Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The meeting was called to order at the UGA-Griffin Research and Education Garden building at 1:00 pm on August 4, 2009 by Gerald (Ray) Smith, President. Those present introduced themselves. Dr. Gerald Arkin, the administrative advisor for the S-009 RTAC, welcomed the group to Griffin, a place where preservation, conservation, collection, and distribution of germplasm has been happening for decades. He relayed to the group that the Directors of Southern Agricultural Experiment Stations hold the Griffin PI station in high regard, but we should help our home directors know how valuable Griffin is to our research programs. He discussed current challenges, such as maintaining funding to support the national germplasm system, training the next generation of plant breeders, filling vacancies in tough budgetary times, etc. Dr. Arkin next discussed the expansion of the UGA-Griffin campus. An $11 million learning center was close to being opened, and now UGA-Griffin has all three components of the land grant mission. He praised the commitment of the local Griffin community, in that a local option sales tax was used to raise money to build the new learning center. Tom Stalker asked about potential loss of plot land from the PI station as the campus expands. Dr. Arkin suggested that eventually there may be a need to move research and germplasm plots as campus gets crowded in the future, but currently there is lots of space nearby. He mentioned that with fewer Ag students relative to other colleges, traditional College of Agriculture programs may shrink, unless strategic planning is done successfully to deal with this. Paul Raymer commented that although there is plenty of land to move to, resources to cover the relocation and redevelopment are the problem. Dr. Arkin speculated about how big the UGA-Griffin campus could grow, and suggested that eventually Atlanta would be contiguous with Griffin, and perhaps 30,000 students would be enrolled at UGA-Griffin. He stressed the need to plan, have an outlook for the future in long-term planning. Emerson Shipe asked about student numbers currently. Dr. Arkin said that about 200 students will be enrolled, and 35 have done coursework at Athens. New money will be required to grow this program. The new Student Learning Center building should accommodate 800-1000 students. Gary Pederson asked for a count of those planning on eating together for dinner so reservations could be made. Minutes from the 2008 S-009 meeting in Raleigh were discussed. A motion to approve the minutes was made by Fred Allen, and seconded by Paul Raymer. The motion passed. A committee to nominate candidates for secretary for 2010 was formed, consisting of Emerson Shipe and Jorge Mosjidis. The location for the 2010 meeting was predetermined to coincide with the PGOC-CGG meetings in Geneva, NY during July 27-29, 2010 with our S-009 RTAC meeting for one day during this period. Gary Pederson gave his report for the Griffin location after discussing Peter Brettings report and Ann Marie Thros poster from the Horticulture meetings. Gary reported that there are 89,451 accession at Griffin, with 78,349 (87.6%) available and 86,237 (96.4%) backed up. Emerson Shipe asked what kinds of material make up the new accessions. Gary Pederson said that it varies by species, with some new acquisitions. Tom Stalker asked about the backup collection, and wanted to know how often it is tested for germination, and will they need to be updated. Gary Pederson said that it is standard procedure to send an update to the backup site each time a germplasm accession is grown out for renewal. Some species such as sorghum can store for 50 years. Dr. Arkin asked about duplications in the collection and the sorghum association panel. Merrilyn Spinks said that there is a lot of duplication in the system, and some of the duplication has been cleaned up. Paul Raymer asked about backup at Ft. Collins. Gary Pederson answered that seeds at Ft. Collins are stored at -18C, and collections of material outside the National Plant Germplasm System, such as the collection of bermudagrass at Tifton, is not counted as backups. Emerson Shipe asked about other locations for the bamboo collection at Savannah, and Gary Pederson mentioned Puerto Rico. Melanie Harrison-Dunn stated that private collections of bamboo are larger than the PI collection, and that the Savannah collection may be in danger. Tom Stalker asked how many accessions of grasses are vegetative, and Melanie Harrison-Dunn stated that 400 accessions are vegetative. Paul Raymer mentioned that peppers are in high demand, due to many small companies. Gary Pederson reminded us that homeowner requests are not granted. Mari Marutani asked if he didnt want those (homeowner) customers, and he responded that the seed is utilized for research, breeding, and educational purposes. Emerson Shipe asked about cucurbits and okra numbers, and Bob Jarret stated that resource (space) issues are a problem with cucurbits, and that okra is a low-priority crop. Mari Marutani asked about shipping costs. Gary Pederson said that some cooperators supply Fedex account numbers for large requests. Tom Stalker asked about hiring/personnel, specifically what number of curators is needed, what is the critical number. Gary Pederson reminded us that at one time, Gil Lovell was the sole curator at Griffin. Currently, ARS policy requires a budget amount of $25,000 per SY for operating expenses, and if