SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: NC107 : Evolving Pathogens, Targeted Sequences, and Strategies for Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease
- Period Covered: 10/01/2001 to 10/01/2002
- Date of Report: 09/26/2002
- Annual Meeting Dates: 09/10/2002 to 09/11/2002
Participants
Baker, John (baker@cvm.msu.edu) - Michigan State U; Briggs, Robert (bbriggs@nadc.ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center; Brock, Kenny (brockkv@vetmed.auburn.edu) - Auburn U; Chase, Chris (christopher_chase@sdstate.edu) - South Dakota State U; Corstvet, Richard (rcorst1@lsu.edu) Louisiana State U. Czuprynski, Chuck (czuprync@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu) - U of Wisconsin; Fulton, Robert (rfulton@okstate.edu) - Oklahoma State U; Frank. Glynn (gfrank@nadc.ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center; Grooms, Dan (groomsd@cvm.msu.edu) - Michigan State U; Hurley, David (dhurley@vet.uga.edu) - U of Georgia; Loan, Raymond (rloan@cvm.tamu.edu) - Texas A&M U; Maheswaran, Sam (mahes001@tc.umn.edu) - U of Minnesota; Rosenbusch, Ricardo (rfrosenb@iastate.edu) - Iowa State U; Walz, Paul (pwalz@vet.ksu.edu) - Kansas State U; Woolums, Amelia (awoolums@vet.uga.edu) - U of Georgia; Eli Asem (asem@purdue.edu). Purdue University, Administrative Advisor
ADOPTED AGENDA: September 10: 7:30, registration; 8:15, welcome (Dr. Grooms) and introduction to Michigan State University (Dr. Baker) and Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station (Dr. Gray). 8:30-9:00, station reports. 9:00, presentation of plans for new diagnostic laboratory by Dr. Reed, Director of Michigan State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. 9:30-12:00, station reports. 12:00-1:00, Lunch. 1:00-2:00, business meeting. 2:00-4:45, station reports. 4:45, adjourn. September 11: 8:15, resume station reports. Adjourn 9:30.
KEY DISCUSSIONS: During his welcome to Michigan State University, Dr. Baker described new developments at Michigan State of interest to the group, including the new center for Emerging Animal Diseases. Dr. Ian Gray, Director of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment station, further detailed new developments of interest, particularly the Animal Industrial Initiative which has significantly expanded animal disease research efforts at Michigan State University. As chair of the NC administrative advisors, Dr. Gray also advised the group to recount their activities and efforts in written reports in clear detail. Dr. Willie Reed, Director of the Michigan State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, described plans for the new Diagnostic Laboratory which is currently under construction. The laboratory will have BL3 areas for necropsy and microbiology work and will also have facilities to house over 300 cattle, which will be valuable when herd depopulations are required. These facilities will improve the ability of Michigan to control tuberculosis, currently a serious problem for Michigan cattle and wildlife. Station reports continued for the rest of the morning of September 10. The business meeting, chaired by Dr. Glynn Frank, began at 1 PM. First order of business: election of a new secretary. It was moved and seconded that Dr. Dan Grooms be nominated; the group unanimously elected Dr. Grooms as the next secretary. Minutes from previous meeting approved as written.
The site for 2003 technical committee meeting was then discussed. Dr. Maheswaran suggested Minnesota. Dr. Corstvet also invited the group to Louisiana State University (LSU). Many new faculty members and new developments at LSU will increase activities of interest to NC-107. Change of date of meeting was discussed. It was proposed that small number in attendance may have been due to time of year. Others suggested that fall is best time and that small numbers in attendance were not concerning, as the meeting is not a scientific meeting but rather a technical committee meeting; purpose is for voting member to attend and give report. Lack of participation by some stations was discussed. It was suggested that Dr. Asem could talk to directors at nonparticipating states about whether they are going to become active. It was noted that some stations intended to have reps here this year but unexpected developments prevented them from attending; at other stations (e.g. Tennessee) most involved people have left. The question was raised as to whether states are required to participate if they are in the North Central region; the consensus was that they are not. Dr. Asem read the states that agreed to participate in new project: AL, CA, GA, IA, KS, LA, MI, MN, MS, MO, NE, OH, OK, SD, TX, WI, NADC. Stations on this list who have not presented report can be asked why they have not sent their reports. It was agreed that states not on this list would no longer be considered participating (e.g., reports would no longer be expected from states not on this list in spite of past participation). It was noted that the voting members from MO (Dr. Estes) and MS (Dr. Paulsen) had recently moved; it was not clear who would replace them although Dr. J. Lakritz had been registered to attend from MO and Dr. Dan Scruggs was mentioned as a possible participant from MS. It was agreed that Dr. Asem would contact station directors of states with spotty or no participation to determine whether they should be removed from the project.
Was moved and seconded that technical committee would meet at LSU next year; the vote was unanimous in favor of this. The date of future meetings was discussed; consensus was that early September was still best, although possible impact of historical events on September 11 were recognized. It was agreed that the host would need some latitude in scheduling. Current plan is for next year‘s meeting to occur on September 9 and 10; Dr. Corstvet, who will make local arrangements, will confirm date later in year.
Question was raised as to why no one from USDA or NVSL was in attendance. Dr. Frank has spoke with Dr. Ruby at NVSL; they are very busy with West Nile Virus and other problems. It was noted that USDA representatives from Washington are not routinely expected to attend; the administrative advisor keeps them informed. The consensus of the group was that this was an appropriate strategy.
Dr. Asem distributed notes from NCRA guidelines, which suggest that Chair, Chair-Elect, and secretary be elected for 2-year term. This committee has traditionally had officers for one-year term. Committee discussed this and agreed they would like to continue with no chair-elect and with single year terms for Chair and Secretary. A motion was made and seconded that election of officers would continue as in the past; the vote in favor was unanimous.
Dr. Asem noted that the Proceedings of Academy of Consultants 2001 Winter Meeting, where NC-107 members made up the majority of the program, were an excellent example of the types of outreach expected by regional research projects. He will send a copy to USDA administrators in Washington. Copies of the Proceedings were distributed to those in attendance. Dr. Asem commended group for activity and strong leadership.
Preparation of interim report and annual reports was discussed at length. It was clarified that the interim report would be written at end of year 3; this is currently end of first year. Dr. Asem distributed a copy of SAES-422, which details the format for annual reports as they are to be entered on the world wide web. Dr. Frank will complete the annual report this year and Dr. Asem will enter the report onto the website. Noted that accomplishments and impact need to be clearly and separately identified in individual station annual reports, which will simplify generation of annual report for Chair (who traditionally generates the annual report for this group, rather than the Secretary). Question was raised whether cooperative research between stations is still important; importance of such efforts were emphasized very much in the past. Dr. Asem concurred that it is still very important and will need to be clearly outlined in 5-year report. There was concern that latest version of format for project annual report does not specifically have a section for listing inter-station collaboration. It was agreed that stations should continue to list inter-station collaboration in their individual reports and that a summary of such collaboration should be included, possibly in the Accomplishments section, of the annual report. It was agreed that is was important to keep a record in each year‘s annual report of inter-station collaborations so the information would not be lost when it is time to compile the 5-year report.
