleaning pens, feeding competitive bacteria, or limiting dietary starch to reduce fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by feedlot cattle. Presented at CRWAD. St. Louis, MO. Nov, 2002.
Phoon, N., S.R. McKee, and M.M Brashears. 2002. Comparison Of Shelf Life And Microbial Profile Of Immersion-Chilled And Air-Chilled Broilers. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3.
S.R. McKee and M.M. Brashears. 2002. HACCP for Shell Egg Packing and Processing. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3.
Harris, M., M.M. Brashears, and D. Smith. 2002. Evaluation of the Use of Lactic Acid Bacteria to Control Pathogens on Alfalfa Sprouts. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3.
Brashears, M.M., M.L. Galyean, G.H. Loneragan, J.E. Mann and K.M. Killinger-Mann. 2002. Reduction of E. coli O157 in Beef Feedlot cattle with Direct-Fed Microbials. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3.
Baumert, R., D.E. Burson, A.T. Waylan, E.A. Boyle, F.M. Aramouni, and M.M. Brashears. 2002. The effects on one-on-one HACCP assistance offered to meat and food processors in Nebraska, Kansas, South, Dakota and Missouri. Presented at the Reciprocal Meat Conference. Michigan State University, July 28-30
Schamberger, G. P., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2001. Strong inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by recently isolated E. coli strains. ASM Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL.
Park, G.W., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2001. Factors that influence the effect of carbonate to kill Escherichia coli and Salmonella DT104 in cattle manure. IFT Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA.
Schamberger, G. P., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2002. Selection of recently isolated colicinogenic Escherichia coli strains inhibitory against E. coli O157:H7. J. Food Prot. 9: 1381-1387.
Park, G. W., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2002. Utilization of carbonate and ammonia-based treatments to eliminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella DT104 from cattle manure. J. Appl. Microbiol. (accepted).
Emerging Issues in Food Safety. Dept. of Food and Animal Science and Human Nutrition, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 7 March 2001.
Food Irradiation - What is all the Fuss About? South Dakota Public Health Conference, Pierre SD 20 - 22 June 2001.
Commercial Applications of Food Irradiation. The Toxicology Forum. Given Institute, Aspen, CO. 9 - 13 July 2001
Irradiation Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in RTE Meats. American Meat Industry Foundation Research Meeting, Dallas TX 4 Dec 2001.
Agricultural Bio-terrorism. 2001 Turkey Day meeting, Iowa Turkey Federation. 6 Dec 2001
Irradiation Interventions. Workshop on Biological and Chemical Agents of Terrorism in Food International Life Science Institute, Washington, DC 12-13 Dec 2001. NOTE: Meeting by invitation only.
Dickson, J.S. An Introduction to Intervention Strategies. Pathogen Reduction: A Scientific Dialogue. USDA-FSIS, Georgetown University, Washington DC 6-7May 2002.
Dickson, J.S. Probable Sources and Sites of Salmonella Contamination in the Pork Chain. Pork Quality and Safety Summit. National Pork Board, Des Moines, IA 18-19 June 2002.
Food Irradiation. Wyoming Environmental Health Association Annual Education Conference. 25 Spet. 2002. Gillette WY.
Food Irradiation. Iowa Association for Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitation. Ames, IA 30 Oct. 2002.
Intervention Strategies for the Meat industry. 4th. International Congress on Food Safety and the 14th. National Reunion of Microbiology, Hygiene and Toxicology of Foods. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico 8-9 November 2002.
Dickson, J.S., K. Marshall, and J. Chen. 2001. A fast and accurate accurate detection method of Escherichia coli O157:H7. American Society for Microbiology Annual meeting. Orlando, FL. 20-23 May 2001.
De Roin, M.A., S. C. C. Foong and J. S. Dickson. 2001. Survival and Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes On Ready-to-Eat Meats Inoculated Using Desiccated and Nutritionally Depleted Vectors. International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN 5-8 Aug. 2001.
Foong, S.C.C., G. L. Gonzalez and J.S. Dickson. 2002. Marginal safety of irradiation dosage for reduction and post-irradiation survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat (RTE) meats. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002.
Gailey, J.K. J.S. Dickson and W. Dorsa. 2002. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in a simulated recirculating brine chiller system. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002.
Chen, C.-M., J.G. Sebranek, J.S. Dickson, and A.F. Mendonca. 2002. Effects of pediocin and post-packaging thermal pasteurization on Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002.
