Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

NC-213 Executive Meeting February 18, 2009 Kansas City, MO Present: Stephen Kells, Charlene Wolf-Hall, Hongda Chen, James Stitzlein, Joe Needham, Brian Adam, Mark Casada, Bill Ravlin and Leland McKinney Stephen Kells: The meeting was called to order. Each person introduced themselves. The first order of business for the meeting was to discuss the future direction of NC-213. Bill Ravlin: The rewrite process was completed last year, so this is the first year of the new projects. Since we are at the beginning of the new project, it is good time have a discussion about the future of NC-213 and the collaboration that occurs within this group. Multistate projects are intended to establish seed data to obtain extramural funding and an expectation of multistate projects is that there is collaboration between the different stations. To encourage collaboration, there are two competitive NC-213 funding opportunities offered every other year. One is an individual research award, and the other, is a team competition. The team competition award was designed to promote collaboration. An example of the large funding opportunities that can be obtained by collaboration is the grant received by swine researchers to study purse disease. I am a little concerned that if we dont move this direction, there may be some issues later down the road. Joe Needham: Can you clarify what this group should be striving for and are you concerned that this group will splinter. Bill Ravlin: There are opportunities for small groups to come together on projects and this project can serve as a platform. The purpose of this group should not be to just share ideas, but to return home and work together. The expectations are that we work together. We have a mid-term review and they will be evaluating this group on whether or not we worked together. The other thing that is evaluated is how dollars were leveraged to obtain other sources of funding. The funds available for multi-state projects can be leveraged and distributed in a number of ways. Some experiment stations may provide funding to scientists for travel. Some experiment stations may actually provide funding for specific projects. How the funds are distributed is up to the Ag Experiment Stations. Hongda Chen: Can you elaborate about the swine group and where the funding came from for the award they received? Bill Ravlin: An AES committee evaluated the group proposals and selected the award winner. The swine group used the NC-229 as the platform to conduct seed research and to be successful in getting the proposal funded. What I would like to get a better idea of is the amount of collaborative research taking place within NC-213 Stephen Kells: One challenge that this group faces relative to collaboration is that we are trying to adapt to a changing environment due to the ethanol industry. We are also trying to cater to food safety. Is this group to broad? Joe Needham: Tell us about the last few team competition winners and is there a common denominator among the teams that received the awards. Bill Ravlin The team competition began in 2000. In 2000 there were 4 submissions and one award. In 2002, there were two submissions and one award. In 2006, there were 6 submissions and two awards. CO2 monitoring was one of the team projects awarded. Dirk Maier and Tim Herman received an award on evaluating traceability. I am not suggesting that we discontinue independent research, but I think we should put together a team and go to USDA with proposals. We need to ask the industry what research priorities to pursue. Stephen Kells: I am open to working with teams, but there are challenges due to the broadness of the group. Mark Cassada It can be difficult to change the culture. What mechanisms can be put into place to change the culture of the group? Bill Ravlin: We have complete control over this meeting. We could bring in a professional facilitator to help identify areas to work together. Joe Needham Can this committee do things to encourage more group activities? This group could decide that there will be more team competitions to provide the mechanisms for collaboration. Bill Ravlin: I would suggest that if this is what we want to do then we need to develop a proposal and make a recommendation to the Andersons and the entire group. Joe Needham: I dont think the Andersons would have any objections to this direction. Hongda Chen: Collaboration promotes solving larger more complex problems. The multidiscipline approach is viewed very favorable. Joe Needham I think this group needs to have some recommendations for the larger group Stephen Kells: What kind of activity can we add to the agenda to promote team building? Brain Adam Can we identify a funding source that would provide the catalyst to bring this group together? James Stitzlein: Is there some way that this group could better reach out to the industry or a mechanism to encourage the industry to share what their problems are? Bill Ravlin: There are many options available. For example, there could be cost sharing with the industry to solve problems. We can put money on the table and the industry can match it. Brian Adam: Federal funding would be easier to obtain if they know the industry is behind it. Joe Needham: Are there funds available to go to the industry and offer to solve problems? Bill Ravlin: Yes, but if the industry is behind the research they should be willing to match it. Hongda Chen Is this committee willing to go to the industry with a survey and then bring this information back to the group? Bill Ravlin: I think that is necessary. I think that we need to come away from here knowing what the next step is and that we agree that we will collaborate. Another thing that needs to take place is the creation of an ongoing dialog with in this group and with the industry. Hongda Chen: I would like to encourage you to think not just