Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The meeting was convened at 9:15 am by Chair E. Groden. Gerry Carner reported on local arrangements. Registration fee was set at $35 because only 30 participants had registered by the start of the meeting. Gerry reminded participants that Charleston was voted the most polite city in US, recommended using the shuttle to go downtown, and recommended a few attractions. Jim
thanked M. Sheppard and D. Palmer for helping local arrangements and his student for helping with the registration. Minutes from the 2002 annual meeting. Since these have been sent to all participants and are posted on website. Jim Becnel moved that minutes be accepted without reading. The motion was seconded by Ed Lewis and the 2002 minutes were accepted unanimously. Chair Groden reported: The chair thanked subproject chairs and members for
report submissions. The need for updated list of participants was raised and a list was passed around so members could make necessary changes. The Chair thanked Ms. Peg Rotstein for her work maintaining the website and mentioned that the participants may want to update and enhance the website, especially due to the upcoming project renewal. Dr. Groden asked for ideas
from the participants. The chair introduced Dr. David Boethel, and asked him to talk about steps involved in renewing the project. Dr. David Boethel (SARES Administrative Advisor) thanked E. Groden and G. Carner for organizing the meeting. He commended the participants for having the report done at the time of the meeting, having a good record of publications, and commented
on the new reporting system that will be online soon, after taking care of few glitches. D. Boethel recommended that participants write brief and to-the-point reports, concentrating on impact to stakeholders. He commented on the need to update the participant list, but that this will be simplified by the new reporting system. New participants in the project, whether from state experimental stations or from USDA need to prepare Appendix E and submit it through the Exp. Station Directors Office. As for the project rewrite, D. Boethel recommended: Identifying the people that will be involved in the rewrite. Using the next year to start the rewriting process. B. Federici asked how many people were currently participating in the project. E. Groden said that participating list had to be updated, but that the mailing list included more than 80 names. According to D. Boethel, other multi-state projects are in general not as large as S-301, but that these projects are getting larger, and becoming more national rather than regional, as in the past. Asked (by C. McCoy) about how money for these multi-state projects go to the states, Boethel responded that a formula based on population and number of farms determines how much money goes to the states, and multi-state project money has to be used for this purpose only. However, use may not be apparent for state researchers and may cover travel costs, portion of salaries, etc. Each state handles the multi-state project money differently. E. Groden instructed subproject chairs to discuss project renewal in separate meetings, including discussions on how participants feel about structural changes made in the last renewal. By next years meeting we should have the objectives for the new project. Next years meeting is scheduled to be in Gainesville, FL B. Federici suggested Laguna Beach for the 2005 meeting, and M. McGuire offered to help with organization. Each of the participants introduced him/herself and said a few words about the research conducted in relation to the multi-state project. Bob Nowierski the USDA-CSREES, Plant and Animal System representative made a short presentation on CSREES and its grant programs. B. Nowierski is the National Program Leader for Bio-based Pest Management. He discussed several different programs and new initiatives within CSREES that relate to the S-301 project. He asked participants whether there was adequate funding for biopesticide research, especially in the area of development and extension. He announced the 4th National IPM Symposium on April 8-10, 2003 in Indianapolis, and discussed several grant opportunities. Bob also listed the CSREES priorities for 2003-2005 as: agricultural security, obesity, human nutrition and food science, food safety, genomics, future food and fiber production quality, agricultural and environmental quality, sustainable agriculture to produce rural and community prosperity. E. Groden introduced the speaker, Dr. Parwinder Grewal, Ohio State University, who made a presentation tritrophic interactions in microbial control concentrating on the effects of plant endophytes on microbial control agents used in pest management. During the Subproject 3 meeting, the participants discussed the rewrite of the S-301 Project. Participants need to identify milestones and potential outcomes for the project. Some potential objectives discussed by the participants were: invasive species; control of diseases in beneficial insects; production and formulation of entomopathogens; diagnostics and biosafety. Nowierski suggested using Goals in the project rewrite to designate long-term objectives and Objectives for accomplishable short-term objectives that can be measured within the project life. Other suggestions were: emphasize multi-state cooperation; use matrixs to demonstrate who works on which project and show integration and multi-state characteristics; within each subproject, some objectives to use can be: identification of new pathogens; production and formulation; practical use of pathogens; non-target effects; invite industry people back into the project. Future seminar topics were discussed including: future of microbial control industry; GMOs as future of insect/disease control; microbial control in nature (classical biological control using pathogens). Mary Barbercheck suggested a possible grant dealing with post-mortem dynamics of entomopathogenic microorganisms including predation, movement of cadavers, decomposition and other issues. Each of the subprojects met and discussed research progress, collaborations and other issues related to the subproject. Subproject 1: development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for leaf feeding insect defoliators (Chair: Bob Bailey). Subproject 2: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for control of homopteran and other piercing-sucking insects (Chair: Rosalind James, for Michael Brownbridge who could not attend the meeting). Subproject 3: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens used in cryptic and soil habitats. (Chair: Ed Lewis). Subproject 4: Development, evaluation and safety of
entomopathogens for control of veterinary and structural arthropod pests (Chair: James Becnel). A rewrite committee was nominated including all the project officials and the subproject chairs. Report needs a section on impacts so members should submit impact statements (bullets) to the subproject chairs. The Site Selection Committee Chair Parwinder Grewal asked Roberto Pereira
to present report. Besides the Laguna Beach suggestion made by Brian Federici at the beginning of the meeting, Danny Brook offered to host the 2005 meeting in either Corvalis or Portland, Oregon. The offer was accepted by the members present at the final meeting. The current format with meetings on Sunday and Monday will be voted on by e-mail. Some members felt that the current format may have caused less people to come to the meeting. Next meeting is currently
scheduled for Gainesville, FL, to be organized by Jim Becnel, Drion Boucias and Roberto Pereira, possibly for the period between February 20 and 28, 2004. A suggestion to hold a stackholder meeting in connection to the meeting in Gainesville was well received by the members. The IPM Center in FL, directed by Russ Mizzel, was suggested as possible funding source to bring stakeholder participants. Some discussion on the meeting with possibility of invited speaker (Doug Streett) to talk about USDA facility in Mississippi for biocontrol mass-production. Roberto Pereira asked project members to sign as SIP members and encourage others that may work in the area of insect pathology and microbial control to do the same. David Oi and Ann Hajek were suggested as speakers for seminar for next years meeting, concentrating on classical biological control of insects using microorganisms.

