Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

MINUTES OF THE 2005 S-301 TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEETING Number and Title of the Regional Project: S-301, Development, Evaluation and Safety of Entomopathogens for Control of Arthropod Pests. Location and Date of the Meeting: February 27-28, 2005; Edgefield Inn, Troutdale, Oregon Adopted Agenda: See attachment Meeting came to order at 8:30 AM, February 27, 2005. The meeting called to order by R. P. The first order of business was discussion of the up-coming submission of the renewal for the project. All is on schedule and no problems are anticipated in meeting the deadline of October, 2005 for the final product. Denny Bruck, the local organizer gave details of the meeting location and meals to be served. Registration was set at $50. SARES Administrative Advisors D. Boethel gave report on project and praised participants for effectiveness in producing reports and proposal renewal. David talked about the new proposed federal budget and the possible effects on Land Grant universities and the research conducted at these institutions. Some discussion followed with participants stating the different levels of impact expected in different universities. Expected impact vary from minimum in states that do not rely heavily on federal funding, to very hard on states such as Maine and others where most of faculty salaries are paid with federal funding. Preliminary introductions on the Workshop followed and D. Bruck took command of the meeting to make introductions of Workshop presenters. Special minutes: Workshop with Growers, Researchers and Industry representatives. Our goal was to come up with an action that could be taken by the group as a whole. Two presentations were made at the beginning to illustrate two situations where microbials have been successfully implemented: Robin Stuart presented a talk on the use of entomopathogenic nematodes in Florida citrus against the citrus root weevil. Lerry Lacey presented a talk on using microbials in apple in western Washington. Question: How flexible are growers in terms of implementing new methods for pest control? a. commodity-specific flexibility 1. Low-flexibility: potato, row crops, cotton, traditional agricultural crops 2. High-flexibility: tree fruit, greenhouse, nurseries Proposed reasons for the differences were education, need for a fast re-entry interval for greenhouse operations and the need for new answers to new problems faced in the nursery business. Also, some crops have pressing pest problems that are not currently being solved by chemical control strategies, so they are looking for other alternatives. Grower Needs A suggestion was made that the traditional approach to solving insect problems is to wait until they are true crises. This is not an approach that is amenable with sustainable agriculture. Several reasons were suggested to underlie this situation. A most important one was that funding agencies will only fund research on an existing problem, by which time it is too late to treat is as anything but a crisis. Most growers have diversified. In this newly diverse habitat, determining how to integrate various different crops into a cohesive management program is problematic. Suggestion were made by the growers that limited understanding of complexity of the system is a significant impediment management programs. One suggestion was to emphasize a conservation approach to microbial control. This approach is compatible with many of the new practices of sustainable agriculture. The effects of composting and using compost tea were discussed at length. The final consensus, if there was one, was that we dont know enough about what, exactly, comprises compost tea to know what the interactions between this amendment and microbial insecticides might be. This was identified as a potential fruitful direction for further research. Stored products were also identified as problematic, especially those that contribute allergens to the environment. New treatment thresholds need to be developed. The threshold for microbials might often be lower than those for chemicals. But, these are not available at the time. We need to try to come up with recommendations about how to integrate microbials into the whole system. Industry needs It is a challenge to instruct growers to use products properly. When a product fails due to improper use, it is very costly to the biocontrol industry because the end users tend to think the product is unreliable. The method for getting instructions out to growers that was developed for the chemical industry is not working for biological control, partly because it takes a more sophisticated consumer to use microbials, and partly because a major source of information for the growers is coming directly from the chemical industry. We cant expect the majority of growers to make major shifts in management to accommodate microbials. Information dissemination is a major problem. The chemical industry has spray manuals, etc. that every county agent has at their disposal. No such guide is available for microbials. A proposal was made to develop such a guide. Such a guide should be: Regularly updated. Available on the Internet. List relevant information that would enable County Extension personnel to recommend them. Advertised in trade journals. Linked to Pest Management Centers. Organized based on the commodity groups in the SDC 314 proposal. The possibility of the group submitting a grant proposal to SARE, or a similar agency, was discussed at length. The deadlines for various regional grant programs will be checked and the group will target one of these programs for a proposal. Possibilities other than SARE: IR-4. A committee, comprised of the sub-project chairs, will build a framework for such a web page, and then send out questionnaires to everyone in their Subsections. Ellie Groden volunteered to check into the SARE grants in order to hire someone to coordinate and build the web page. Annual updates will be done in conjunction with the annual meetings. Subproject Discussions: Subproject 2 Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for ornamental, vegetable, fruit and nut crops. (Chair, D. Shapiro-Ilan) Drion Boucias (Univ of FL) is studying a new Hirsutella spp that is pathogenic to glassy winged sharpshooter. Bill Moar (Auburn Univ, AL), is investigating Bt in weevils (sweet potato weevil). Lerry Lacey (ARS, Wapato) reported on M. anisopliae on wireworms and virus Vs tuber moth worm. Lee Solter (IL) is investigating surfactants combined with S. feltiae for thrips control. Also she is identifying a new microsporidia from black vine weevil in collaboration with Denny Bruck (ARS, Corvallis). Denny Brucks lab is also looking as M. anisopliae for black vine weevil control in ornamentals. David Shapiro-Ilan (ARS, Byron) is investigating microbial control of orchard pests. Nematodes are showing promise in control of pecan weevil, plum curculio, and lesser peach tree borer. Fungi are also showing promise for pecan weevil control. Shapiro-Ilan is conducting studies on the genetic basis of beneficial trait deterioration in collaboration with Randy Gaugler (Rutgers, NJ) and Byron Adams (Brigham Young Univ, UT). Ed Lewis is conducting studies on entomopathogenic nematode infection dynamics in collaboration with D. Shapiro-Ilan and Jim Campbell (ARS, Manhattan, KS).

