Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

1. New Project and Group Project Report - Greg Evanylo gave an update on the status of the new project. He reminded members to submit their 2009 project reports. He mentioned that instead of distributing hard copies, the reports and presentations will be posted on the NIMSS website. George OConnor mentioned that some reports and presentation that are not yet published should not be placed on the website for open distribution to the public. 2. Communication - Greg Evanylo advised that if we need to send sensitive information to the W2170 members, it should not be sent to the listserv, since there are many non-members on the list. Information should be sent via email to Greg or Sally Brown for posting. Lakhwinder Hundal suggested that posting presentations to the web should be optional. Paul Schwab promised to develop a website at the 2009 annual meeting, but that has not yet been done. 3. Update from Project Directors Lee Sommers  Lee gave an update on potential support under National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). One change in leadership is that Rajiv Shah is no longer the USDA Chief Scientist and will be replaced by NIFA Director Roger Beachy. Lee recommended New Biology for 21st Century as a publication to best describe NIFAs research emphasis, which focuses on climate change, bioenergy, food safety, nutrition, and global food security. Grants will be mostly multi-year and multi-discipline. W2170 members need to be creative to determine where their disciplines fit. George OConnor asked if the Land Grant institutions were given opportunity to contribute to the development of NIFA priorities. Lee Sommers stated that the approach, borrowed from NIH, included experiment station input. 4. USEPAs Risk Assessment of 135 Pollutants - Bob Brobst suggested that the group should seek opportunities for collaborative research to get data to be used in the risk assessment model. EPA will need to fill data gaps and evaluate the risk assessment algorithms for accuracy. George OConnor said that these issues have been discussed several times and we need to look at the models critically to establish more confidence in any numeric standards. Bob Brobst confirmed that this is the opportune time for the group to be involved in the process. 5. Current State and National Topics of Interest  Albert Cox reported on MWRD-Chicago together with Illinois Water Environment Association is working on an initiative to develop a state-wide biosolids network in Illinois. The goal of the biosolids network is to develop a forum for municipalities and other stakeholders to unify approaches to land application, improve communication of public relations issues, and develop a common approach to minimize and address public relations issues. A kickoff workshop will be held in August 2010. 6. Future Meetings  Chip Elliott stated that Penn State will host the 2011 meeting. Most participants agreed that the best time for the meeting will be between the third week of May and mid June. Greg reminded that one of the reasons for moving the meeting to spring was to include field trips, and we need to advantage of those opportunities in the future. It was suggested that it will be best to plan field trips at the end of the technical meeting. Tentative venues for future meetings are Seattle (2012) and Denver (2013). Technical Meeting Agenda: Mon, June 7; MWRDGC Lawndale Avenue Solids Management Area (LASMA) 8:00 USEPA's rationale for how they plan to evaluate the most recent 135 inorganic and organic pollutants from the TNSSS: Overview, process, and drivers, Rick Stevens, EPA OST Biosolids Coordinator Data summaries for past and current biosolids surveys, Robert Brobst, EPA Biosolids Coordinator, Denver Core risk assessment discussion, data needs and usage, Steve Beaulieu, EPA's Contract Modeler 9:45 Break 10:00 Presentations (cont'd) and facilitated discussion between EPA and W2170 members 11:45 Lunch 12:45 pm Presentation of selected oral state reports dealing with emerging pollutants relevant to the EPA session: Risk assessment data gaps and resulting numerical standards, George O'Connor, Univ of Florida Organic compounds of emerging concern in biosolids and biosolids-amended soil, Kang Xia, Mississippi State Univ 2:15 Break 2:30 Pharmaceutical fate and transport following land application of biosolids, Ed Topp, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Steroid hormone runoff from an agricultural field applied with biosolids, Thomas Borch, Colorado State Univ 3:45 Discussion between W2170 and EPA, including leveraging resources with W2170 4:15 Wrap-up/summary Tue, June 8, MWRDGC LASMA 8:00 Further discussion between W2170 and EPA 8:45 Uptake of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products by Plants, Kuldip Kumar, MWRDGC 9:15 Foundry sand risk assessment, Rufus Chaney, USDA-ARS Background soil As concentrations and regulatory-mandated remediation, Nick Basta, Ohio State University State reports by W2170 members who would like to share data relevant to the EPA discussion on emerging organic and inorganic pollutants and/or other volunteered presentations on other aspects of biosolids and other residuals 10:00 Break 10:15 State reports by Kirk Scheckel, Carl Rosen, Maria Silveira and Greg Evanylo Noon Adjourn (Transportation to Midway will be provided by the MWRDGC) Following EPAs presentation and discussion on the risk assessment process, Greg Evanylo suggested that to collaborate with EPA on the process a committee be commissioned to review the risk assessment model. The individuals who volunteered for this committee were: " Bob Brobst " Chris Higgins " Drew McAvoy " Ed Topp " Ganga Hettiarachchi " George O'Connor " Greg Evanylo " Herschel Elliott " Kang Xia " Kuldip Kumar " Lakhwinder Hundal " Linda Lee " Nick Basta " Rufus Chaney " Tom Borch Funding opportunities and collaborations were discussed. Some members asked about EPAs financial assistance for research on emerging contaminants. Rick Stevens agreed to explore funding opportunities, but no concrete actions were promised. The posting/sharing of presentations was discussed. Greg said he would distribute pdfs of speakers modified presentations to those members who attended the meeting. Lee Jacobs, retiring Michigan State University participant, offered to any member of the group considerable amounts of a soil that had received rates of high metal-containing sewage sludges from various sources between 1977 and 1986. Lee is willing to fill and have shipped drums of the soil if members will pay the cost of the drums and shipping. A description of the sewage sludges and soils are described in Lee 2008 W1170 annual research summary and journal articles published by Berti and Jacobs in the Journal of Environmental Quality in 1996 and 1998.