Additional information can be viewed at the following address: http://cipm5.ent.ncsu.edu/s301/index.cfm

Subproject 1. Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for leaf feeding insect defoliators.

Ten state agencies and eight USDA field stations reported studies on the development of pathogens, including fungi, baculoviruses, bacteria, and microsporidia, for biological control against the following leaf-feeding hosts in agricultural and forest systems: bollworm, browntail moth, cabbage loopers, cassava green mite, codling moth, Colorado potato beetle, diamondback
moth, European sawfly, fall armyworm and other Spodoptera species, grasshoppers, green cloverworm, gypsy moth, Pandemis leafroller, and velvetbean caterpillar. Several taxonomic, host specificity, and competition studies are in progress to evaluate three genera of gypsy moth and browntail moth microsporidia as possible classical biological control agents of the two oak
defoliators in the U.S. Studies of the environmental reservoirs and efficacy of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga continue due to the demand for the pathogen as a control agent of the gypsy moth. An SNPV of the European sawfly was found to be distantly related to lepidopteran nucleopolyhedrosis viruses. Commercial formulations (Carpovirusine and Cyd-X) of the codling moth granulovirus provided significant reduction of deep entries to fruit and
reduction of live larvae. Nucleopolyhedrosis viruses are being evaluated for several field crop defoliators. Bt-transgenic corn and SfNPV appear to have additive effects on fall armyworm, and LdNPV was successfully tested as a synergist for other NPV isolates against noctuid pests. In addition, soil to plant transport of NPV occlusion bodies was evaluated under variable
environmental conditions and soil depth. Storage time of AfMNPV was found to be more than 30 months under refrigeration, but storage time declined significantly at 30 C. Ascoviruses collected from noctuid pests in SC are being compared to Indonesian isolates. Several projects utilizing entomopathogenic fungi against field crop pests were reported. Beauveria bassiana in canola and corn oil carriers increased mortality of grasshoppers over that of paraffinic oil carriers and factors involved in the secondary cycling of B. bassiana are under evaluation, as well as the impact of commercial B. bassiana products on native strains. A spray-dried encapsulation of B. bassiana retained initial viability but resistance to UV radiation was not improved. Taxonomic differences between South American and African Neozygites infecting green cassava mites are being determined, and the effects of drought on Nomuraea rileyi infections of soybean pests are being studied. No negative effects on nontarget hosts were found in studies on Bt cotton.

Subproject 2. Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for homopteran and other piercing-sucking insects.

Entomogenous fungi are being developed for the microbial control of mites, aphids, thrips, stink bugs and lygus bugs. This research is being done across a diverse range of agricultural crops, including cotton, soybeans, rice, vegetable crops and ornamentals, as well as for control of honey
bee parasites. This year, considerable effort was put into gaining a better understanding of disease outbreaks in these insects, and the incidence of entomopathogens in pest populations. Beauveria bassiana was identified as a major natural pathogen of lygus bugs and was the predominant fungal species recovered from avocado thrips habitats in CA. Neozygites fresenii-
induced epizootics occurred in cotton aphid populations for the 10th consecutive year, and appeared to be compatible with agropesticides used in integrated control programs for this pest. Metabolites produced by sporulating cultures of Hirsutella thompsonii inhibited oviposition in two-spotted spider mite and shows promise for further development as a control agent for this
pest. In field trials, Metarhizium anisopliae was shown to be effective against the parasitic varroa mite, and had minimal to no harmful side-effects on bee brood survival or honey production. Trials are continuing on ways of improving fungal efficacy against thrips through use with selected biorational insecticides and improving spray application techniques. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were tested in small-scale field trials to control lygus bugs on lettuce but results were inconsistent, and generally low levels of infection/control were obtained, probably as a result of the hot, dry test conditions.

