SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: NC_OLD205 : Ecology and Management of European Corn Borer and Other Stalk-Boring Lepidoptera
- Period Covered: 10/01/2000 to 09/01/2005
- Date of Report: 03/28/2002
- Annual Meeting Dates: 01/27/2002 to 01/29/2002
Participants
Participants: (*designates state or USDA representative, otherwise cooperators) Chuck Mason* - Delaware; Charles Guse, Dave Onstad* - Illinois; Larry Buschman, Randy Higgins*- Kansas; Paul Preckel* Indiana; Galen Dively* - Maryland; Dave Andow* Minnesota; Tom Hunt* and Blair Siegfried Nebraska; Phil Glogoza* - North Dakota; Art Schaafsma & Mark Sears* - Ontario; Dennis Calvin* - Pennsylvania; Billy Fuller* - South Dakota; Greg Cronholm*, Pat Porter* - Texas; John Wedberg* - Wisconsin; Rick Hellmich* - USDA/ARS; Dennis Kopp* - USDA/CSREES; Elson Shields* New York; Les Lewis*, Marlin Rice, Jon Tollefson, and Brad Coates Iowa, Steve Pueppke (Admin. Advisor).
Annual meeting of NC-205 was held at the Adams Mark Hotel in Indianapolis, Indiana. Location and date were selected to facilitate interaction with the NCR-46 (Corn Rootworms) committee and EPA representative Alan Reynolds, and industry representatives interested in managing corn insect resistance to transgenic corn. A multi-stakeholder Insect Resistance Management (IRM) meeting was held immediately after this meeting followed by the NCR-46 meeting.
Chairman Rick Hellmich called the meeting to order at 1:20 p.m. on January 27, 2002. He noted that the days session would focus on IRM models. Models related to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn insect resistance management were discussed during this session. Presentations were made by 1) David Onstad (IL), who discussed his two species, European corn borer (ECB) and Southwestern corn borer (SWCB), resistance management model, 2) Dave Andow who discussed his new model, 3) Dennis Calvin (PA) who discussed his ECB phenology modeling efforts and Tom Hunt (NE) who discussed the results of the consultant survey for high-spray areas.
The meeting was resumed at 8:15 a.m. on Monday (Jan. 28). Dr. Dennis Kopp, CSREES representative, briefed the committee on new leadership within the USDA, and discussed CSREES budgets, and funding opportunities. Les Lewis, ARS representative, briefed the committee on changing leadership and the status of budgets. Steve Pueppke, NC-205 Administrative Adviser, briefed the committee on indirect cost recovery by universities and the reaction of industry. Intellectual property is becoming an extremely difficult and important issue for universities.Chuck Mason updated the committee on the status of the next edition of the NCR-327 publication, European Corn Borer: Ecology and Management.
A general discussion occurred concerning the behavior of growers relative to refuge compliance. Randy Higgins provided information on current Bt-corn adoption levels by county across the U.S. and the new registration requirements. The EPA wants to know how the registrants will respond to growers who are noncompliant. Wording in EPA document suggests that NC 205 members will be involved in specific types of research that will address some of these questions.
State reports were presented in order of the new project objectives. Next year, state reports will be done electronically and sent out as a CD. A motion was made to meet in Baltimore, MD or Kansas City, MO as an alternate location with the meeting beginning on January 27 or January 29, 2002. Specific time and place will be coordinated with NCR-46 committee. Drs. Hellmich and Calvin will continue as chair and secretary, respectively. Meeting was adjourned 12:05 pm.
Chairman Rick Hellmich called the meeting to order at 1:20 p.m. on January 27, 2002. He noted that the days session would focus on IRM models. Models related to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn insect resistance management were discussed during this session. Presentations were made by 1) David Onstad (IL), who discussed his two species, European corn borer (ECB) and Southwestern corn borer (SWCB), resistance management model, 2) Dave Andow who discussed his new model, 3) Dennis Calvin (PA) who discussed his ECB phenology modeling efforts and Tom Hunt (NE) who discussed the results of the consultant survey for high-spray areas.
