SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: NC107 : Evolving Pathogens, Targeted Sequences, and Strategies for Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease
- Period Covered: 10/01/2000 to 09/01/2001
- Date of Report: 09/20/2001
- Annual Meeting Dates: 09/05/2002 to 09/06/2002
Participants
Ames, Trevor-University of Minnesota; Baker, John-Michigan State University; Briggs, Robert-USDA, ARS, NADC; Brock, Kenny-Auburn University; Chase, Christopher-South Dakota State University; Corstvet, Richard-Louisiana State University; Czuprynski, Chuck-University of Wisconsin; Frank, Glynn-NADC; Fulton, Robert-Oklahoma State University; Loan, Raymond-Texas A&M University; Maheswaran, Sam-University of Minnesota; Minocha, Harisha-Kansas State University; Mosier, Derek-Kansas State University; Rosenbusch, Ricardo-Iowa State University; Tatum, F-NADC;
September 5, 2001, 8:30 a.m. R. Fulton called the meeting in session. Welcome comments were from R. Rosenbusch, and Don Reynolds, Associate Dean of Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, ISU. Nominations were held for 3 board members, one to be secretary for 2002. Nominees were R. Rosenbusch, A. Woolums (for secretary), and D. Grooms (A. Woolums accepted the position as secretary for 2002). Guests were introduced. Station reports were presented. Our new Administrative Advisor, Dr. E. Asem, was introduced. More station reports followed. At 11:00, our guest speaker, Dr. J. Ridpath, presented "BVDV Research." After lunch, station reports were presented until adjournment at 4:00 p.m.
September 6, 2001, 8:00 a.m. Final station report. K. Brock discussed our continuing education program with the Academy of Veterinary Consultants (bqa.org/avc/avc.htm) at their meeting in Denver, CO on Nov.30 - Dec.1, 2001. Topics for presentation were announced, along with presenters. A panel will include NC 107 members. Let K. Brock know if you plan to attend. K. Brock will send more information by e-mail to NC 107 members. Our new Advisor, E. Asem, addressed the committee. R. Fulton asked for comments on the Termination Report covering 10/1/96 - 9/30/01 to be sent to him. Meeting was adjourned 9:30 a.m.
September 6, 2001, 8:00 a.m. Final station report. K. Brock discussed our continuing education program with the Academy of Veterinary Consultants (bqa.org/avc/avc.htm) at their meeting in Denver, CO on Nov.30 - Dec.1, 2001. Topics for presentation were announced, along with presenters. A panel will include NC 107 members. Let K. Brock know if you plan to attend. K. Brock will send more information by e-mail to NC 107 members. Our new Advisor, E. Asem, addressed the committee. R. Fulton asked for comments on the Termination Report covering 10/1/96 - 9/30/01 to be sent to him. Meeting was adjourned 9:30 a.m.
[Minutes]
Accomplishments
Objective 1: Define Variations in Occurrences and Enhance Methods of Surveillance and Detection of Bovine Respiratory Tract Disease (BRD) Agents:
A multistate project including TX, LA, OK, CA, USDA NADC, USDA/ARS Bushland, TX was involved with occurrence and etiologies of BRD. Bovine coronaviruses (BCV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 and 2, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V), bovine adenoviruses, and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) also known as IBR virus, were investigated as viral etiologies. The BCV was identified in a high percentage of cattle eventually developing BRD (TX, LA). Several methods to detect BVDV were compared by SD, AL, OK, and MI. Diagnostic laboratories in SD and WI reported on incidence of various agents of BRD. Systematic methods for strain typing of BVDV using RT-PCR along with phylogenetic analysis compared BVDV isolates. The immunoperoxidase monolayer assay for BVDV was compared to the skin biopsy technique to diagnose BVDV by MI. A molecular beacon probe system was used by SD to differentiate ruminant pestiviruses (BVDV1, BVDV2, and Border Disease virus). Improved serologic methods were used to detect infected cattle to Mycoplasma bovis by IA. PCR procedures for bovine immunodeficiency virus (BV) and BHV-5 were developed by KS.