Subproject 3. Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens in cryptic and soil habitats.

Eleven state agencies and seven USDA field stations submitted research results for this report. Reported work includes several different types of studies that include all five groups of insect pathogens. A combination of near-term and long-term results are included. Field and laboratory trials of various pathogen-based pest management materials that are either available commercially or at some stage of development were tested against 18 different species of arthropod pests, 4 species of plant-parasitic nematode pests and one species of slug pest. These trails were conducted in 14 different commodities including food and horticultural crops and structural resources. Two pathogen surveys were reported, one of which yielded 10 new isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobrave. Four studies of non-target impacts of insect pathogen releases were conducted. Three of these studies were with entomopathogenic nematodes; one to examine the interaction between entomopathogenic nematodes and ichneumon parasitoids, one to determine the effects of entomopathogenic nematodes on plant-parasitic nematodes and one to record interactions between applied entomopathogenic nematodes and soil fauna in general. The fourth study aimed to determine the effects of metabolites of Photorhabdus bacteria against plant-parasitic nematodes. Studies of various traits of entomopathogenic nematodes entomopathogenic fungi maintained in culture were also reported.

Subproject 4. Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for veterinary and structural arthropod pests.

Entomopathogenic research on structural pests focused on the control of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, and termites. Utilization of the microsporidium Thelohania solenopsae, is currently being evaluated in the field as a control for fire ants either by itself or as part of an integrated approach combining biological and chemical controls. Improved T. solenopsae
detection protocols have been developed utilizing either PCR or histological stains. Other studies have examined intercolony transmission and potentiation of insecticides in infected ants. Beauveria bassiana isolates varied in their control of fire ants. Development cycles of the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were compared in termites. Entomopathogens evaluated against mosquitoes included bacteria, viruses, fungi, microsporidia,
and a new insect pathogenic algae. A novel recombinant Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) strain and the baculovirus CuniNPV have shown excellent activity against Culex mosquitoes that vector West Nile Virus in the U.S. Basic studies focused on the taxonomy and life histories of new pathogens while other investigations focused on safety, efficacy against the target hosts and improving production and delivery systems of promising agents.

Abney, M.R., J.R. Ruberson, G.A. Herzog, T.J. Kring, & D. Steinkraus. 2002. Impact of natural enemies on the cotton aphid: a three-year study In Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Symposium, Atlanta, GA. Jan 8-12, 2002.

Acevedo, J., D. Boucias, R. Lezama, & A. Pescador. 2002. Novel metabolites of Hirsutella thompsonii inhibits oviposition by the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Appl. Exptl. Acarol. (In press).

Alves, S. B., L. A. Alves, R. B. Lopes, R. M. Pereira, & S. A. Vieira. 2002. Potential of some Metarhizium anisopliae isolates for control of Culex quinquefasciatus . J. Appl. Entomol. 126:504-509.

Alves, S. B., L. S. Rossi, R. B. Lopes, M. A. Tamai, & R. M. Pereira. 2002. Beauveria bassiana yeast phase on agar medium and its pathogenicity against Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81:70-77.

Armstrong, C. & M. Brownbridge. 2002. Biocompatibility of Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard.22WP and ES) and the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus in a silverleaf whitefly control strategy on poinsettia, pp. 64. In Abstracts, 35th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Aug. 18-23, 2002.
Foz do Iguassu, Brazil.

Andreadis, T. G. 2002. Epizootiology of Hyalinocysta chapmani (Microsporidia:
Thelohaniidae) infections in field populations of Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) and Orthocyclops modestus (Copepoda: Cyclopidae): a three-year investigation. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81:114-121.

Andreadis, T. G. 2002. West Nile virus: an exotic emerging pathogen in the New World. VIIIth Intl. Colloq. Invertebr. Pathol. and Microbial Control. Foz do Iguassu, Brazil. pp. 58-64.

Andreadis, T. G. and Vossbrinck, C. F. 2002. Life cycle, ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny of Hyalinocysta chapmani (Microsporidia: Thelohaniidae) a parasite of Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) and Orthocyclops modestus (Copepoda: Cyclopidae). J. Euk. Microbiol. 49:350-364.

Bauer, M.E. & J.R. Fuxa [Eds.]. 2002. Factors affecting the survival of entomopathogens. So. Coop. Ser. Bull. 400: www.agctr.lsu.edu/s265/

Becnel, J. J. 2002. Characteristics of the microsporidia; reasons to ponder that microsporidia are highly evolved fungi.. VIIIth Intl. Colloq. Invertebr. Pathol. and Microbial Control. Foz do Iguassu, Brazil. pp. 248-250.

Becnel, J. J. 2002. Contributions of Invertebrate pathology to Vector Control. VIIIth Intl. Colloq. Invertebr. Pathol. and Microbial Control. Foz do Iguassu, Brazil. pp. 46-48.

Becnel, J. J. 2002. The Chloriridovirus. In: The Springer Index of Viruses. (C. A. Tidona & G. Darai, Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.