Objective 1: Evaluate the risk-based effects of residual application to uncontaminated (e.g. baseline) soils on chemistry, bioavailability, and toxicity of nutrients and contaminants. University of Minnesota researchers characterized the chemical properties of anaerobically digested biosolids from the Western Lake Superior Sanitary District (WLSSD) in northeast Minnesota at different times during the year to evaluate the effects of freezing and thawing on nutrient composition of biosolids. Ammonium-nitrogen (N) and organic N were lower in May than in September or February. Organic N availability was probably similar at all three times, since C:N ratios did not differ significantly. Total phosphorus (P), soil test Bray P, and sulfate-sulfur (S) were highest in May, suggesting higher amounts of plant-available P and S. Seasonal variability in potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients was not large enough to have important effects on the nutrient value of the biosolids tested. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc varied, but they were consistently below permitted concentrations for exceptional quality biosolids suitable for land application. A considerable number of studies have been conducted to assess the availability and chemistry of constituents in biosolids used for mineland reclamation. University of Minnesota researchers measured the release of N and P from WLSSD biosolids under controlled laboratory conditions during a 64-day incubation period. Treatments included a non-amended control, three rates of biosolids, and N+P fertilizer. The middle biosolids rate supplied comparable amounts of available N and P as the fertilizer-based Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) guidelines for calculating biosolids rates in soils. Biosolids and fertilizer treatments were tested on two soil types (clay and sandy loam) and fine mine tailings from the taconite industry. A regression model was used to estimate potentially mineralizable N and calculate organic N availability from the biosolids. Release of N was similar for the two soils, but N availability was significantly lower from biosolids mixed with mine tailings. This may have been due to reduced biological activity in the mine tailings. The Availability Index for organic N in biosolids was about 27% in the two soils and 17% in the mine tailings. Under the optimum mineralization conditions of this experiment, availability of organic N from biosolids in native soil was greater than the 20% estimate currently used by the MPCA to calculate biosolids rates. Higher rates of biosolids application may be necessary in mine tailings until organic matter and biological activity are stabilized. Release of P from biosolids was evaluated by changes in soluble P and the Bray P and Olsen P soil tests. Increases in P measured by these tests in the two soils were generally greater and more rapid from P fertilizer than biosolids. The rate of biosolids applied had little effect on P levels in the clay soil, but changes tended to be greater as the biosolids rate increased in the sandy loam soil. Results suggest greater P fixation in the clay soil. Application of P to mine tailings had no effect on soluble P and Bray P, indicating a very high P fixation capacity in mine tailings. Increases in Olsen P from biosolids and fertilizer were as high in mine tailings as they were in the two soils. Olsen P also increased with increasing biosolids rate. The pH of the mine tailings was 8.5, which is a level where the Olsen P soil test would be recommended. University of Minnesota researchers evaluated the effects of WLSSD biosolids on plant growth and uptake of N and P in a greenhouse study. Reed canarygrass was grown for 121 days and harvested twice. Soils, mine tailings, and preplant applications of biosolids and fertilizer were the same as in the Incubation Study, except that an N fertilizer treatment without P was added. In addition, a second application of biosolids or fertilizer was made to one-half of the pots in each treatment after the first cutting. Plant growth increased in both soils and the mine tailings as the biosolids rate increased. Under the conditions of this experiment, the highest biosolids rate was required for maximum yield. This may have been due to different requirements for a greenhouse pot study than a field study, or it could indicate that current N recommendations for Reed canarygrass are too low. Growth for similar treatments was usually higher for the sandy loam soil than the clay soil and higher for the clay soil than for the mine tailings. There were also consistent responses to the additional applications of biosolids and fertilizer after the first cutting. Applying N fertilizer alone resulted in reduced yields in the clay soil and mine tailings, which had low soil test levels for P. Biosolids and P fertilizer were both effective in alleviating this apparent P deficiency. The biosolids rate required for plant growth equivalent to N+P fertilizer was higher for the clay soil than for the sandy loam soil and mine tailings, suggesting that the optimum biosolids rate may vary, depending on where they are applied. Tissue N concentrations were highest for plants grown in mine tailings, probably due to growth restriction from inadequate P. Nitrogen concentrations and N uptake for both soils increased as biosolids rates increased and they were higher for treatments receiving additional biosolids after the first cutting. These results are consistent with the growth increases from biosolids and indicate that N availability played a role in these responses. Under the optimum conditions of this study, recovery of plant-available, applied N was similar for N+P fertilizer and the comparable biosolids rate, which supports the validity of MPCA guidelines for calculating biosolids rates in soils. Cooler temperatures in northeast Minnesota may result in lower release rates, but this would have to be validated in field studies. The lowest P concentrations and P uptake were in the non-amended controls and the N fertilizer only treatments in the clay soil and mine tailings. These treatments also had the least plant growth, which was consistent with inadequate P being the limiting growth factor. Growth and P uptake generally increased as the biosolids application rate increased, but since the biosolids supplied both N and P this growth response may have been due to N or a combination of P and N. Recovery of the applied, plant-available P from biosolids was greater for plants growing on the sandy loam soil than on the clay soil and greater on the clay soil than on mine tailings. This was consistent with greater P fixation in the clay soil and mine tailings. Phosphorus recovery from fertilizer was less than or equal to P recovery from the comparable biosolids rate in the two soils, but greater from P fertilizer than biosolids in the mine tailings. Virginia Tech researchers completed the analysis of soil, water, and biosolids samples from the field study initiated in 2006 at the Iluka mineral sands mine reclamation site in Dinwiddie and Sussex Counties, Virginia to determine whether hybrid poplars (Populus deltoides L. OP367) can be used to assimilate high amounts of deep row incorporated biosolids-applied nutrients with environmentally insignificant N and P leaching during the reclamation of coarse-textured soils. The amount of N lost from the entrenched biosolids was 261803 kg N ha-1, while the fertilizer treatments were not different from 0 kg N ha-1 yr-1 control. Orthophosphate and TKP leached in negligible amounts. Hybrid poplars sequestered up to 