The meeting was resumed at 8:15 a.m. on Monday (Jan. 28). Dr. Dennis Kopp, CSREES representative, briefed the committee on new leadership within the USDA, and discussed CSREES budgets, and funding opportunities. Les Lewis, ARS representative, briefed the committee on changing leadership and the status of budgets. Steve Pueppke, NC-205 Administrative Adviser, briefed the committee on indirect cost recovery by universities and the reaction of industry. Intellectual property is becoming an extremely difficult and important issue for universities.Chuck Mason updated the committee on the status of the next edition of the NCR-327 publication, European Corn Borer: Ecology and Management.
A general discussion occurred concerning the behavior of growers relative to refuge compliance. Randy Higgins provided information on current Bt-corn adoption levels by county across the U.S. and the new registration requirements. The EPA wants to know how the registrants will respond to growers who are noncompliant. Wording in EPA document suggests that NC 205 members will be involved in specific types of research that will address some of these questions.
State reports were presented in order of the new project objectives. Next year, state reports will be done electronically and sent out as a CD. A motion was made to meet in Baltimore, MD or Kansas City, MO as an alternate location with the meeting beginning on January 27 or January 29, 2002. Specific time and place will be coordinated with NCR-46 committee. Drs. Hellmich and Calvin will continue as chair and secretary, respectively. Meeting was adjourned 12:05 pm.
Accomplishments
Many new economic issues have arisen because of the commercial introduction of Bt corn. These issues include technology adoption, cost differences between alternative refuge configurations, and a desire to identify economic incentives that encourage growers to comply with refuge requirements. IN economists (Purdue) used a partial budget analysis to estimate the costs of implementing refuge configurations and found that a strip configuration is the least cost method of planting a 20% non-Bt corn refuge.
IRM for Bt corn depends on a refuge strategy complemented by high expression of Bt protein in the plant. There is disagreement, however, concerning the size and placement of non-Bt refuges. Researchers from DE, NE, MN, KS, PA, and IA have investigated ECB movement and a researcher from KS has studied SWCB movement. Preliminary results suggest that ECB and SWCB male movement between fields is high. ECB have been captured up to 49 km from a release point. Some of the members thought these data provide evidence that the half-mile proximity refuge recommendation was robust, but there was not a consensus. IL researchers have developed a 2 species (ECB and SWCB) model for addressing IRM issues. This model generated much discussion over ECB movement, mating, and oviposition and possible experiments that could be conducted to fill information gaps.
Presentations by modelers helped the non-modelers on the committee to better understand the modeling process and to learn which genetic, biological and economic parameters were the most important for IRM. This interaction helped the committee to identify information gaps that could be filled with experiments involving corn borer movement, mating and oviposition, grower surveys addressing IRM compliance issues, and crop consultant surveys addressing chemical spray frequency and patterns.
Management strategies with Bt corn to control European corn borer and other stalk-boring insects may have direct and indirect effects on nontarget pests, and other organisms that could result in positive or negative impacts. Some of these perceived impacts (e.g., monarch butterfly) are potentially controversial. NC-205 members and cooperators (MD, ONT, IA, NE, PA, MN) participated in a consortium of scientists to address the Bt corn and monarch butterfly issue. A collaborative research effort by scientists in several States and in Canada has produced information to develop a formal risk assessment of the impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly, Danaus plexxipus, populations. Information was sought on the acute toxic effects of Bt corn pollen and the degree to which monarch larvae would be exposed to toxic amounts of Bt pollen on its host plant, the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, found in and around cornfields. Expression of Cry proteins, the active toxicant found in Bt corn tissues, differed among hybrids, and especially so in the concentrations found in pollen of different events. In most commercial hybrids, Bt expression in pollen is low and laboratory and field studies show no acute toxic effects at any pollen density that would be encountered in the field. Other factors mitigating exposure of larvae include the variable and limited overlap between pollen shed and larval activity periods, the fact that only a portion of the monarch population utilizes milkweed stands in and near cornfields, and the current adoption rate of Bt corn at 19% of North American corn-growing areas. This two-year study suggests that the impact of Bt corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterfly populations is negligible.