Dr. Asem distributed Appendix L, guidelines re development of website for technical committee, which is recommended by NCRA. Also NCRA suggests that a listserve be developed to facilitate communication within regional projects. The group discussed this issue and agreed that a dedicated webmaster would be necessary to ensure success of a webpage, but that no one in the group was likely to have the time, expertise, or funding to support or act as a dedicated webmaster. The consensus was that the group is small enough and communicates well enough that a listserve or website would not be worth the time and effort they would require to maintain.
Dr. Asem then briefly reviewed the approach used by the NCA-2 committee in review of annual reports from regional projects. As the administrative advisor for another regional research project, Dr. Baker is also on this committee with Dr. Asem. Annual reports are reviewed and summarized by 2-3 people on the NCA-2 committee. Many reports lack clarity and it is hard to find information easily. Specifically, reports are expected to show evidence of use of strengths of individual stations combined with evidence of cooperation between stations. Dr. Asem indicated that there have been no problems with annual reports from NC-107, he presented the information just to give the group insight on the procedure used in evaluation of annual reports.
The issue of accountability for objectives set out for individual stations in the new project description was discussed. The question was raised whether administrators evaluating annual or interim reports would evaluate whether stations really accomplished what they said they would accomplish when the project was renewed. Several members felt that it was not necessary to specifically detail whether or not each objective was actually accomplished by each station. However, the consensus was that it was beneficial to periodically refer to the list of objectives set out when the project was renewed to try to keep on track with milestones established at the beginning of the project. Dr. Asem‘s role in part is to assure the group‘s accountability.
The business meeting was concluded at 2:10; station reports resumed at 2:30 after a short break. The meeting was adjourned at 4:45 with 3 station reports left for September 11. The group reconvened at 8:10 AM on September 11 with continuation of station reports. The meeting was adjourned at 9:35 AM.
Assigned responsibilities/deadlines/target dates: Dr. Frank will prepare this year‘s annual report and forward to Dr. Asem for submission. Dr. Woolums (Chair for 2002-2003) will communicate with Dr. Corstvet (in charge of local arrangements for the 2003 meeting) and Dr. Asem in coming months to distribute information regarding the next meeting. Dr. Woolums will distribute updated address list for group.
Next meeting information: September 9 and 10, 2003, at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
KEY DISCUSSIONS: During his welcome to Michigan State University, Dr. Baker described new developments at Michigan State of interest to the group, including the new center for Emerging Animal Diseases. Dr. Ian Gray, Director of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment station, further detailed new developments of interest, particularly the Animal Industrial Initiative which has significantly expanded animal disease research efforts at Michigan State University. As chair of the NC administrative advisors, Dr. Gray also advised the group to recount their activities and efforts in written reports in clear detail. Dr. Willie Reed, Director of the Michigan State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, described plans for the new Diagnostic Laboratory which is currently under construction. The laboratory will have BL3 areas for necropsy and microbiology work and will also have facilities to house over 300 cattle, which will be valuable when herd depopulations are required. These facilities will improve the ability of Michigan to control tuberculosis, currently a serious problem for Michigan cattle and wildlife. Station reports continued for the rest of the morning of September 10. The business meeting, chaired by Dr. Glynn Frank, began at 1 PM. First order of business: election of a new secretary. It was moved and seconded that Dr. Dan Grooms be nominated; the group unanimously elected Dr. Grooms as the next secretary. Minutes from previous meeting approved as written.
The site for 2003 technical committee meeting was then discussed. Dr. Maheswaran suggested Minnesota. Dr. Corstvet also invited the group to Louisiana State University (LSU). Many new faculty members and new developments at LSU will increase activities of interest to NC-107. Change of date of meeting was discussed. It was proposed that small number in attendance may have been due to time of year. Others suggested that fall is best time and that small numbers in attendance were not concerning, as the meeting is not a scientific meeting but rather a technical committee meeting; purpose is for voting member to attend and give report. Lack of participation by some stations was discussed. It was suggested that Dr. Asem could talk to directors at nonparticipating states about whether they are going to become active. It was noted that some stations intended to have reps here this year but unexpected developments prevented them from attending; at other stations (e.g. Tennessee) most involved people have left. The question was raised as to whether states are required to participate if they are in the North Central region; the consensus was that they are not. Dr. Asem read the states that agreed to participate in new project: AL, CA, GA, IA, KS, LA, MI, MN, MS, MO, NE, OH, OK, SD, TX, WI, NADC. Stations on this list who have not presented report can be asked why they have not sent their reports. It was agreed that states not on this list would no longer be considered participating (e.g., reports would no longer be expected from states not on this list in spite of past participation). It was noted that the voting members from MO (Dr. Estes) and MS (Dr. Paulsen) had recently moved; it was not clear who would replace them although Dr. J. Lakritz had been registered to attend from MO and Dr. Dan Scruggs was mentioned as a possible participant from MS. It was agreed that Dr. Asem would contact station directors of states with spotty or no participation to determine whether they should be removed from the project.
Was moved and seconded that technical committee would meet at LSU next year; the vote was unanimous in favor of this. The date of future meetings was discussed; consensus was that early September was still best, although possible impact of historical events on September 11 were recognized. It was agreed that the host would need some latitude in scheduling. Current plan is for next year‘s meeting to occur on September 9 and 10; Dr. Corstvet, who will make local arrangements, will confirm date later in year.
Question was raised as to why no one from USDA or NVSL was in attendance. Dr. Frank has spoke with Dr. Ruby at NVSL; they are very busy with West Nile Virus and other problems. It was noted that USDA representatives from Washington are not routinely expected to attend; the administrative advisor keeps them informed. The consensus of the group was that this was an appropriate strategy.
Dr. Asem distributed notes from NCRA guidelines, which suggest that Chair, Chair-Elect, and secretary be elected for 2-year term. This committee has traditionally had officers for one-year term. Committee discussed this and agreed they would like to continue with no chair-elect and with single year terms for Chair and Secretary. A motion was made and seconded that election of officers would continue as in the past; the vote in favor was unanimous.
Dr. Asem noted that the Proceedings of Academy of Consultants 2001 Winter Meeting, where NC-107 members made up the majority of the program, were an excellent example of the types of outreach expected by regional research projects. He will send a copy to USDA administrators in Washington. Copies of the Proceedings were distributed to those in attendance. Dr. Asem commended group for activity and strong leadership.
Preparation of interim report and annual reports was discussed at length. It was clarified that the interim report would be written at end of year 3; this is currently end of first year. Dr. Asem distributed a copy of SAES-422, which details the format for annual reports as they are to be entered on the world wide web. Dr. Frank will complete the annual report this year and Dr. Asem will enter the report onto the website. Noted that accomplishments and impact need to be clearly and separately identified in individual station annual reports, which will simplify generation of annual report for Chair (who traditionally generates the annual report for this group, rather than the Secretary). Question was raised whether cooperative research between stations is still important; importance of such efforts were emphasized very much in the past. Dr. Asem concurred that it is still very important and will need to be clearly outlined in 5-year report. There was concern that latest version of format for project annual report does not specifically have a section for listing inter-station collaboration. It was agreed that stations should continue to list inter-station collaboration in their individual reports and that a summary of such collaboration should be included, possibly in the Accomplishments section, of the annual report. It was agreed that is was important to keep a record in each year‘s annual report of inter-station collaborations so the information would not be lost when it is time to compile the 5-year report.