Diagnostic laboratories in MN, MI, SD, NADC, and WI collected and shared data on agents isolated from BRD. In some regions there was a shift from Mannheimia haemolytica to Pasteurella multocida with low numbers of Haemophilus somnus. SD and MI collaborated with NADC and MN for serotyping of M. haemolytica. MI and WI reported on screening of dairy cattle for BVDV PI. A national survey for PI BVDV involved AL, NE, and OH. BHV-4 and BRSV were found in increased number of cases by SD and WI.
A survey by KS of beef stocker producers requested information on stocker demographics, calf purchasing practices, health management, disease classification, and nutrition was performed along with a survey of bovine mycoplasmosis. A serologic survey of unvaccinated calves (6-12 months old) was reported by MI to identify herds with PI animals. MS reported on BVDV in chronic BRD tract cases.
Objective 2: Define Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis of Bovine Respiratory Disease:
Several stations investigated virulence factors of bacterial BRD including M. haemolytica (MH) leukotoxin and capsule and P. multocida, OK, KS, MS. Examples included role of Mh capsule in adherence to bovine respiratory mucosa. Also optimization of Mh leukotoxin production and LK stabilization occurred with lipopolysaccharide. The leukotoxin receptor on the CD-18 molecule was determined by NE and MN. LK in low concentrations was reported to kill bovine leukocytes by apoptosis, WI. Also leukotoxin negative Mh mutants were evaluated by OK, MN, and NADC. The SCID-Bo mouse model for Mh infection/lesions was investigated by OK and MN. MN demonstrated increases in cytokines in Mh infected lungs including TNFIL-8, and IL-1, and also the role of NF-KB activation. M. haemolytica activated a tyrosine kinase signaling cascade in bovine leukocytes and various compounds inhibited cytokine secretions in macrophages (MN). Modulation of the receptor (CD-18) by viral infection and cytokine was investigated by WI. WI investigated effects of H. somnus on bovine endothelial cells.
BVDV strains varied in virulence including viremia, leukopenia and platelet interactions (MI) and NE reported differences in virulence by 5‘ UTR differences. NE and KS reported on differences of CP BVDV versus NCP for RNA accumulations and apoptotic activity. NE found a latency related protein for BHV-1, and BHV-1 induced down regulation of MHC. WI reported on cytotoxic T cells of cattle immunized with BHV-1. WI also reported on BHV-1 gd and gM glycoproteins. CA reported on role of BRSV for reduced tracheobronchial clearance, and developed a disease-enhancement vaccine model with BRSV. TX investigated interferon genes and resistance to BRD. KS reported on gC of BHV-5 involved with CNS disease. TX and LA were involved with genome sequencing for BCV. GA examined TNF-a expression in the lungs of BRSV infected calves and investigated bacterial pathogens and BRSV in fatal feedlot ARDS(AIP). IA utilized a mouse model for interactions of M. bovis and immune response cells.
Objective 3: Improve Strategies for the Prevention and Control of Respiratory Disease:
New immunogen for BHV-1 and P. multocida were studied by NE and OK. Mucosal defense mechanisms were investigated by MO and LA. TX and NADC continued studies on antibiotic metaphylaxis and vaccination combination in stressed calves. MLV and killed viral vaccines were studied by MI and OK. OK reported on onset and duration of serum antibodies in calves receiving viral and ML vaccines. NE studied CMI responses in epitope based vaccines using responses to epitope based vaccines using cytotoxic T-lymphocyte peptides of BHV-1 complexed with heat shock protein. Intranasal vaccination in rabbits with iron regulated OMP from P. multocida induced protective immune response (OK). OK also characterized a filamentous hemagglutinin protein from P. multocida. GA evaluated intranasal BRSV vaccination by measuring CMI response in calves. Several stations reported on gene based vaccines. MI reported use of adenovirus vector vaccine for BVDV. WI used a biolistic (gene gun) vaccine for BHV-1, and CA used constructed plasmid vectors for cDNA BRSV vaccine. LA reported benefits of intransal MH vaccines by preventing lung infections.
The economic impact of PI BVDV exposure to calves is subject of AL and MI study. The transmission of M. bovis in calves was compared to other bacterial pathogens (IA). An Mh leukotoxin deficient live vaccine was evaluated in sale barn calves and fresh ranch calves with resultant increased serum antibodies and reduced Mh colonization by wild-type Mh.