The S-301 Meeting continued on Mon, Feb 28, 2005 Subproject 4 Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for medical, veterinary, and structural pests: (Brian Federici leading in place of chairs Jimmy Becnel & David Oi) Bob Behle (ARS, Peoria) is working with a new foam formulation for delivery. Drion Boucias (Univ FL) reported on Helicosporidium in Culex. Activities include methods of increasing virulence. This pathogen has an extremely wide host range. Tom Corell (Earth Bioscience) reported on tick control with Metarhizium anisopliae; testing the F52 strain in field. The primary interest is in homeowner use. Roberto Pereira reported on various activities at his location (ARS Gainesville) pertaining to fire ant research. David Oi is looking for new Thelohania in Argentina; and also looking at Vairimorpha field release. A combination of these two pathogens would likely be most efficacious. Also at the Gainesville ARS lab, researchers found a new virus in ants (a picornavirus), which is the first virus reported in ants. A control approach would likely be inoculative or introduction (for virus and above pathogens) resulting in moderate reduction. Pereira is pursuing fungi for fire ant control using a Hirsutella and an unidentified fungus (tentatively Akanthomyces sp.). Ellie Groden (Univ ME) is working on an ant being called the European fire ant, which is a continuing significant problem in several localities in Maine. She did survey work in England and found several fungi and a nematode, including putative new species of fungus. Brian Federici (Univ CA, Riverside) reported on work on recombinant bacteria for mosquito control; they transferred the toxin from Bacillus sphaericus into Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) (both bacteria are already commercial products for mosquitoes). The result of the recombination is greater prod of B. sphaericus toxin per cell. The result is 10-20x efficacy compared to either wild type. Efficacy mostly vs. Culex but also may have potential Vs malaria carrying mosquitoes. Subproject 1 Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for major acreage crops (Bob Behle, Chair). Sugar beets: Mark Boetel (North Dakota State Univ) is working on fungi for control of the sugar beet maggot using Beauveria and Metarhizium. He is collaborating with Stefan Jaronski (ARS, Sidney) and conducting lab and field trials. Jaronski (ARS, Sidney) working with Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 for sugar beet maggot control, observed reduced efficacy with decreasing soil moisture. Metarhizium seems to work well when the insect density is not too high; at higher densities the pathogen approach will probably have to be integrated with other strategies. Jaronski is also looking at wireworms and Collembola control with fungi. Cotton: Bill Moar (Auburn University, AL) is working with Bt cotton. One project focuses on resistance management; the team is developing a standard protocol to detect resistance. Also Moar is working on developing resistance to H. zea in lab. Jarrod Leland (ARS, Stoneville) is researching microbial control of cotton pests. He is collaborating with Mickey McGuire (ARS, Shafter) investigating new isolates of B. bassiana for control of Lygus. Leland is also looking at Neozygites in cotton aphid suppression (and for consideration in soybean aphid control). Mickey McGuire (ARS, Shafter) reported on their focus on Lygus control with microbials in CA cotton. They observed high levels of control with B. bassiana fungi in alfalfa (they used alfalfa because Lygus populations are more consistent than in cotton). They have developed molecular markers for the B. bassiana strains so that they can follow infections/persistence of these strains following field application. Alfalfa: Rosalind James (ARS, Logan) investigated non-target effects of hyphomycete use in alfalfa on pollinators. Also they have developed PCR markers to identify chalkbrood infections. Additionally, in collaboration with J. Leland, she is working on Varroa mite control with Metarhizium anisopliae. Potatoes: E. Groden reported on studies using B. bassiana for Colorado potato beetle control, looking at interaction between introduced and endemic fungal strains. L. Lacey (ARS, Wapato), is investigating potato tuber moth control, a significant emerging pest. They are looking at granulosis virus as well as fungi and nematodes for control. Also they are studying control of wireworms in potato; nematodes do not appear to be promising. Metarhizium may be an option. Other: Drion Boucias (U FL) is working on Thripinema in collaboration with J. Funderburk (U FL)for thrips control. Subproject 3 Discovery of entomopathogens and their integration and safety in pest management programs for urban and natural landscapes (Roberto Pereira led the meeting in place of co-chairs Parwinder Grewal and Ed Lewis). Lee Solter (IL) looking at host specificity microsporidia, and field trials for gypsy moth control; collaboration is with V. DAmico (USFS, Newark). Tom Corell (Earth BioScience) is cooperating with Ann Hayek (Cornell, NY) on M. anisopliae control of Asian longhorn beetle using bands of the fungus around the tree. Also Corell is working on white grub control in turf. DeAnna Borchardt (U of DE) working with Vince DAmico (USFS, Newark) is using a voltage clamp to study Bt toxin effects in gypsy moth. Stefan Jaronski reported on grasshopper control with fungal agents on rangelands. He is investigating an attracticide and strip-treatment approach using GHA strain, but temperature tolerance is problematic due to behavioral fever. Also he is looking at Mormon cricket control with fungal agents. Jaronski is collaborating with Don Roberts (UT St. Univ.), they are looking for new pathogens in Mormon cricket. FINAL BUSINESS MEETING Information - see attachment

