Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Action Items/Assigned Responsibilities/Target Dates:

1. The meeting was convened at 9:00 AM by Chairman James J. Becnel.
   
   
2. Harry Kaya reported on local arrangements.
   
   
3. Minutes from the 2000 annual meeting were accepted.
   
   
4. Chairman, Becnel reported: The major activity by the Chair, Officers and Project Chairs was the preparation and submission of a new project to replace multi-state project S-265. This involved compiling a critical review of S-265 Regional Project ?Development and Integration of Entomopathogens into Pest Management Systems?, 1995-1999 and preparation of a new project ?Development, Evaluation and Safety of Entomopathogens for Control of Arthropod Pests?. The new project was approved on September 28, 2000 by Dr. George Cooper, CSREES, and established as MRF Project 301. This was only possible through the considerable efforts of the writing committee, which consisted of Dr. Lee Solter (AES, Illinois), Dr. Stephen Wraight (ARS, NY), Dr. Rosalind James (ARS, TX), Dr. Parwinder Grewal (AES, OH), Dr. Mike Kline (ARS, OH), Dr. David Oi (ARS, FL) and Ted Andreadis (AES, CT). Dr. David Boethel (Administrative Advisor, LA) was also crucial in seeking reviews and expeditiously processing the proposal through the various administrative channels to gain approval prior to expiration of the current project. Thanks goes also to the membership for responding, on short notice, with the necessary information when requested in order to meet our deadlines.
   

   
   Dr. Harry Kaya (AES, CA) is also to be commended for his excellent organization and preparations in hosting the 2001 Annual Meeting of S-265 in Davis, CA.
   
   

5. Dr. David Boethel (SARES Administrative Advisor) presented his report to the members and introduced the web-based reporting for the project.
   
   
6. Dr. Rick Meyers (CSREES Administrative Advisor) presented his report to the members on the role of CSREES, new hires and positions within CREES, and an overview of the budget.
   
   
7. A site selection committee was formed with Member at Large, Roberto Pereira, chair, and John Vandenberg

Summary of the Discussion:

1. Talks were presented by Dr. Drion Boucias, University of Florida, titled "Microbial Mining of Insect Pathogens", and Dr. Desmond R. Jimenez, AgraQuest Inc., titled "Discovery of Microbial Metabolites at AgraQuest Inc."
   
   

2. Subproject 1: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for leaf feeding insect defoliators (Co-Chairs: Stephen Wraignt and Leellen Solter). Several ongoing and potential research collaborations were discussed including projects on 1) genetic diversity of pathogen species and regional populations (one focus being on Beauveria bassiana), 2) pathogen-pathogen interactions, 3) tritrophic interactions (including effects of Bt transgenic plants on natural enemies), 4) laboratory and field development of microbial pesticides for specific pests such as diamondback moth, Colorado potato beetle, and Japanese beetles, 5) the role of microbial control agents in pesticide resistance management, 6) formulation and use of nematodes for foliar pests, 7) work on control of pest complexes in specific cropping systems such as vegetables and cotton, and 8) application technology. It was suggested that investigators with ideas for research collaborations bring proposal outlines to the S-301 annual meetings to facilitate initiation of interagency collaborations. The value of attempting to interest ecologists and statisticians in the S-301 meeting to initiate future collaborations was also discussed. The difficulties of formulation research due to issues of proprietary information and patents belonging to biopesticide companies were briefly deliberated. It was generally agreed that collaborations in this area may still be productive, especially in the basic research arena. Brief research reports were given by attendees.
   
   

3. Subproject 2: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for control of homopteran and other piercing-sucking insects (Rosalind James, Chair). Fungal pathogens are being developed as microbial control agents for the varroa mite (Varroa destructor), a pest in bee hives. Lygus in cotton was surveyed for naturally occurring fungal pathogens in California. Microbial control is being pursued as an option for controlling lygus in reservoir areas such as alfalfa, weeds, and safflower, rather than directly in cotton. Four entomopathogenic fungi have been isolated from the Chinese aphid, a new pest in the Midwest region. Neozygites is being developed for aphid control in California cotton, and Verticillium spp. for control the green peach aphid in dryland potatoes and for cabbage root aphid in cole crops. It was reported that Beauveria brognartii is now available commercially in Japan for control of stinkbugs on tree fruits, such as pear and apples. Thriponema is a small nematode that is an obligate parasite of thrips. It attacks thrips on foliage. Work is being done on the population structure of thrips and Thriponema using genetic markers. Beauveria bassiana is also being pursued as a possible microbial control for thrips. Works is now being done to determine whether Beauveria spores can attach to thrips from plant foliage. Approximately 200 strains of Hirsutella thompsonii are now in a culture collection at the University of Florida, Gainesville. Investigations are underway to determine the host range of these strains, in particular, the ability to infect both eriophyid and tetranychid mites.
   