3.20±0.54 Mg C ha-1, 71±12 kg N ha-1 and 11.0±1.8 kg P ha-1. Total N lost from the biosolids seams after ~30 months was 15.2 Mg ha-1 and 10.9 Mg ha-1 for lime stabilized (LS) and anaerobically digested (AD) biosolids, respectively, which was roughly 50% of the N applied. Most of the P was Al- and Fe-bound in the AD biosolids and Ca-bound in the LS biosolids. More N2O was produced in the biosolids than in the conventional fertilizer treatments, and N2O production was higher in AD than in LS. Expressed as global warming potentials, N2O emissions from AD (101.5 Mg C ha-1) were 4.6 times higher than from LS and 14.5-16.1 times higher than from the fertilizer treatments. In another Virginia Tech study, the prime farmland soil reconstruction experiment established in 2004 at the Iluka Mineral Sands mining site continued to be monitored. The four primary treatments (lime and N-P-K fertilizer only; 15 cm topsoil return over limed and P-fertilized tailings; 75 Mg ha-1 lime stabilized biosolids with conventional tillage; 75 Mg ha-1 lime stabilized biosolids with minimum/no-tillage) were cropped to cotton in 2009. Cotton lint yields in 2009 averaged 1176 kg/ha across the four soil reconstruction treatments, which comprised approximately 75% of adjacent unmined prime farmland control plots. Mine soils that received biosolids in 2004 were slightly higher in yield than unamended controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. Penn State researchers completed the fourth year of a field experiment investigating the potential for use of composted or fresh poultry layer manure for mine reclamation and bioenergy production. Reclamation treatments, including conventional lime+fertilizer, composted layer manure, and fresh manure plus paper mill sludge, were applied to an abandoned coal mine site. Switchgrass was established in the second year of the study, and three year stands of switchgrass produced much larger yields with the organic amendments than with the conventional reclamation amendments. Soil carbon accumulation and nitrate leaching was greatest in paper mill sludge plots. Two additional experiments involving similar amendments and 3 warm season grasses was initiated in 2008 on an active mine site. In Kansas, two contrasting metal-rich mine-spoil materials were characterized in an incubation study under anaerobic conditions and in the presence of organic C (OC) electron donor using wet chemistry and advanced spectroscopic methods. Solution samples were analyzed periodically for pH, Eh, and soluble constituents. Characterization and speciation of solids samples were performed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis, ¼-x-ray fluorescence (¼-XRF) maps and ¼-x-ray absorption spectroscopy (¼-XAS). Although the Eh in reaction vessels with no added OC was higher than the vessels with OC added samples, none of the systems showed Eh values below -100 mV. SEM-EDXA analyses of samples submerged for about 110 d showed more C in metal-rich particles (appeared more like precipitates in SE and BSE images) in OC added systems. In contrast, S concentrations in metal rich particles were either non-detectable or very low. The researchers suspect that high carbonate in these geological materials and microbial respiration might have increased bicarbonate concentrations and the formation of metal carbonate solid solutions instead of sulfide solid solutions. Soluble Fe2+ concentrations in samples collected from systems with OC added were significantly higher (23 mmol/L-1) than the OC-unamended samples (~4 mmol/L-1) at 110 d of submergence. Soluble Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations in samples collected from systems with OC added were significantly lower than the OC-unamended samples indicating major differences in transformation products of these two (with and without OC) systems. Micro-x-ray absorption near edge structure (¼-XANES) spectra of selected Zn rich points located by µ- XRF maps, collected at Sector 13 BM (Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL), on samples submerged for 60 days, showed that OC added samples contained more Zn silicate- and Zn carbonate-like Zn phases as compared to no-OC added samples. Micro-XANES spectra of Pb collected from OC added samples showed varying amounts of Pb sulfide, Pb carbonate and Pb phosphates mixtures while no-OC added samples had Pb sulfide, Pb carbonate, leadhillite (Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2). Moreover, m-XANES spectra of selected Fe rich points showed slight but apparent increases in Fe(II) in the C-added geomaterials that had been submerged for 60 days in comparison to the no-OC added samples that had been submerged the same number of days confirming that OC in these materials could be very critical in determining the rate of sample reduction. Moreover, soluble Fe2+ concentrations in samples collected from systems with OC added were significantly higher (~23 mmol/L-1) than the no-OC added samples (~4 mmol/L-1 ) both at 75 days and at 110 days of submergence and thereafter both systems consistently showed very low soluble Fe2+ concentrations. This could be due to formation of Fe(II) oxides, phosphates and/or sulfides in these samples. In contrast soluble Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations in samples collected from systems with OC added were significantly lower than the no-OC added samples. Preliminary data supports our argument that dissolved OC, in percolating water could have a significant impact on biogeochemical cycling of trace elements. Past use of arsenical pesticides has resulted in elevated levels of arsenic (As) in some Hawaii soils. Total As concentrations of 50 -100 mg/kg are not uncommon, and can exceed 1,000 mg/kg in some former sugarcane lands. Given the high content of amorphous aluminosilicates and iron oxides in many Hawaii soils, a high proportion of soil As seemed to associate with either these solid phases or with organic matter. Adding phosphate fertilizer or compost increases As bioaccessibility, whereas adding Fe(OH)3 decreases it. Brake fern (Pteris vittata L.) could be used to remove some soil As. Concentration of As in fern fronds varied from approximately 40 mg/kg when grown on a low-As Oxisol to 800 mg/kg when grown on a hih-As Andisol. The bioaccumulation ratio (plant As/soil As) appears nearly constant at 2:1 for this fern. A joint project between University of Florida and Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) personnel was conducted on the fate and transport of biosolids-borne TCS and TCC. