Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The meeting of the NCERA 212: Soybean Diseases Committee was held at the Sheraton Westport Chalet Hotel, St. Louis, MO on February 24, 2010. The meeting was held in conjunction with the Soybean Breeders Workshop and the Corn Disease Working Group. The meeting was called to order at 9:00 am by Chair, Paul Esker (Univ. Wisconsin). The meeting began with introductions of everyone in attendance. Brian Diers (Univ. Illinois) updated the group about a research study to evaluate yield gains in soybean over time. The study involves evaluating disease resistance of genotypes in Maturity Groups II to IV developed several years ago. Brian asked the group if there was interest in collaboration in evaluating resistance to specific diseases. Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ.) notified the group that John Rupe (Univ. Arkansas) is rotating off the soybean germ plasm committee as the representative from plant pathology, and that the committee needed a nomination from NCERA 212. It was suggested that a nomination be made during the NCERA 212 business meeting. Brief oral reports on the crop and disease situation and research projects in each state were given. In addition to the oral reports, some states also provided a written report. Brief summaries of these oral and written state reports are provided below: Wisconsin: In 2009, soybean was planted on 1.63 million acres with 1.62 million acres harvested. The statewide yield was 40 bu/A for a total production of 64,800 thousand bushels. Yield was +5 bu/A from 2008, but still ~4 bu/A lower than 2005 and 2006 yields. In general, there has been a negative trend in soybean yield for about the last 10 years in Wisconsin. In 2009, Sclerotinia stem rot, soybean cyst nematode, brown stem rot (maybe some sudden death syndrome), seedling diseases, and seed decays were the major problems. From a survey of audience members at Wisconsin Extension meetings, most people responded that Sclerotinia stem rot reduced yields from 1 to 10%. Thirteen different research and extension projects were listed that focused on soybean diseases that are on-going with University of Wisconsin faculty involved. Illinois: Approximately 9.4 million acres of soybean were harvested in Illinois in 2009. The state average yield was 46 bu/A. Most fields in the state were planted later than normal due to large amounts of rainfall in May. Sclerotinia stem rot was the most severe it had been in the past several years, and affected most of the northern half of the state. Results from a foliar fungicide trial conducted near DeKalb, IL in 2009 indicated that Sclerotinia stem rot caused at least a 40% yield reduction in that trial. A number of soybean pathology research projects are being conducted at the University of Illinois, including those focused on: foliar and seed treatment fungicide evaluations; interaction between Rhizoctonia root rot and soybean cyst nematode; fungicide resistance monitoring for Cercospora sojina, overwinter survival of C. sojina, genetic diversity of C. sojina, soybean rust monitoring, soybean cyst nematode, bacterial pustule, charcoal rot, soybean rust, sudden death syndrome, and developing multiplex Q-PCR assays for soybean pathogen detection. Kansas: Kansas soybean producers harvested 3.65 million acres of soybean in 2009 with an average yield of 44 bu/A. This compares to 3.25 million acres in 2008, when the average yield was 37 bu/A. Timely rains across most of the state reduced levels of charcoal rot to the lowest level in the past 25 years and were a major contributor to the increased yield average. Seedling blights and soybean cyst nematode caused the most yield loss of the diseases present in 2009. Frogeye leaf spot was prevalent in the eastern portion of the state, and brown spot and bacterial blight were common everywhere in the state. Sudden death syndrome also was observed in the Kansas River Valley. A number of soybean pathology research projects are on-going at Kansas State Univ. and include those focused on: charcoal rot, frogeye leaf spot, soybean cyst nematode, sudden death syndrome, and fungicide evaluations. Ohio: Ohio weather conditions during 2009 started out very favorable for disease outbreaks in the early part of the season with heavy rains, cool weather, and delayed planting. Conditions across the state were cooler than normal. Flowering was delayed, and canopy was closed through much of the state at flowering. Outbreaks of Sclerotinia stem rot were common with up to 50% plants affected in some fields. Sudden death syndrome, Phytophthora root rot, brown stem rot, and soybean cyst nematode also caused losses. The number of minor diseases present in fields (i.e. bacterial pustule, bacterial blight, powdery mildew, etc.) was greater than normal. There are reports of high incidence of Phomopsis seed rot as well as Fusarium graminearum present in seed germination tests. Key findings during 2009 included new information about Cercospora sojina survival and optimum conditions for growth; effect of soil physical and chemical properties on Pythium; effect of seed treatments