Becnel, J. J., Jeyaprakash, A. Hoy, M. A. and Shapiro, 2002. A. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of a New Microsporidian Species from the Predatory Mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari, Phytoseiidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 79:163-72.

Briano, J. A., D. F. Williams, D. H. Oi, and L. Davis. 2002. Field host range of the fire ant Pathogens Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporida: Thelohaniidae) and Vairimorpha invictae (Microsporida: Burenellidae) in South America. Biological Control. 24: 98-102.

Brown, I., Lovett, B., Grewal, P. S. & Gaugler, R. 2002. Latent infection: A low temperature survival strategy in steinernematid nematodes. J. Therm. Biol. 27, 531-539.

Bruck, D.J. and Lewis, L.C. 2002. Whorl and pollen-shed stage application of Beauveria bassiana for suppression of adult western corn rootworm. Entomo. Exper. App. 103:161-169.

Bruck, D.J. and Lewis, L.C. 2002. Carpophilus freemani (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) as a vector of Beauveria bassiana. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 80:188-190.

Bruck, D.J. and Lewis, L.C. 2002. Rainfall and crop residue effects on soil dispersion and Beauveria bassiana spread to corn. App. Soil Ecol. 20:183-190.

Campbell, J. F. & H. K. Kaya. 2002. Variation in entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) infective-stage jumping behaviour. Nematology 4: 471-482.

Campbell, J.F. and E.E. Lewis. 2002. Entomopathogenic nematode search strategies. In:Behavioral ecology of parasites (Lewis, Campbell and Suhkdeho, eds.). CABI. pp: 13-38.

Canning, E. U., Refardt, D., Vossbrinck, C. R., Okamura, B., and Curry, A. 2002. A., new diplokaryotic microsporidia (Phylum Microsporidia) from freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata). Europ. J. Protistol. 38:247-265.

Choo, H. Y., D. W. Lee, J. W. Park, H. K. Kaya, D. R. Smitley, S. M. Lee, & Y. M. Choo. Life history and spatial distribution of the oriental beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in golf courses in Korea. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 72-80.

Choo, H. Y., H. K. Kaya, J. Huh, D. W. Lee, H. H. Kim, S. M. Lee, & Y. M. Choo. 2002. Entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) and a fungus Beauveria brogniartii for biological control of the white grubs, Ectinohoplia rufipes and Exomala orientalis, in Korean golf courses. BioControl 47: 177-192.

Coluzzi, K. & E. Groden. 2002. The impact of scavenging insects on disease persistence in Colorado potato beetle populations. 62nd Annual Meeting of the Acadian Entomological Society, Machias, Maine, p. 13.

Dubois, T., A.E. Hajek, and S. Smith. 2002. Methods for rearing the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on artificial diet. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 95: 223-230.

Duke, L., D.C. Steinkraus, J.J. English, & K.G. Smith. 2002. Infectivity of resting spores of Massospora cicadina (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), an entomopathogenic fungus of the periodical cicada (Magicicada spp.) (Homoptera: Cicadidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 80:1-6.

Duncan, L. W., J. H. Graham, D. C. Dunn, J. Zellers, C. W. McCoy, & K. Nguyen. 2003. Incidence of endemic entomopathogenic nematodes following application of Steinernema riobrave for control of Diaprepes abbreviatus. J. Nematol. (in press).

Fallon, D. J., H. K. Kaya, R. Gaugler, & B. S. Sipes. Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes on Meloidogyne javanica on tomatoes and soybeans. J. Nematol. 34: 239-245.

Farrar, R. R., Jr. and M. Shapiro. 2003. Damage to lima beans by Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae treated as different instars with a nucleopolyhedrovirus. BioControl (in press).

Filotas, M.J.F., A.E.Hajek, and R.A. Humber. Prevalence and biology of the entomopathogenic fungus Furia gastropachae n. comb. (= F. crustosa) (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in populations of the forest tent caterpillar. Can. Entomol. (in press).

Furlong, M.J., E. Groden, & R.M. Seymour. 2003. The impact of rainfall on the horizontal transmission of Beauveria bassiana in the Colorado potato beetle. J. Invertebr. Pathology (in press).

Fuxa, J. R., A. R. Richter, A. O. Ameen, and B. D. Hammock. 2002. Vertical transmission of TnSNPV, TnCPV, AcMNPV, and possibly recombinant NPV in Trichoplusia ni. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 79: 44-50.

Godfrey, K., D.C. Steinkraus, & M. McGuire. 2001. Fungal pathogens of the cotton and green peach aphids in the San Joaquin Valley. Southwest Entomol. 26: 297-303.

Goettel, M. S., L. A. Lacey, C. Noronha, and D. Hunt. 2002. Microbial control of insect pests of potato in Canada and the Western United States. Proceedings VIIIth Int. Colloq. Invertebr. Pathol. Microbial Contr., August 18-23, 2002, Foz do Iguagu, Brazil. pp. 270-274.

Gouge, D. H. & K. A. Smith. 2003. Gnotobiolological study establishing naturally occurring non-symbiotic bacterial associations in Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematode species. J. Invert. Path. (In Press).