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobials chemicals commonly found in biosolids at concentrations (tens of parts per million) that can make biosolids a major source of the chemicals to the environment. Little is known about the fate, transport, and risk of the chemicals, particularly in biosolids-amended soils. The joint project investigated the sorption/desorption, degradation, mobility, plant and animal availability, and soil microorganism impact characteristics of the compounds to assess the risk of the chemicals (when biosolids-borne) to humans and the environment. Work on TCC was completed in 2009 and is summarized in a PhD dissertation by Elizabeth Hodges Snyder. Snyder found minimal risk of biosolids-borne TCC to humans and soil organisms, though earthworms can accumulate sufficient chemical to endanger certain predators. The predator pathway was the limiting pathway in a combined human health and environmental risk assessment and would dictate TCC concentrations below national biosolids mean concentrations. The risk assessment, however, identified several gaps in the understanding of TCC behavior and in databases used to assess risk, so the safe limit is best regarded as only a guide until additional work can be done. No biosolids TCC numerical limits nor any changes in current biosolids management practices are currently justified. Work on TCS has followed the same experimental approach as with TCC, including studies of TCS biodegradation, soil organism impacts, and sorption/desorption. Additionally, the researchers are examining the behavior of a major metabolite (Me-TCS), particularly its tendency to form non-extractable residues (aka. bound residues). Initial data suggest fairly rapid degradation of TCS (half-life ~ 9-10 weeks) to Me-TCS, which then seems to persist. The phytoavailability and persistence of endocrine disrupting compounds in biosolids amended and reclaimed water irrigated soils was investigated in two greenhouse studies conducted by University of Washington researchers. In the first trial, the degradation of 4- nonylphenol was measured in soils grown with and without wheat where biosolids had been applied at agronomic rates. The biosolids was a Class B anaerobically digested material with initial 4-NP concentration of 900 mg kg-1. Biosolids were incorporated into the top 4 cm of the columns. Half of the columns were planted with Triticum aestivum, L. with the other half maintained without any plants. Plant uptake as well as leachate concentrations of 4-NP were also measured. After 45 d, 15% of the initial biosolids-NP remained in the planted columns and approximately 30% remained in the unplanted columns. Half life of NP ranged from 16-23 d. While the 8 measured isomers degraded at different rates, there was no indication of persistence after 45 d. Movement of NP below the incorporated zone was minimal and there was no NP measured in plant tissues or leachates. A second study was conducted to measure degradation and plant uptake of estrogen (Estriol, 17²-estradiol, and Ethinylestradiol) and triclosan (TCS) in biosolids fertilized and reclaimed water irrigated turf grass. This study was conducted using a randomized complete block design in a greenhouse. Turf was irrigated for 6 months. At the end of the trial, all estrogen compounds were below detection limits in soil and plant samples. There was no estrogen detected in the leachate for any of the collection periods. There was also no detectible TCS in soils, plants or leachate for any of the reclaimed water irrigated treatments. In addition, the final concentration of TCS in the top 4 cm of the soil in the biosolids treatment (39 ±13 µg kg-1) was close to the soil detection limit. In the biosolids treatments, dried and ground biosolids were added to the surface of the turf grass. Turfgrass was cut several times during the study, but leaf tissue was not analyzed for any compounds until the final harvest and total plant removal of chemicals was not quantified. Thus, these results for soil concentrations of estrogens and TCS cannot be interpreted as proof of degradation of the added compounds. However, the collective data suggest minimal negative impacts of estrogen and TCS addition via land applied reclaimed water or biosolids on soil or water quality. In Ohio, research was published on the characterization of contaminants in spent foundry sand (SFS) and the potential environmental risk associated with soil application of these materials in residential gardens (Dayton et al., 2009). Spent molding sand is generated at about 2000 foundries in the U.S. when the sand can no longer be reclaimed within the foundry. Interest in beneficial use, rather than disposal of spent foundry sand (SFS), grew in recent years as the cost of landfilling increased and the potential benefit of using SFS in agriculture and horticulture became increasingly apparent. Thus, USDA-ARS, Ohio State University and the U.S. EPAs Office of Solid Waste cooperated to conduct a risk assessment for beneficial use of SFS, and to develop guidance for such use. The sample sets included 43 foundries which cast iron, steel, aluminum, or non-leaded brass, and generated SFSs which contained low levels of potentially toxic elements and xenobiotics, except for the brass SFS. Data from these 43 SFSs were evaluated and it was concluded that 40 of them could be used beneficially with no significant risk to humans or the environment. Iron, steel, and aluminum SFSs may be safely applied to land or used in manufacturing topsoils or potting media with only the limits set by the need of the users, as a small fraction of sand is used in their products. Ohio State University researchers also completed a research project on the characterization of feedstocks and candidate mulches for the development of a new mulch product for The Scotts Company (Basta, Dayton, and Myers, 2009). The Scotts Company generates 3.4 million cubic yards per year of mulch. Currently most mulch products are bark- or recycled wood-based, which are becoming scarce. This project provides preliminary data to support a future effort to develop new, renewable and sustainable sources of landscape mulches. This project evaluated a candidate feedstock (CF) from low-value by-products to develop new value-added product (i.e., mulch). The elemental content of the CF was low compared to soil. Concentrations of As, Be, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, were within the normal range for uncontaminated natural soil. Elements regulated for land application of biosolids (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) are all below the CFR, Part 503 regulatory limit for exceptional quality biosolids. The CF contains other macro (Mg, K, P, S) and micro (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo) plant nutrients. These nutrients could be beneficial in the garden as the mulch decomposes over time. To identify the source and longevity of malodorous compounds, treatments were designed to track changes and relative intensity of VOCs over time at the constant moisture of the initial raw CF. Twenty-seven VOCs were isolated in the CF and characterized by their retention time and mass fragmentation spectra. Two persistent malororous compounds evaluated were dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. Objective 2: Evaluate the ability of in situ treatment of contaminated soil with residuals to reduce chemical contaminant bioavailability and reduce toxicity. Application of drinking water treatment residuals (WTR) has been identified as a potential best management practice to reduce the loss of P from agricultural fields. In Ohio, two field simulated rainfall studies were used to investigate the efficacy of WTR in reducing P transport and soil test P with two different WTR application methods: incorporating WTR with soil with a range in soil test phosphorus (STP) levels