on Phytopthora root rot of soybean cultivars with different combinations of Rps genes and levels of partial resistance. North Dakota: Soybean acreage in 2009 was approximately 3.9 million acres. Soybean disease research projects in 2009 were: 1) incorporation of resistance to Phytophthora sojae and soybean cyst nematode (SCN) into soybean lines/cultivars; 2) effect of crop rotation and crops on SCN; 3) effect of SCN on dry bean growth; 4) effect of soil type on SCN; 5) biology of Fusarium root rot of soybean; 6) genetic variation and virulence in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; 7) identification of soybean viruses in North Dakota; 8) monitoring for soybean rust; and 9) survey for emerging diseases in North Dakota. Minnesota: Minnesota produced soybean on approximately 7.1 million acres in 2009. The average yield was 41 bu/A, which is up 3 bu/A from 2008. The most important soybean disease problems were SCN, brown stem rot, Sclerotinia stem rot, Rhizoctonia root rot, and sudden death syndrome, although pod and stem blight and Phytophthora rot and other root rots also were important in some areas. Leaf diseases generally were at low incidence and severity. Selected Minnesota research projects and progress in 2009: " In continued work, results suggest an expanded host range for Fusarium virguliforme that includes other hosts that develop severe root symptoms as well as potential asymptomatic hosts capable of sustaining or supporting pathogen survival in the absence of soybean. " The brown stem rot pathogen has been shown to reduce leaf area and xylem vessels in soybean plants, and the A and B types of the pathogen can colonize stem tissues and cells differently. " In a study of root rots of soybean in Minnesota, a diversity of Fusarium species are associated with soybean. At least 11 pathogenic Fusarium species have been confirmed to be associated with soybean roots in Minnesota. Many of these species have also been sown to be capable of causing significant root rot on corn in greenhouse studies. " Soybean cyst nematode continues to be a major problem in Minnesota and was found for the first time in three northern counties in 2009. HG types capable of reproducing on PI 88788 and Peking sources of resistance are being detected more frequently. Indiana: In 2009, approximately 5.5 million acres of soybean were grown in Indiana. The average yield was 49 bu/A, which was the highest in three years. Wet weather in April and May forced many producers to plant soybean later than normal, and temperatures were cooler than normal throughout the season. Sclerotinia stem rot was widespread, and further south and west than normal. Sudden death syndrome also was widespread. Yield losses caused by Phytophthora root rot and soybean cyst nematode continued to be important in 2009. Phomopsis and Cercospora blight were problematic in southern Indiana fields due to late rains and cool conditions near harvest. Screening soybean for resistance to Phytophthora root rot, SDS, and frogeye leaf spot continue to be important projects. Additionally, research focused on the effect of foliar fungicides on soybean continued. Michigan: Approximately 2 million acres of soybean were planted in 2009, and 1.99 million acres were harvested. The average yield for the state was 40 bu/A, which was up 3 bu/A from 2008. Growing conditions in 2009 were cool and wet, with excessive moisture early in the season which caused some delayed planting. In June and July, extensive brown spot was noted in some fields. From August to September, downy mildew developed across the state. Sclerotinia stem rot caused the most losses across the state, and was most severe in the thumb region of the state and in irrigated fields. Sudden death syndrome was confirmed in the state for the first time in 2009. Current soybean pathology research projects include: IPM-PIPE sentinel plots for soybean rust; mapping distribution of soybean death syndrome in the state; breeding soybean for multi-disease resistance; fungicide and biocontrol of Sclerotinia stem rot; prediction of Sclerotinia stem rot; and irrigation effects on SDS. Nebraska: In 2009, Nebraska soybean producers harvested 4.76 million acres of soybean (similar to the 4.85 million acres harvested in 2008), with a record average yield of 54.5 bu/A. This was up 8.5 bu/A from the previous year. Early dry conditions resulted in most growers planting on time, but heavy rains following planting resulted in stand problems in some fields. Cooler temperatures and moderate rainfall resulted in less disease activity later in the season. Phytophthora was a problem in many fields that received early season rains, and the most common seedling disease problems were caused by Phytophthora and Pythium. Foliar diseases observed were bacterial blight, bacterial pustule, brown spot, Cercospora blight, downy mildew, and frogeye leaf spot. Low incidence of bean pod mottle virus and soybean mosaic virus was detected in 2009, and tobacco ringspot virus was detected in one field. Sudden death syndrome, which was first found in Nebraska in 2009, appears to be spreading in the state. Brown stem