Dr. Asem distributed Appendix L, guidelines re development of website for technical committee, which is recommended by NCRA. Also NCRA suggests that a listserve be developed to facilitate communication within regional projects. The group discussed this issue and agreed that a dedicated webmaster would be necessary to ensure success of a webpage, but that no one in the group was likely to have the time, expertise, or funding to support or act as a dedicated webmaster. The consensus was that the group is small enough and communicates well enough that a listserve or website would not be worth the time and effort they would require to maintain.
Dr. Asem then briefly reviewed the approach used by the NCA-2 committee in review of annual reports from regional projects. As the administrative advisor for another regional research project, Dr. Baker is also on this committee with Dr. Asem. Annual reports are reviewed and summarized by 2-3 people on the NCA-2 committee. Many reports lack clarity and it is hard to find information easily. Specifically, reports are expected to show evidence of use of strengths of individual stations combined with evidence of cooperation between stations. Dr. Asem indicated that there have been no problems with annual reports from NC-107, he presented the information just to give the group insight on the procedure used in evaluation of annual reports.
The issue of accountability for objectives set out for individual stations in the new project description was discussed. The question was raised whether administrators evaluating annual or interim reports would evaluate whether stations really accomplished what they said they would accomplish when the project was renewed. Several members felt that it was not necessary to specifically detail whether or not each objective was actually accomplished by each station. However, the consensus was that it was beneficial to periodically refer to the list of objectives set out when the project was renewed to try to keep on track with milestones established at the beginning of the project. Dr. Asem‘s role in part is to assure the group‘s accountability.
The business meeting was concluded at 2:10; station reports resumed at 2:30 after a short break. The meeting was adjourned at 4:45 with 3 station reports left for September 11. The group reconvened at 8:10 AM on September 11 with continuation of station reports. The meeting was adjourned at 9:35 AM.
Assigned responsibilities/deadlines/target dates: Dr. Frank will prepare this year‘s annual report and forward to Dr. Asem for submission. Dr. Woolums (Chair for 2002-2003) will communicate with Dr. Corstvet (in charge of local arrangements for the 2003 meeting) and Dr. Asem in coming months to distribute information regarding the next meeting. Dr. Woolums will distribute updated address list for group.
Next meeting information: September 9 and 10, 2003, at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
Accomplishments
OBJECTIVE 1: Identify emerging and re-emerging agents and develop diagnostic methods for bovine respiratory disease (BRD).
California: Infection with Hemophilus. somnus on day 6 of BRSV infection leads to a longer febrile period, persistent cough, and a more severe lesion at necropsy.
Kansas State: Virus isolation and three different regions of the bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) genome probed by RT-PCR, were compared for their variation in detection of 40 BVDV field isolates. There was variability in virus detection between the detection methods. The relationship between BVDV biotype and genotype and characteristics of the resulting disease were examined for 117 isolates. Specific disease syndromes were not confined to specific virus biotypes or genotypes.
Michigan: The usefulness if IHC for identifying neonatal calves persistently infected with BVDV was evaluated and determined to be very accurate.
Minnessota: The infectious agents associated with BRD were monitored by bacterial culture, virus isolation, viral serum neutralization tests, direct fluorescent antibody techniques (DFA), immunohistochemistry (IH), and PCR tests.
Mississippi: Persistent BVD virus infection was more prevalent in light weight placement cattle than in heavier weight placement cattle. Most positive cattle were identified as sick and pulled within the first 10 days on feed.
Oklahoma: Serum concentrations of four acute phase proteins (fibrinogen [Fb], haptoglobin [Hp], serum amyloid-A [SAA], and a-1 acid glycoprotein [AGP]) were evaluated as either prognostic or diagnostic tools regarding the occurrence of bovine respiratory disease in marketing and shipping stressed feedlot cattle.
Wisconsin: Of bovine viral pathogens tested for during the year 2001, the highest percentage of positive tests was for BRSV.
Iowa: Nasal sampling for Mycoplasma.bovis was found to be predictive of the biotypes of the mycoplasma found in tracheal wash samplings from the same calf. Phenotyping of strains by antibiotic sensitivity was found to be more discriminating than genomic fingerprinting.
South Dakota: Principal respiratory pathogens were similar to preceding years with Pasteurella multicida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and noncytopathic BVDV most frequently isolated.
OBJECTIVE 2: Characterize mechanisms and intervention targets in pathogenesis of BRD at the molecular, cellular, and host level.
Kansas State: A Bovine Herpes Virus-5 (BHV-5) Us9-deleted recombinant was generated and its neurovirulence and neuroinvasive properties were compared with a Us9-rescued BHV-5 in a rabbit model. Experimental infections indicated that Us9 is essential for the anterograde spread of the virus from the olfactory mucosa to the bulb.
Kansas State: Using PCR amplification and southern blot hybridizations, portions of the ToxA gene of Pasteurella multocida are conserved in Mannheimia haemolytica isolates. Leukotoxin production by M. haemolytica is significantly greater when the organism is cultured in reduced oxygen conditions.
Minnessota: Dexamethazone pretreatment reduced symptoms of clinical disease and gross lung pathology in calves experimentally infected with M. haemolytica.
Mississippi: DNA adenine methylation in P. multocida and M. haemolytica have been demonstrated. The P. multocida dam gene was cloned and over-expression mutants of P. multocida have been constructed.
National Animal Disease Center: An immunoglobulin-binding protein was demonstrated in whole cell sonicate and culture supernatant preparations from an M. haemolytica serotype 1.
Nebraska: Down-regulation of class I molecules by BHV-1 is mediated by vhs activity of the virus, as well as mechanism(s) specifically directed at the class I pathway.
Nebraska: Mechanisms of BHV-1 latency in relation to latency related genes were studied.
Nebraska: Subpopulations of lymphocytes were more markedly altered in peripheral blood (PBL) and lymphoid tissues from co?infected calves compared to calves infected with either BRSV or BVDV alone.
Nebraska: Extensive apoptosis of dendritic cells and lymphocytes occurred in the cortex of mesenteric lymph nodes of calves infected with BVDV.
Nebraska: Expression of the mouse Fc@ receptor B2 in bovine cells rescues the infectivity of conditionally neutralized BVDV.
Nebraska: The envelope glycoprotein E2 is a determinant of host range in ruminant pestiviruses.
Nebraska: Bovine CD18 is necessary and sufficient to mediate Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin-induced cytolysis.
Oklahoma: Three outer membrane proteins (OMPs) including a 95 kDa OMP from a bovine P. multocida grown in iron-depleted conditions were described.
Texas: Accomp: There was no association of the specific polymorphisms in the AMPK gene family of the bovine and the incidence of BRD.
Wisconsin: Continued their investigations of the effects of M. haemolytica leukotoxin, cytokines, and BHV-1 on bovine leukocytes.
Wisconsin: We have obtained histochemical evidence of vasculitis in tissues from calves with spontaneous H. somnus infection, and find immunohistochemical evidence of apoptotic endothelial cells.