A multistate project including TX, LA, OK, CA, USDA NADC, USDA/ARS Bushland, TX was involved with occurrence and etiologies of BRD. Bovine coronaviruses (BCV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 and 2, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V), bovine adenoviruses, and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) also known as IBR virus, were investigated as viral etiologies. The BCV was identified in a high percentage of cattle eventually developing BRD (TX, LA). Several methods to detect BVDV were compared by SD, AL, OK, and MI. Diagnostic laboratories in SD and WI reported on incidence of various agents of BRD. Systematic methods for strain typing of BVDV using RT-PCR along with phylogenetic analysis compared BVDV isolates. The immunoperoxidase monolayer assay for BVDV was compared to the skin biopsy technique to diagnose BVDV by MI. A molecular beacon probe system was used by SD to differentiate ruminant pestiviruses (BVDV1, BVDV2, and Border Disease virus). Improved serologic methods were used to detect infected cattle to Mycoplasma bovis by IA. PCR procedures for bovine immunodeficiency virus (BV) and BHV-5 were developed by KS.
Diagnostic laboratories in MN, MI, SD, NADC, and WI collected and shared data on agents isolated from BRD. In some regions there was a shift from Mannheimia haemolytica to Pasteurella multocida with low numbers of Haemophilus somnus. SD and MI collaborated with NADC and MN for serotyping of M. haemolytica. MI and WI reported on screening of dairy cattle for BVDV PI. A national survey for PI BVDV involved AL, NE, and OH. BHV-4 and BRSV were found in increased number of cases by SD and WI.
A survey by KS of beef stocker producers requested information on stocker demographics, calf purchasing practices, health management, disease classification, and nutrition was performed along with a survey of bovine mycoplasmosis. A serologic survey of unvaccinated calves (6-12 months old) was reported by MI to identify herds with PI animals. MS reported on BVDV in chronic BRD tract cases.
Objective 2: Define Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis of Bovine Respiratory Disease:
Several stations investigated virulence factors of bacterial BRD including M. haemolytica (MH) leukotoxin and capsule and P. multocida, OK, KS, MS. Examples included role of Mh capsule in adherence to bovine respiratory mucosa. Also optimization of Mh leukotoxin production and LK stabilization occurred with lipopolysaccharide. The leukotoxin receptor on the CD-18 molecule was determined by NE and MN. LK in low concentrations was reported to kill bovine leukocytes by apoptosis, WI. Also leukotoxin negative Mh mutants were evaluated by OK, MN, and NADC. The SCID-Bo mouse model for Mh infection/lesions was investigated by OK and MN. MN demonstrated increases in cytokines in Mh infected lungs including TNFIL-8, and IL-1, and also the role of NF-KB activation. M. haemolytica activated a tyrosine kinase signaling cascade in bovine leukocytes and various compounds inhibited cytokine secretions in macrophages (MN). Modulation of the receptor (CD-18) by viral infection and cytokine was investigated by WI. WI investigated effects of H. somnus on bovine endothelial cells.
BVDV strains varied in virulence including viremia, leukopenia and platelet interactions (MI) and NE reported differences in virulence by 5‘ UTR differences. NE and KS reported on differences of CP BVDV versus NCP for RNA accumulations and apoptotic activity. NE found a latency related protein for BHV-1, and BHV-1 induced down regulation of MHC. WI reported on cytotoxic T cells of cattle immunized with BHV-1. WI also reported on BHV-1 gd and gM glycoproteins. CA reported on role of BRSV for reduced tracheobronchial clearance, and developed a disease-enhancement vaccine model with BRSV. TX investigated interferon genes and resistance to BRD. KS reported on gC of BHV-5 involved with CNS disease. TX and LA were involved with genome sequencing for BCV. GA examined TNF-a expression in the lungs of BRSV infected calves and investigated bacterial pathogens and BRSV in fatal feedlot ARDS(AIP). IA utilized a mouse model for interactions of M. bovis and immune response cells.