this isnt available, the slot is terminated. The Unit must have sufficient funding for curatorial support and operating funds. He said that the Vigna curation position (Graves Gillespie) was lost a few years ago due to insufficient funds. He noted the difference in Cat. 1 vs. Cat. 4 positions, in which Cat. 4 personnel (service scientists) do not have to conduct research and publish. Fred Allen asked about shipping costs, but Gary Pederson said that shipping is not a large expense. Yangi Wu asked about seed increase of cross-pollinating species. Melanie Harrison-Dunn replied that spatial separation is used for cross-pollinated grasses. Tom Stalker asked what proportion of support staff is used for activities other than curation. Gary Pederson answered that the molecular laboratory personnel conduct molecular activities and chemical analyses. The group had a break from 3:00-3:25 pm after which time state reports were given. State reports for Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Guam, Kentucky, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas were presented orally (written reports at the S-009 website). The nominations committee (Jorge Mosjidis and Emerson Shipe) reported that the candidate for the next secretary of the group was Paul Raymer. No other nominations were made. Fred Allen moved that Paul Raymer be elected by acclamation. The motion was seconded by Tom Stalker and passed. We were reminded that the meeting next year would be in Geneva, NY, July 27-29, 2010. Plans were made for the tour of field plots, greenhouses, and laboratories at Griffin the following morning, August 5, 2009. The meeting was adjourned at 5:00 pm, August 4, 2009.

The complete accomplishments section for the 2009 S-009 annual report is located at the S-009 website (www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=9514). A summary of the accomplishments from the Griffin location and S-009 cooperators is listed below. USDA, ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit: A total of 89,451 accessions of 1,529 plant species were maintained in the Griffin plant genetic resources collection. Over 87% of accessions were available for distribution to users and over 96% were backed up for security at a second location. Bulk seed samples for 60,269 accessions were maintained at -18 C for long-term storage with seed of the remaining accessions stored at 4 C. A total of 30,883 seed and clonal accessions in 881 separate orders were distributed upon request to scientists and educators in 47 U.S. states and 45 foreign countries. Acquisitions made to the collection included 94 switchgrass, 230 pearl millet, 67 finger millet, 31 Hibiscus, and 30 vegetable accessions. Seed regenerations and characterization were conducted on 587 peanut, 150 warm-season grass, 323 legume, new, and misc. crop, 106 annual clover, and 10 cucurbit accessions. New regeneration techniques were developed for two Hibiscus, several cucurbits, and a sweetpotato species. Over 600 pepper accessions were grown in the field for characterization and recording of digital images. Digital images of watermelon seed and characterization data for big bluestem were added to the Germplasm Resources Information Newwork (GRIN). A new tablet PC was used to facilitate collection of peanut descriptor data. Long-term maintenance of 525 wild peanut and 398 warm-season grass accessions was continued in the greenhouse. Over 30 warm-season grass accessions and 750 sweetpotato accessions were maintained in tissue culture with eight replications of each sweetpotato clone. Virus screening was conducted on the warm-season grass clonal collection (for maize dwarf mosaic and johnsongrass mosaic viruses) and sweetpotato collection (for sweetpotato leaf curl virus). Tomato spotted wilt virus was found on peanut and clover species in the greenhouse and accessions were evaluated for virus infection by field, lab, and molecular techniques. Germination testing has been completed for 54,054 accessions (over 60% of collection) since 2002. A genotyping technique was developed to detect high oleic acid peanuts and will be useful in evaluating segregating populations to identify progeny with the desirable high oleic acid trait. In collaboration with other ARS scientists, 800 sorghum mutant lines were evaluated by tilling by ten candidate genes and gene function for brown midrib mutants was identified. In collaboration with university and ARS scientists, 96 sweet sorghum accessions were genotyped with 95 markers to determine their genetic diversity and population structure. These accessions will be used as a panel for association mapping in sweet sorghum. The oil content and fatty acid composition was determined for 48 castor bean and 200 peanut accessions. To determine nutritional value of peanut accessions, over 130 peanut accessions or breeding lines were evaluated for resveratrol and isoflavonoid content, and ratio of oleic/linoelic acid. Genetic variability for mineral, flavonoid, and anthocyanin index were determined for lablab, roselle, and perennial soybean accessions. Genetic relatedness was determined among species of pepper and among species of sweetpotato. Alabama: Work has focused on evaluation, utilization and breeding of sunn hemp, sericea lespedeza, and upland cotton. Sunn hemp germplasm is being used to develop cultivars that can be used as fodder and as cover crops. Sericea lespedeza is being evaluated for control of gastrointestinal parasites in ruminants and for condensed tannin