and co-blending WTR with surface applied poultry litter. The objectives of this study were to determine if incorporating WTR into soil alters STP, reactive dissolved P (RDP), and the relationships between STP and DP. Phosphorus runoff and STP from a field amended with WTR co-blended with poultry litter was determined over a growing season. Results are reported in Jason Undercoffers M.S. thesis (Undercoffer, 2009). In the first field study, WTR was co-blended with poultry litter to achieve final Psat (Psaturation) of the blended materials of 600% (LWTR), 200% (MWTR) and 50% (HWTR), compared to the untreated litter which had a Psat of 1860% (0WTR). Co-blending treatments were broadcast at 11.3 Mg ha-1 on 2m x 2m plots and simulated rainfall was performed prior to, immediately following application and at 1 month intervals for 3 months. Immediately following treatment application RDP was reduced by 68% and 97% by MWTR and HWTR, respectively, when compared to the RDP of the 0WTR treatment (32.9 mg L-1). Three months after treatment application, the HWTR treatment maintained 33% more total P on plots than the 0WTR treatment suggesting a significant reduction of P transport from the co-blended WTR treatments over a growing season. Co-blending WTR with manure to achieve a final blended Psat < 100% may provide the best protection of water quality and provide a useful tool for WTR/manure co-blending calibration. In the second field simulated rainfall study, WTR (10 Mg ha-1) was incorporated into field plots (2m x 2m) with a wide STP range. The Ohio researchers observed positive linear relationships between Mehlich-3 P (M3P), Bray-1 P (B1P), water extractable P (WEP), and phosphorus saturation (Psat) with runoff dissolved phosphorus (RDP) for all runoff events. Relationships between M3P, B1P, or Psat and RDP were not significantly altered by soil incorporated WTR. Soil incorporated WTR significantly reduced STP for all methods following WEP (74.8%) > Psat (50.2%) > M3P (40.2%) > B1P (39.5%) and RDP (39.4%) one day after WTR application. Drinking water treatment residuals, applied as best management practices, substantially reduced P transport and would be a useful tool to reduce STP levels in agricultural fields above environmental threshold values. Florida researchers prepared summaries of their cumulative work with water treatment residues (WTRs) to control P solubility and off-site loss. Two extension publications (Agyin-Birikorang et al., 2009 a,b) were prepared, as well a chapter in a large report prepared for the South FL Water Management District aimed at suggesting means to control P mobility in the Northern Everglades. Tens of thousands of brownfields (abandoned or underutilized properties where known or potential environmental issues are an obstacle to redevelopment) can be found in cities, towns, and rural areas across the USA. Kansas State University researchers investigated the conversion of brownfields to garden areas motivated by the increasing interest in locally produced foods. All the sites evaluated are located in urban or suburban environments. The most commonly found trace element contaminant in soils was Pb. It was apparent from the site history and previous land use that Pb-based paint and leaded gasoline could be the most probable sources of Pb in these environments. Out of those sites, the Washington Wheatley (WW) site in Kansas City was available for gardening in the summer 2009. This site had mildly elevated levels of lead (Pb), ranged from 60 to 352 mg/kg and and some detectable levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane/dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDT/DDE) (0.03mg/kg and 0.04 mg/kg, respectively). The soil pH ranged from 6.6 to 7.6 and Mehlich-3 extractable P concentrations ranged from 57 mg P/kg (high) to 154 mg P/kg (excessive). A variety of methods to reduce any potential risk associated with relatively immobile soil contaminants such as Pb (and DDT/DDE) was recommended to the WW community gardeners. Some of those were: root vegetables should be washed and peeled before consumption; all other vegetables should be thoroughly washed prior to consumption; removal of outer leaves of leafy crops before cleaning. Measures focused on reducing both direct (soil-human) and indirect (soil-plant-human) exposure of Pb (and DDT/DDE) to the gardeners and their children. In addition, field test plots were established within the community garden and three crop types with three very different growth and contaminant uptake patterns were planted. The three crop types planted were Swiss chard, sweet potato and tomato. At the end of the growing season, crops were harvested from test plots as well as from some randomly selected community gardening plots located on the site. Two cleaning methods was applied to the harvested crop material: One subset of plant materials was only washed once with deionized water (to mimic the kitchen style washing) while the second subset was thoroughly cleaned following the laboratory cleaning procedure described by Hettiarachchi et al. (2003). Initial soil Pb concentrations in field test plots were ranged from 82 to 123 mg/kg. Concentrations of Pb in all three types of vegetables were far below the maximum permissible concentration levels reported in the literature for vegetables (e.g., 2 mg/kg of Fresh Weight basis, Australian National Food Authority 1997). There were no consistent treatment effects (either compost addition or cleaning method) on plant Pb concentrations. Lead uptake by plants at these levels of soil Pb appears to be insignificant and, therefore, concentration differences among different produce samples were most probably due to other factors, for example dry matter yield and plant vigor. Objective 3: Predict the long-term bioavailability and toxicity of nutrients, trace elements, and organic constituents in residual-amended agricultural and contaminated soils. In Colorado, three water treatment residual (WTR) rates (5, 10, and 21 Mg ha-1) and a single biosolids rate (10 Mg ha-1) were co-applied to semi-arid rangeland soils in 1991 and again in 2002. Results for the top 8-cm of soil indicates co-application did not adversely affect nutrient or trace metal availability or microbial community structure. Colorado State University researchers determined the occurrence of steroid sex hormones in the Cache la Poudre River in Colorado, the potential for steroid sex hormone biodegradation and photodegradation under natural conditions, and the mobility of selected steroid sex hormones in agricultural fields using a rainfall simulator. Steroid sex hormones are present in the Cache la Poudre River, at concentrations ranging from 0.6 ng L-1 (epitestosterone) to 22.6 ng L-1 (estrone). Testosterone, progesterone, and 17²-estradiol can be degraded by manure-borne bacteria, and testosterone degradation is faster under aerobic conditions and at higher temperatures (i.e., 37C vs. 22C) but little affected by changes in pH (from 6 to 7.5) or glucose amendments. Direct photodegradation of testosterone and progesterone and indirect photodegradation of testosterone and 17²-estradiol occurred under ultraviolet light » > 340 nm in the presence of Elliot soil humic