Chen, C.-M., J.G. Sebranek, J.S. Dickson, and A.F. Mendonca. 2002. Effects of pediocin and post-packaging irradiation on Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002.
Lihono, M., A. Mendonca and J.S. Dickson. 2002. A predictive model to determine the effects of temperature, sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium chloride on thermal inactivation of starved Listeria monocytogenes in pork slurry. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002.
Erdmann, J.J., J.S. Dickson and M.A. Grant. 2002. A new technique for Escherichia coli testing of beef and pork carcasses. J. Food Protect. 65:192-195.
Dickson, J.S. and D.G. Olson. 2001. Growth rates of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in irradiated beef. J. Fd. Protect. 64:1828-1831.
Eggenberger-Solorzano, Luisa, S. E. Niebuhr, G. R. Acuff and J.S. Dickson.
2002. Hot Water and Organic Acid Interventions to Control Microbiological
Contamination on Hog Carcasses during Processing. Journal of Food Protection.
65:1248-1252.
Wesley, I.V., K.M. Harmon, J.S. Dickson, A. Ramos Schwartz. 2002. Application
of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the simultaneous confirmation
of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species in turkey samples. Journal
of Food Protection: 65:780-785.
Bashor, M. P., K. M. Keener, P. A. Curtis, and B. W. Sheldon. 2002. Effect of Carcass Washing Systems on Campylobacter Contamination in Large Broiler Processing Plants. Session: Processing and Products - Carcass Microbiology. Abstract 203. Presented at the Poultry Science Association Meeting. August 11-14, 2002. Newark, DE.
Brashears, M.M., D. Burson, L. Boyle, F. Aramouni, J.Mann and M. Murphy. 2002. Development and Evaluation of an Advanced HACCP Workshop for Meat Processors. DFES. 22: 976-984.
Fluckey, W.M., M.X. Sanchez, M.M. Brashears, S.R. McKee and D. Smith. Microbiological Profile of an Air Chilling Poultry Operation from Farm to Table. J. Food Prot. 66(2): 272.
Fluckey, W.M., M.M. Brashears, S.R. McKee, and M.X. Sanchez. 2002. Microbiological Profile of Air Chilled Chickens from Farm to Table. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3.
Stratton, J.E., Hutkins, R.W., Brashears, M.M., Benson, A.K. , Durso, L., McKee, S.R. 2002. Genotypic Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter Strains Collected from a Single Poultry Farm over Four Seasons. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology.
Khaitsa, J.L., D. R. Smith , R.A. Moxley, S. Hinkley, L.L. Hungerford, G. E. Erickson, T.J. Klopfenstein, M. Brashears. 2002. Clinical trials to test the effectiveness of cleaning pens, feeding competitive bacteria, or limiting dietary starch to reduce fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by feedlot cattle. Presented at CRWAD. St. Louis, MO. Nov, 2002.
Phoon, N., S.R. McKee, and M.M Brashears. 2002. Comparison Of Shelf Life And Microbial Profile Of Immersion-Chilled And Air-Chilled Broilers. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3.
S.R. McKee and M.M. Brashears. 2002. HACCP for Shell Egg Packing and Processing. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3.
Harris, M., M.M. Brashears, and D. Smith. 2002. Evaluation of the Use of Lactic Acid Bacteria to Control Pathogens on Alfalfa Sprouts. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3.
Brashears, M.M., M.L. Galyean, G.H. Loneragan, J.E. Mann and K.M. Killinger-Mann. 2002. Reduction of E. coli O157 in Beef Feedlot cattle with Direct-Fed Microbials. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. San Diego, CA. July 1-3.
Baumert, R., D.E. Burson, A.T. Waylan, E.A. Boyle, F.M. Aramouni, and M.M. Brashears. 2002. The effects on one-on-one HACCP assistance offered to meat and food processors in Nebraska, Kansas, South, Dakota and Missouri. Presented at the Reciprocal Meat Conference. Michigan State University, July 28-30
Schamberger, G. P., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2001. Strong inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by recently isolated E. coli strains. ASM Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL.
Park, G.W., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2001. Factors that influence the effect of carbonate to kill Escherichia coli and Salmonella DT104 in cattle manure. IFT Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA.
Schamberger, G. P., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2002. Selection of recently isolated colicinogenic Escherichia coli strains inhibitory against E. coli O157:H7. J. Food Prot. 9: 1381-1387.