CROSS-SUBPROJECT EFFORTS: A catalogue of classical biological control introductions of entomopathogens against a great diversity of insects and mites has been prepared and will be published in a Forest Service publication and on the website. The pathogenicity of three strains of Beauveria bassiana towards adults of the alfalfa leafcutting bee could only be demonstrated at very high concentrations; therefore this fungus can be safely used in fields where these bees are released. (USDA-ARS, Logan, UT). A molecular marker method based on PCR has been developed for identifying and detecting infections of Ascosphaera spp. (chalkbrood) in the alfalfa leafcutting bee (USDA-ARS, Logan, UT). SUBPROJECT 1. Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for leaf feeding insect defoliators. Coordinator: Robert Behle, USDA, ARS-Peoria Summary Entomophaga maimaiga (NY) and several microsporidia isolated from European Lymantria dispar (L.) populations (INHS-IL; USDA FS-CT; CT Ag. Expt. Stn.; Bulg. Academy of Sciences; Fach. Eberswalde, Germany; BOKU, Vienna; Illinois DNR and DOA) continue to be evaluated for gypsy moth control. Field studies evaluated non-target effects and horizontal transmission of microsporidia. Release of three species of gypsy moth microsporidia has been proposed for Illinois. Nosema from the Eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (USDA-ARS Stoneville; Univ. of KY; INHS; Iowa State Univ.) and a microsporidium from the black vine weevil, Otiorynchus sulcatus (USDA-ARS, Corvallis; INHS) are also being evaluated for use as biological control agents. Season-long treatments of codling moth granulovirus (CpGV) resulted in significantly fewer deep entries and surviving larvae, but did not reduce the proportion of fruit damaged by codling moth despite pest population reduction. Viral formulations are being evaluated in the field and under storage conditions. The Cyd-X and Virosoft formulations were stable at 95ÚF for several months; Carpovirusine formulation only had good survival at the lower temperatures (USDA-ARS, Yakima). Lignin-based spray-dried formulation AgMNPV provided protection of the virus from simulated sunlight degradation in the lab (USDA-ARS, Peoria) but not in the Brazilian fields (EMBRAPA-Londrina). Studies on Beauveria bassiana population genetics indicated the displacement of naturally occurring populations by the commercial strains and some degree of genetic transfer from the commercial strains into the indigenous population (University of Maine; USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY). B. bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae conidia did not infect Collembola, although significantly fewer eggs were produced probably due to poor diet quality. A Bt diet and fungal metabolites also did not affect these insects (Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT). SUBPROJECT 2: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for homopteran and other piercing-sucking insects. Coordinator: Michael Brownbridge, Univ. of VT-AES, & David Shapiro-Ilan, USDA-ARS, Byron, GA. Summary Thripinema fuscum affected the fecundity of Frankliniella fusca, indicating the potential of the nematode to suppress F. fusca populations in peanut (Univ. of FL). Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis indica kill the Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, in glasshouse Gerbera daisies but access to the flowerhead by sprayed nematodes is limited by flower morphology. (University of Illinois; INHS, IL). Entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes may be added to mulches to bioenhance and improve their suppressive effect on avocado thrips. (Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT; UC Riverside, CA). Fungal pathogens, including Pandora neoaphidis, were identified infecting the invasive soybean aphid, recently introduced from China. The fungal pathogen Neozygites tanajoae of cassava green mite has been described, methods for culture and storage have been developed and pathogenicity and host specificity have been documented. (Cornell Univ., NY). Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum isolate CG423 was demonstrated to be pathogenic to the false spider mite Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes with 90% mortality by the 8th day.