acid. Direct photodegradation of androstenedione was substantially faster than direct photodegradation of testosterone in ultraviolet light » > 310 nm, and no indirect photodegradation observed. In Pennsylvania, researchers continued to study the spatial and temporal distribution of soil phosphorus (P) in response to 26 years of continuous year-round irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater. The surface soil equilibrium P concentration at zero adsorption (EPCo) has increased markedly from <1 to 5.5 mg per L over 26 years of system operation. This has resulted in a biphasic behavior of Mehlich-3 P (M3P). During the initial buildup phase 12.4 kg P per ha was needed to increase M3P by 1 ppm. After 9 yr of building, the M3P has reached a quasi steady-state condition. With continuous crop removal, M3P has stabilized at about 110 mg/kg. The M3P depth profile data were used to determine a threshold M3P saturation ratio. Enrichment of a subsoil layer is expected if the saturation ratio of the overlying soil exceeds 0.065. Under existing management it appears that it takes about 16 years of irrigation to saturate the top 30 cm of soil with P. In Oregon, farmers seeking to improve nitrogen use efficiency employed the Organic Fertilizer Calculator developed by Oregon State University researchers. The Calculator assists organic farmers in choosing a fertilizer source and rate that supplies sufficient N, saving dollars and protecting groundwater quality. A study was conducted by University of Washington researchers to evaluate the long-term effects of biosolids and compost applications on soil carbon storage and soil physical properties including bulk density and water holding capacity. Soils sampled for the study included long-term replicated field trials and farmers fields. The sites were distributed across Washington State and include a range of land uses including turf, ornamental crops, highways, agronomic crops and high value orchard crops such as pears, cherries and hops. For all studies in this sampling addition of organic amendments resulted in significant increases in soil carbon storage. Rates of carbon storage per dry Mg of amendment ranged from 0.012 in a long- term study of turf grass to 0.54 in an organic pear orchard with a long history of compost use. In general, soils with the lowest carbon levels showed the highest levels of carbon storage. Carbon content in soils also increased with time, meaning that the organic matter added with the residuals application resulted in long term carbon increases in soils. Increases in soil carbon content were much greater when composts and biosolids were incorporated into the soils rather than surface applied. For all sites included in this study, total nitrogen in soils that received organic amendment addition was higher than conventionally fertilized or control soils for at least one of the rates of amendment tested. Soil physical properties generally improved as well. Bulk density decreased after amendment addition in many of the sites tested with the biggest decreases seen in the most compacted soils. In the site with the highest bulk density, incorporation of compost or biosolids reduced soil bulk density to half that of control soils. Soil water holding capacity was increased in 5 of the 9 sites sampled, with increases ranged from 10% to 50%. For both soil moisture tension levels tested, amendment or soil carbon was significantly positively correlated with water storage.

Colorado State University JA Barbarick, K.A., and J.A. Ippolito. 2009. Continuous biosolids application affects grain elemental concentrations in a dryland-wheat agroecosystem. J. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 129:340-343. JA DePaz, J.M., J.A. Delgado, C. Ramos, M.J. Shaffer, and K.A. Barbarick. 2009. Use of a new GIS nitrogen index assessment tool for evaluation of nitrate leaching across a Mediterranean region. J. Hydrol. 365:183-194. JA Ippolito, J.A., and K.A. Barbarick. 2009. Water Treatment Residuals and Biosolids Long-Term Co-Applications Effects to Semi-Arid Grassland Soils and Vegetation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:1880-1889. JA Ippolito, J.A., K.A. Barbarick, and R. Brobst. 2009. Fate of Biosolids Cu and Zn in a Semi-Arid Grassland. J. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 131:325-332. JA Ippolito, J.A., K.A. Barbarick, M.E. Stromberger, M.W. Pasche, and R.B. Brobst. 2009. Water treatment residuals and biosolids long term co-applications effects to semi-arid grassland soils and vegetation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1880-1889. JA Ippolito, J.A., K.G. Scheckel, and K.A. Barbarick. 2009. Selenium adsorption to aluminum-based water treatment residuals. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 338:48-55. JA Lagae, H., M. Langemeir, D. Lybecker, and K. Barbarick. 2009. Economic value of biosolids in a semi-arid agroecosystem. Agron. J. 101:933-939. TR Barbarick, K.A., J.A. Ippolito, N.C. Hansen, and J. McDaniel. 2009. Biosolids application to no-till dryland crop rotations. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR09-2. TR Barbarick, K.A. J.A. Ippolito, J., T. Gourd, and J. McDaniel. 2009. Application of anaerobically digested biosolids to dryland winter wheat. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR09-3. University of Florida JA Agyin-Birikorang, S., G.A. OConnor, and J.C. Bonzongo. 2009. Modeling solid phase control of drinking-water treatment residual (WTR) immobilized phosphorus solubility on soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plt. Anal. 40:1747-1769. JA Agyin-Birikorang S., Oladeji, O.O., OConnor G.A., Obreza, T.A., and Capece, J.C. 2009. Efficacy of drinking-water treatment residual in controlling off-site phosphorus losses: A field study in Florida. J. Environ. Qual. 38: 1076-1085. JA Madison, R.K., L.R. McDowell, G.A. OConnor, N.S. Wilkinson, P.A. Davis, A.A. Adesogan, T.L. Felix, and M. Brennan. 2009. Effects of aluminum from water-treatment residual applications to pastures on mineral status of grazing cattle and mineral concentrations of forages. Commun. Soil Sci. Plt. Anal. 40:1-27. JA Brown, S., D. Devin-Clark, M. Doubrava, and G.A. OConnor. 2009. Fate of 4-nonylphenol in a biosolids amended soil. Chemosphere 75: 540-554. JA Miller, M, and G.A. OConnor. 2009. The longer-term phytoavailability of biosolids-phosphorus. Agron. J. 101: 889-896. EB Agyin-Birikorang,S., G.A. OConnor, and T.A. Obreza. 2009. Drinking water treatment residuals to control phosphorus in soils. SL 300. UF/IFAS (EDIS). Available at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS513. EB Agyin-Birikorang,S., G.A. OConnor, and T.A. Obreza. 2009. Are drinking water treatment residuals safe for land application? SL 299. UF/IFAS (EDIS). Available at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ SS512. TR Bottcher, D., T. DeBusk, H. Harper, S. Iwinski, G. OConnor, and M. Wanielista, 2009. Technical Assistance for the Northern Everglades Chemical Treatment Pilot Project. SFWMD. Pp215. TH Snyder, E.H. 2009. Fate, transport, and risk assessment of biosolids-borne triclocarban (TCC). Univ. FL. Gainesville, FL. University of Hawaii JA Hue, N.V. 2009. Iron and phosphorus fertilizations and the development of proteoid roots in macadamia. Plant and Soil, DOI: 10.1007/s11104-008-9820-0, Vol. 318:93-100. JA Pant, A.P., T.J.K. Radovich, N.V. Hue, S.T. Talcott, and K.A. Krenek. 