Objective 3: Improve Strategies for the Prevention and Control of Respiratory Disease:
New immunogen for BHV-1 and P. multocida were studied by NE and OK. Mucosal defense mechanisms were investigated by MO and LA. TX and NADC continued studies on antibiotic metaphylaxis and vaccination combination in stressed calves. MLV and killed viral vaccines were studied by MI and OK. OK reported on onset and duration of serum antibodies in calves receiving viral and ML vaccines. NE studied CMI responses in epitope based vaccines using responses to epitope based vaccines using cytotoxic T-lymphocyte peptides of BHV-1 complexed with heat shock protein. Intranasal vaccination in rabbits with iron regulated OMP from P. multocida induced protective immune response (OK). OK also characterized a filamentous hemagglutinin protein from P. multocida. GA evaluated intranasal BRSV vaccination by measuring CMI response in calves. Several stations reported on gene based vaccines. MI reported use of adenovirus vector vaccine for BVDV. WI used a biolistic (gene gun) vaccine for BHV-1, and CA used constructed plasmid vectors for cDNA BRSV vaccine. LA reported benefits of intransal MH vaccines by preventing lung infections.
The economic impact of PI BVDV exposure to calves is subject of AL and MI study. The transmission of M. bovis in calves was compared to other bacterial pathogens (IA). An Mh leukotoxin deficient live vaccine was evaluated in sale barn calves and fresh ranch calves with resultant increased serum antibodies and reduced Mh colonization by wild-type Mh.
Impacts
Publications
Brogden, K.A., Kalfa, V.C., Ackermann, M.R., Palmquist, D.E., McCray, P.B., Jr., and Tack, B.F. The ovine cathelicidin SMAP29 kills ovine respiratory pathogens in vitro and in an ovine model of pulmonary infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 45:331-334, 2001.
Butler, J.A., C.C. Pinnow, J.U. Thomson, S. Levisohn, and R.F. Rosenbusch. 2001. Use of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction to investigate Mycoplasma bovis outbreaks. Vet Microbiol. 78: 175-181.
Caverly, J.M., Radi, Z.A., Andreasen, C.B., Doxon, R.A., Brogden, K.A., and Ackermann, M.R. Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from Mannheimia haemolytica-inoculated calves with and without prior treatment with the selection inhibitor TBC1269. Am. J. vet. Res. 62:665-672, 2001.
Chapes S.K., Mosier D.A., Wright A.D., Hart M.L.: MHCII, T1r4, Nramp1 genes control host pulmonary resistance against the opportunistic bacterium Pasteurella pneumotropica. J. Leukocytes Biol., 69:381-386, 2001.
Clarke, J.M., Morton, R.J., Clarke, C.R., Fulton, R.W., Saliki, J.T., and Malayer, J.: Development of an ex vivo Model to study Adherence of Mannheimia haemolytica serovar A1 to Mucosal Tissues of the Upper Respiratory Tract of Cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res., 62:805-811, 2001.
Confer AW, Suckow MA, Montelongo M, Dabo SM, Miloscio LJ, Gillespie AJ, and GL Meredith. Intranasal vaccination of rabbits with Pasteurella multocida A:3 outer membranes expressing iron-regulated proteins. Am J Vet Res 62:697-703, 2001..
Hegde, N.R., Godson, D.L., Babiuk, L.A. and Srikumaran, S. 2001. Bovine lymphocyte antigen-A11-specific peptide motif as a means to identify cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1. Cellular Immunology, Submitted.
Hinkley S, AB Hill, and S Srikumaran. 2001. Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection affects the peptide transport activity of TAP in bovine cells. Virus Res. Submitted.
Hossain A, T Holt, and C Jones. 2001. Analysis of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases after an infection with herpes simplex virus type 2. J Gen Virol. In press.
Inman, M., Y. Zhange, V. Geiser, and C. Jones. 2001. The zinc ring finger of bovne herpes virus 1 encoded biCPO is necessary for transcriptional regulation and infection. J. Gen. Virology 82:483-492.
Jeyaseelan, S., M.S. Kannan, S.L. Hsuan, A.K. Singh, T.F. Walseth, and S.K. Maheswaran. 2001. Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin-induced cytolysis of bovine leukocytes: Role of arachidonic acid and its regulation. Microb. Pathog. 30:59-69.
Kalfa V.C. Palmquist, D., Ackermann, M.R., and Brogden, K.A. (2001). Suppression of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica serovar 1 infection in lambs by intrapulmonary administration of ovine antimicrobial anionic peptide. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 17:505-10.
Kirkpatrick, J., Fulton, R.W., Burge, L.J., Dubois, W.R., and Payton, M. 2001): Passively Transferred Immunity in Newborn Calves, Antibody Decay, and Effect on Subsequent Vaccination with Modified Live Virus Vaccine. Bovine Practitioner, 35:47-55.