Georgia: Cytokine expression following virulent BRSV challenge was studied.
Georgia: Bacterial respiratory pathogens are associated with some cases of feedlot AIP, but in many cases bacterial respiratory pathogens are not isolated, even when animals have no history of antimicrobial therapy. Lesions indicate that some previous airway insult has occurred in animals with AIP.
Iowa: A lymphotoxic activity is described for Mycoplasma bovis, and this virulence factor was not observed in other species of bovine mycoplasmas.
South Dakota: Molecular pathogenesis studies with BVDV were conducted. BVDV infected macrophages down regulated MHC Class I and II and CD 14 surface markers. This down regulation correlated with the in vivo pathogenicity of the isolates with persistent infection strains down regulating MHC Class I and the acute disease strains down regulating MHC Class II and CD 14. IFN-alpha inhibited BVDV replication and RNA synthesis and its effect was dose, time and biotype dependent. It also indicated that IFN inhibition of virus replication was carried out through inhibition of viral RNA production and independent of the PKR pathway. CP/BVDV induced apoptosis as early as 24 hours post infection; p53 and caspase pathways were involved in the BVDV apoptosis.
OBJECTIVE 3: Develop intervention strategies for critical control points to reduce the impact of BRD.
Alabama: Evaluated bo-SKID mice as an alternate model for evaluation of antiviral compounds against BVDV. Identified 6 potential antiviral compounds. Demonstrated that cattle persistently infected with BVDV negatively impact feedlot cattle.
Louisiana: BHI cell free supernatant of M. haemolytica contained 28-kD, 45-kD, 63-kD and 130-kD bands. Antibody to the 28kD and 30-kD bands apparently are important in determination of recent exposure to the bacterium.
Michigan: Calves persistently infected with BVDV impact the performance of cohort feedlot cattle by increasing morbidity and decreasing average daily gain.
National Animal Disease Center: Vaccination of calves with live lktA- MH/acapsular PM before transport had little measurable effect on RTD and colonization.
National Animal Disease Center: Defensin induced adaptive immunity in mice. Congeners of SMAP29 kill ovine pathogens and induce ultrastructural damage in bacterial cells.
Oklahoma: Herds with a low morbidity rate had higher levels of BVDV1a antibodies than herds with a high morbidity rate. On both an individual-animal and a herd-average basis, calves with low levels of antibody to BVDV1a and BVDV2 had increased total treatment costs. Also, for individual animals and the herd as a whole, low levels of antibody to P. multocida, BVDV1a, and BVDV2 were related to decreased net value to owner (carcass value minus total feedlot cost).
Wisconsin: There was no difference in serum antibody titers when modified live BRSV vaccine was given IN and SC, as compared to SC alone.
Georgia: Cytokine expression following virulent BRSV challenge in vaccinated calves was studied.
Iowa: Calves infected intratracheally with Mycoplasma bovis responded with a Th2-like response characterized by IL-4 production by PBMCs subjected to in-vitro recall response, and antigen-specific IgG1 serum antibody response. The response may enhance lung lesion development and result in slow clearance of the organism from lung.
South Dakota: Isoflavones fed to cattle had a small effect on bovine herpesvirus 1 and no effect on NCP-BVDV type 1.
Texas: Dual prophylaxis reduces the incidence and severity of BRD as compared to metaphylaxis alone.
California: Infection with Hemophilus. somnus on day 6 of BRSV infection leads to a longer febrile period, persistent cough, and a more severe lesion at necropsy.
Kansas State: Virus isolation and three different regions of the bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) genome probed by RT-PCR, were compared for their variation in detection of 40 BVDV field isolates. There was variability in virus detection between the detection methods. The relationship between BVDV biotype and genotype and characteristics of the resulting disease were examined for 117 isolates. Specific disease syndromes were not confined to specific virus biotypes or genotypes.
Michigan: The usefulness if IHC for identifying neonatal calves persistently infected with BVDV was evaluated and determined to be very accurate.
Minnessota: The infectious agents associated with BRD were monitored by bacterial culture, virus isolation, viral serum neutralization tests, direct fluorescent antibody techniques (DFA), immunohistochemistry (IH), and PCR tests.
Mississippi: Persistent BVD virus infection was more prevalent in light weight placement cattle than in heavier weight placement cattle. Most positive cattle were identified as sick and pulled within the first 10 days on feed.
Oklahoma: Serum concentrations of four acute phase proteins (fibrinogen [Fb], haptoglobin [Hp], serum amyloid-A [SAA], and a-1 acid glycoprotein [AGP]) were evaluated as either prognostic or diagnostic tools regarding the occurrence of bovine respiratory disease in marketing and shipping stressed feedlot cattle.
Wisconsin: Of bovine viral pathogens tested for during the year 2001, the highest percentage of positive tests was for BRSV.
Iowa: Nasal sampling for Mycoplasma.bovis was found to be predictive of the biotypes of the mycoplasma found in tracheal wash samplings from the same calf. Phenotyping of strains by antibiotic sensitivity was found to be more discriminating than genomic fingerprinting.
South Dakota: Principal respiratory pathogens were similar to preceding years with Pasteurella multicida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and noncytopathic BVDV most frequently isolated.
OBJECTIVE 2: Characterize mechanisms and intervention targets in pathogenesis of BRD at the molecular, cellular, and host level.
Kansas State: A Bovine Herpes Virus-5 (BHV-5) Us9-deleted recombinant was generated and its neurovirulence and neuroinvasive properties were compared with a Us9-rescued BHV-5 in a rabbit model. Experimental infections indicated that Us9 is essential for the anterograde spread of the virus from the olfactory mucosa to the bulb.
Kansas State: Using PCR amplification and southern blot hybridizations, portions of the ToxA gene of Pasteurella multocida are conserved in Mannheimia haemolytica isolates. Leukotoxin production by M. haemolytica is significantly greater when the organism is cultured in reduced oxygen conditions.
Minnessota: Dexamethazone pretreatment reduced symptoms of clinical disease and gross lung pathology in calves experimentally infected with M. haemolytica.
Mississippi: DNA adenine methylation in P. multocida and M. haemolytica have been demonstrated. The P. multocida dam gene was cloned and over-expression mutants of P. multocida have been constructed.
National Animal Disease Center: An immunoglobulin-binding protein was demonstrated in whole cell sonicate and culture supernatant preparations from an M. haemolytica serotype 1.
Nebraska: Down-regulation of class I molecules by BHV-1 is mediated by vhs activity of the virus, as well as mechanism(s) specifically directed at the class I pathway.
Nebraska: Mechanisms of BHV-1 latency in relation to latency related genes were studied.
Nebraska: Subpopulations of lymphocytes were more markedly altered in peripheral blood (PBL) and lymphoid tissues from co?infected calves compared to calves infected with either BRSV or BVDV alone.
Nebraska: Extensive apoptosis of dendritic cells and lymphocytes occurred in the cortex of mesenteric lymph nodes of calves infected with BVDV.
Nebraska: Expression of the mouse Fc@ receptor B2 in bovine cells rescues the infectivity of conditionally neutralized BVDV.