on the five year project, but longer term relative to the up-coming technologies and opportunities. Stephen Kells: I propose that Bill challenge the group on ways that the group can start bridging the gap and promoting collaboration. The next item we need to discuss is the industry advisory panel. James Stitzlein: The previous discussion ties into this. How does this group interact with the industry to help come up solutions? How do we get the industry to become aware of what this group does? Getting more industry-university interaction would be very useful. Reaching out to the industry with a survey may be helpful. Joe Needham Particular if the industry would get excited about what this group is doing. Stephen Kells KSU has ties with industry groups such as wheat quality council and GEAPS. Perhaps KSU could help to get NC-213 to interact in their conferences. Joe Needham: NC-213 could contribute to the NGFA newsletter, for example, to update the industry relative to what the group is doing. Stephen Kells The next item on the agenda is a report on progress Bill Ravlin: The new format of the progress report matches the CRIS report format, so hopefully this has made it easier to submit. One question that needs to be answered is: who is the report for and who reads it. Hongda Chen: The report is important to provide decision makers with the impacts of these projects. Bill Ravlin: The impact statements need to be more of an impact. Impact statements need to answer the questions, so what and who cares. It does not just need to be tied to money. It can impact the environment or food safety. Impact statements need to be written so that anyone can understand them and carry the important message. Stephen Kells Could Bill provide definitions for impact, outcome, and outputs? To me they are very similar. The next item to discuss is the summer conference. Bill Ravlin There use to be two meetings per year, this meeting for technical sessions, and a summer meeting with the industry. The attendance for the summer secession slowly began to fall off. Then it evolved to where it took place some other conference was planned. The group needs to decide if we need to have a summer meeting. Brain Adam: It would probably be worthwhile once the group has decided on a project to work on. Bill Ravlin: It may be difficult in these economic times to get industry together. Stephen Kells: We will leave it for the group to decide. The next item we need to discuss is the 2010 meeting. It is proposed that NC-213 meet with GEAP, however, there may be potential problems with hotel accommodations. Bill Koshar will find out more information about the schedule. Note: Brain Adam agreed to serve as the next secretary. NC-213 Business Meeting February 18, 2009 Kansas City, MO Stephen Kells called the meeting to order and initiated discussion regarding the future direction of NC-213 and how this group could better serve the industry. Dirk Maier suggested interviewing the industry to better understand their needs. He recommended that NC-213 funds be used to hire a consultant to interact with industry and gather data. James Stitzlein supported this idea and suggested that an industry perspective would also give NC-213 more visibility. Dirk Maier stated that the number of researchers working in the area of Grain Quality has declined. This group needs to be more proactive in working with the industry and promoting the research that we are all involved with. Bill Ravlin agreed with Dirk Maiers proposal, but felt that for it to be worthwhile NC-213 participants would involved with the scope of the survey. Brain Adam suggested that another way to increase the visibility of NC-213 is to submit NC-213 activities to industry trade magizines. Dirk Maier agreed, stating that trade magazines are always looking for ideas and items to publish. Stephen Kells suggested that a committee be established to be responsible for contacting trade journals and promoting the NC-213 group. Bill Ravlin said that the problem is that Bill Koshar ends up writing all of the material. Charlie Hurburg said that is the way it is supposed to be. Rill Ravlin disagreed and stated that at the very least we need the engagement of the group. It needs to be more of the group and less of our office. Brain Adams suggested that the objective chairs need to solicit material from participants and send the material to Bill. Dirk Maier said that this is not a new idea. It is part of the responsibility of objective chairs. Charlie Hurburg suggested that a spread sheet of all participants and their contact information be distributed. Stephen Kells suggested that the group submit at least 2 articles for the newsletter by mid-May. Stephen Kells asked for a vote for Dirk Maiers proposal to hire a consultant to evaluate NC-213 and survey the industry. Fourteen participants voted yes and zero voted no. Bill Ravlin said that you would present this suggestion to the Andersons for their feedback. Stephen Kells stated that the deadline for reports and presentation titles for next years annual meeting is November 15, 2009. He also suggested that the deadline be enforced this year. Bill Ravlin emphasized the importance of impact statements. He has received a number of impact statements that were not very well written. Impact statements are critical for promoting the importance of the research that this group is conducting. Joe Needham stated that most people who are interested in this groups research attend conferences such as GEAPS. Representatives from this group need to attend these types of conferences and present research results. Stephen Kells proposed that we decide on whether NC-213 participants want to meet in conjunction with GEAPS in 2010 in Wichita, Kansas. Ten participants voted yes and 2 participants voted no. In case meeting with GEAPS is not feasible, Kansas City, Kansas, and Omaha, Nebraska were selected for alternative locations.