rot was a problem in some fields in 2009. Over the last four years, soybean cyst nematode has been confirmed in 23 new Nebraska counties, indicating that this pathogen is spreading. Pod and stem blight, charcoal rot, and Sclerotinia stem rot caused isolated problems in 2009. Soybean pathology research projects ongoing in Nebraska include soybean fungicide efficacy trials and research on soybean cyst nematode. Kentucky: Anthracnose, downy mildew, brown spot, sudden death syndrome, soybean rust (late season), pod and stem blight, frogeye leaf spot, soybean cyst nematode, seedling diseases (mostly caused by Pythium and Rhizoctonia), various virus diseases (mostly bean pod mottle and soybean mosaic) and Cercospora leaf blight/purple seed stain were detected in Kentucky in 2009. Ongoing research projects include: 1) study host factors that contribute primarily to soybean defense against Soybean mosaic virus and Phytophthora sojae; 2) fungicide efficacy testing; and 3) soybean cyst nematode management. Iowa: The major soybean diseases in Iowa in 2009 were Sclerotinia stem rot, sudden death syndrome, and Cercospora blight. Ongoing soybean pathology research projects include: soybean cyst nematode x sudden death syndrome interactions; infection of the SDS pathogen; genome sequencing of the SDS pathogen; fungicide efficacy; and soybean rust forecasting. Missouri: Missouri soybean production totaled 231 million bushels in 2009, up 21% from the 2008 crop. Farmers in Missouri harvested 5.3 million of the 5.35 million acres in the state, 5% more than last year. Missouri yields averaged 43.5 bu/A, up 5.5 bu/A from last year, but 1.5 bu/A below the record set in 2004. Wet conditions delayed planting by as much as 20 to 30 days in some areas of the state. The growing season was unusually cool and wet. Phytophthora root rot was evident both as a seedling blight disease and later in the season. Foliar diseases were neither widespread nor severe. Soybean cyst nematode continues to be a major problem throughout the state. Symptoms of sudden death syndrome were widespread, but was not as severe as expected. Cercospora blight was widespread in central and northern Missouri during September and October. Seed decay problems such as Phomopsis seed decay and purple seed stain were reported, but were not as widespread or severe as weather conditions might have suggested. Ongoing research projects include fungicide efficacy trials, sudden death syndrome regional trial, and soybean cyst nematode regional trial. Ontario: Sudden death syndrome was prevalent, especially in southwestern Ontario. Sclerotinia stem rot and bacterial blight also were prevalent. Soybean cyst nematode continues to be a problem. Seedling / root rot diseases caused by Phytophthora, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia also were observed. Soybean virus surveys detected soybean mosaic virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, and bean pod mottle virus. Leonor Leandro (Iowa St. Univ.) and Chris Little (Kansas St. Univ.) provided an update on research conducted on sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean and its causal agents. The research update focused on SDS distribution and detection; causal agents of SDS; pathogen detection, pathogen diversity, toxin characterization, interactions with other pathogens; host resistance; resistance screening methods; and evaluation of management practices for control of SDS. Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ.) and Loren Giesler (Univ. Nebraska) led a discussion on the role of NCERA 212 in APS symposiums (i.e. soybean rust symposium, and potential new symposiums). The importance and future of the APS Soybean Rust Symposium was discussed. Questions about the necessity of continuing the Soybean Rust Symposium as a separate meeting and the possibility of creating a new Soybean Disease Symposium were raised. Discussion on potential timing of when to hold a new Soybean Disease Symposium, if created, followed. It was suggested that this type of symposium could potentially be held in conjunction with or just following the National Association of Crop Consultants Meeting. Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. University) led a discussion on the Soybean Pathology White Paper. The paper needs to be updated. Ideas on updating the publication were discussed, and topics were assigned to individuals. The revised paper will be posted on the Plant Health Initiative website when completed. Loren Giesler (Univ. Nebraska) presented an idea for a regional publication on root and stem rot diseases in which NCERA 212 members could collaborate in writing. A committee was formed to work on this publication, which included Loren Giesler, Anne Dorrance, Paul Esker, Kiersten Wise, Daren Mueller, Albert Tenuta, Alison Robertson, Loren Giesler, Doug Jardine, and Martin Chilvers. Loren Giesler (Univ. Nebraska) reported on the workshop that was conducted for soybean breeder technicians just prior to the NCERA 212 meeting. Members of NCERA 212 and others participated in this workshop. An impact assessment was completed for this workshop by Loren. It was suggested that NCERA 212 consider conducting such a workshop every time NCERA 212 meets with the soybean breeders group. Don Hershman (Univ. Kentucky) gave a presentation titled, Hindrances to effective SCN extension programming to the group. The presentation focused on problematic issues related to providing real SCN management solutions to soybean growers. A discussion followed. The meeting was adjourned at 5:30 pm on February 24 and resumed in the morning of February 25 at 8:00 am. Steve Slack (Ohio St. Univ.