Grewal, P. S., Grewal, S. K., Malik, V. S. & Klein, M. G. 2002. Differences in susceptibility of introduced and native white grub species to entomopathogenic nematodes from various geographic localities. Biol. Contr. 24, 230-237.

Grewal, P. S. and Jagdale, G. B. 2002. Enhanced trehalose accumulation and desiccation survival of entomopathogenic nematodes through cold preacclimation. Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 12, 533-545.

Grewal, P. S., Wang, X. & Taylor, R. A. J. 2002. Dauer juvenile longevity and stress tolerance in natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes: Is there a relationship? Int. J. Parasitol. 32, 717-725.

Grewal, S. K. & Grewal, P. S. 2002. Survival of earthworms exposed to slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. J. Invertebr. Pathol. (in galley).

Groden, E., S.P. Wraight, & F.A. Drummond. 2002. Microbial control of Colorado potato beetle in potatoes in rain-fed potato agroecosystems in the Northeastern US. In: Proceedings, VIII International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, Iguassu, Brazil, pp. 265-269.

Hagiwara, K., S. Rao, S. W. Scott, and G. R. Carner. 2002. Nucleotide sequences of segments 1, 3, and 4 of the genome of Bombyx mori cypovirus 1 encoding putative capsid proteins VP1, VP3, and VP4, respectively. J. Gen. Virology 83:1477-1482.

Hajek, A.E., and C.C. Eastburn. Attachment and germination of Entomophaga maimaiga conidia on host and non-host larval cuticle. J. Invertebr. Pathol. (In press).

Hajek, A.E., C.C. Eastburn, C.I. Davis, and F. Vermeylen. 2002. Deposition and germination of conidia of the entomopathogen Entomophaga maimaiga infecting gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 79: 37-43.

Hajek, A.E., M.J. Filotas, and D.C. Ewing. 2002. Formation of appressoria by two species of lepidopteran-pathogenic Entomophthorales. Can. J. Bot. 80: 220-225.

Henn, M.W. and Solter, L.F. 2002. Verdnderungen der Proteaseaktivitdt im Darm der Schwammspinnerlarven Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) durch die Infektion mit der Mikrosporidie Vairimorpha spec. (Microsporidia, urenellidae). Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. 13, pp 547-550.

Hummel, R., J. F. Walgenbach, M. E. Barbercheck, G. G. Kennedy, G. D. Hoyt, and C. Arellano. 2002. Effects of production practices on soil-borne entomopathogens in western North Carolina vegetable systems. Environmental Entomol. 31: 84-91.

Jagdale, G. B. & Grewal, P. S. 2002. Acclimation of entomopathogenic nematodes to novel temperature: trehalose accumulation and the acquisition of thermotolerance. Int. J. Parasitol. 33, in galley.

Jagdale, G. B. & Grewal, P. S. 2002. Identification of alternatives for the management of foliar nematodes in floriculture. Pest Manag. Sci. 58, 451-458.

Jagdale, G. B., Somasekhar, N., Grewal, P. S. & Klein, M. G. 2002. Suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes with application of live and dead entomopathogenic nematodes on boxwood (Buxus spp.). Biol. Contr. 24, 42-49.

James, R.R. 2003. Combining azadirachtin and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus for silverleaf whitefly control. J. Econ. Entomol. (In press).

James, S. S., R. M. Pereira, K. M. Vail, and B. H. Ownley. 2002. Survival of Imported Fire Ant Species Subjected to Freezing and Near-Freezing Temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 31:127-133.

Kanga, L.H.B., R.R. James & D.G. Boucias. 2002. Hirsutella thompsonii and Metarhizium anisopliae as potential microbial control agents of Varroa destructor, a honey bee parasiite. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81: 175-184.

Kanga, L.H.B. & R.R. James. 2002. Varroa control with fungal pathogens may be an option soon. Amer. Bee J. 142 (7): 519.

Kaya, H. K. 2002. Natural enemies and other antagonists. In: Entomopathogenic Nematology, (R. Gaugler, Ed.) CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 189-203.

Klingen, I., A. Hajek, A. Renwick, and R. Meadow. 2002. Effect of brassicaceous plants on the survival and infectivity of insect pathogenic fungi. BioControl 47: 411-425.

Klinger, E. & E. Groden. 2002. Susceptibility of adult Colorado potato beetle to the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana. 62nd Annual Meeting of the Acadian Entomological Society, Machias, Maine, p. 13.

Krishnayya, P. V. & Grewal, P. S. 2002. Effect of neem and selected fungicides on viability and virulence of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae. Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 12, 259-266.

Lacey, L. A. 2002. Insect pests of potatoes in the Western Hemisphere and the potential for their control using entomopathogens. Proceedings VIIIth Int. Colloq. Invertebr. Pathol. Microbial Contr., August 18-23, 2002, Foz do Iguagu, Brazil. pp. 256-260.

Lacey, L. A. and A. L. Mesquita. 2002. Interaction of entomopathogenic fungi, insect parasitoids and their hosts. Proceedings VIIIth Int. Colloq. Invertebr. Pathol. Microbial Contr., August 18-23, 2002, Foz do Iguagu, Brazil. pp. 31-35.