Growers rely on a variety of sources for making decisions regarding implementation of traditional and transgenic pest management technologies. To help growers integrate these inputs and options into practical pest management programs, the results of this project must be made available in a timely fashion for use by policymakers and be packaged as unbiased recommendations for the agricultural and public sectors. Toward this goal, NC-205 members participated in several high-profile activities including international meetings, EPA Science Advisory Panels (2 nontarget organism panels and 1 IRM panel), National Academy of Science Standing Committee in Agriculture, and an consortium to address Bt corn and monarch butterfly. NC-205 sponsored a multi-stakeholder meeting on Corn Insect IRM that included EPA, industry representatives and members of the NCR-46 (Corn Rootworms) committee. The NC-205 publication Bt Corn & European Corn Borer: Long-Term Success Through Resistance Management continues to be a popular source for Bt corn and IRM information.
Plans for the coming year include focusing on IRM issues in the high-spray areas of the country. The high-spray subcommittee plans to meet with growers from these areas to encourage grower input, and to facilitate IRM discussion and development. IRM models that focus on the high-spray areas will be improved by incorporating insecticide use information including frequency of Bt corn and non-Bt corn sprays, targeted insects, and spray efficacies. Discussions will occur with NCR-46 members concerning the development of compatible IRM strategies for ECB and corn rootworm transgenic corn. Writing assignments for the next edition of the NCR-327 publication have been made which should allow us to meet the target date of September 2003. A NASS representative will be contacted to determine if one or more IRM related questions could be added to the national corn survey. Collaborative research will focus on determining 1) frequency of resistant alleles in populations, 2) scale and frequency of ECB random mating, and 3) scale and frequency of ECB random ovipostion, 4) Using Calvin corn growth and European corn borer degree-day models to identify regions in the Corn Belt where insect resistance management might be problematic.
IRM for Bt corn depends on a refuge strategy complemented by high expression of Bt protein in the plant. There is disagreement, however, concerning the size and placement of non-Bt refuges. Researchers from DE, NE, MN, KS, PA, and IA have investigated ECB movement and a researcher from KS has studied SWCB movement. Preliminary results suggest that ECB and SWCB male movement between fields is high. ECB have been captured up to 49 km from a release point. Some of the members thought these data provide evidence that the half-mile proximity refuge recommendation was robust, but there was not a consensus. IL researchers have developed a 2 species (ECB and SWCB) model for addressing IRM issues. This model generated much discussion over ECB movement, mating, and oviposition and possible experiments that could be conducted to fill information gaps.
Presentations by modelers helped the non-modelers on the committee to better understand the modeling process and to learn which genetic, biological and economic parameters were the most important for IRM. This interaction helped the committee to identify information gaps that could be filled with experiments involving corn borer movement, mating and oviposition, grower surveys addressing IRM compliance issues, and crop consultant surveys addressing chemical spray frequency and patterns.
Management strategies with Bt corn to control European corn borer and other stalk-boring insects may have direct and indirect effects on nontarget pests, and other organisms that could result in positive or negative impacts. Some of these perceived impacts (e.g., monarch butterfly) are potentially controversial. NC-205 members and cooperators (MD, ONT, IA, NE, PA, MN) participated in a consortium of scientists to address the Bt corn and monarch butterfly issue. A collaborative research effort by scientists in several States and in Canada has produced information to develop a formal risk assessment of the impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly, Danaus plexxipus, populations. Information was sought on the acute toxic effects of Bt corn pollen and the degree to which monarch larvae would be exposed to toxic amounts of Bt pollen on its host plant, the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, found in and around cornfields. Expression of Cry proteins, the active toxicant found in Bt corn tissues, differed among hybrids, and especially so in the concentrations found in pollen of different events. In most commercial hybrids, Bt expression in pollen is low and laboratory and field studies show no acute toxic effects at any pollen density that would be encountered in the field. Other factors mitigating exposure of larvae include the variable and limited overlap between pollen shed and larval activity periods, the fact that only a portion of the monarch population utilizes milkweed stands in and near cornfields, and the current adoption rate of Bt corn at 19% of North American corn-growing areas. This two-year study suggests that the impact of Bt corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterfly populations is negligible.