4. Subproject 3. Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens used in cryptic and soil habitats. (Co-Chairs Ed Lewis and Parwinder Grewal). A suggestion was made to develop a system for providing common names for entomopathogenic nematode species. The justification for this was the difficulty in using the long and difficult scientific names (e.g., Steinernema carpocapsae) during grower meetings for extension personnel. Generally, there was agreement that common names would be a good idea, but after considerable discussion, no consensus was reached on a systematic way to assign them. The value of long-term research on the effects of pathogens applied to soil ecosystems was discussed at length, citing such a study underway at NC State University as an example. In a similar vein, the off-target effects of entomopathogenic nematodes was discussed. Several members of this sub-project are involved in a USDA-funded research project that examines the interaction between entomopathogenic nematodes and several species of plant-parasitic nematodes. An update on the progress of that project was provided. Following sub-sub projects were identified in which there are established collaborations among different states:
   
   i. Non-target effects of entomopathogens: VA, NC, OH, CA, GA, NJ
   
   ii. Development of application techniques for entomopathogens: GA, VA, IL, NJ
   
   iii. Evaluation and Implementation of entomopathogens:
   
   Turfgrass: NJ, OH, VA, FL, (SDS-Japan)
   
   Nurseries: FL, OH, VA, OR
   
   Fruit crops: WA, FL, MD,
   
   Vegetables: OH, VA, WA
   
   Post harvest: CA, IL,
   

5. Subproject 4. Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for control of veterinary and structural arthropod pests (Co-Chairs James J. Becnel and David Oi). The first half of the session was devoted to structural pests. The multi-state collaborative project on microbial control of the imported fire ant involving members from 10 southern states [AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, & TN] was discussed. Members attending (Univ. TN, LSU, ARS Gainesville) discussed field inoculation studies with Thelohania solenopsae and new information on the life cycle that may help with the implementation of this control agent. A project investigating pathogens of termites involving the University of Florida and ARS Gainesville was discussed. The second half of the session was devoted to medical and veterinary pests. A collaborative project between Connecticut AES, California AES and ARS Gainesville was discussed with the objective to evaluate microbial agents (BTI and baculoviruses) for control of mosquitoes that vector West Nile Virus in the Northeast US. A collaborative project between CT AES and ARS Gainesville investigating phylogenic relationships of microsporidia in mosquitoes will be completed in 2001. A new microbial organism, Helicosporidia, was reported by investigators from ARS Gainesville and AES Florida who are involved in a project to conduct morphological and molecular characterization.
   

6. The Local Arrangements Chair, Harry Kaya reported 50 registered attendees at this year?s meeting.
   

7. The Site Selection Committee (Roberto Pereira, Chair) presented Orlando, FL, and Raleigh, NC as possible 2002 meeting sites. Raleigh was selected with Drs. Mary Barbercheck and James Harper as the Local Arrangement Co-Chairs. Tentative dates for the meeting are Feb. 24-25, 2002.
   

8. Members were requested to consider seminar speakers for next years meeting. No travel funds are available for invited speakers, therefore potential speakers should be within the vicinity of Raleigh or be members attending the meeting.
   

9. The format of the meeting was discussed. There was general agreement to continue with the 2001 format with no concurrent sessions.
   

10. The Chair closed the meeting at 3:00PM.
    

11. Members were invited to tour Agraquest?s research facility in Davis.
    

This project is a critical part of biological control and integrated pest management in the Southern Region. The current project involves insect pathologists, entomologists, microbiologists, molecular biologists, biochemists, geneticists, bacteriologists, mycologists, nematologists and vector biologists from 21 State Agricultural Experiment Stations, 12 USDA/ARS laboratories and 2 USDA/FS laboratories throughout the US and Puerto Rico. Participation also includes scientists from commercial industries involved in agricultural biotechnology and biological control.