(Univ. of FL). A survey of the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata demonstrated that mycosed GWSS occurred at more than 25% of the sampling sites with more than 75% of the mummified insects harboring Hirsutella. (Univ. of FL). A microsporidium found in Pseudoscymnus tsugae, a predator of the woolly hemlock adelgid, may only have serious deleterious effects at high prevalences in the host colonies. (NJ Dept. of Agric., INHS). SUBPROJECT 3: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens in cryptic and soil habitats. Coordinators: Parwinder Grewal, OH and Edwin Lewis, CA. Summary Metarhizium anisopliae (strain F52, Earth BioSciences, Fairfield, CT) was tested against Asian longhorned beetle (Cornell Univ., NY) and the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR). Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces tenuipes, Steinernema oregonense, and Bacillus thuringiensis were also bioassayed against the black vine weevil (USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR). M. anisopliae also showed potential for control of adult western cherry fruit fly emerging through fungus treated soil (USDA-ARS, Yakima). Entomopathogenic nematodes were shown to reduce plum curculio beneath fruit trees (Utah State University; USDA-ARS, Wapato WA), and overwintering stages of Oriental fruit moth OFM (Washington State University; USDA-ARS, Wapato WA). Codling moth larvae were nearly totally controlled in mulched plots that were treated with 1 billion nematodes per acre (USDA-ARS, Wapato WA). Steinernema carpocapsae caused over 90% suppression of navel organgeworm at a rate of 0.4 billion nematodes per acre of pistachios (USDA-ARS, Parlier CA & Wapato WA). Genetic studies on trait deterioration have been conducted with entomopathogenic nematodes (USDA-ARS Byron GA, NJ, USDA-ARS Newark DE, Brigham Young Univ.). Mixed strains of the Steinernema riobrave from Texas were tested against citrus root weevil larvae (University of Florida, IFAS, CREC; USDA-ARS Byron GA). SUBPROJECT 4: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for veterinary and structural arthropod pests Coordinators: James J. Becnel, David Oi, ARS-Gainesville Summary Entomopathogenic research on structural pests focused on the control of the imported fire ants, (Solenopsis invicta, S. richteri, and their hybrid) and the invasive European fire ant, Myrmica rubra. A natural infection of the microsporidian, Thelohania solenopsae was reported for the first time from the single-queen form of the red imported fire ant, as well as an infection in the hybrid imported fire ant. Laboratory transmission of another microsporidium, Vairimorpha invictae was accomplished for the first time and there were significant reductions in the growth of infected S. invicta colonies. A new virus was sequenced and characterized from S. invicta, and new fungal pathogens were isolated from this ant species. Isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana obtained from M. rubra were more pathogenic than a commercial B. bassiana strain. Compensatory mortality was observed with simultaneous exposure of M. rubra to fungi and boric acid ant baits. Entomopathogens evaluated against veterinary pest included bacteria, viruses, fungi, microsporidia, and a new insect pathogenic algae. New mosquitocidal recombinant strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni (PG-14) and B. thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan (Btj) were developed with improved efficacy against Culex and Aedes spp. The infectivity and pathogenicity of the baculovirus, OscoNPV were evaluated in laboratory bioassays against ten species of mosquitoes native to the northeastern US. The host range was restricted to Aedes and Ochlerotatus spp. A cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus was isolated from the mosquito Uranotaenia sapphirina (UsCPV) and molecular data revealed a distant relationship with the genus Cypovirus. Various species of microsporidia have been sequenced to study relationships among the Microsporidia. Basic studies on Helicosporidium sp., (an achlorophytic green algae) have demonstrated that it infects various lepidopteran, dipteran, and coleopteran hosts. Beauveria bassiana was isolated in Minnesota from female blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis. The nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 of these isolates was sequenced and compared with those from other strains and species of Beauveria.