Growers rely on a variety of sources for making decisions regarding implementation of traditional and transgenic pest management technologies. To help growers integrate these inputs and options into practical pest management programs, the results of this project must be made available in a timely fashion for use by policymakers and be packaged as unbiased recommendations for the agricultural and public sectors. Toward this goal, NC-205 members participated in several high-profile activities including international meetings, EPA Science Advisory Panels (2 nontarget organism panels and 1 IRM panel), National Academy of Science Standing Committee in Agriculture, and an consortium to address Bt corn and monarch butterfly. NC-205 sponsored a multi-stakeholder meeting on Corn Insect IRM that included EPA, industry representatives and members of the NCR-46 (Corn Rootworms) committee. The NC-205 publication Bt Corn & European Corn Borer: Long-Term Success Through Resistance Management continues to be a popular source for Bt corn and IRM information.
Plans for the coming year include focusing on IRM issues in the high-spray areas of the country. The high-spray subcommittee plans to meet with growers from these areas to encourage grower input, and to facilitate IRM discussion and development. IRM models that focus on the high-spray areas will be improved by incorporating insecticide use information including frequency of Bt corn and non-Bt corn sprays, targeted insects, and spray efficacies. Discussions will occur with NCR-46 members concerning the development of compatible IRM strategies for ECB and corn rootworm transgenic corn. Writing assignments for the next edition of the NCR-327 publication have been made which should allow us to meet the target date of September 2003. A NASS representative will be contacted to determine if one or more IRM related questions could be added to the national corn survey. Collaborative research will focus on determining 1) frequency of resistant alleles in populations, 2) scale and frequency of ECB random mating, and 3) scale and frequency of ECB random ovipostion, 4) Using Calvin corn growth and European corn borer degree-day models to identify regions in the Corn Belt where insect resistance management might be problematic.
Impacts
Publications
Al-Deeb, M., G. E. Wilde, and R. A. Higgins. 2001. No effect of Bacillus thuringiensis corn and Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) on the predator Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). J. Econ. Entomol. 30: 625-629.
Anderson, P. L. and R. L. Hellmich. Bt Corn and Insect Resistance Management What are they? Site-Specific Management Guidelines, Potash and Phosphate Institute, South Dakota State University. 2001.
Boyd, M. L., and W. C. Bailey. 2001. Southwestern corn borer management in Missouri. Missouri Cooperative Outreach and Extension Service, Guide G7111. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.
Boyd, M. L., and W. C. Bailey. 2001. European corn borer: A multiple-crop pest in Missouri. Missouri Cooperative Outreach and Extension Service, Guide G7113. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.
Buschman, L., P. Sloderbeck, and M. Witt. 2001. Efficacy of Cry1F corn for the control of southwestern corn borer and corn earworm. Southwest Kansas Research-Extension Center Field Day Report, Kansas State Univ. Report of Progress #877: 67-70.
Buschman, L., P. Sloderbeck, and M. Witt. 2001. Efficacy of Cry1F corn for the control of southwestern corn borer and corn earworm, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: M2.
Buschman, L. and P. Sloderbeck. 2001. Efficacy of Regent and Counter on corn rootworm and southwestern corn borer larvae. Southwest Kansas Research-Extension Center Field Day Report, Kansas State Univ. Report of Progress #877: 71-73.
Buschman, L. and P. Sloderbeck. 2001. Comparison of Regent and Counter for controlling corn rootworm and southwestern corn borer larvae, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: F8.
Chaufau, J., M. Seguin, J. J. Swanson, D. Bourguet, and B. D. Siegfried. 2001. Chronic Exposure of the European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) to Cry1Ab Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1564-1570.
Durham, E. W., M. E. Scharf, and B. D. Siegfried. 2001. Toxicity and Neurophysiological Effects of Fipronil and its Oxidative Sulfone Metabolite on European Corn Borer Larvae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 71: 97-106.