Substantial and important progress was made in the development and integration of entomopathogens into IPM systems.. Excellent progress was made in isolating and assessing new bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, nematodes and viruses providing new options and opportunities for control of lepidopteran, coleopteran and orthopteran pests of 1) crops (corn, cotton, soybeans, potatoes and other high value crops), 2) forests and 3) rangelands (Subproject 1). Considerable progress and advances were also made for control of homopteran and other piercing-sucking insect pests of cotton, ornamentals, vegetables, and greenhouse crops including: 1) mass culture and formulations of fungi 2) effectiveness of fungi for control of Varroa destructor, a honeybee parasite that causes serious economic damage to the bee keeping industry 3) integrating microbial control with other pest control measures and devising strategies for field and greenhouse use of microbial pesticides and 4) delivery systems for application of fungi (Subproject 2). Entomopathogenic fungi, nematodes and bacteria were evaluated for control of pests in cryptic and soil habitats (Subproject 3). Highlights include: 1) new isolates of BT were evaluated against surgacane borer, sweetpotato weevil and boll weevil, 2) new fungi and nematodes were isolated for control of orchard pests, 3) new information on the synergistic activity of imidacloprid and nematodes for control of grubs, 4) isolation and evaluation of fungi and nematodes for the Asian longhorn beetle. Entomopathogens for veterinary and structural pests was focused mainly on control of fire ants and mosquitoes (Subproject 4). Ten southern states are involved in a collaborative project to initiate infections in fire ant populations with a microsporidium pathogen and in 2000 infections were initiated in Oklahoma and South Carolina. New constructs of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) and B. sphaericus (Bs) and a new baculovirus showed excellent activity against mosquitoes and should be useful for controlling nuisance and vector mosquitoes, including the vectors of West Nile Virus.

Researchers will continue to develop and implement entomopathogen technology that will significantly improve food safety and affordability, reduce the transmission of animal disease, protect biodiversity, enhance water quality and preserve the environment. New species and isolates of entomopathogens will be isolated for control of noxious insect pests throughout the United States. As many of the pests species are regional problems, there will be an emphasis for continued collaborations between states to test the efficacy, persistence, resistance management and other parameters of entomopathogens and their hosts under different sets of environmental conditions. In addition, the continued introduction of invasive species requires that new entomopathogens be discovered and evaluated for control of these pests that are a threat to agriculture, wildlife and humans in the United States.

enemies and population dynamics of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, in Georgia. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf., Memphis, TN. pp. 1246-1247.

Andreadis, T. G., Anderson, J. F., & Vossbrinck. 1999. Mosquito arbovirus surveillance in Connecticut, 1999: isolation and identification of West Nile virus. Proc. Northeastern Mosq. Control Assoc. 45:57-67.

Bauer, L.S. and M.E. Dix. 2000. Cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F., and other chrysomelid beetles. In Coulson JR, Vail PV, Dix ME, Nordlund DA, Kauffman WC [eds]. Pp. 414-415. 110 Years of Biological Control Research and Development in the United States Department of Agriculture: 1883-1993. USDA ARS Misc. Pub.

Becnel, J. J., White, S. E., Moser, B. A., Fukuda, T., Rotstein, M. J., Undeen, A. H. and Cockburn, A. 2001. Epizootiology and transmission of a newly discovered baculovirus from the mosquitoes Culex nigripalpus and Culex quinquefasciatus. J Gen Virol ; 82: 275-282.

Bideshi, D. K. & B. A. Federici. 2000. DNA-independent ATPase activity of the Trichoplusia ni granulovirus DNA helicase. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 1601-1604.

Bideshi, D. K. & B. A. Federici. 2000. The Trichoplusia ni granulovirus helicase is unable to support replication of Autographa californica MNPV in cells and larvae of T. ni. J. Gen. Virol. 81:1593-1599.

Bideshi, D. K., Y. Bigot & B. A. Federici. 2000. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the Harrisina brillians granulovirus granulin gene. Arch. Virol. 145:1933-1945.

Bigot, Y., K. Stasiak, F. Rouleux-Bonnin, & B. A. Federici. 2000. Characterization of repetitive DNA regions and methylated DNA in ascovirus genomes. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 3073-3082.

Boucias, D. G., M S. Tigano, D R. Sosa-Gomez, T R. Glare, and P W. Inglis 2000 Genotypic properties of the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi Biological Control 19:124-138.

Boucias, D., Stokes, C., Suazo, A. and Funderburk J. 2000. AFLP analysis of the entomopathogen Nomuraea rileyi Mycologia 92: 638-648.

Bouzat, J.L., L.K. McNeil, H.M. Robertson, L.F. Solter, J. Nixon, J.E. Beever, H.R. Gaskins, G. Olsen, S. Subramaniam, M.L. Sogin, and J.A. Lewin. 2000. Phylogenomic analysis of the alpha proteasome gene family from early diverging eukaryotes. J. Molec. Evol. 51, 532-543.