-administrative advisor) provided some information about multi-state activities and the different types of projects. The NCERA 212 project is approved through 2014. Steve also provided an update on the National Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) and upcoming research funding opportunities through NIFA. NIFA is the new structure for CSREES, and is built around four institutes: food production and sustainability; bionenergy, climate, and environment; food safety and nutrition; and youth, family, community. Global food security and hunger, climate change, sustainable energy, childhood obesity, and food safety are the science priority areas. The target date for release of the new NIFA RFAs is March 15, 2010. NIFA is looking to award around $800 million this year. Hatch and Smith Lever funds were proposed to stay at the same level as the previous fiscal year. Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ. / APS Council) reported on potential upcoming changes in the American Phytopathological Society (APS) governance. The proposed changes would drop the size of the APS Council to 12 members to become one strategic body. Dean Malvick (Univ. Minnesota) provided an update on past and on-going research on brown stem rot of soybean. Loren Giesler (Univ. Nebraska) and Carl Bradley (Univ. Illinois) provided an update on the North Central Soybean Research Program -funded project on soybean cyst nematode. Paul Esker (Univ. Wisconsin) led a discussion on Sclerotinia stem rot. This included discussion on the biological control product Contans, resistance screening techniques and the importance of light, population and row spacing considerations, fungicide application timing, and potential prediction of Sclerotinia stem rot using forecasting models. Paul Esker called the official business meeting to order: " Nominations for the NCERA 212 representative to the Soybean Germ Plasm Committee were opened. Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ.) nominated Jim Kurle (Univ. Minnesota). Doug Jardine (Kansas St. Univ.) seconded the motion. The nominations were closed, and Jim Kurle was unanimously elected as the Soybean Germ Plasm Committee representative from NCERA 212. " Nominations for the NCERA 212 secretary for 2011 (chair for 2012) were opened. Leonor Leandro (Iowa St. Univ.) was nominated (self-nomination), and Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ.) seconded the motion. The nominations were closed, and Leonor Leandro was unanimously elected as the secretary of NCERA 212 for 2011 and chair for 2012. " It was suggested that NCERA 212 meet jointly with the Southern Soybean Disease Workers (SSDW) in 2011. The SSDW has met in Pensacola, FL during the second week of March for the last several years. Carl Bradley (Univ. Illinois) will bring the idea to the SSDW officers, to find out their interest in such a meeting. " The group thanked Paul Esker for his efforts in organizing the meeting. " The official business meeting was adjourned at 12:00 noon. The afternoon meeting on February 25 was a joint session with the Corn Disease Working Group. Loren Giesler (Univ. Nebraska) and Tamra Jackson (Univ. Nebraska) led a discussion on corn and soybean nematodes. This discussion focused on the challenges of managing these nematodes, renewed interest in corn nematodes, and new management tools available now and on the horizon. Tom Mueller (Univ. Tennessee) presented information on his research focused on open and closed plot designs in corn. In his research, Tom found more consistent results with foliar fungicides in a closed design. A discussion followed. Palle Pedersen (Syngenta Crop Protection) presented information on use of seed treatments in high yield soybean production systems. In addition, Palle provided an update on a new fungicide combination seed treatment product available on corn. Paul Vincelli (Univ. Kentucky) presented information on the letter to EPA written by members of Land Grant Universities and the response by EPA. This letter was written in response to the EPA registering Headline fungicide for Plant Health. Paul provided a time-line of events that followed after the letter was sent to the EPA. A group discussion on how industry groups and university groups can better work together was led by Paul Esker (Univ. Wisconsin) and Gary Schmitz (BASF Corporation). Potential ideas that emerged were fungicide resistance monitoring; forecasting for diseases; evaluation of hybrids or varieties for characteristics that can predict response to fungicides; and evaluation of fungicides on endophytes. The meeting adjourned at 5:30 pm.