Loan RW, Purdy CW, Briggs RE: Additive effect of antibiotic metaphylaxis and Pasteurella haemolytica bacterin vaccination. In revision for the Bovine Practitioner, June, 2001.
Loughmiller J.A., spire M.F., Dritz S.S., Fenwick B.W., Hosni M.H., Hogge S.B.: Relationship between mean body surface temperature measured by use of infrared thermography and ambient temperature in clinically normal pigs and pigs inoculated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Am. J. Vet. Res., 62:676-681, 2001.
Malazdrewich, C., T.R. Ames, M.S. Abrahamsen, and S.K. Maheswaran. 2001. Pulmonary expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-beta, and interleukin-8 in the acute phase of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Vet. Pathol. 38:297-310.
Navaratnam, M., M. Desphande, M.J. Hariharan, D.S. Zatechka Jr. and S. Srikumaran. 2001. Heat shock protein-peptide complexes elicit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and antibody responses specific for bovine herpesvirus 1. Vaccine. 19:1425-1434.
Radi, Z.A., Caverly, J.M., Dixon, R.A., Brogden, K.A., and Ackermann, M.R. (2001) Effects of the synthetic selectin inhibitor TBC1269 on tissue damage during acute Mannheimia haemolytica-induced pneumonia in neonatal calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62:2684-2691.
Salih, B.A., and R.F. Rosenbusch. 2001. Cross-reactive proteins among eight bovine mycoplasmas detected by monoclonal antibodies. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 24:103-111.
Sylte, M.J., L. B. Corbeill, and C.J. Czuprynski. 2001. Haemophilus somnus causes apoptosis in bovine endothelial cells in vitro. Infect. Immun. 69:1650-1660.
Wittum, T.E., D. M. Grotelueschen, K.V. Brock, W. Kvasnicka, J. Floyd, C.L. Kelling and K.G. Odde. 2001. Persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in beef herds. Veterinary Preventive Medicine 49:83-84.
Zhao, C., Nguyen, T., Lui, L., Sacco, R.E., Brogden, K.A., and Lehrer, R.I. Gallinacin-3, an inducible epithelial beta-defensin in the chicken. Infect. Immun. 69:2684-2691, 2001.
Zheng L, Swanson M, Liao J, Wood C, Kapil S, Snider R, Loughin T, and H Minocha. 2001. Cloning of the Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus Gag Gene and Development of a Recombinant-Protein Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Clin Diag Lab Immunol 7:557-562.
Zheng, L., Zhang S., Wood C., Kapil S., Wilcox G., Loughin T., Minocha H.: Differentiation of two bovine Lentiviruses by a monoclonal antibody on the basis of epitope specificity. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 3:283-287, 2001.
Butler, J.A., C.C. Pinnow, J.U. Thomson, S. Levisohn, and R.F. Rosenbusch. 2001. Use of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction to investigate Mycoplasma bovis outbreaks. Vet Microbiol. 78: 175-181.
Caverly, J.M., Radi, Z.A., Andreasen, C.B., Doxon, R.A., Brogden, K.A., and Ackermann, M.R. Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from Mannheimia haemolytica-inoculated calves with and without prior treatment with the selection inhibitor TBC1269. Am. J. vet. Res. 62:665-672, 2001.
Chapes S.K., Mosier D.A., Wright A.D., Hart M.L.: MHCII, T1r4, Nramp1 genes control host pulmonary resistance against the opportunistic bacterium Pasteurella pneumotropica. J. Leukocytes Biol., 69:381-386, 2001.
Clarke, J.M., Morton, R.J., Clarke, C.R., Fulton, R.W., Saliki, J.T., and Malayer, J.: Development of an ex vivo Model to study Adherence of Mannheimia haemolytica serovar A1 to Mucosal Tissues of the Upper Respiratory Tract of Cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res., 62:805-811, 2001.
Confer AW, Suckow MA, Montelongo M, Dabo SM, Miloscio LJ, Gillespie AJ, and GL Meredith. Intranasal vaccination of rabbits with Pasteurella multocida A:3 outer membranes expressing iron-regulated proteins. Am J Vet Res 62:697-703, 2001..