2009. Vermicompost extracts influence growth, mineral nutrients, phytonutrients and antioxidant activity in Pak choi (Brassica rapa cv. Bonsai, Chinensis group) grown under vermicompost and chemical fertilizer. J. Sci. Food and Agric. DOI 10.1002/jsfa.3732, vol. 89:2383-2392. AB Pant, A.P., T.J.K. Radovich, N.V. Hue, S.T. Talcott, and K.A. Krenek. 2009. Vermicompost extracts influence growth, mineral nutrients, phytonutrients and antioxidant activity in Pak choi (Brassica rapa cv. Bonsai, Chinensis group) grown under vermicompost and chemical fertilizer. Hort Sci. 44:1044. AB Ortiz-Escobar, M. and N.V. Hue. 2009. Influencia de abubação organic na qualidade de dois solos no Havaí. XXXII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciencia do solo, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. 5p. MWRDGC JA Tian, G., T.C. Granato, A.E. Cox, R.I. Pietz, C.R. Carlson, Jr., and Z. Abedin. 2009. Soil carbon sequestration resulting from long-term application of biosolids for land reclamation. J. Environ. Qual. 38:61-74. TR Lindo, P, A.E. Cox, and T.C. Granato. 2009 Biosolids characteristics for 2008. Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Report No. 09-28. TR Hundal, L.S. K. Kumar, A. Liao, A.E. Cox, and T.C. Granato. 2009 Levels of triclorcaban and triclosan in the influent, and waste-activated sludge from the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicagos Seven Water Reclamation Plants. Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Report No. 09-60. AB Kumar, K, L.S. Hundal, A.E. Cox, and T.C. Granato. Nitrogen mineralization in centrifuge cake and lagoon-aged air-dried biosolids. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meetings, Nov. 1-5, 2009. Pittsburg, PA. AB Kumar, K, L.S. Hundal, S.C. Gupta, A.E. Cox, and T.C. Granato. Uptake of pharmaceutical and personal care products by plants-Potential mechanisms. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meetings, Nov. 1-5, 2009. Pittsburg, PA. AB Tian, G., A.E. Cox, K. Kumar, T.C. Granato, G.A. OConnor, and H.A. Elliott. Agronomic effectiveness and environmental risk of phosphorus in biosolids. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meetings, Nov. 1-5, 2009. Pittsburg, PA. AB Tian, G., A.E. Cox and T.C. Granato. Management of soil organic matter with biosolids. International Symposium of Soil Organic Matter Dynamics: Land Use, Management and Global Change. Jul. 6-9, 2009. Colorado Springs, CO. AB Hundal, L.S., K. Xia, K. Kumar, A.E. Cox, T.C. Granato. Long-term assessments of microconstituents fate in biosolids-amended soils. Residuals and Biosolids Conference. Water Environment Federation. May 3-6, 2009. Portland, OR. Kansas State Univ JA Vaillant, G., G. M. Pierzynski, J. M. Ham, and J. DeRouchey. 2009. Nutrient accumulation below cattle feedlot pens in Kansas. J. Environ. Qual. 38:909-918. AB Hettiarachchi, G.M., R. Pannu, G.M. Pierzynski, K.G. Scheckel, C.W. Rice, M. Paloma, and M. Newville. 2009. Subsurface transformations of trace elements in reduced multi metal-rich geo-materials using noninvasive x-ray spectroscopy techniques. Proceedings of the 10th Intern. Conf. on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, 13-16 July. Chihuahua, Mexico. AB Hettiarachchi, G.M., S. Martin, and B. Leven. 2009. Brownfields to community gardens - Can it be done? 6th International Conference on Phytotechnologies. Dec. 2009. St. Louis, MO. AB Hettiarachchi, G.M., R. Pannu, G.M. Pierzynski, K. Scheckel, and C.W. Rice. 2009. Understanding biogeochemical transformations of trace elements in multi metal-rich geomaterials under stimulated redox conditions. ASA/SSSA/CSA Annual Meetings, Nov. 2009, Pittsburgh, PA. AB Pierzynski, G.M., B. Leven, G. Hettiarachchi, and s. Martin. 2009. Brownfield sites assessment and remediation in the United States: Successes and Challenges. Cleanup 09 Conference, Adelaide, Australia. AB Pierzynski, G.M., L. Baker, and G.M. Hettiarachchi. 2009. The use of soil amendments for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated sites. Cleanup 09 Conference, Adelaide, Australia. AB Martin, S. and G. Hettiarachchi. 2009. Healthy foods from brownfields? American Society for horticultural Science. ASHS Annual Conference. 25-28 July, 2009. St. Louis, MO. AB Kovar, J., and G.M. Pierzynski (eds). 2009. Methods of Phosphorus Analysis for Soils, Sediments, Residuals, and Waters, Second Edition. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin No. 48, 131 pp. AB Alarcon, H.M.T., G.M. Pierzynski, and E. Lombi (eds). 2009. Research Frontiers in Trace Element Biogeochemistry, Proceedings of the 10th Conference in the ICOBTE Series. ISBN: 978-607-7788-24-9. University of Minnesota TR Bierman, P., C. Rosen, and J. Moncrief. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability from WLSSD Anaerobically Digested Biosolids. Final Report submitted to the Western Lake Superior Sanitary District. Nov, 2009. Ohio State University JA Dayton, E.A., S.D. Whitacre, R.S. Dungan, and N.T. Basta. 2009. Characterization of physical and chemical properties of spent foundry sands pertinent to beneficial use in manufactured soils. Plant Soil. DOI 10.1007/s11104-009-0120-0 JA Scheckel, K.G., R.L. Chaney, N.T. Basta and J.A. Ryan. 2009. Advances in Assessing Bioavailability of metal(loid)s in Contaminated Soils. Adv. Agron. 107:10-52. AB Hawkins, Amy, Nick Basta, Elizabeth Dayton, Roman Lanno, Mark Barnett, Phil Jardine, Stan Casteel, and Kaye Savage. 2009. Soil Properties, Metal Bioavailability and Risk Assessment. Partners in Environmental Technology Technical Symposium & Workshop sponsored by Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Washington, DC. Dec 1-3, 2009. AB Nicholas T. Basta, Karen D. Bradham, Kirk G. Scheckel, and David J. Thomas. 2009. Assessing Arsenic Bioavailability in Soil When in Vitro Gastrointestinal Methods Are the Only Option. Presentation 126-4, Soil Science Society Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA. Nov. 1-5, 2009. AB Elizabeth Dayton, Jason Undercoffer, and Nicholas Basta. 2009. Co-Blending Poultry Litter with A Phosphorus Sorbent Prior to Land Application to Reduce Soil Test and Runoff Phosphorus. Presentation 150-1. Soil Science Society Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA. Nov. 1-5, 2009. AB Shane D. Whitacre, Nicholas T. Basta and Elizabeth A. Dayton. 2009. Soil Controls On Arsenic Bioaccessibility: Arsenic Fractions and Soil Properties. Presentation 208-2. Soil Science Society Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA. Nov. 1-5, 2009. AB Betts, A. and N.T. Basta. 2009. Remediation of Soil Contaminated with Lead Using Soil Amendments. Water Management Association of Ohio 2009 Fall Conference, Columbus, OH. November 4-5, 2009. AB Rufus L. Chaney, Kirk G. Scheckel, Nicholas T. Basta and James A. Ryan. 2009. Progress in Understanding Element Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility in Soils. Third International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference, Adelaide South Australia. September 27-30, 2009. TR Basta, N.T., E.A. Dayton, S.D. Whitacre. 