Anderson, J. F., Andreadis, T. G., Main, A. J., and Kline, D. L. 2004. Prevalence of West Nile virus in tree-canopy inhabiting Culex pipiens and associated mosquitoes. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 71: 112-119.

Andreadis, T. G. 2005. Evolutionary strategies and adaptations for survival between mosquito-parasitic microsporidia and their intermediate copepod hosts: a comparative examination of Amblyospora connecticus and Hyalinocysta chapmani (Microsporidia: Amblyosporidae). Folia Parasitologica (in press).

Andreadis, T. G., Anderson, J. F., Vossbrinck, C. R. and Main, A. J. 2004. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut, USA: a five year analysis of mosquito data 1999-2003. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Dis. 4:360-378.

Araujo-Coutinho, C. I. P. C., Nascimento, E. S., Figueiro, R., and Becnel, J. J. 2004. Seasonality and prevalence rates of microsporidia in Simulium pertinax (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae in the region of Serra dos Oraos, Rio de Janeiro. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 85, 188-191.

Arthurs, S.P. and L.A. Lacey. 2004. Field evaluation of commercial formulations of the codling moth granulovirus (CpGV): persistence of activity and success of seasonal applications against natural infestations in the Pacific Northwest. Biol. Contr. 31: 388-397.

Bai, C, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, R. Gaugler and S. Yi. 2004. Effect of entomopathogenic nematode concentration on survival during cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. J. Nematol. 36: 281-284.

Bai, C., D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, R. Gaugler and K. R. Hopper. 2005. Stabilization of beneficial traits in Heterorhabditis bacteriophora through creation of inbred lines. Biol. Control 32: 220-227.

Becnel, J. J., White, S. E. and Shapiro, A. M. (2005). Review of microsporidia-mosquito relationships: from the simple to the complex. Folia Parasitol (Praha). (in press)

Brownbridge, M., M. Skinner and B.L. Parker. Opportunities for development and use of entomopathogenic fungi in date palm production In Proc., Regl. Workshop on Date Palm Development in the Arabian Peninsula, May 29-31, 2004, Abu Dhabi, UAE. In press.