Nebraska: The envelope glycoprotein E2 is a determinant of host range in ruminant pestiviruses.
Nebraska: Bovine CD18 is necessary and sufficient to mediate Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin-induced cytolysis.
Oklahoma: Three outer membrane proteins (OMPs) including a 95 kDa OMP from a bovine P. multocida grown in iron-depleted conditions were described.
Texas: Accomp: There was no association of the specific polymorphisms in the AMPK gene family of the bovine and the incidence of BRD.
Wisconsin: Continued their investigations of the effects of M. haemolytica leukotoxin, cytokines, and BHV-1 on bovine leukocytes.
Wisconsin: We have obtained histochemical evidence of vasculitis in tissues from calves with spontaneous H. somnus infection, and find immunohistochemical evidence of apoptotic endothelial cells.
Georgia: Cytokine expression following virulent BRSV challenge was studied.
Georgia: Bacterial respiratory pathogens are associated with some cases of feedlot AIP, but in many cases bacterial respiratory pathogens are not isolated, even when animals have no history of antimicrobial therapy. Lesions indicate that some previous airway insult has occurred in animals with AIP.
Iowa: A lymphotoxic activity is described for Mycoplasma bovis, and this virulence factor was not observed in other species of bovine mycoplasmas.
South Dakota: Molecular pathogenesis studies with BVDV were conducted. BVDV infected macrophages down regulated MHC Class I and II and CD 14 surface markers. This down regulation correlated with the in vivo pathogenicity of the isolates with persistent infection strains down regulating MHC Class I and the acute disease strains down regulating MHC Class II and CD 14. IFN-alpha inhibited BVDV replication and RNA synthesis and its effect was dose, time and biotype dependent. It also indicated that IFN inhibition of virus replication was carried out through inhibition of viral RNA production and independent of the PKR pathway. CP/BVDV induced apoptosis as early as 24 hours post infection; p53 and caspase pathways were involved in the BVDV apoptosis.
OBJECTIVE 3: Develop intervention strategies for critical control points to reduce the impact of BRD.
Alabama: Evaluated bo-SKID mice as an alternate model for evaluation of antiviral compounds against BVDV. Identified 6 potential antiviral compounds. Demonstrated that cattle persistently infected with BVDV negatively impact feedlot cattle.
Louisiana: BHI cell free supernatant of M. haemolytica contained 28-kD, 45-kD, 63-kD and 130-kD bands. Antibody to the 28kD and 30-kD bands apparently are important in determination of recent exposure to the bacterium.
Michigan: Calves persistently infected with BVDV impact the performance of cohort feedlot cattle by increasing morbidity and decreasing average daily gain.
National Animal Disease Center: Vaccination of calves with live lktA- MH/acapsular PM before transport had little measurable effect on RTD and colonization.
National Animal Disease Center: Defensin induced adaptive immunity in mice. Congeners of SMAP29 kill ovine pathogens and induce ultrastructural damage in bacterial cells.
Oklahoma: Herds with a low morbidity rate had higher levels of BVDV1a antibodies than herds with a high morbidity rate. On both an individual-animal and a herd-average basis, calves with low levels of antibody to BVDV1a and BVDV2 had increased total treatment costs. Also, for individual animals and the herd as a whole, low levels of antibody to P. multocida, BVDV1a, and BVDV2 were related to decreased net value to owner (carcass value minus total feedlot cost).
Wisconsin: There was no difference in serum antibody titers when modified live BRSV vaccine was given IN and SC, as compared to SC alone.
Georgia: Cytokine expression following virulent BRSV challenge in vaccinated calves was studied.
Iowa: Calves infected intratracheally with Mycoplasma bovis responded with a Th2-like response characterized by IL-4 production by PBMCs subjected to in-vitro recall response, and antigen-specific IgG1 serum antibody response. The response may enhance lung lesion development and result in slow clearance of the organism from lung.
South Dakota: Isoflavones fed to cattle had a small effect on bovine herpesvirus 1 and no effect on NCP-BVDV type 1.
Texas: Dual prophylaxis reduces the incidence and severity of BRD as compared to metaphylaxis alone.
Impacts
- OBJECTIVE 1 (Impact of Findings): Results document the pathogenetic synergy of bacterial and viral respiratory infections. BVDV isolates and their relationship to disease produced provides immunization targets. The IHC to identify PI calves is beneficial for the early elimination of this important virus reservoir. Serum Hp levels are of value to assess cattle that may become ill with respiratory disease and to monitor treatment efficacy. Comparison of genomic fingerprinting with other assays f
- OBJECTIVE 2 (Impact of Findings): The pathogenesis of BHV-5 infection and the role of various BHV-5 gene products on neuro-invasiveness is more completely understood. Recognition of the increased production of LKT in low oxygen environments indicates that low oxygen tension in pneumonic tissue may be one host factor that predisposes to increased LKT production and greater severity of pneumonia. The dam gene is an important regulatory gene in the Pasteurellaceae and deletion or over-expression
- OBJECTIVE 2 (Impact of Findings Continued): The results indicate that anti-cytokine therapy may represent a novel strategy for the management of bovine pneumonic Mannheimosis, and other diseases characterized by the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. The IgBP may be an important component of future vaccine preparations. Absence of vhs activity should result in decreased pathogenicity and enhanced immunogenicity of BHV-1 vhs deletion mutant, making it a better vaccine candidate. The syne
- OBJECTIVE 2 (Impact of Findings Continued): These studies will help understand bICP0 function and its relationship to disease and may help the vaccine industry design modified live vaccines that induce immunity, do not cause disease in cattle, and do not reactivate from latency. Understanding mechanisms of pathogeneses may help identify target areas for disease intervention.
- OBJECTIVE 2 (Impact of Findings Continued): The results indicate that bovine CD18 is necessary and sufficient to mediate Lkt-induced cytolysis of target cells. The native and recombinant P. multocida 232 HasR has potential as an immunogen. Markers of genetic resistance to BRD would provide targets for research on control measures. A first description of a lymphotoxic activity of M. bovis is a landmark in the path towards characterization of virulence factors of the mycoplasma.
- OBJECTIVE 3 (Impact of Findings): Another economical impact of BVDV persistent infection was demonstrated. Antiviral compounds may become useful in BRD treatment. The findings indicate the importance of aerosol exposure of the respiratory tract to immunogens of MH-1. Determination of recent exposure to MH-1 would direct preventive treatment regimens. Eliminating BVDV PI calves from the feedlot may reduce feedlot morbidity and increase performance, which is beneficial for economics and anim
- OBJECTIVE 3 (Impact of Findings Continued): Mucosal exposure of calves to lktA- MH so that an immune response could develop before the calves were transported to a feedyard could offer protection from colonization and pneumonia caused by wild type MH. Fundamental molecular and cellular data on the role of defensins in innate-triggered adaptive immunity may prove useful for therapeutic applications for the prevention or treatment of BRD. The present findings add to the economic rationale for
- OBJECTIVE 3 (Impact of Findings Continued): The results demonstrate that the more economical SC route of immunization is acceptable. Characterization of the immune response to M. bovis lung infection is important in establishing the type of vaccine that needs to be developed to elicit protection against M. bovis-induced BRD. Dual is a health management option that is available, affordable and effective, and may reduce antimicrobial resistance.