Hellmich, R. L., M. E. Rice, J. M. Pleasants, and Wai-Ki F. Lam. Of monarchs and men: possible influences of Bt corn in the agricultural community. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.12:85-94. 2000.
Hellmich, R. L. and B. D. Siegfried. Bt Corn and the Monarch Butterfly: Research Update. In book entitled Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture: Economics and Politics, edited by Gerald C. Nelson, Academic Press, London. pp. 283-289. 2001.
Hellmich, R. L., Siegfried, B. D., Sears, M. K., Stanley-Horn, D. E., Mattila, H. R., Spencer, T., Bidne, K. G., Daniels, M. J. & Lewis, L. C. (2001). Monarch Larvae Sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis Purified Proteins and Pollen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11925-11930.
Huang, F., L. Buschman, and R. Higgins. 2001. Larval feeding behavior of Dipel-resistant and susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis on diet containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel ES). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 98: 141-148.
Hunt, T. E., L. G. Higley, J. F. Witkowski, L. J. Young, R. L. Hellmich. 2001. Dispersal of Adult European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Within and Proximal to Irrigated and Non-irrigated Corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 1369-1377.
Hurley, T.M., B.A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. Bt crops and Insect Resistance: An Economic Assessment of Refuges. J. Agr. & Res. Econ. 26: 176-194. 2001.
Hurley, T. M., S. Secchi, B.A. Babcock, and R.L. Hellmich. Managing the Risk of European Corn Borer Resistance to Bt Corn. In bool entitled The Economics of Modeling Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Biotechnologies (T. Swanson, ed.). Kluwer (In press)
Hyde, J., M.A. Martin, P.V. Preckel, C.L. Dobbins, and C.R. Edwards, 2001. "An Economic Analysis of Non-Bt Corn Refuges," Crop Protection, 20(2):167-171.
Hyde, J., M.A. Martin, P.V. Preckel, and C.R. Edwards, 2001. "The Economics of Bt Corn: Adoption Implications," Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, Publication ID-219 Revised, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Lewis, P., C. Portier, S. Roberts, D. Andow, R. Bagwell, M. Caprio, T. Dennehy, B. Federici, F. Gould, D. Hardee, R. Hellmich, R. Higgins, T. Hurley, M. Sears, T. Shelton, and B. Siegfried. 2001. SAP Report No. 2000-07a, March 12, 2001, Bt Plant-Pesticides Risk and Benefit Assessments: Insect Resistance Management. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Subpanel on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plant-pesticides. http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/2000/october/octoberfinal.pdf pp. 5-33.
Lewis, P., C. Portier, S. Roberts, D. Andow, M. Cruzan, B. Federici, R. Hellmich, E. Herman, R. Higgins, R. James, S. Malcom, R. Miller, K. Oberhauser, I. Pepper, J. Pleasants, A. Power, M. Sears, B. Siegfried, C. Stewart, Jr., G. Stotzky, C. Taylor, and J. Willis. 2001. SAP Report No. 2000-07b, March 12, 2001, Bt Plant-Pesticides Risk and Benefit Assessments: Gene flow/outcrossing, environmental fate in the soil and non-target organism effects. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Subpanel on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plant-pesticides. http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/2000/october/octoberfinal.pdf pp. 34-59.
Losey, J. E., D. D. Calvin, M. E. Carter and C. E. Mason. 2001.Evaluation of noncorn host plants as a refuge in a resistance management program for European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Bt-corn. Environ. Entomol. 30: 728-735.
Munkvold, G.P., Hellmich, R.L., and Rice, L.G. 2001. Effects of Bt transformation events on Fusarium ear rot and fumonisins, 1999. Biological and Cultural Tests for the Control of Plant Diseases. In press.