The objectives of NCERA 212 are to:

1. Foster collaborative research and information exchange on soybean diseases among scientists in the north central region including soybean breeders and entomologists that will lead to improved disease screening protocols, additional sources of disease resistance genes and ultimately, improved host plant resistance.

Accomplishments for objective 1. The 2010 NCERA 212 meeting was held in conjunction with the Soybean Breeders Workshop and the Corn Disease Working Group. Meeting jointly with the other groups improved the exchange of information and ideas, which can help foster collaborative research projects. Members of NCERA 212 organized and participated in a soybean breeder technician workshop prior to the NCERA 212 meeting. This workshop provided information on disease screening protocols, which ultimately may result in the development of improved host plant resistance. Members of NCERA 212 participated in the planning of the 2009 APS Soybean Rust Symposium. This meeting allowed for the exchange of information across university scientists -industry personnel -and producers, which will ultimately help improve management of this disease. Discussion at the 2010 NCERA 212 meeting may lead to the planning of additional APS soybean disease meetings.

2. Evaluate the impacts of changing production practices such as earlier planting dates, new sources of host plant resistance, increased use of fungicide seed treatments and foliar fungicides, and other new or improved crop production technologies on soybean diseases.

Accomplishments for objective 2. Members of NCERA 212 published a new collaborative research article focused on the evaluation of fungicide seed treatments on soybean cultivars with different levels and types of resistance to Phytophthora sojae. This multi-state research provided new information that can help improve management of Phytophthora root rot and soybean production.

3. Develop research projects to study the ecology and epidemiology of soybean diseases important in the north central region.

Accomplishments for objective 3. NCERA 212 members are working collaboratively on on-going multi-state research projects focused on sudden death syndrome, soybean cyst nematode, soybean rust, frogeye leaf spot, and charcoal rot. A multi-state research/extension project focused on Sclerotinia stem rot is being developed by NCERA 212 members.

4. Improve knowledge transfer about soybean diseases and their management in the North Central Region to researchers, Extension faculty, producers and the agribusiness community through the use of web sites, podcasts and other new technologies as they are developed.

Accomplishments for objective 4. Plans to revise the Soybean Disease White Paper were finalized at the 2010 NCERA 212 meeting. The revised white paper will be posted onto the Plant Health Initiative website (http://planthealth.info) so that it can be openly accessible. Members of NCERA 212 participated in developing new webcasts for the Focus on Soybean section of the Plant Management Network (www.plantmanagementnetwork.com). New or updated webcasts for 2009 developed by NCERA 212 members include, Brown stem rot of soybean and Soybean viruses.

5. Continue to monitor for any new or reemerging pathogens of soybean in the north central region and develop appropriate responses to their emergence as they occur.

Accomplishments for objective 5. Working collaboratively with the NCERA 208 Soybean Rust Committee, members of NCERA 212 worked together to establish a network of soybean disease monitoring through the use of sentinel plots and mobile scouting in 2009. Data from the monitoring efforts were uploaded onto the IPM PIPE database.