Hegde, N.R., Godson, D.L., Babiuk, L.A. and Srikumaran, S. 2001. Bovine lymphocyte antigen-A11-specific peptide motif as a means to identify cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1. Cellular Immunology, Submitted.
Hinkley S, AB Hill, and S Srikumaran. 2001. Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection affects the peptide transport activity of TAP in bovine cells. Virus Res. Submitted.
Hossain A, T Holt, and C Jones. 2001. Analysis of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases after an infection with herpes simplex virus type 2. J Gen Virol. In press.
Inman, M., Y. Zhange, V. Geiser, and C. Jones. 2001. The zinc ring finger of bovne herpes virus 1 encoded biCPO is necessary for transcriptional regulation and infection. J. Gen. Virology 82:483-492.
Jeyaseelan, S., M.S. Kannan, S.L. Hsuan, A.K. Singh, T.F. Walseth, and S.K. Maheswaran. 2001. Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin-induced cytolysis of bovine leukocytes: Role of arachidonic acid and its regulation. Microb. Pathog. 30:59-69.
Kalfa V.C. Palmquist, D., Ackermann, M.R., and Brogden, K.A. (2001). Suppression of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica serovar 1 infection in lambs by intrapulmonary administration of ovine antimicrobial anionic peptide. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 17:505-10.
Kirkpatrick, J., Fulton, R.W., Burge, L.J., Dubois, W.R., and Payton, M. 2001): Passively Transferred Immunity in Newborn Calves, Antibody Decay, and Effect on Subsequent Vaccination with Modified Live Virus Vaccine. Bovine Practitioner, 35:47-55.
Loan RW, Purdy CW, Briggs RE: Additive effect of antibiotic metaphylaxis and Pasteurella haemolytica bacterin vaccination. In revision for the Bovine Practitioner, June, 2001.
Loughmiller J.A., spire M.F., Dritz S.S., Fenwick B.W., Hosni M.H., Hogge S.B.: Relationship between mean body surface temperature measured by use of infrared thermography and ambient temperature in clinically normal pigs and pigs inoculated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Am. J. Vet. Res., 62:676-681, 2001.
Malazdrewich, C., T.R. Ames, M.S. Abrahamsen, and S.K. Maheswaran. 2001. Pulmonary expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-beta, and interleukin-8 in the acute phase of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Vet. Pathol. 38:297-310.
Navaratnam, M., M. Desphande, M.J. Hariharan, D.S. Zatechka Jr. and S. Srikumaran. 2001. Heat shock protein-peptide complexes elicit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and antibody responses specific for bovine herpesvirus 1. Vaccine. 19:1425-1434.
Radi, Z.A., Caverly, J.M., Dixon, R.A., Brogden, K.A., and Ackermann, M.R. (2001) Effects of the synthetic selectin inhibitor TBC1269 on tissue damage during acute Mannheimia haemolytica-induced pneumonia in neonatal calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62:2684-2691.
Salih, B.A., and R.F. Rosenbusch. 2001. Cross-reactive proteins among eight bovine mycoplasmas detected by monoclonal antibodies. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 24:103-111.
Sylte, M.J., L. B. Corbeill, and C.J. Czuprynski. 2001. Haemophilus somnus causes apoptosis in bovine endothelial cells in vitro. Infect. Immun. 69:1650-1660.
Wittum, T.E., D. M. Grotelueschen, K.V. Brock, W. Kvasnicka, J. Floyd, C.L. Kelling and K.G. Odde. 2001. Persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in beef herds. Veterinary Preventive Medicine 49:83-84.
Zhao, C., Nguyen, T., Lui, L., Sacco, R.E., Brogden, K.A., and Lehrer, R.I. Gallinacin-3, an inducible epithelial beta-defensin in the chicken. Infect. Immun. 69:2684-2691, 2001.
Zheng L, Swanson M, Liao J, Wood C, Kapil S, Snider R, Loughin T, and H Minocha. 2001. Cloning of the Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus Gag Gene and Development of a Recombinant-Protein Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Clin Diag Lab Immunol 7:557-562.
Zheng, L., Zhang S., Wood C., Kapil S., Wilcox G., Loughin T., Minocha H.: Differentiation of two bovine Lentiviruses by a monoclonal antibody on the basis of epitope specificity. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 3:283-287, 2001.