2009. Characterization of feedstocks and candidate mulches for the development of a new mulch product for The Scotts Company. Final Report. OARDC SEEDS. Oregon State University JA Sullivan, D.M., C.G. Cogger, A.I. Bary, and T.E. Shearin. 2009. Predicting Biosolids Application Rates for Dryland Wheat Across a Range of Northwest Climate Zones. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 40:1770-1789. Penn State University JA Brandt, R.C. and H.A. Elliott. 2009. Sustaining biosolids recycling under phosphorus-based nutrient management. Water Practice. 3(1):1-14. AB Jaiswal, D. and H.A. Elliott. 2009. Long-term phosphorus fertility in wastewater irrigated cropland. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, Nov 1-5, 2009. AB Hunt, A. D., K.R. McDonald, A.L. Dere and R.C. Stehouwer. 2009. Maximizing carbon sequestration in coal mine soils with different amendments as determined by C-13 abundance. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, Nov 1-5, 2009. Virginia Tech JA Ervin, E.H., X. Zhang, G.K. Evanylo, and K. Haering. 2009. Impact of biosolids on hormone metabolism in drought stressed tall fescue. Crop Sci. 49:1893-1901. JA Dougherty, Mark, David H. Vaughan, Eldridge R. Collins, Jr., Gregory K. Evanylo, and A.H. Abdel Gadir. 2009. Nitrogen values of liquid dairy manure and dry broiler litter as affected by preservation treatment. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 25(3):363-371. JA Bruland G., C. Richardson, W. Daniels. 2009. Microbial and Geochemical Response to Organic Matter Amendments in a Created Wetland. Wetlands, Vol. 29, No. 4, December 2009, pp. 11531165. PR Clayton H., A. Wick, W. Daniels. 2009. Microbial Biomass in Reclaimed Soils Following Coal Mining in Virginia. p.227-236 In: R.I. Barnhisel (Ed.), Proc., 2009 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Billings, MT, Revitalizing the Environment: Proven Solutions and Innovative Approaches May 30-June 5, 2009. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY 40502. PR Wick A., W. Daniels. 2009. Physical Protection of Organic Matter in Reclaimed Coal Mine Soils of SW Virginia. p.1564-1582. In: R.I. Barnhisel (Ed.), Proc., 2009 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Billings, MT, Revitalizing the Environment: Proven Solutions and Innovative Approaches May 30-June 5, 2009. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY 40502. PR Darmody R., W. Daniels, J. Marlin, D. Cremeens. 2009. Topsoil: What is it and Who Cares? p. 237-269 In: R.I. Barnhisel (Ed.), Proc., 2009 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Billings, MT, Revitalizing the Environment: Proven Solutions and Innovative Approaches May 30-June 5, 2009. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY 40502. PR Dias L., R. Melo, J. Mello, J. Oliveira, W. Daniels. 2009. Potential of Three Legume Species for Phytoremediation of Arsenic Contaminated Soils. p. 334-347 In: R.I. Barnhisel (Ed.), Proc., 2009 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Billings, MT, Revitalizing the Environment: Proven Solutions and Innovative Approaches. May 30-June 5, 2009. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY 40502. PR de Assis I., L. Dias, T. Veloso, W. Daniels. 2009. Revegetation of Acid Forming Gold Mining Spoils Containing High Levels of Arsenic. p. 270-282 In: R.I. Barnhisel (Ed.), Proc., 2009 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Billings, MT, Revitalizing the Environment: Proven Solutions and Innovative Approaches May 30-June 5, 2009. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY 40502. PR Daniels W., A. Wick, N. Haus, G. Whittecar, C. Carter. 2009. Criteria for beneficial utilization of dredge sediments in Virginia, USA. 6 p. In: Z. Agioutantis (Ed.), Proc., 3rd AMIREG International Conference (2009): Assessing the Footprint of Resource Utilization and Hazardous Waste Management, Sept. 6 to 10, Athens, Greece. PR Waldrop R., M. Beck, W. Daniels, M. Eick, R. Maguire, J. Hunt, R. Joyner. 2009. Removal of Nutrients from Stormwater Using CCPs. 31 p. In: Proc., 2009 World of Coal Ash (WOCA), May 4-7, University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), Lexington KY. AB Kostyanovskiy, K., K. Lasley, G.K. Evanylo, B.F. Sukkariyah, C. Shang, and H. Zheng. 2009. Transformation of phosphorus and nitrogen in deep row biosolids incorporation technology in coastal plain mining sites in Virginia. ASA Southern Region Meetings. Atlanta, GA. Feb. AB Dunifon, S., R. Maguire, G.Evanylo and M. Goatley. 2009. Revegetating disturbed urban soils with compost. ASA. Nov 3. Pittsburgh, PA. AB Evanylo, G.K., K. Lasley, K. Kostyanovskiy, C. Shang, M. Eick and W.L. Daniels. 2009. Fate and transport of metals from biosolids entrenched for reclaiming of mineland with hybrid poplar. ASA. Nov 4. Pittsburgh, PA. AB Kostyanovskiy, K.I., G.K. Evanylo, K.K. Lasley, T.R. Fox, Chao Shang, B. Sukkariyah, and W.L. Daniels. 2009. Nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon transformation in deep row biosolids incorporation for hybrid poplar production in coastal plain mine reclamation sites in Virginia. http://a-c-s.confex.com/crops/2009am/webprogram/Paper53141.html ASA. Nov 4. Pittsburgh, PA. AB Beck M., W. Daniels, M. Eick. 2009. Geochemical Properties and Long-term Contaminant Release Patterns from CCPs in Acid-Forming Coal Refuse Materials. In: Proc., 2009 World of Coal Ash (WOCA), May 4-7, University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), Lexington KY. AB Daniels W., N. Haus, A. Wick, G. Whittecar, C. Carter. 2009. Screening Criteria for Upland Utilization of Dredge Sediments in Virginia. In: Meeting Abstracts, 5th International Symposium on Contaminated Sediments, Feb. 5 to 8, 2009, Jacksonville, FL, Battelle Conferences. AB Teutsch C., W. Daniels, Z. Orndorff, M. Alley, K. Meredith, W. Tilson. 2009. Impact of soil reconstruction method on nitrate accumulation in forages grown for livestock feed. In Agronomy Abstracts. Annual meeting of the ASA, CSSA, SSSA, November 1-5, 2009, Pittsburg, PA. AB Layman R., S. Day, J. Harris, W. Daniels, P. Wiseman. 2009. Rehabilitation for severely compacted urban soils to optimize tree establishment and growth. 2nd International Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture, International Society for Horticultural Science, Bologna, Italy. Book of Abstracts. p. 99. TH Kostyanovskiy, K.I. 2009. Transformation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in deep row biosolids incorporation-hybrid poplar plantation in coastal plain mined land reclamation sites. Ph.D. dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, VA. University of Washington JA Brown, S., D. Devin-Clarke, M. Doubrava, and G.A. OConnor. 2009. Fate of 4- Nonylphenol in a biosolids amended soil. Chemosphere 75:549-554. JA Brown, S., A. Svendson, and C. Henry. 2009. Restoration of high zinc and lead tailings with municipal biosolids and lime: field study. J Environ. Qual. 38:2189-2197 AB Devin-Clarke, D. and S. Brown. 2009. Extraction and Analysis of Estrogens and Triclosan Introduced into a Soil System through Reclaimed Water and Biosolids. Water Environment Federation Specialty Conference, Portland, OR May.