Brinkman, M. A., B. W. Fuller, & M. B. Hildreth. 2000. Effects of the fungus Beauveria bassiana on nontarget arthropods. In: ?Grasshopper integrated pest management user handbook? ( G. L. Cunningham and M. W. Sampson, Eds.). Tech. Bull. 1809, USDA/APHIS, Washington, DC.

Brinkman, M.A. and Gardner, W.A. 2000. Possible antagonistic activity of two entomopathogens infecting workers of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 35:205-207.

Calcaterra, L. A., Briano, J. A., and Williams, D. F. New host for the parasitic ant, Solenopsis daguerrei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Argentina. Florida Entomol. 83: 363 - 365.

Callcott, A. A., D. H. Oi, H. L. Collins, D. F. Williams, and T. C. Lockley. 2000. Seasonal studies of an isolated red imported fire ant population (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Eastern Tennessee. Environ. Entomol. 29: 788-794.

Campbell, J. F. & H. K. Kaya. 2000. Influence of insect associated cues on the jumping behavior of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp.). Behaviour 137: 591-609.

Carlson, D. A., C. J. Geden, and U. R. Bernier. 1999. Identification of empty pupal exuviae of Nasonia vitripennis and Muscidifurax raptorellus parasitoids using cuticular hydrpocarbons. Biological Control 15: 97-106.

Carlson, D. A. and C. J. Geden. 1999. An insect barrier system for prevention of the passage of crawling insects. U.S. Patent application D. N. 0150-95, Serial No. 09/216,513. (Patent pending).

Cheng, X.-W. & G. R. Carner. 2000. Characterization of a Single-Nucleocapsid Nucleopolyhedrovirus of Thysanoplusia orichalceae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Indonesia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 75: 279-287.

Cheng, X.-W., G. R. Carner, and B. M. Arif. 2000. A new ascovirus from Spodoptera exigua and its relatedness to the isolate from Spodoptera frugiperda. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 3083-3092.

Costa, S., M. Barbercheck, & G. G. Kennedy. 2000. Mortality of Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) after sub lethal stress with Bacillus thuringiensis and subsequent exposure to Beauveria bassiana. J. Invert. Pathol. (In press)

Costa, S., M. Barbercheck, & G. G. Kennedy. 2000. Sublethal acute and chronic exposure of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to the d endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Econ. Entomol. 93: 680 689.

Croker, J. L., K. M. Vail, & R. M. Pereira, (eds.). 2000. Proceedings of the 2000 Imported Fire Ant Conference. University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, 173 pp.

DeCosa, B., W. Moar, S. B. Lee, M. Miller, & H. Daniell. Hyperexpression of the Bt Cry2Aa2 operon in chloroplasts leads to formation in insecticidal crystals. Nature Biotech. (In press).

Dix, M.E. and L.S. Bauer. 2000. Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, and western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis. In Coulson JR, Vail PV, Dix ME, Nordlund DA, Kauffman WC [eds]. Pp. 444-452. 110 Years of Biological Control Research and Development in the United States Department of Agriculture: 1883-1993. USDA ARS Misc. Pub.

Dix, M.E., L.S. Bauer, and A. Valaitis. 2000. Bacillus thuringiensis. Pp. 444-452. In Coulson JR, Vail PV, Dix ME, Nordlund DA, Kauffman WC [eds]. Pp. 428-432. 110 Years of Biological Control Research and Development in the United States Department of Agriculture: 1883-1993. USDA ARS Misc. Pub.

Drees, B. M., C. L. Barr, S. B. Vinson, R. E. Gold, M. E. Merchant, N. Riggs, L. Lennon, S. Russell, P. Nester, D. Kostroun, B. Sparks, D. Pollet, D. Shanklin, K Loftin, K. Vail, K. Flanders, P. M. Horton, D. Oi, P. G. Koehler, J. T. Vogt. 2000. Managing imported fire ants in urban areas; a regional publication developed for AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, OK, SC, TN, TX. Texas Ag. Ext. Ser. B-6043.

Farrar, R. R., Jr. & R. L. Ridgway. 2000. Host plant effects on the activity of selected nuclear polyhedrosis viruses against the corn earworm and beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environ. Entomol. 29: 108-115.

Farrar, R. R., Jr. & R. L. Ridgway. 2000. Laboratory evaluation of selected spray adjuvants as ultraviolet light protectants for the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the celery looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 35: 239-250.