Publications
Akula S, DJ Hurley, RL Wixon, C Wang and CCL Chase. 2002. Effect of genistein on replication of bovine herpesvirus type 1. Am. J. Vet. Res.63:1124-1128.
Ambagala AP, Z. Feng, RG, Barletta, S. Srikumaran. 2002. Molecular cloning, sequencing, and characterization of bovine transporter associated with antigen processing 2 (BoTAP2). Immunogenetics 54:30-38.
Brock KV, Cortese VS. Experimental fetal challenge using type II bovine diarrhea virus in cattle vaccinated with a modified-live virus vaccine. Vet therapeutics 2001;2:354-360.
Butler JA, CC Pinnow, JU Thomson, S. Levisohn, RF Rosenbusch.
2001. Use of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction to investigate
Mycoplasma bovis outbreaks. Vet. Microbiol. 78: 175-181.
Champlin FR, TR Shryock, CE Patterson, FW Austin, PE Ryals. 2002. Prevalence of a novel capsule-associated lipoprotein among Pasteurellaceae pathogenic in animals. Curr. Microbiol. 44:297-301.
Chouljenko VN, XQ Lin, J Storz, KG Kousoulas, 2001. Elucidation of the genomic nucleotide sequence of bovine coronavirus and analysis of cryptic leader mRNA fusion sites. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2002. 494:49-55.
Chouljenko VN, Lin XQ, Storz J, Kousoulas KG, Gorbalenya AE. 2001. Comparsion of genomic and predicted amino acid sequences of respiratory and enteric bovine coronaviruses isolated from the same animal with fatal shipping pneumonia. J Gen Virol 82:2927-2933.
Chowdhury SI, Onderci M, Bhattacharjee PS, Al-Mubarak A, Weiss ML, Zhou Y. (2002). Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5) Us9 is essential for BHV-5 neuropathogenesis. J. Virol. 76: 3839- 3851.
Confer AW, Suckow MA, Montelongo M, Dabo SM, Miloscio LJ, Gillespie AJ, Meredith GL. Intranasal vaccination of rabbits with Pasteurella multocida A:3 outer membranes expressing iron-regulated proteins. Amer J Vet Res 62:697-703, 2001.
Confer AW, Montelongo M, Brown MJ, Fergen BJ, Clement JC. Onset of Serum Antibodies to Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica following vaccination with five commercial vaccines. Bov Practitioner 35: 141-148, 2001.
DeBey BM, Lehmkuhl HD, Chard?Bergstrom C, Hobbs LA. Ovine adenovirus serotype 7?associated mortality in lambs in the US. Vet. Pathol. 2001:38 644?648.
Fales-Williams AJ, Gallup JM, Ramirez-Romero R, Brogden K., Ackermann MR. Increased anionic peptide distribution and intensity during progression and resolution of bacterial pneumonia. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2002:1, 28-32.
Fent GM, Fulton RW, Saliki JT, Caseltine SL, Lehmkuhl HD, Confer AW, Purdy CW, Briggs RE, Loan RW, Duff GC. Bovine adenovirus-7 infections in postweaning calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 63:976-978, 2002.
Flores EF, GR Risatti, et al. (2002). Expression of the mouse Fc receptor B2 in bovine cells rescues the infectivity of conditionally neutralized bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Microbiol. 85: 99-109.
Frank GH, Briggs RE, Duff GC, Loan RW, Purdy CW. Effects of pretransit vaccination and arrival medication with florfenicol on the health of transported calves and the presence of Mannheimia haemolytica organisms in nasal secretions. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2002: 63, 251?256.
Frazier M, Pence M, Mauel MJ, Ligget A, Hines ME, Sangster L, Lehmkuhl HD, Miller D, Styer E, West J, Baldwin CA. Endometritis in postparturient cattle associated with bovine herpesvirus?4 infection: 15 cases. J. Diagnos. Invest. 2001: 13, 502?508.
Fulton RW, Cook BJ, Step DL, Confer AW, Saliki JT, Burge LJ, Welsh RD, Blood KS, Payton MD. Evaluation of animal health status of calves and their impact on feedot performance: Assessment of a retained ownership program of postweaning calves. Can. J. Vet. Res. 66:173-180, 2002.
Fulton RW, Ridpath JF, Saliki JT, Briggs RE, Confer AW, Burge LT, Purdy CW, Loan RW, Duff GC, Payton ME. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)1b: Predominant subtype in calves with respiratory disease. Can. J. Vet. Res. 66:181-190, 2002.
Gatto NT, Dabo SM, Hancock RE, Confer AW. Characterization of, and immune responses of mice to, the purified OmpA-equivalent outer membrane protein of Pasteurella multocida serotype A:3 (Omp28),. Vet Microbiol 87:221-235, 2002.
Givens MD, Galik PK, Riddell KP, Stringfellow DA, Brock KV, Bishop MD, Eilertsen KJ, Loskutoff NM. Validation of a reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RTnPCR) to detect bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) associated with in vitro-derived bovine embryos and co-cultured cells. Theriogenology 2001;56:787-799.
Grooms DL, Kaiser L, Walz PH, Baker JC. Study of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus that lack detectable virus in their serum. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 2001;219:629-631.
Grooms DL, Coe PH. Antibody response following vaccination for respiratory viruses in preconditioned calves. Vet. Therap. 3;119-127
Grooms DL, Keilan E. Screening of neonatal calves for bovine viral diarrhea virus by immunohistochemistry on skin samples. Clin Diagn Lab Immun, 9:898-900. 2002
Guey-Chuen P, B. Maguen, L. Jing, K.R. Mott, N. Osorio, S.M. Slanina, A. Yukht, H. Ghiasi, A.B. Nesburn, M. Inman, G. Henderson, C. Jones, and S.L. Wechsler. 2002. A gene capable of blocking apoptosis can substitute for the herpes simplex virus type 1 LAT gene and restore wild type reactivation levels. J. Virol. 76:1224-1235.
Hart ML, Mosier DA, Chapes SK.: The response of Tlr-4-receptor positive cells to infection. 35th Annu. Soc. for Leuk. Biol., Honolulu, HI, 2001. J. Leukocyte Biol. supp., 67, 2001.
Inman M, Y. Zhange, V. Geiser, and C. Jones. 2001. The zinc ring finger of bovine herpes virus 1 encoded bICP0 is necessary for transcriptional regulation and infection. J. Gen. Virol. 82:483-492.
Inman M, L Lovato, A. Doster, and C. Jones. 2001. A mutation in the latency related gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 leads to impaired ocular shedding in acutely infected calves. J. Virol. 75:8507-8515.
Jeyaseelan,S., M.S. Kannan, R. E. Briggs, P. Thumbikat, and S. K. Maheswaran. 2001. Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin activates a non-receptor tyrosine kinase-signaling cascade in bovine leukocytes which induces biological activity. Infect. Immun. 69: 6131-6139.
Jeyaseelan S, MS Kannan, SL Hsuan, AK Singh, TF Walseth, S.K.Maheswaran. 2001. Pasterella haemolytica leukotoxin - induced cytolysis of bovine leukocytes: Role of arachidonic acid and its regulation. Microb. Pathog. 30: 59-69.