Refereed Publications: Bradley, C. A., Allen, T. W., Dorrance, A. E., Dunphy, E. J., Giesler, L. J., Hershman, D. E., Hollier, C. A., Horn, V., and Wrather, J. A. 2009. Evaluation of the soybean rust pest information platform for extension and education (PIPE) public website's impact on certified crop advisers. Online. Plant Health Progress (In press). Bradley, C. A., Hines, R. A., Pataky, N. R., Haudenshield, J. S., and Hartman, G. L. 2009. First report of soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, on kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in Illinois. Plant Disease (In press). Broders, K. D., Lipps, P. E., Ellis, M. L., and Dorrance, A. E. 2009. Pythium delawarii -a new species of Pythium isolated from soybean in Ohio. Mycologia 101:232-238. Broders, K. D., Wallhead, M. W., Austin, G. D., Lipps, P. E., Paul, P. A., Mullen, R. W., and Dorrance, A. E. 2009. Association of soil chemical and physical properties with Pythium species diversity, community composition, and disease incidence. Phytopathology 99:957-967. Calla, B., Voung, T., Radwin, O., Hartman, G. L., and Clough, S. J. 2009. Gene expression profiling soybean stem tissue early response to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and in silico mapping in relation to resistance markers. Plant Genome 2:149-166. Chakraborty, N., Curley, J., Frederick, R. D., Hyten, D. L., Nelson, R. L., Hartman, G. L., and Diers, B. W. 2009. Mapping and confirmation of a new allele at Rpp1 from soybean PI 504538A conferring RB lesion type resistance to soybean rust. Crop Science 49:783-790. Cruz, C. D. and Dorrance, A. E. 2009. Characterization and survival of Cercospora sojina in Ohio. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2009-0512-03-RS. Cui, D., Zhang, Q., Li, M., Zhao, Y., and Hartman, G. L. 2009. Detection of soybean rust using a multispectral image sensor. Sens. & Instrumen. Food Qual. Saf. 3:49-56. Dorrance, A. E., Robertson, A. E., Cianzo, S., Giesler, L. J., Grau, C. R., Draper, M. A., Tenuta, A. U., and Anderson, T. R. 2009. Integrated management strategies for Phytophthora sojae combining host resistance and seed treatments. Plant Dis. 93:875-882. Fu, D-Q, Ghabrial, S., and Kachroo, A. 2009. GmRAR1 and GmSGT1 are required for basal, R gene-mediated and systemic acquired resistance in soybean. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions 22:86-95. Goradia, L., Hartman, G. L., and Daniel, S. L. 2009. Evaluation of glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivars for resistance to bacterial pustule. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 124:331-335. Hartman, G. L., and Haudenshield, J. S. 2009. Movement of Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soybean rust) urediniospores by non-conventional means. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 123:331-335. Helms, T. C., Nelson, B. D., and Goos, R. J. 2009. Registration of "Cavalier" soybean. J. Plant Registrations 3:19-21. Helms, T. C., Nelson, B. D., and Goos, R. J. 2009. Registration of "Ashtabula" soybean. J. Plant Registrations 3:253-255. Hill, C. B., Kim, K. S., Crull, L., Diers, B. W., and Hartman, G. L. 2009. Inheritance of resistance to the soybean aphid in soybean PI200538. Crop Sci. 49:1193-1200. Hughes, T. J., Atallah, Z. K., and Grau, C. R. 2009. Real-time PCR assays for the quantification of Phialophora gregata f. sp. sojae IGS genotypes A and B. Phytopathology 99:1008-1014. Hughes, T. J., Koval, N. C., Esker, P. D., and Grau, C. R. 2009. Influence of monocropping brown stem rot-resistant and susceptible soybean accessions on soil and stem populations of Phialophora gregata f. sp. sojae. Plant Dis. 93:1050-1058. Impullitti, A. E., Malvick, D. K., and Grau, C. R. 2009. Characterizing reaction of soybean to Phialophora gregata using pathogen population density and DNA quantity in stems. Plant Dis. 93:734-740. Li, S., Hartman, G. L., and Chen, Y. 2009. Evaluation of aggressiveness of Fusarium virguliforme isolates that cause sudden death syndrome. J. Plant Pathol. 91:77-86. Morales, M. J. Y., Martinez, M. A., Malvick, D. M., Kurle, J. E., Floyd, C. M., and Krupa, S. V. 2009. Soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) detected in the state of Campeche on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Plant Dis. 93:847. Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Morel, W., Marios, J. J., Wright, D. L., Kemerait, R. C., Levy, C. and Hartman, G. L. 2009. Effect of fungicide and timing of application on soybean rust severity and yield. Plant Dis. 93:243-248. Nelson, B. D. and Domier, L. L. 2009. First report of Soybean mosaic virus in North Dakota. Plant Dis. 93:760. Paul, C. and Hartman, G. L. 2009. Sources of soybean rust resistance challenged with single-spored isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi collected from the USA. Crop Sci. 49:1781-1785. Peltier, A. J., Hatfield, R. D., and Grau, C. R. 2009. Soybean stem lignin concentration relates to resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Dis. 93:149-154. Pham, T. A., Miles, M. R., Frederick, R. D., Hill, C. B., and Hartman, G. L. 2009. Differential responses of resistance soybean genotypes to ten isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Dis. 93:224-228. Poromarto, S. H., and Nelson, B. D. 2009. Reproduction of soybean cyst nematode on dry bean cultivars adapted to North Dakota and northern Minnesota. Plant Dis. 93:507-511. Scherm, H., Christiano, R. X. C., Esker, P. D., Del Ponte, E. M., and Godoy, C. V. 2009. Quantitative review of fungicide efficacy trials for managing soybean rust in Brazil. Crop Prot. 28:774-782. Silva, A. P., Bolton, M. D., and Nelson, B. D. 2009. Transformation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with the green fluorescent protein and fluorescence of hyphae in four inoculated crops. Plant Pathol. 58:487-496. Tao, Z., Malvick, D., Claybrooke, R., Floyd, C., Bernacchi, C., Spiden, G., Kurle, J., Gay, D., Bowersox, V., and Krupa, S. 2009. Predicting the risk of soybean rust in Minnesota. Int. J. Biometeorol. 53:509-521. Twizeyimana, M., Ojiambo, P. S., Sonder, K., Ikotun, T., Hartman, G. L., and Bandyopadhyay, R. 2009. Pathogenic variation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi infecting soybean in Nigeria. Phytopathology 99:353-361. Willie, B. D., and Hartman, G. L. 2009. Two species of symbiotic bacteria present in the soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology 38:110-115. Abstracts, Book Chapters, Edited Scientific Reports, and Proceedings: Bienapfl, J. C., Percich, J. A., and Malvick, D. K. 2009. Identification and evaluation of Fusarium species associated with root diseases of soybean and corn in Minnesota. Phytopathology 99:S12. Bradley, C. A., Esker, P. D., Paul, P. A., Robertson, A. E., and Mueller, D. S. 2009. Corn and soybean disease management: does IPM play a role? Pages 24025 in: Proc. 6th Int. Pest Manage. Symp., Portland, OR. Bradley, C. A., Wood, A., Zhang, G., Murray, J. E., Phillips, D., and Ming, R. 2009. Genetic diversity of Cercospora sojina revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Proceedings of the 2009 North Central Division Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Ames, IA. Cruz, D. A. and Little, C. R. 2009. Influence of soils, nutrition, and water relations upon charcoal rot disease processes in Kansas. Phytopathology 99:S26. Dorrance, A. E., and Grunwald, N. J. 2009. Phytophthora sojae: Diversity among and within populations. In: Oomycete Genetics and Genomics: Biology Interactions with Plant and Animals and Toolbox. Editors: K. Lamour and S. Kamoun. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pp. 197-212. Esker, P. and Scherm, H. 2009. Effect of foliar fungicides used to control soybean rust. Phytopathology 99:S162. Giesler, L. J. 2009. Soybean disease update. Crop Protection Clinic Proceedings, pp. 129-132. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. Giesler, L. J., Bradley, C., Dorrance, A., Niblack, T., Tylka, G., Jardine, D., Malvick, D., Sweets, L., Markell, S., Osborne, L., Esker, P., Bird, G., Faghihi, J, and Tenuta, A. 2009. Improving management of soybean cyst nematode through extension demonstration and outreach. Proc. of the 2009 North Central American Phytopathological Society Meeting. Giesler, L. J. and Gustafson, T. C. 2009.Soybean seed treatment fungicide efficacy in Nebraska, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:ST005. Giesler, L. J., and Gustafson, T. C. 2009. Foliar fungicide efficacy on brown spot in soybeans, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:FC045. Giesler, L. J, Vidaver, A. K., Ziems, A. D., Jackson, T. A., and Hein, G. L. 2009. The doctor of plant health: a new interdisciplinary program for plant health practioiners. Phytopathology 99:S43. Hughes, T .J., Esker, P. D., and Conley, S. P. 2009. Phytophthora root rot-like lymptoms on soybeans containing Rps 1k in Wisconsin in 2008. Proc. North Central APS Meeting, Ames, IA. Hughes, T. J., Koval, N. C., Esker, P. D., and Grau, C. R. 2009. Soil and stem populations of Phialophora gregata f. sp. sojae following the monoculture of brown stem rot-resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars. Phytopathology 99:S56. Kolander, T., Malvick, D. M., and Kurle, J. E. 2009. Optimizing extraction of Fusarium virguliforme DNA from crop residue and conidia. Proc. 2009 North Central APS Meeting, Ames, IA. Long, J. H., Jardine, D., and DeWolf, E. 2009. Foliar fungicide application on full-season and double-crop soybean. KAES Report of Progress, No. 1013, p. 48-49. Malvick, D., Impullitti, A., and Floyd, C. 2009. Brown stem rot caused by types A and B of Phialophora gregata reduces yield and growth of soybean. Phytopathology 99:S78. Mattupalli, C., and Esker, P. D. 