Lacey, L. A., P. V. Vail, and D. F. Hoffmann. 2002. Comparative activity of baculoviruses against the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, and three other tortricid pests of tree fruit. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 80: 64-68.

Lee, D. W., Choo, H. Y., Kaya, H. K., Lee, S. M., Smitley, D. R., Shin, H. K., & Park, C. G. Laboratory and field evaluation of Korean entomopathogenic nematode isolates against the oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 918-926.

Levy, H. C., A. Garcia-Maruniak, & J. E. Maruniak. 2001. Strain identification of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) insects and cell line: PCR-RFLP of cytochrome oxidase C subunit gene. Florida Entomol. 85:186-190.

Lewis, E.E. Behavioral Ecology. 2002. In: Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. (R. Gaugler, ed.). CABI. pp: 205-224.

Lewis, E.E. and Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. Comparison of development rates in entomopathogenic nematodes applied in infected hosts versus aqueous suspension. J. of Nematol. In Press.

Lewis, E. E. and D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, 2002. Host Cadavers Protect Entomopathogenic Nematodes During Freezing. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81:25-32.

Lewis, E.E., Barbarossa, B. and Gaugler, R. 2002. Mating and sexual communication by Steinernema carpocapsae (Nemata: Steinernematidae). J. Nematol. In Press.

Lewis, L.C., Bruck, D.J., and Gunnarson, R.D. 2002. On-farm evaluation of Beauveria bassiana for control of Ostrinia nubilalis in Iowa, USA. BioControl. 47:167-176.

Lewis, L.C., Bruck, D.J., and Gunnarson, R.D. 2002. Measures of Bacillus thuringiensis persistence in the corn whorl. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 80:69-71.

Liu, H., M. Skinner, B.L. Parker, & M. Brownbridge. 2002. Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes), and other entomopathogenic fungi against Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae). J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 675-681.

Liu, H., M. Skinner, M. Brownbridge, & B.L. Parker. Characterization of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates for management of tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. (In press).

Lopez Lastra, C.C., D.M. Gibson, and A.E. Hajek. 2001. Survival and differential development of Entomophaga maimaiga and Entomophaga aulicae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in Lymantria dispar hemolymph. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 78: 201-209.

Lopez Lastra, C.C., A.E. Hajek, and R.A. Humber. 2002. Comparing methods for preservation of cultures of entomopathogenic fungi. Can. J. Bot. 80: 1126-1130.

Luong, L. T. & H. K. Kaya. Infection dynamics of a sexually transmitted nematode (Mehdinema alii) in the decorated cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus). Can. J. Zool. 80: 1145-1148.

Maimala, S., A. Tartar, D. Boucias, & A. Chandrapatya. 2002. Detection of the toxin Hirsutellin A from Hirsutella thompsonii. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 80: 112-126.

McCoy, C. W., L. W. Duncan, R. J. Stuart & D. I. Shapiro. 2002. Development of entomopathogenic nematodes as a management tactic for root weevils in Florida. Proc. VIII Intern. Colloq. Invertebr. Pathol. and Microbiol. Control Documentos 184. pp. 110-114.

McCoy, C. W., R. J. Stuart, L. W. Duncan, & K. Nguyen. 2002. Field efficacy of two commercial preparations of entomopathogenic nematodes against larvae of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in a spodosol type soil. Fla. Entomol. 85(4):537-544.

McCoy, C. W., R. J. Stuart & H. N. Nigg. 2003. Seasonal life stage abundance of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) in irrigated and non-irrigated citrus plantings in central Florida. Fla. Entomol. (in press).

McGuire, M.R. 2002. The occurrence of a fungal entomopathogen in Western tarnished plant bug populations in the San Joaquin valley In Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Symposium, Atlanta, GA. Jan 8-12, 2002 . (CD publication).

Miklasiewicz, T., Grewal, P. S., Hoy, C. W. & Malik, V. S. 2002. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for the suppression of carrot weevil. BioControl 47, 545-561.

Millar, L. C. and M. E. Barbercheck. 2002. Effects of tillage practices on entomopathogenic nematodes in a corn agroecosystem . Biological Control 25: 1-11.

Moino Jr., A., S. B. Alves, R. B. Lopes, P. M. O. J. Neves, R. M. Pereira, & S. A.Vieira. 2002. External development of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on the subterranean termite Heterotermes tenuis. Scientia Agricola 59:267-273.

Oi, D. H. and D. F. Williams. 2002. Impact of Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia: Thelohaniidae) on polygyne colonies of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae. J. Econ. Entomol. 95:558-562.

Oi, D. H., J. J. Becnel, and D. F. Williams. 2001. Evidence of Intra-colony Transmission of Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia: Thelohaniidae) in Red Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the First Report of a New Spore Type From Pupae. J. Invert. Pathol. 78: 128-134.

Park, H.-W., A. Delecluse, and B. A. Federici. 2001. Construction and characterization of a recombinant Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strain that produces Cry11B. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 78, 37-44.