content. A new low-growing sericea lespedeza will be evaluated for road-side use. Upland cotton accessions are being evaluated for resistance to heat and drought. Florida: The state of Florida was again active in 2008 for plant genetic resources distribution. According to records provided by S-9, 31 different individuals requested materials from 26 different genera of plants and a total of 310 unique PIs distributed. Eleven of the 31 individuals submitted reports regarding their use of plant genetic resources. These reports described projects involving fourteen genera. Major commodities utilizing plant genetic resources were forages, cucurbits, stone fruits, turfgrass, bioenergy, ornamentals, and a project involving the Department of Homeland Security and Ricinus. Scientists from the University of Florida or with commercial seed companies were utilizing their requested material to screen for increased vigor and agronomic traits, to transfer pest resistance or low chill characteristics, and allelopathic effects. A home schooling group utilized plant genetic resources to obtain vegetable seeds to educate their students about how to plant seeds, produce food, and to harvest and store seeds for future use. Most individuals who responded to a request for information indicated a high level of satisfaction with materials provided and appreciation for the availability of the germplasm. Georgia: Eighteen separate requests for plant germplasm were made to the S-009 unit from Georgia during 2008. As a result of these requests, a total of 1173 plant accessions were supplied to University scientists, USDA scientists, consultants, seed companies, gardeners, and individuals. The most requested crops were peppers, peanuts, sorghum, watermelon, and bamboo. The University of Georgia has maintained a strong emphasis on plant breeding and continues to expand its advanced molecular biology programs. The Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics (IPBGG) was officially established at UGA in 2008. The Institutes philosophy is that modern plant breeding should be integrated with modern genomics and biotechnology to achieve maximum efficiency. These programs supply new crop cultivars and associated technologies to our agricultural sector and rely heavily upon the plant materials maintained within the S-009 unit. UGA currently has active cultivar development programs in soybean, peanut, small grains, cotton, turfgrasses, forages, blueberry, pecan, fruits, vegetables, and numerous ornamental crops that frequently utilize the plant genetic resource collections. In addition, research programs in crop science, horticulture, plant pathology, entomology and other disciplines utilize the genetic resources of the S-009 unit in both basic and applied research projects designed to address the needs of Georgia agriculture. The S-009 unit remains a critical component of our research and cultivar development programs. Guam: Horticulturists and undergraduates of Tropical Agricultural Science Program at the University of Guam collected 36,737 seeds, cuttings and plantlets of 23 indigenous species in Guam for a reforestation project of a local landscape company during 2008. Other plant germplasm conservation activity continued to focus on the collection of local germlines of chili pepper and sweetpotato. Propagation of Jatropha curcas continued to support a biofuel research project. At the Guam Agricultural Experiment Station, the distribution of seeds to a local community included corn and okra seeds. Conservation of important tropical plant germlines will support development of sustainable agriculture and forest program in the region. Seven accessions originated from the World Vegetable Center (the Asian Vegetable Research Development Center) in Taiwan were evaluated for their adaptability to the tropical climate of Guam during 2008. Accessions ICPN15#5 and ICPN15#7 had greater yields. Five cultivars, Napolentano, Genovese, Gecofure (Nufer 1), Envigor, and Thai. were studied for their adaptability to tropical conditions in a potting soil medium and in an aquaponic system, and with or without pinching. The greater yield obtained in aquaponics due mainly to the production of more leaves. Nufar 1 produced the highest yield in the aquaponics. Pinching back new growth at the earlier stage of plant development also affected yield and other plant characteristics in various degrees depending on cultivars and environments. Cultivar Thai produced the most number of small leaves. Although Nufar 1 produced the highest yield in our aquaponics system, some chefs preferred other cultivars. Hawaii: Germplasm requests in 2008 included Megathyrsus, Pennisetum, Arachis, and Cenchrus. A scientist at the University of HI, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) reported that 252 accessions of Guinea grass and 3 varieties of Bana grass were germinated from seed with a germination rate of 42%. Guinea grass (105 varieties) and Bana grass (3 varieties) were transferred to the field at the CTAHR Waimanalo Research Station on Oahu Island on December 5, 2008. Initial morphological observations suggest high genetic diversity, and evaluation of the accessions is ongoing. Initial analysis with molecular approaches corroborates morphological differences in the above accessions and in wild accessions obtained throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Information from Syngenta on utilization of the Arachis and Cenchrus germplasm is not available. A rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) flowering study in Hawai'i was completed and shows that with the exception of Silengkeng, cultivars planted in Hawai'i produce few or no of hermaphroditic functionally male (HFM) flowers for pollination. Silengkeng produces numerous HFM flowers throughout the anthesis period which makes it a suitable pollinator cultivar. When NAA is applied to panicles, which are composed of predominantly hermaphroditic functionally female (HFF) flowers, development of HFM flowers is stimulated within 6 to 12 days after treatment. Incorporating Silengkeng and male trees in the orchard or treating HFF panicles with NAA at the appropriate stage of development can be strategies for increasing male flowers and fruit set and for reducing the number of fruit with poorly developed arils. Kentucky: Todd Pfeiffer expanded his breeding work with sweet sorghum to include biomass/biofuel production. Pfeiffer has screened the PI collection and is using several accessions in crosses with established cultivars, and hybrid production. Tim Phillips has planted a trial to evaluate the winter hardiness in KY of some warm season grasses in the S-009 collection, as well as a breeding nursery for several native warm-season grasses. Only two accessions of flaccidgrass, PI 315868 and 434640 survived two winters, with PI 315868 being superior in hardiness and yield potential. Other warm-season grasses (switchgrass, big bluestem, indiangrass, sideoats gramagrass, and little bluestem) are being evaluated in nurseries for cultivar development. Other germplasm from S-009 coming into KY regularly includes peppers, watermelons, eggplants, and specialty legumes. In 2008, more accessions were shipped to private companies (non-university) than university researchers. Louisiana: Accessions of sweetpotato were obtained to screen germplasm for iron and zinc uptake potential. Initial results show about a two-fold variation among accessions in their ability to uptake these micronutrients. A related study showed high heritability for iron and zinc. Additional germplasm was requested for on-going work towards developing resistance to various sweetpotato viruses. Germplasm requested from Kenya was virus-tested and released for research related to resistance to Sweet Potato Virus Disease. Several molecular markers were found linked to resistance. A sizable request of sweetpotato germplasm was made in 2007 to assay for resistance to Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus for a CGC funded project. Germplasm requests for Ipomoea species were requested for varied systematic work. Two sweetpotato varieties were released. Murasaki-29 included parentage originating from the germplasm repository. Germplasm from the bamboo collection is routinely evaluated by a nursery in Louisiana for commercial landscape applications. North Carolina: Faculty in the Crop Science and Horticultural Science Departments at NC State University conduct research on strawberry, blueberry, brambles, tree crops, ornamentals, maize, soybean, peanut, cotton, tobacco, small grains, turfgrasses, sweet potato, cucurbits, and other crops. Plant introductions are critical components of plant improvement programs, and NCSU scientists make use of germplasm maintained in the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). The U.S. collection of cultivated and wild Nicotiana species is maintained at NCSU and numerous seed requests are filled annually both to U.S. and international individuals and organizations. During the past year, germplasm and cultivar releases by the NC Agricultural Research Service included one peanut cultivar, one cotton germplasm, one soybean cultivar, two cucumber cultivars, two butterfly bush cultivars, and two watermelon inbred lines. The use of Plant Introductions in the breeding programs in North Carolina is very important to introduce needed germplasm into populations. For example, in the NC State University peanut breeding project, the mean PI ancestry among all lines and families was 19.9%, but the distribution is skewed toward the low end. Twelve percent of the total of 2415 lines and families had more than 50% PI ancestry. In the peanut breeding program, very few families and lines had no PI ancestry, but more than third of all families and lines had less than or equal to 1/64th , and more than 60% had less than or equal to 1/8th PI ancestry. Oklahoma: A total of 536 plant accessions from S-009 were distributed to organizations or individuals in Oklahoma in 2008 while the distribution numbers for 2005, 2006 and 2007 were 597, 169 and 295. The requested plant species include sorghum, squash, gourd, okra, peppers, vigna, switchgrass, miscanthus, and other warm-season grasses, and legumes distributed to researchers of Oklahoma State University, the Noble Foundation, USDA-ARS laboratories, Johnston Seed Company, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and two individuals. Dr. Yinghua Huang, USDA-ARS, requested sorghum germplasm to genotype and phenotype the accessions for important traits including greenbug resistance. Their research identified one major QTL and one minor QTL on chromosome nine of sorghum genome contributing to the major part of greenbug resistance. Dr. Yanqi Wu, Plant and Soil Sciences Department, Oklahoma State University requested switchgrass accessions for a graduate thesis research to characterize genetic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers in switchgrass. The student has completed