Federici, B. A. 2000. Genetically engineered pathogens of insects for IPM: Concepts and status. In: "Emerging Technologies for Integrated Pest Management." (G. C. Kennedy & T. B. Sutton, Eds.), American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN.

Federici, B. A., D. K. Bideshi, H.-W. Park & B. Ge. 2000. Genetic engineering of bacterial insecticides for improved efficacy against medically important diptera. In: ?Entomopathogenic Bacteria: From Laboratory to Field Application.? (J. F. Charles, A. Delecluse, & C. Nielsen-LeRoux, Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam.

Federici, B. A., Y. Bigot, J. J. Hamm, R. R. Granados, J. M. Vlak & L. K. Miller. 2000. Family Ascoviridae. In: ?Taxonomy of Viruses: VII Report of the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy.? (M. H. V. van Regenmortel, C. M. Fauquet, D. H. L. Bishop, E. B. Carstens, M. K. Estes, S. M. Lemon, J. Maniloff, M. A. Mayo, D. J. McGeoch, C. R. Pringle, & R. B. Wickner, Eds.), Academic Press, Ltd., London.

Finnerty, C.M., G. Li, & R. R. Granados. 2000. Characterization of a granulosis virus from the cassava hornworm (Erinnyis ello: Sphingidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 75: 273 278.

Flanders, K. L., S. D. Porter, and D. H. Oi. 2000. Biological control of imported fire ants. Alabama Coop. Ext. System Circular ANR-1149. Revised Oct. 2000. 2 pp.

Fonseca, D.M., S. Campbell, W. J. Crans, M. Mogi, I. Miyagi, T. Toma, M. Bullians, T. G. Andreadis, R. L. Berry, B. Pajac, M. Sardelis, and R. C. Wilkerson. 2001. Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) a newly recognized mosquito in the USA: first analyses of genetic variation in the US and putative source populations. J. Med. Entomol. (in press).

Fuxa, J. E., J. R. Fuxa, A. R. Richter, & E. H. Weidner. 2000. Prevalence of a trypanosomatid in the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47: 388-394.

Fuxa, J. R., M. M. Matter, A. Abdel-Rahman, S. Micinski, A. R. Richter, & J. L. Flexner. 2001. Persistence and distribution of wild-type and recombinant nucleopolyhedroviruses in soil. Microb. Ecol. (In Press).

Fuxa, J. R., Y. Kunimi, & M. Nakai. Research methods for microorganisms interacting with arthropods in soil. In: ?Manual of Environmental Microbiology,? 2nd ed. (G. Knudsen, Ed.), Am. Soc. Microbiol. Press, Washington, D.C. (Accepted for Publication).

Garmendia, A. E. Van Kruiningen, H. J., French, R. A, Anderson, J. F., Andreadis, T. G., Kumor, A & West, A. B. 2000. Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter. J. Cinical Microbiol. 38:3110-3111.

Gaugler, R., P. S. Grewal, H. K. Kaya, & D. Smith-Fiola, D. 2000. Quality assessment of commercially produced entomopathogenic nematodes. Biol. Cont. 17: 100-109.

Geden, C. J. 1999 Host location by five species of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcididae) of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in poultry manure as a function of moisture levels and host density. Environmental Entomology 28: 755-760.

Geden, C. J. 2001. Effect of habitat depth on host location by five species of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcidoidea) of house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) in three types of substrates. Environ. Entomol (in press)
vGeden, C. J. and D. A. Carlson. 2001. Mechanical barrier for preventing climbing behavior by lesser mealworm and hide beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, Dermestidae) larvae in poultry houses. J. Econ. Entomol. (in press).
vGlazer, I. & E. E. Lewis. 2000. Predictive bioassays for entomopathogenic nematodes. In: ?Bioassays of entomopathogenic microbes and nematodes? (A. Navon and K. R .S. Ascher, Eds.), pp 229-247 . CABI.

Godfrey, K., D. Ballard, D. Steinkraus, R. Yokomi, K. Casanave, and D. A. Mayhew. 2000. Evaluation of introduced natural enemies of the cotton aphid in the San Joaquin Valley, In: ?Biological Control Program Annual Summary, 1999.? (Dale M. Woods, Ed.), California Dept. of Food and Agr., Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services, Sacramento, CA. pp. 12-16.

Goettel, M.S., A.E. Hajek, J.P. Siegel, and H.C. Evans. Safety of fungal biocontrol agents. In (T. Butt, C. Jackson, and N. Magan, Eds.) Fungal Biocontrol Agents: Progress, Problems and 9Potential. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands. (In press).