Bruck, D.J. 2005. Ecology of Metarhizium anisopliae in soilless potting media and the rhizosphere: implications for pest management. Biol. Control 32:155-163.

Bruck, D.J. 2004. Natural occurrence of entomopathogens in pacific northwest nursery soils and their virulence to the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environ. Entomol. 33: 1335-1343.

Castrillo, L.A., P.K. Mishra, S. Annis, E. Groden, and J. Vandenberg. 2004. Field releases of Beauveria bassiana strain GHA affect genetic diversity of indigenous populations. (Abstract) Proceedings of the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Society of Invertebrate. Pathology. August 1-6, 2004, Helsinki, Finland, p. 112.

Chen, J. S. C., K. Snowden, F. Mitchell, J. Sokolova, J. Fuxa, and S. B. Vinson. 2004. Sources of spores for the possible horizontal transmission of Thelohania solenopsae (Microspora: Thelohaniidae) in the red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 85: 139-145.

Dingha, B., A. G. Appel, & W. Moar. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1C toxin on the metabolic rate of Cry1C resistant and susceptible Spodoptera exigua.Physiological Entomology. 29:409-418

Delalibera Jr., I. and A.E. Hajek. 2004. Pathogenicity and specificity of isolates of Neozygites tanajoae and Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) pathogenic to the cassava green mite. Biol. Contr. 30: 608-616.

Delalibera Jr., I. and A.E. Hajek. 2004. Preservation of in vitro cultures of the mite pathogenic fungus Neozygites tanajoae. Can. J. Microbiol 50: 579-586.

Delalibera Jr., I., A.E. Hajek and R.A. Humber. 2004. Neozygites tanajoae sp. nov., a pathogen of the cassava green mite. Mycologia 96: 1002-1009.

Dubois, T., Z. Li, H. Jiafu and A.E. Hajek. 2004. Efficacy of fiber bands impregnated with Beauveria brongniartii cultures against the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biol. Contr. 31: 320-328.

Farrar, R. R., Jr., M. Shapiro and B. M. Shepard. 2004. Activity of the nucleopolyhedrovirus of the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on foliage of transgenic sweet corn expressing a CryIA (b) toxin. Environ. Entomol. 33: 982-989.

Filotas, M.J. and A.E. Hajek. 2004. Influence of temperature and soil moisture on infection of forest tent caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) by the entomopathogenic fungus Furia gastropachae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). Environ. Entomol. 33: 1127-1136.

Fitt, G. P., D. A. Andow, Y. Carriere, W. J. Moar, T. H. Schuler, C. Omoto, J. Kanya, M. A. Okech, P. Arama, and N. K. Maniania. Resistance risks and Management Associated with Bt Maize in Kenya. 2004. In A. Hilbeck and D.A. Andow (eds.). Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms: A Case Study of Bt Maize in Kenya. CABI Publishers

Fuxa, J. R. 2004. Germ warfare against the red imported fire ant. LSU AgCenter impact reports. http://www.lsuagcenter.com/impacts/public.asp?id=538

Fuxa, J. R., and A. R. Richter. 2004. Effects of soil moisture and composition and fungal isolate on prevalence of Beauveria bassiana in laboratory colonies of red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environ. Entomol. 33: 975-981.

Fuxa, J. R., M. L. Milks, Y. Y. Sokolova, and A. R. Richter. 2005. Interaction of an entomopathogen with an insect social form: an epizootic of Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia) in a population of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 88: 79-82.

Galbreath, Johanna G. M., Smith, Judith E., Terry, Rebecca S., Becnel, James J., and Dunn, Alison M. 2004. Ecological implications of the invasion success of Fibrillanosema crangonyctidae, n. sp., n. g.: a novel vertically transmitted microsporidian parasite from the invasive amphipod host Crangonix pseudogracilis. Intl. J. Parasitol. 34, 235-244.

Goertz, D., A. Linde, and L.F. Solter. 2004. Influence of Dimilin on a microsporidian infection in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Biol. Contr. 30: 624-633.