all the designed gel electrophoreses, and now starts to score the PCR amplified bands. A new switchgrass cultivar, Cimarron developed by the breeding program, was released by Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station in 2008. Puerto Rico: At the University of Puerto Rico, research studies were conducted on quenepa (Spanish lime), mandarin, lime, rough lemon, pepper, maize, mango, guava, yam, and ornamental Musa species. At the USDA-ARS,Tropical Agriculture Research Station, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, a light red kidney bean cultivar and nine cacao clones were released. Research was conducted on field collections of mamey sapote, Musa spp., cacao, rumbutan, and banana clones. Sorghum accessions were evaluated for anthracnose resistance, photoperiod sensitivity, and acid soil tolerance. Approximately 1000 seedlings of Spanish lime have been planted for the establishment of a germplasm collection that will become part of the USDA NPGS. Seed increases were conducted for 110 sorghum accessions with critically low seed quantities. The regeneration of 1,260 sorghum accessions with low seed viability or number was conducted at GIRU, US Virgin Islands and a quarantine seed increase was conducted for 420 accessions. Also, 52 accessions of cowpea, 162 of maize, 4 cucurbits, 20 winged bean, and 17 Leucaena were seed regenerated at Mayaguez and Isabela. Over 200 sorghum panicles from accessions regenerated at St. Croix were photographed, images edited, and database tables prepared for the Griffin location for their incorporation into GRIN. South Carolina: A total of 423 germplasm accessions were distributed from S-009 to eleven requestors in South Carolina. Accessions distributed were from fourteen different genera and included the following: sweet potato, watermelon, gourd, eggplant, cowpea, peanut, okra, cucurbits, and bamboo. In 2008, twenty-six elite soybean lines or cultivars were tested in a greenhouse to determine their suitability as hosts for reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. Lines SC98-1930, SC01-819, SC02-208, SC03-9093, SC04-83, SC01-803, and SC01-783A had reproductive indices lower than the resistant S.C. cultivar Santee. The glyphosate-tolerant line SC01-819 has been released and licensed to AgSouth Genetics and will be marketed as AGS 747 RR. Plant introductions from the USDA soybean germplasm collection are being evaluated to identify resistant genotypes to soybean rust disease (SBR). One hundred seven PIs across maturity groups I through IX were evaluated at Blackville, SC in 2008. Data were also collected from Quincy, FL, Attapulgus, GA, Fairhope, AL, and Baton Rouge, LA and submitted for summarization. A preliminary summary indicates that 46 PIs had low scores indicating some level of resistance to SBR across the five locations. Texas: The sorghum improvement program at Texas A&M University requested about 3,000 sorghum accessions to identify potentially useful sources of agronomic productivity, disease resistance and biomass composition. Triumph Seed Co. has received sorghum accessions to be used in the development of new A, B and R lines with improved cold tolerance and biomass production. Crimson clover, lablab and cowpea accessions are being evaluated and used as parents in the Texas AgriLife Research forage legume breeding program. Safflower accessions were evaluated on the Texas High Plains. The Texas AgriLife Research peanut improvement program is evaluating PI lines for improved oil content. A new forage peanut release is in progress with selected material derived from PI 262819. Peanut minicore accessions were evaluated in the field for tolerance to drought and salt stress in separate experiments. Research was conducted at the USDA-ARS Childrens Nutrition Research Center at Houston, TX on 14 accessions of Teramnus labialis (wild relative of soybean) to assess the potential of this legume to provide dietary minerals for humans. Seed concentrations were comparable to other cultivated grain legumes for P, K, Na, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn and higher for Ca and Mg. Cucurbit PI lines were evaluated in the TAMU Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center for health beneficial phytochemicals. Virgin Islands: At the University of the Virgin Islands, papayas have been bred and selected for early bearing with fruit set within one meter from the soil level to impart wind tolerance. During 2008, the papaya field was exposed to class 3 hurricane force winds from Omar. The standard sized papayas trees had damage of 90% due to stem breakage or blown over plants. However, the compact early bearing lines developed at UVI had no stem breakage and less than 15% blown over. One of the papaya lines is under trials and expected to be licensed in the near future. Sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa) was started late due to the seeds, though correctly labeled, sent to the British Virgin Islands. Seedlings were set out in the late fall which resulted in a crop past the normal season. A survey of sweet potatoes grown by local farmers indicated all were infected by one or more viruses. Virus-free sweet potatoes, obtained from Griffin, have been used in micropropagation studies as well as field trials. Eleven virus-free lines are under cultivation to evaluate their production under Virgin Island conditions and compare it with the local virus-infected material.

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