Park, H.-W., D. B. Bideshi, and B. A. Federici. 2003. Recombinant strain of Bacillus thuringiensis producing Cyt1A, Cry11B, and the Bacillus thuringiensis binary toxin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. In press.

Peng, C. Y. S., X. Zhou, & H. K. Kaya. 2002. Virulence and site of infection of the fungus, Hirsutella thompsonii, to the honey bee ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81: 185-195.

Pereira, R. M., D. F. Williams, J. J. Becnel , & D. H. Oi. 2002 Yellow head disease caused by a newly discovered Mattesia sp. in populations of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81:45-48.

Perez, E.E. and E.E. Lewis. 2002. Use of entomopathogenic nematodes to suppress
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Perez, E. E., E. E. Lewis, & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan. Impact of host cadaver on survival and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) under desiccating conditions. J. Invertebr. Pathol. (In press).

Pierce, C.M.F., Solter, L.F., and Weinzierl, R.A. 2001. Interactions between Nosema pyrausta and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 94, 1361-1368.

Pilarska, D., Linde, A., Solter, L., Takov, D., McManus, M., Goertz, D. 2002. Ultrastructure characteristic of a Nosema sp. (Microsporidia) from a Bulgaria population of Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Lepidoptera) Acta Parasitol. 47, 1-5.

Pilarska, D., Linde, A., Solter, L., McManus, M., Takov, D. 2002. New data on the biology of the microsporidium Endoreticulatus schubergi infecting the browntail moth Euproctis chrysorhoea (Lepidopter: Lymantriidae). Acta Zool. Bulg. 54, 55-62.

Rao, S,, G. R. Carner, T. Omura, and K. Hagiwara. 2002. Phylogenetic comparison of the amino acid sequences of RNA dependent RNA polymerases of viruses in the Reoviridae. Archives of Virology (In Press).

Salminen, S. & Grewal, P. S. 2002. Does decreased mowing frequency enhance alkaloid production in the endophytic tall fescue and perennial ryegrass? J. Chem. Ecol. 28, 931-942.

Shapiro, M. and R. R. Farrar, Jr. 2003. Fluorescent brighteners affect feeding rates of the corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and act as enhancers and sunlight protectants for its nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. Entomol. Sci. (in press).

Shapiro, M. 2002. Anion and cation inhibitors and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors upon the activity of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 237-242.

Shapiro, M. & J. Domek. 2002. Relative effects of ultraviolet and visible light on the activities of the corn earworm and beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nucleopolyhedroviruses. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 261-268.

Shapiro, M., R. R. Farrar, Jr., J. Domek & I. Javaid. 2002. Effects of virus concentration and ultraviolet irradiation on the activity of corn earworm and beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nucleopolyhedroviruses. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 243-249.

Shapiro, M. Stilbenes as enhancers for the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) nucleopolyhedrovirus. Canad. Entomol. (accepted).

Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., R. F. Mizell III, & James F. Campbell. 2002. Susceptibility of the Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, to Entomopathogenic Nematodes. J. Nematol. 34:246-249.

Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., C. C. Reilly, M. W. Hotchkiss, & B. W. Wood. 2002. The Potential for Enhanced Fungicide Resistance in Beauveria bassiana Through Strain Discovery and Artificial Selection. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81:pp. 86-93.

Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., W. Gardner, J. R. Fuxa, B. W. Wood, K. Nguyen, B. Adams, R. A. Humber, & M. J. Hall. 2002. Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi endemic to pecan orchards of the southeastern US and their virulence to the pecan weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environ. Entomol. (In press).

Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., W. A. Gardner, J. R. Fuxa, B. W. Wood, K. B. Nguyen, B. J. Adams, R. A. Humber, and M. J. Hall. 2002. A survey for insect-killing nematodes and fungi endemic to pecan orchards of the southeastern US, and their virulence to the pecan weevil. The Pecan Grower 13: 6-8.

Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Brown, I., Lewis, E.E. and Gaugler, R. Optimization of Inoculation for In Vivo Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes. J. Nematol. In Press.

Siegel, J.P., Lacey, L.A. and Vossbrinck, C.R. 2001. Impact of a North American isolate of the microsporidium Nosema carpocapsae on a laboratory population of the codling moth Cydia pomonella. J. Invertbr. Pathol. 78:244-250.

Sokolova, Y. and J. R. Fuxa. 2001. Development of Thelohania solenopsae in red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta from polygynous colonies results in formation of three spore types. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48: 85S. (published in 2002 but dated 2001.)

Sokolova, Y., I. Isakova, and J. R. Fuxa. 2002. Comparative diagnosis of microsporidian infections in fire ant colonies by light-microscopy techniques (Giemsa, trichrome, and calcofluor stains) and by PCR. Proc. 2002 Imported Fire Ant Conf., Athens, GA, 24-26 March 2002. Pp. 85-90.

Solter, L.F. and Becnel, J.J. 2002. Managing microsporidian germplasm. Proc. VIII Intl. Coll. Invertebr. Pathol. Microbiol. Contr., XXXV Ann. Mtg. Soc. Invertebr. Pathol., VI ICBt. Doc. no. 184, 201-205.