Goettel, M.S., and A.E. Hajek. Evaluation of nontarget effects of pathogens used for management of arthropods. In (E. Wajnberg, J.K. Scott, and P.C. Quimby, Eds.) Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands. (In press).

Gouge, D. H., K. A. Smith, L. L. Lee, & T. J. Henneberry. 2000. Effect of Soil Depth and Moisture on the Vertical Distribution of Steinernema riobrave (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). J. Nematol. 32: 223-228.

Goyer, R. A., H. Wei, & J. R. Fuxa. 2001. Prevalence of viral diseases of the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospila (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Louisiana. J. Entomol. Sci. (Accepted for Publication).

Granados, R.R., Y. Fu, B. Corsaro, & P. R. Hughes. Enhancement of Bacillus thuringiensis toxicity to lepidopterous species with the enhancin from Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus. Biol. Control. (In press).

Grewal, P. S. 2000. Anhydrobiotic potential and long-term storage of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Int. J. Parasitol. 30: 995-1000.

Grewal, P. S. 2000. Enhanced ambient storage stability of an entomopathogenic nematode through anhydrobiosis. Pest Manag. Sci. 56: 401-406.

Grewal, P. S. 2000. Formulation and Application technology. In: ?Entomopathogenic Nematology? (R. Gaugler, Ed.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, (In press).

Grewal, P. S. 2000. Mushroom Pests. In: ?Field Manual of Techniques of Invertebrate Pathology: Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests? (L.A. Lacey and H. K. Kaya, Eds.), pp. 497-503. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Grewal, P. S., E. E. Lewis, & S. Venkatachari. 1999. Allelopathy: A possible mechanism of suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes by entomopathogenic nematodes. Nematology 1: 735-743.

Grewal, P. S., V. Converse, & R. Georgis. 1999. Influence of production and bioassay methods on infectivity of two ambush foragers (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). J. Invert. Pathol. 73: 40-44.

Hajek, A. E., S. P. Wraight, and J. D. Vandenberg. 2000. Control of arthropods using pathogenic fungi, pp. 312-350. In (S.P. Pointing and K.D. Hyde, Eds.) Bio-exploitation of Fungi. Fungal Diversity Press, Hong Kong. (In press).

Hajek, A.E. 2001. Microhabitat use by lepidopteran larvae increases risk of fungal infection. Oecologia. (In press).

Hajek, A.E., and M.S. Goettel. 2000. Guidelines for evaluating effects of entomopathogens on non-target organisms, pp. 847-868. In (L.A. Lacey & H.K. Kaya, Eds.) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Hajek, A.E., I. Delalibera Jr., and M.L. McManus. 2000. Introduction of exotic pathogens and documentation of their establishment and impact, pp. 339-369. In (L.A. Lacey & H.K. Kaya, Eds.) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Hajek, A.E., L. Butler, J.K. Liebherr, and M.M. Wheeler. 2000. Risk of infection by the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga among Lepidoptera on the forest floor. Environ. Entomol. 29: 645-650.

Hajek, A.E., M. Shimazu, and B. Knoblauch. 2000. Isolating a species of Entomophthorales using resting spore-bearing soil. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 75: 298-300.

Harper, J. D., T. Bridges, J. R. Fuxa, H. K. Kaya, & G. Soares. 2000. Entomological Society of America position statement on microbial insecticides. Entomol. Soc . Amer., Lanham, Maryland., 2 pp.

Hashimoto, Y. & R.R. Granados. The Granuloviruses. In: ?The Springer Index of Viruses.? (C. A. Tidona & G. Darai, Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. (in press).

Hashimoto, Y., K. Hayashi, T. Hayakawa, Y. Ueno, T. Fujita, E. Shimojo, T. Minakata, A. Kondo, M. Miyasono, Y. Sano, T. Matsumoto, & R. R. Granados. 2000. Physical map of 6050 bp nucleotide sequence of the granulin gene region of Plutella xylostella granulovirus genome. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 35: 45-51

Hayakawa, T., E. Shimojo, M. Mori, M. Kaido, I. Furusawa, S. Miyata, Y. Sano, T. Matsumoto, Y. Hashimoto, & R. R. Granados. 2000. Enhancement of baculovirus infection in Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae with Autographa californica nucleopolyhedro virus or Nicotiana tabacum engineered with a granulovirus enhancin gene. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 35: 163-170.

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