OBJECTIVE 1 Correlation of Amino Acid Measurement with NIR Spectra and total Protein Levels The need to remove synthetic amino acids from organic livestock rations will be resolved by the more rapid development of modified amino acid corn made possible with high throughput analysis methods. Ration balancing software many also be able to use NIRS predicted values more effectively, since the new calibrations are beyond the normal correlation with protein. An organic corn breeding program has screened over 10,000 lines to date. Feed users will be able to monitor soybean meal composition guarantees more effectively, and a single calibration for the various forms of soymeal products will create uniformity while reducing analytical support costs at the same time. Other ingredients will follow. Ethanol yield per bushel of corn can be estimated rapidly and at low cost. Trials are being organized to demonstrate the range received and to estimate the value for either grouping corn lots by predicted ethanol yield or selectively directing certain lots to animal feed rather than to the ethanol plant. Whole soybeans can be screened for fatty acid composition, but making distinction by individual percentages of fatty acids, as some genetics suppliers wish to do, is beyond the capability of the Near Infrared test. Advanced chemometric methods have made the combination of spectra across NIRS brands possible. Across-brand calibrations can be more accurate than the individual brand calibrations, and will allow the use of multiple models in a trading network without loss of accuracy or reproducibility. Physical Properties of Distillers Grains With Solubles The interaction between vertical stress, particle size distribution and flowability are being evaluated. Preliminary data has been collected and compared to free flowing grains (soft red winter wheat). Understanding Regional and Environmental Effects on End-Use Quality in Hard Winter Wheat Varieties In 2007, 2,050,000 acres of wheat were planted in Nebraska and 1,960,000 were harvested with an average yield of 43 bu/acre for a total production of 84,280,000 bu, which represents over $250,000,000 in total worth as grain. Milling and baking is an important way of adding value. Understanding the regional and environmental effects on end-use quality is critical to understanding and preserving this quality market and maintaining Nebraskas reputation as being a supplier of quality wheat. Assess the Reduction in Toxicity of Fumonisin B1 during Extrusion Cooking of Contaminated Grits Using in Vivo Bioassay Methods Extrusion of all three groups of samples without added glucose (fumonisin B1 spiked corn, fermented corn batch 1 and fermented corn batch 2)did not significantly or only slightly (19%) decreased the fumonisin concentrations. However extrusion of the corn samples after addition of 10% glucose resulted in substantial (75-85%) reduction in fumonisin B1 levels. Histopathology and kidney weight findings indicated that extrusion with glucose supplementation, but not extrusion alone, reduced the in vivo toxicity of the fermented corn batch 1 that contained 33 µg/kg of fumonisin B1. However extrusion with or without glucose was ineffective for detoxifying the corn spiked (direct addition of pure fumonisn B1) with 30 µg/kg fumonisin B1 and the fermented corn batch 2 that contained 48 µg/kg fumonisin B1. While this work has shown that extrusion with 10% glucose supplementation is potentially useful for safely reducing the toxicity of fumonisins in corn-based products, additional studies are needed to more fully characterize how extrusion affects fumonisins in food matrices and to determine the practicality and limitations of extrusion for reducing fumonisins in corn-based products and further determine the optimal conditions. Examine Milling Properties, Dough Characteristics, Protein Functionality, and Baking Properties of Soft White Wheat Varieties Phenolic compounds (antioxidants) have beneficial effects on both health and food preservation, however, they also have an impact on the textural properties of food products. Addition of the phenolic acids to flour did not have an effect on the mixing properties of the doughs, but significantly decreased maximum resistance and increased extensibility of 90-minute-rested dough. Physical characteristics of cookies blended with each phenolic acid plus transglutaminase (TG) were not significantly different from the control cookies. However, there were significant effects of TG, with and without phenolic acids, on the moisture content, weight and volume of crackers. This suggested that fermentation time, part of the cracker making process, allowed TG cross linking of proteins to occur prior to baking of the crackers. This project will result in a better understanding of wheat flour quality in relation to end-use products. The use of TG will potentially allow (1) bakers to use weaker flour to produce satisfactory baked products, and (2) millers to provide more consistent flour quality to bakers in spite of environmental growing factors in a particular crop year. In addition, understanding effects of addition of bran fiber and antioxidants in a flour-based system could provide vital information for bakers to utilize these ingredients in their baked products to benefit consumers health. Effect of Preharvest Production Practices on End-Use Quality of Durum Wheat The interaction between time after anthesis and kernel location on spike was not significant for yellow pigment content per kernel. As grain filling progressed to physiological maturity, the yellow pigment content per kernel declined. Pigment content per kernel was greater for kernels found in the middle or bottom of the spike than for kernels located at the top of the spike. Kernels from the bottom of the spike weighed more than kernels found in the middle or top of the spike. Experiments to determine the relationship between vitreousness and total yellow pigment found that kernel weight and yellow pigment content per kernel was greater for vitreous kernels than for nonvitreous kernels. Effect of Ozone Application on Microbial Loads, Deoxynivalenol and Barley Malt Quality Mycotoxin