Solter, L.F. Henn, M.W., Siegel, J.P., Pilarska, D.K., and Higgs, M.C. 2001. Pathogen-host and pathogen-pathogen interactions: microsporidia vs. the gypsy moth. Proc. USDA Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and other Invasive Species. NE Stn. Gen. Tech. Rpt. NE-285, 129-130.

Solter, L.F., Keena, M., Cate, J.R., McManus, M.L. and Hanks, L.M. 2001. Infectivity of four species of nematodes (Rhabditoidea: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) to the Asian longhorn beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biocontrol Sci. and Technol. 11, 547-552.

Solter, L.F., Keena, M., Cate, J. R., Mcmanus, M., Higgs, M.C., and Hanks, L.M. 2001. Infectivity of rhabditoid nematodes to the Asian longhorned beetle. Proc. USDA Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and other Invasive Species. NE Stn. Gen. Tech. Rpt. NE-285, 131.

Solter, L.F., Siegel, J.P., Pilarska, D.K. and Higgs, M.C. 2002. The impact of mixed infection of three species of microsporidia isolated from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81, 103-113.

Somasekhar, N., Grewal, P. S., DeNardo, E. A. B. & Stinner, B. R. 2002. Non-target effects of entomopathogenic nematodes on the soil nematode community. J. Appl. Ecol. 39, 735-744.

Somasekhar, N., Grewal, P. S. & Klein, M. G. 2002. Genetic variability in stress tolerance and fitness among natural populations of Steinernema carpocaosae. Biol. Contr. 23, 303-310.

Sun, J., J. R. Fuxa, and G. Henderson. 2002. Sporulation of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana on Coptotermes formosanus and in vitro. J. Invertebr. Pathol. (in press).

Tabashnik, B. E., T. J. Dennehy, M. A. Sims, K. Larkin, G. P. Head, W. J. Moar, & Y. Carriere. 2002. Control of resistant pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) by transgenic cotton that produces Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry2Ab. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 3790-3794.

Steinkraus, D.C., G.O. Boys, & J.A. Rosenheim. 2002. Classical biological control of Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) with Neozygites fresnii (Entomophthorales:Neozygitaceae) in California cotton. Biol. Control 25: 297-304.

Steinkraus, D.C. 2002. Update: cotton aphid fungus sampling service, In Cotton Incorporated Crop Management Seminar Notebook 2002 Lab to Field: Bridging the Gap. Tunica, MS, Nov. 5-6, 2002.

Tan, L. & Grewal, P. S. 2002. Comparison of two silver staining techniques for detecting lipopolysacharides in polyacrylamide gels. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 4372-4374.

Tan, L. & Grewal, P. S. 2002. Endotoxin activity of Moraxella osloensis against the grey garden slug, Deroceras reticulatum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 3943-3947.

Tartar, A., Boucias, D.G., Adams, B.J., and. Becnel, J.J. 2003. Comparison of plastid 16S rDNA (rrn16) genes from Helicosporidium spp.: evidence supporting the reclassification of Helicosporidia as green algae (Chlorophyta). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. (in press).

Valles, S. M. & R. M. Pereira. 2003. Hydramethylnon Potentiation in Solenopsis invicta by infection with the microsporidian, Thelohania solenopsis. Biological Control. (In Press).

Valles, S. M., D. H. Oi, O. P. Perera, and D. F Williams. 2002. Detection of Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia: Thelohaniidae) in Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) by multiplex PCR. J Invertebrate Pathol. 81: 196-201.

Vingaard, M.G., D.C. Steinkraus, G.O. Boys, & J. Eilenberg. 2003. Effects of long-term storage at -14:C on survival of Neozygites fresnii (Entomophthorales: Neozygitacae) in cotton aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. (In press).

Yan, D., C. Chen & M. Shapiro. Improving efficacy of insect viruses to control pests by optical brighteners. Scientia Silvae Sinicae. (accepted).

Wang, X. & Grewal, P. S. 2002. Rapid deterioration of environmental tolerance and reproductive potential of an entomopathogenic nematode during laboratory maintenance. Biol. Contr. 23, 71-78.

Weseloh, R. M. and Andreadis, T. G. 2002. Detecting the titer in forest soils of spores of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). Can. Entomol. 134:269-279.

Williams, R. N., Fickle, D. S., Grewal, P. S. & Meyer, J. R. 2002. Assessing the potential of entomopathogenic nematodes to control the grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis through laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 12, 35-42.

Wilson, M.J., Lewis, E.E., Yoder, F. and Gaugler, R. The influence of application pattern on persistence of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Biological Control. In Press.

Yan, D., C. Chen & M. Shapiro. Improving efficacy of insect viruses to control pests by optical brighteners. Scientia Silvae Sinicae. (accepted).

Zaki, T. I. & J. E. Maruniak. 2003. Three polymorphic genes encoding a depressant toxin from the Egyptian scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus. Toxicon 41:109-113.

Zhou, X., H. K. Kaya, K. Heungens, & H. Goodrich-Blair. 2002. Response of ants to a deterrent factor(s) produced by the symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 6202-6209.