Ortman,E.E., B.D. Barry, L. L. Buschman, D. D. Calvin, J. Carpenter, G. P. Dively, J. E. Foster, B. W. Fuller, R. L. Hellmich, R. A. Higgins, T. E. Hunt, G. P. Munkvold, K. R. Ostlie, M. E. Rice, R. T. Roush, M. K. Sears, A. M. Shelton, B. D. Siegfried, P. E. Sloderbeck, K. L. Steffey, F. T. Turpin, J. L. Wedberg. 2001. Transgenic insecticidal corn: The agronomic and ecological rational for its use. BioScience 51: 900-902.
Pilcher, C., M. Rice, R. Higgins, and R. Bowling. 2001. Pollen drift from Bacillus thuringiensis corn: Efficacy against European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in adjacent rows of non-
Pleasants, J. M., Hellmich, R.L., Dively, G., Sears, M.K., Stanley-Horn, D.E., Mattila, H.R., Foster, J.E., Clark, P.L., & Jones, G.D. (2001). Corn Pollen Deposition on Milkweeds in and near Cornfields. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11919-11924.
Preckel, P.V., D. Harrington, and R. Dubman, 2002. "Primal/Dual Positive Mathematical Programming: Illustrated Through an Evaluation of the Impacts of Market Resistance to Genetically Modified Grains," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, (In Press).
Sears, M. K., Hellmich, R. L., Siegfried, B. D., Pleasants, J. M., Stanley-Horn, D. E., Oberhauser, K. S., & Dively, G. P. (2001). Impact of Bt Corn Pollen on Monarch Butterfly Populations: A Risk Assessment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11937-11942.
Showers, W. B., R. L. Hellmich, M. E. Derrick-Robinson, W. H. Hendrix, III. Aggregation and Dispersal Behavior of Marked and Released European Corn Borer (LepidopteraCrambidae) Adults. Environ. Entomol. 30:700-710. 2001.
Siegfried, B. D., A. C. Zoerb, and T. Spencer. 2001. Development of European corn borer larvae on Event 176 Bt Corn: influence on survival and fitness. Entomol. Exper. Appl. 100: 15-20.
Stanley-Horn, Dively, G. P., Hellmich, R. L., Mattila, H. R., Sears, M. K., Rose, R., Jesse, L. C. H., Losey, J. E., Obrycki, J. J. & Lewis, L. C. (2001). Assessing the Impact of Cry1Ab-Expressing Corn Pollen on Monarch Butterfly Larvae in Field Studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11931-11936.
Zoerb, Amelia C. 2001. Effect of Event 176 Bt Corn on Survival and Development of Second Generation European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (H|bner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). M.S. Thesis, University of Nebraska, Department of Entomology.
Anderson, P. L. and R. L. Hellmich. Bt Corn and Insect Resistance Management What are they? Site-Specific Management Guidelines, Potash and Phosphate Institute, South Dakota State University. 2001.
Boyd, M. L., and W. C. Bailey. 2001. Southwestern corn borer management in Missouri. Missouri Cooperative Outreach and Extension Service, Guide G7111. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.
Boyd, M. L., and W. C. Bailey. 2001. European corn borer: A multiple-crop pest in Missouri. Missouri Cooperative Outreach and Extension Service, Guide G7113. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.
Buschman, L., P. Sloderbeck, and M. Witt. 2001. Efficacy of Cry1F corn for the control of southwestern corn borer and corn earworm. Southwest Kansas Research-Extension Center Field Day Report, Kansas State Univ. Report of Progress #877: 67-70.
Buschman, L., P. Sloderbeck, and M. Witt. 2001. Efficacy of Cry1F corn for the control of southwestern corn borer and corn earworm, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: M2.
Buschman, L. and P. Sloderbeck. 2001. Efficacy of Regent and Counter on corn rootworm and southwestern corn borer larvae. Southwest Kansas Research-Extension Center Field Day Report, Kansas State Univ. Report of Progress #877: 71-73.
Buschman, L. and P. Sloderbeck. 2001. Comparison of Regent and Counter for controlling corn rootworm and southwestern corn borer larvae, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: F8.
Chaufau, J., M. Seguin, J. J. Swanson, D. Bourguet, and B. D. Siegfried. 2001. Chronic Exposure of the European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) to Cry1Ab Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1564-1570.