Goertz, D., D. Pilarska, M. Kereselidze, L. Solter, and A. Linde. 2004. Studies on the impact of two Nosema isolates from Bulgaria on the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.). J. Invertebr. Path. 87: 105-113.

Groden, E., S. Yan, F.A. Drummond. August 2004. Pathogens associated with the ant, Myrmica rubra, in its introduced and native range. (Abstract) Proceedings of the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Society of Invertebrate Pathology, August 1 - 6, 2004, Helsinki, Finland, p. 65.

Hajek, A.E., J.S. Strazanac, M.M. Wheeler, F. Vermeylen and L. Butler. 2004. Persistence of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga and its impact on native Lymantriidae. Biol. Contr. 30: 466-471.

Hajek, A.E., N.W. Siegert, M.M. Wheeler and D. McCullough. 2004. Using bioassays to predict abundance of Entomophaga maimaiga resting spores in soil. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 86: 61-64.

Hajek, A.E., R.T. Curtiss and J.K. Liebherr. 2004. Characters differentiating male from female Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 106: 928-931.

Hoch, G., L.F. Solter, and A. Schopf. 2004. Hemolymph melanization and alterations in hemocyte numbers in Lymantria dispar (L.) larvae following infections with different entomopathogenic microsporidia. Entom. Exp. and Appl. 113: 77-86.

Hughes, P. A., M. M. Stevens, H.-W. Park, B. A. Federici, E. S. Dennis, and R. Akhurst. 2004. Response of larval Chironomus tepperi (Diptera: Chironomidae) to individual Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis toxins and toxin mixtures. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. In press.

James, R.R. 2004. Pathology of whiteflies. In "Encylopedia of Entomology" (J.L. Capinera, ed.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.

James, R.R. and C. Huntzinger. 2004. Temperature affects chalkbrood in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, pp. 19-23. In "Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Seed Conference, Northwest Alfalfa Seed Growers Association." Reno, NV. Northwest Alfalfa Seed Growers Association, Boise, ID.

James, R.R. and J.S. Buckner. 2004. Lipids stimulate spore germination in the entomopathogenic Ascomycete Ascosphaera aggregata. Mycopathologia. 158: 293 302.

Jaronski, S.T., S.P. Schell, A.V. Latchininsky, and A.V. Chernysh "Continued Field Evaluations of Canola Oil as an Attractive Carrier for Beauveria bassiana." Proc. 2004 Annual Meeting, National Grasshopper Management Board, Aurora CO.

Kleepspies, R. G., Vossbrinck, C. R., Lange, M. and Jehle, J. A. 2003. Morphological and molecular investigations of a microsporidium infecting the European grape vine moth, Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff., and its taxonomic determination as Cystosporogenes legeri nov. comb. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 83:240-248.

Lacey, L. A., E. Riga, and W. Snyder. 2004. The potential for using insect specific pathogens for control of insect pests of potato in North America. Potato Progress. 4: 1-3. (Trade Journal).

Lacey, L.A., S.P. Arthurs, A. Knight, K. Becker, and H. Headrick. 2004. Efficacy of codling moth granulovirus: effect of adjuvants on persistence of activity and comparison with other larvicides in a Pacific Northwest apple orchard. J. Entomol. Sci. 39: 500-513.

Lacey, L.A., S.P. Arthurs, D. Thomson, R. Fritts, Jr., and D. Granatstein. 2004. Codling moth granulovirus and insect-specific nematodes for control of codling moth in the Pacific Northwest. Tilth Producers Quarterly 13 (2): 10-12 (Trade Journal for Organic Farmers).

Leland, J. E., and G. L. Snodgrass. Prevalence of Naturally Occurring Beauveria bassiana in Lygus lineolaris Populations from Wild Host Plants of Mississippi . Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology (In Press).

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Wirth, M. C., J. Jiannino, B. A. Federici, and W. E. Walton. 2005. Evolution of resistance to Bacillus sphaericus in the presence or absence of Cyt1A using laboratory selected lines of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. In press.

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