Kalfa VC, Jia HP, Kunkle RA, McCray Jr. PB, Tack BF, Brogden KA. Congeners of SMAP29 kill ovine pathogens and induce ultrastructural damage in bacterial cells. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:3256-3261, 2001.
Lafleur RL,C. Malazdrewich, S Jeyaseelan, E Bleifield, MS Abrahamsen, SK Maheswaran. 2001. Lipopolysaccharide enhances cytotolysis and inflammatory cytokine induction in bovine alveolar macrophages exposed to Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica leukotoxin. Microb. Pathog. 30: 347-357.
Leite F, M. Sylte, S O‘Brien, R Schultz, S Peek, K. Van Reeth and C. Czuprynski 2001. Effect of experimental infection of cattle with bovine herpesvirus-1 on the ex vivo interaction of bovine leukocytes with Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 84: 97-110.
Leite F, S O‘Brien, MJ Sylte, T Page, D Atapattu, and CJ Czuprynski. 2002. Inflammatory cytokines enhance the interaction of Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin with bovine peripheral blood neutrophils in vitro. Infect. Immun. 70:4336-4343.
Malazdrewich C, TR Ames, MS Abrahamsen, SK Maheswaran. 2001. Pulmonary expression of tumor necrosis factor - alpha, interleukin - beta, and interleukin - 8 in the acute phase of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Vet. Pathol.38: 297-310.
McVicker JK, Tatatabai LB. The isolation of immunogenic outer membrane proteins from Pasteurella (mannheimia) haemolytica A1 using selective extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography techniques. Am. J. Vet. Res. (in press).
Pillars RA, Grooms DL. Serological evaluation of five unvaccinated heifers for detecting herds persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus, Am J Vet Res, 2002; 63: 499-5.
Ramirez-Romero R, Brogden KA, Gallup JM, Sonea IM, Ackermann, MR. Mast cell density and substance P-like immunoreactivity during the initiation and progression of lung lesions in ovine Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica pneumonia. Microb. Pathogen. 2001; 30; 325-335.
Vanden Bush TJ, RF Rosenbusch. 2002. Mycoplasma bovis induces apoptosis of bovine lymphocytes. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 32: 97-103.
Walz PH, Bell TH, Wells J, Grooms DL, Kaiser L, Maes RK, Baker JC. Relationship between level of viremia and disease manifestations in calves experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res, 2001; 62: 1095-1103.
Walz PH, Bell TH, Wells J, Grooms DL, Kaiser L, Maes RK, Baker JC. Platelet aggregation responses and virus isolation from platelets in calves experimentally infected with type I or type II bovine viral diarrhea virus. Can J Vet Res, 2001; 65:241-247.
Wang P, DJ Hurley LJ, Braun, CCL Chase. 2001. Detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells 8 months post infection. J. Vet. Diag. Invest, 13:424-427.
Ward ACS, Weiser GC, Delong WJ, Frank GH. Characterization of Pasteurella spp isolated from healthy domestic pack goats and evaluation of the effects of a commercial Pasteurella vaccine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2002: 63: 119?123.
Winkler MTC, A Doster, J-H Sur, C Jones. 2002. Analysis of bovine trigeminal ganglia following infection with bovine herpesvirus 1. Vet. Microbiol. 86:139-155.
Wittum TE, Groteueschen DM, Brock KV, Kvasnicka WG, Floyd JG, Kelling CL, Odde KG. Persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in U.S. beef herds. Vet Prev Med 2001;49:83-94.
Zhang Y, C Jones. 2001. The bovine herpes virus 1 immediate early protein (bICP0) is associated with histone deaetylase 1 to activate transcription. 2001. J. Virology 75:9571-9578.
Ambagala AP, Z. Feng, RG, Barletta, S. Srikumaran. 2002. Molecular cloning, sequencing, and characterization of bovine transporter associated with antigen processing 2 (BoTAP2). Immunogenetics 54:30-38.
Brock KV, Cortese VS. Experimental fetal challenge using type II bovine diarrhea virus in cattle vaccinated with a modified-live virus vaccine. Vet therapeutics 2001;2:354-360.
Butler JA, CC Pinnow, JU Thomson, S. Levisohn, RF Rosenbusch.
2001. Use of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction to investigate
Mycoplasma bovis outbreaks. Vet. Microbiol. 78: 175-181.
Champlin FR, TR Shryock, CE Patterson, FW Austin, PE Ryals. 2002. Prevalence of a novel capsule-associated lipoprotein among Pasteurellaceae pathogenic in animals. Curr. Microbiol. 44:297-301.
Chouljenko VN, XQ Lin, J Storz, KG Kousoulas, 2001. Elucidation of the genomic nucleotide sequence of bovine coronavirus and analysis of cryptic leader mRNA fusion sites. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2002. 494:49-55.
Chouljenko VN, Lin XQ, Storz J, Kousoulas KG, Gorbalenya AE. 2001. Comparsion of genomic and predicted amino acid sequences of respiratory and enteric bovine coronaviruses isolated from the same animal with fatal shipping pneumonia. J Gen Virol 82:2927-2933.
Chowdhury SI, Onderci M, Bhattacharjee PS, Al-Mubarak A, Weiss ML, Zhou Y. (2002). Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5) Us9 is essential for BHV-5 neuropathogenesis. J. Virol. 76: 3839- 3851.
Confer AW, Suckow MA, Montelongo M, Dabo SM, Miloscio LJ, Gillespie AJ, Meredith GL. Intranasal vaccination of rabbits with Pasteurella multocida A:3 outer membranes expressing iron-regulated proteins. Amer J Vet Res 62:697-703, 2001.
Confer AW, Montelongo M, Brown MJ, Fergen BJ, Clement JC. Onset of Serum Antibodies to Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica following vaccination with five commercial vaccines. Bov Practitioner 35: 141-148, 2001.
DeBey BM, Lehmkuhl HD, Chard?Bergstrom C, Hobbs LA. Ovine adenovirus serotype 7?associated mortality in lambs in the US. Vet. Pathol. 2001:38 644?648.
Fales-Williams AJ, Gallup JM, Ramirez-Romero R, Brogden K., Ackermann MR. Increased anionic peptide distribution and intensity during progression and resolution of bacterial pneumonia. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2002:1, 28-32.
Fent GM, Fulton RW, Saliki JT, Caseltine SL, Lehmkuhl HD, Confer AW, Purdy CW, Briggs RE, Loan RW, Duff GC. Bovine adenovirus-7 infections in postweaning calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 63:976-978, 2002.
Flores EF, GR Risatti, et al. (2002). Expression of the mouse Fc receptor B2 in bovine cells rescues the infectivity of conditionally neutralized bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Microbiol. 85: 99-109.
Frank GH, Briggs RE, Duff GC, Loan RW, Purdy CW. Effects of pretransit vaccination and arrival medication with florfenicol on the health of transported calves and the presence of Mannheimia haemolytica organisms in nasal secretions. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2002: 63, 251?256.