Park, G. W., and F. Diez-Gonzalez. 2002. Utilization of carbonate and ammonia-based treatments to eliminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella DT104 from cattle manure. J. Appl. Microbiol. (accepted).
Emerging Issues in Food Safety. Dept. of Food and Animal Science and Human Nutrition, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 7 March 2001.
Food Irradiation - What is all the Fuss About? South Dakota Public Health Conference, Pierre SD 20 - 22 June 2001.
Commercial Applications of Food Irradiation. The Toxicology Forum. Given Institute, Aspen, CO. 9 - 13 July 2001
Irradiation Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in RTE Meats. American Meat Industry Foundation Research Meeting, Dallas TX 4 Dec 2001.
Agricultural Bio-terrorism. 2001 Turkey Day meeting, Iowa Turkey Federation. 6 Dec 2001
Irradiation Interventions. Workshop on Biological and Chemical Agents of Terrorism in Food International Life Science Institute, Washington, DC 12-13 Dec 2001. NOTE: Meeting by invitation only.
Dickson, J.S. An Introduction to Intervention Strategies. Pathogen Reduction: A Scientific Dialogue. USDA-FSIS, Georgetown University, Washington DC 6-7May 2002.
Dickson, J.S. Probable Sources and Sites of Salmonella Contamination in the Pork Chain. Pork Quality and Safety Summit. National Pork Board, Des Moines, IA 18-19 June 2002.
Food Irradiation. Wyoming Environmental Health Association Annual Education Conference. 25 Spet. 2002. Gillette WY.
Food Irradiation. Iowa Association for Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitation. Ames, IA 30 Oct. 2002.
Intervention Strategies for the Meat industry. 4th. International Congress on Food Safety and the 14th. National Reunion of Microbiology, Hygiene and Toxicology of Foods. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico 8-9 November 2002.
Dickson, J.S., K. Marshall, and J. Chen. 2001. A fast and accurate accurate detection method of Escherichia coli O157:H7. American Society for Microbiology Annual meeting. Orlando, FL. 20-23 May 2001.
De Roin, M.A., S. C. C. Foong and J. S. Dickson. 2001. Survival and Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes On Ready-to-Eat Meats Inoculated Using Desiccated and Nutritionally Depleted Vectors. International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN 5-8 Aug. 2001.
Foong, S.C.C., G. L. Gonzalez and J.S. Dickson. 2002. Marginal safety of irradiation dosage for reduction and post-irradiation survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat (RTE) meats. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002.
Gailey, J.K. J.S. Dickson and W. Dorsa. 2002. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in a simulated recirculating brine chiller system. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002.
Chen, C.-M., J.G. Sebranek, J.S. Dickson, and A.F. Mendonca. 2002. Effects of pediocin and post-packaging thermal pasteurization on Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002.
Chen, C.-M., J.G. Sebranek, J.S. Dickson, and A.F. Mendonca. 2002. Effects of pediocin and post-packaging irradiation on Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002.
Lihono, M., A. Mendonca and J.S. Dickson. 2002. A predictive model to determine the effects of temperature, sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium chloride on thermal inactivation of starved Listeria monocytogenes in pork slurry. International Association for Food Protection. Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 30 June - 3 July 2002.
Erdmann, J.J., J.S. Dickson and M.A. Grant. 2002. A new technique for Escherichia coli testing of beef and pork carcasses. J. Food Protect. 65:192-195.
Dickson, J.S. and D.G. Olson. 2001. Growth rates of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in irradiated beef. J. Fd. Protect. 64:1828-1831.
Eggenberger-Solorzano, Luisa, S. E. Niebuhr, G. R. Acuff and J.S. Dickson.
2002. Hot Water and Organic Acid Interventions to Control Microbiological
Contamination on Hog Carcasses during Processing. Journal of Food Protection.
65:1248-1252.
Wesley, I.V., K.M. Harmon, J.S. Dickson, A. Ramos Schwartz. 2002. Application
of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the simultaneous confirmation
of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species in turkey samples. Journal
of Food Protection: 65:780-785.
Bashor, M. P., K. M. Keener, P. A. Curtis, and B. W. Sheldon. 2002. Effect of Carcass Washing Systems on Campylobacter Contamination in Large Broiler Processing Plants. Session: Processing and Products - Carcass Microbiology. Abstract 203. Presented at the Poultry Science Association Meeting. August 11-14, 2002. Newark, DE.