2009. Effect of co-inoculation of Fusarium virguliforme and Phialophora gregata on soybean. Proc. North Central APS Meeting, Ames, IA. Meyer, P. W., Clancey, M., Brose, I. E., and Kurle, J. E. 2009. First report of Fusarium root rot in soybean caused by Fusarium tricinctum in Minnesota. Proc. 2009 North Central APS Meeting, Ames, IA. Poromarto, S., and Nelson, B. D. 2009. Crop hosts of soybean cyst nematode in the northern Great Plains. Phytopathology 99:S103-104. Weems, J. D., Zhang, G., Ames, K. A., Bond, J. P., and Bradley, C. A. 2009. Field and greenhouse evaluation of fungicide seed treatment control of sudden death syndrome of soybean. Proceedings of the 2009 North Central Division Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Ames, IA. Wise, K. A. and Buechley, G. 2009. Efficacy of foliar fungicides on soybean diseases in central and southeastern Indiana, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:FC091. Extension Publications and Articles, Popular Press Articles: Bradley, C. A. 2009. Considerations for using fungicide seed treatments on soybean. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue No. 3. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Soybean rust update. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue No. 13. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Conditions favorable for Phytophthora root and stem rot on soybean. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue No. 14. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Conditions favorable for Sclerotinia stem rot (white mold) on soybean. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue No. 18. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Soybean disease update. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue No. 21. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Soybean rust confirmed in thirteen Illinois counties so far in 2009. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue No. 23. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Soybean white mold fungicide trial results from the Northern Illinois Agronomy Research Center. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue No. 25. Bradley, C. A., Bond, J. P., and Bellm, R. C. 2009. Foliar fungicides for soybean: playing the odds. Outreach publication produced by the Illinois Soybean Association. Conley, S. P. Martinka, M. J., Gaska, J. M., Esker, P., and Koval, N. C. 2009. Wisconsin Soybean Variety Test Results. A3654. Esker, P. 2009. Conditions favorable for Sclerotinia stem rot development. Wisconsin Crop Manager 16(24):102. Esker, P. 2009. Conditions favorable for Sclerotinia stem rot. WCPA Industry News Quarterly, Fall 2009, Vol. 6, Issue 4, Page 30. Esker, P., and Conley, S. 2009. Considerations for spraying foliar fungicides in soybean. Wisconsin Crop manager 16(21):84-86. Esker, P., and Conley, S. 2009. Early season assessments for soybean stress. Wisconsin Crop Manager 16(13):59-60. Esker, P., and Conley, S. 2009. Sampling and managing soybean cyst nematode -it's relevant. Wisconsin Crop Manager 16(10):35-36. Esker, P., and Conley, S. 2009. Sclerotinia stem rot and soybean in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Soy Sentinel, Fall 2009, Vol. 6, Issue 2, Pages 12-13. Giesler, L., Bradley, C., Dorrance, A., Niblack, T., Tylka, G., Jardine, D., Malvick, D., Sweets, L., Markell, S., Osborne, L., Esker, P., Bird, G., Faghjihi, J., Tenuta, A., and Welacky, T. 2009. Soybean cyst nematode management: understanding how management actions influence nematode populations. Outreach publication produced for the North Central Soybean Research Program. Giesler, L. J., and Wilson, J. A. 2009. Soybean cyst nematode: identification and management. G1383. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. Hughes, T. and Esker, P. 2009. Visual Quick Guide -Common soybean diseases in Wisconsin. A3879-01. Hughes, T., Esker, P., and Conley, S. 2009. Taking advantage of a stressful situation: stem canker and charcoal rot in soybeans. Wisconsin Crop Manager 16(2):9-11. Hughes, T., Esker, P., and Conley, S. 2009. Did the Rps 1k gene fail in Wisconsin in 2008? Wisconsin Soy Sentinel, Spring 2009, Vol. 6, Issue 1, Pages 12-13. Wise, K. 2009. Field crop diseases recap for 2008 and forecast for 2009. Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter. Issue 1. Wise, K. 2009. Soybean rust forecast for 2009. Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter. Issue 4. Wise, K. 2009. Soybean rust update. Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter. Issue 4. Wise, K. 2009. Soybean rust update. Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter. Issue 21. Wise, K. 2009. Sudden death syndrome in soybean. Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter. Issue 20. Wise, K. 2009. White mold reported in Indiana. Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter. Issue 21.