Frazier M, Pence M, Mauel MJ, Ligget A, Hines ME, Sangster L, Lehmkuhl HD, Miller D, Styer E, West J, Baldwin CA. Endometritis in postparturient cattle associated with bovine herpesvirus?4 infection: 15 cases. J. Diagnos. Invest. 2001: 13, 502?508.
Fulton RW, Cook BJ, Step DL, Confer AW, Saliki JT, Burge LJ, Welsh RD, Blood KS, Payton MD. Evaluation of animal health status of calves and their impact on feedot performance: Assessment of a retained ownership program of postweaning calves. Can. J. Vet. Res. 66:173-180, 2002.
Fulton RW, Ridpath JF, Saliki JT, Briggs RE, Confer AW, Burge LT, Purdy CW, Loan RW, Duff GC, Payton ME. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)1b: Predominant subtype in calves with respiratory disease. Can. J. Vet. Res. 66:181-190, 2002.
Gatto NT, Dabo SM, Hancock RE, Confer AW. Characterization of, and immune responses of mice to, the purified OmpA-equivalent outer membrane protein of Pasteurella multocida serotype A:3 (Omp28),. Vet Microbiol 87:221-235, 2002.
Givens MD, Galik PK, Riddell KP, Stringfellow DA, Brock KV, Bishop MD, Eilertsen KJ, Loskutoff NM. Validation of a reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RTnPCR) to detect bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) associated with in vitro-derived bovine embryos and co-cultured cells. Theriogenology 2001;56:787-799.
Grooms DL, Kaiser L, Walz PH, Baker JC. Study of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus that lack detectable virus in their serum. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 2001;219:629-631.
Grooms DL, Coe PH. Antibody response following vaccination for respiratory viruses in preconditioned calves. Vet. Therap. 3;119-127
Grooms DL, Keilan E. Screening of neonatal calves for bovine viral diarrhea virus by immunohistochemistry on skin samples. Clin Diagn Lab Immun, 9:898-900. 2002
Guey-Chuen P, B. Maguen, L. Jing, K.R. Mott, N. Osorio, S.M. Slanina, A. Yukht, H. Ghiasi, A.B. Nesburn, M. Inman, G. Henderson, C. Jones, and S.L. Wechsler. 2002. A gene capable of blocking apoptosis can substitute for the herpes simplex virus type 1 LAT gene and restore wild type reactivation levels. J. Virol. 76:1224-1235.
Hart ML, Mosier DA, Chapes SK.: The response of Tlr-4-receptor positive cells to infection. 35th Annu. Soc. for Leuk. Biol., Honolulu, HI, 2001. J. Leukocyte Biol. supp., 67, 2001.
Inman M, Y. Zhange, V. Geiser, and C. Jones. 2001. The zinc ring finger of bovine herpes virus 1 encoded bICP0 is necessary for transcriptional regulation and infection. J. Gen. Virol. 82:483-492.
Inman M, L Lovato, A. Doster, and C. Jones. 2001. A mutation in the latency related gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 leads to impaired ocular shedding in acutely infected calves. J. Virol. 75:8507-8515.
Jeyaseelan,S., M.S. Kannan, R. E. Briggs, P. Thumbikat, and S. K. Maheswaran. 2001. Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin activates a non-receptor tyrosine kinase-signaling cascade in bovine leukocytes which induces biological activity. Infect. Immun. 69: 6131-6139.
Jeyaseelan S, MS Kannan, SL Hsuan, AK Singh, TF Walseth, S.K.Maheswaran. 2001. Pasterella haemolytica leukotoxin - induced cytolysis of bovine leukocytes: Role of arachidonic acid and its regulation. Microb. Pathog. 30: 59-69.
Kalfa VC, Jia HP, Kunkle RA, McCray Jr. PB, Tack BF, Brogden KA. Congeners of SMAP29 kill ovine pathogens and induce ultrastructural damage in bacterial cells. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:3256-3261, 2001.
Lafleur RL,C. Malazdrewich, S Jeyaseelan, E Bleifield, MS Abrahamsen, SK Maheswaran. 2001. Lipopolysaccharide enhances cytotolysis and inflammatory cytokine induction in bovine alveolar macrophages exposed to Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica leukotoxin. Microb. Pathog. 30: 347-357.
Leite F, M. Sylte, S O‘Brien, R Schultz, S Peek, K. Van Reeth and C. Czuprynski 2001. Effect of experimental infection of cattle with bovine herpesvirus-1 on the ex vivo interaction of bovine leukocytes with Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 84: 97-110.
Leite F, S O‘Brien, MJ Sylte, T Page, D Atapattu, and CJ Czuprynski. 2002. Inflammatory cytokines enhance the interaction of Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin with bovine peripheral blood neutrophils in vitro. Infect. Immun. 70:4336-4343.
Malazdrewich C, TR Ames, MS Abrahamsen, SK Maheswaran. 2001. Pulmonary expression of tumor necrosis factor - alpha, interleukin - beta, and interleukin - 8 in the acute phase of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Vet. Pathol.38: 297-310.
McVicker JK, Tatatabai LB. The isolation of immunogenic outer membrane proteins from Pasteurella (mannheimia) haemolytica A1 using selective extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography techniques. Am. J. Vet. Res. (in press).
Pillars RA, Grooms DL. Serological evaluation of five unvaccinated heifers for detecting herds persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus, Am J Vet Res, 2002; 63: 499-5.
Ramirez-Romero R, Brogden KA, Gallup JM, Sonea IM, Ackermann, MR. Mast cell density and substance P-like immunoreactivity during the initiation and progression of lung lesions in ovine Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica pneumonia. Microb. Pathogen. 2001; 30; 325-335.
Vanden Bush TJ, RF Rosenbusch. 2002. Mycoplasma bovis induces apoptosis of bovine lymphocytes. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 32: 97-103.
Walz PH, Bell TH, Wells J, Grooms DL, Kaiser L, Maes RK, Baker JC. Relationship between level of viremia and disease manifestations in calves experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res, 2001; 62: 1095-1103.
Walz PH, Bell TH, Wells J, Grooms DL, Kaiser L, Maes RK, Baker JC. Platelet aggregation responses and virus isolation from platelets in calves experimentally infected with type I or type II bovine viral diarrhea virus. Can J Vet Res, 2001; 65:241-247.
Wang P, DJ Hurley LJ, Braun, CCL Chase. 2001. Detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells 8 months post infection. J. Vet. Diag. Invest, 13:424-427.
Ward ACS, Weiser GC, Delong WJ, Frank GH. Characterization of Pasteurella spp isolated from healthy domestic pack goats and evaluation of the effects of a commercial Pasteurella vaccine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2002: 63: 119?123.
Winkler MTC, A Doster, J-H Sur, C Jones. 2002. Analysis of bovine trigeminal ganglia following infection with bovine herpesvirus 1. Vet. Microbiol. 86:139-155.
Wittum TE, Groteueschen DM, Brock KV, Kvasnicka WG, Floyd JG, Kelling CL, Odde KG. Persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in U.S. beef herds. Vet Prev Med 2001;49:83-94.
Zhang Y, C Jones. 2001. The bovine herpes virus 1 immediate early protein (bICP0) is associated with histone deaetylase 1 to activate transcription. 2001. J. Virology 75:9571-9578.