Durham, E. W., M. E. Scharf, and B. D. Siegfried. 2001. Toxicity and Neurophysiological Effects of Fipronil and its Oxidative Sulfone Metabolite on European Corn Borer Larvae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 71: 97-106.
Hellmich, R. L., M. E. Rice, J. M. Pleasants, and Wai-Ki F. Lam. Of monarchs and men: possible influences of Bt corn in the agricultural community. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.12:85-94. 2000.
Hellmich, R. L. and B. D. Siegfried. Bt Corn and the Monarch Butterfly: Research Update. In book entitled Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture: Economics and Politics, edited by Gerald C. Nelson, Academic Press, London. pp. 283-289. 2001.
Hellmich, R. L., Siegfried, B. D., Sears, M. K., Stanley-Horn, D. E., Mattila, H. R., Spencer, T., Bidne, K. G., Daniels, M. J. & Lewis, L. C. (2001). Monarch Larvae Sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis Purified Proteins and Pollen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11925-11930.
Huang, F., L. Buschman, and R. Higgins. 2001. Larval feeding behavior of Dipel-resistant and susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis on diet containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel ES). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 98: 141-148.
Hunt, T. E., L. G. Higley, J. F. Witkowski, L. J. Young, R. L. Hellmich. 2001. Dispersal of Adult European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Within and Proximal to Irrigated and Non-irrigated Corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 1369-1377.
Hurley, T.M., B.A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. Bt crops and Insect Resistance: An Economic Assessment of Refuges. J. Agr. & Res. Econ. 26: 176-194. 2001.
Hurley, T. M., S. Secchi, B.A. Babcock, and R.L. Hellmich. Managing the Risk of European Corn Borer Resistance to Bt Corn. In bool entitled The Economics of Modeling Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Biotechnologies (T. Swanson, ed.). Kluwer (In press)
Hyde, J., M.A. Martin, P.V. Preckel, C.L. Dobbins, and C.R. Edwards, 2001. "An Economic Analysis of Non-Bt Corn Refuges," Crop Protection, 20(2):167-171.
Hyde, J., M.A. Martin, P.V. Preckel, and C.R. Edwards, 2001. "The Economics of Bt Corn: Adoption Implications," Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, Publication ID-219 Revised, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Lewis, P., C. Portier, S. Roberts, D. Andow, R. Bagwell, M. Caprio, T. Dennehy, B. Federici, F. Gould, D. Hardee, R. Hellmich, R. Higgins, T. Hurley, M. Sears, T. Shelton, and B. Siegfried. 2001. SAP Report No. 2000-07a, March 12, 2001, Bt Plant-Pesticides Risk and Benefit Assessments: Insect Resistance Management. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Subpanel on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plant-pesticides. http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/2000/october/octoberfinal.pdf pp. 5-33.
Lewis, P., C. Portier, S. Roberts, D. Andow, M. Cruzan, B. Federici, R. Hellmich, E. Herman, R. Higgins, R. James, S. Malcom, R. Miller, K. Oberhauser, I. Pepper, J. Pleasants, A. Power, M. Sears, B. Siegfried, C. Stewart, Jr., G. Stotzky, C. Taylor, and J. Willis. 2001. SAP Report No. 2000-07b, March 12, 2001, Bt Plant-Pesticides Risk and Benefit Assessments: Gene flow/outcrossing, environmental fate in the soil and non-target organism effects. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Subpanel on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plant-pesticides. http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/2000/october/octoberfinal.pdf pp. 34-59.
Losey, J. E., D. D. Calvin, M. E. Carter and C. E. Mason. 2001.Evaluation of noncorn host plants as a refuge in a resistance management program for European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Bt-corn. Environ. Entomol. 30: 728-735.
Munkvold, G.P., Hellmich, R.L., and Rice, L.G. 2001. Effects of Bt transformation events on Fusarium ear rot and fumonisins, 1999. Biological and Cultural Tests for the Control of Plant Diseases. In press.
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