contamination in grains and food products derived from grains is a persistent food safety concern for which the only available effective control is testing and diversion or dilution. We evaluated the effectiveness of ozone as an antimycotoxin and antimicrobial treatment for malting barley. The results of the experiment indicated that, at these dosages, ozone resulted in significant reductions in DON for malts compared to starting barley from each treatment. Ozonation produced lower mold and yeast counts in final malts compared to non-ozonated malts. Differences seen with the clean, control barley were not statistically significant, but those for the naturally Fusarium infected barley were. For aerobic plate counts, ozonation produced lower counts in final malts compared to non-ozonated malts. Differences seen with the clean barley were not statistically significant, but those for the naturally Fusarium infected barely were. Physical and Chemical Properties of Shelled Corn Related to Conditioning and Processing There were significant variations in many kernel attributes among the hybrids tested. This study better documents the known variations in kernel and bulk densities and hardness of corn hybrids. Differences in kernel hardness suggest that there will be noticeable differences in the energy required to grind different hybrids and in other traits affected by hardness such as breakage during handling (breakage susceptibility). The industry may not yet be as aware of the wide variation in water absorption rates. This could significantly affect processes in which kernels are soaked prior to processing, such as Masa production. It may be possible to increase production rates in batch processes that involve soaking by using hybrids that absorb water rapidly. Differences in starch content may affect uses such as corn fuel ethanol production or starch extraction by wet milling where high starch may be advantageous. Similarly, higher fiber content may be desirable if corn is to be used to produce snack foods with higher than normal fiber. Improving Marketing, Processing, Nutritional and Functional Quality of Sorghum, Maize and Wheat Sorghum lines were confirmed to have unusually high levels of flavanones and flavones. The black sorghums had very high levels of the rare 3-deoxyanthocyanins. Progress to breed superior hybrids containing these compounds continued. Sorghum extracts of grains containing black and black plus tannins had excellent color stability which was significantly better than that of common anthocyanins present in fruits and vegetables. In vitro evidence indicates that these compounds have anti-cancer activities as well as their unique colorant properties. The environmental conditions during maturation of sorghums affect the flavanoid levels significantly. Tannin sorghum porridges had significantly reduced estimated glycemic indices (EGI) than corn starch and nontannin sorghum porridges. Moreover, the finely ground bran and its extracts added to corn starch porridges caused significant reduction in their EGI. Heating of extracts of special sorghums greatly reduced the EGI, while heating of corn starch with white sorghum bran and its extracts did not reduce the EGI. Thus, tannin sorghums cause a significant reduction in digestibility of porridges that likely is beneficial for type II diabetics. This is reasonable because animal feeding trials of tannin sorghums has consistently documented that they significantly reduced the feed efficiency of livestock. Thus, the use of whole grain tannin sorghums to produce products for type 2 diabetics is promising. Evaluation of wheat flour properties for tortillas continued. Improved methods of evaluating the rheological properties of tortillas using the TA.XT2 were used in models to predict tortilla quality. Wheat flour with low levels of glutenin is best for tortillas. Whole grain white wheat tortillas gave excellent appearance and improved nutritional value. For whole wheat flour tortillas, stronger gluten is required to carry the non-endosperm components. The Office of the Texas State Chemist (OTSC) improved its efficiency in determining labeling compliance by use of statistical procedures and concentration on firms with poor past performance. A systematic sampling approach developed by the OTSC has led to increased detection of violations because it focuses on manufacturers with past performance violations. Violations may decrease over time. Objective Grading and End-Use Property Assessment of Single Kernels and Bulk Grain Samples A simple imaging system was developed to inspect and sort wheat samples and other grains at moderate feed-rates (30 kernels/s). A single camera captured color images of three sides of each kernel by using mirrors, the images were processed on a personal computer. After classification, the computer could output a signal from the parallel port to activate an air valve to divert (sort) kernels into a secondary container. The sorter is able to separate hard red kernels from hard white kernels (95% to 99%) and is an economical and useful instrument for sorting wheat and other grains with high accuracy. An automated system was developed that nondestructively measured quality traits of individual kernels, sorted the kernels based on user-defined criteria and applied to sorting wheat, Triticum aestivum L, kernels by protein content and hardness. Also used to sort proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L., into amylose-bearing and amylose-free fractions. This technology can be used to enrich the desirable class within segregating populations in breeding programs; increase the purity of heterogeneous advanced or released lines; or measure the distribution of quality within samples during the marketing process. Milling wheat infested with low densities of internal feeding insects can result in flour containing insect fragments. The Food and Drug Admin.(FDA) enforces a standard or defect action level of 75 insect fragments per 50g flour. The relationship between level of infestation and number of resulting fragments is not well documented. We characterized the number of insect fragments produced from milling small lots of wheat spiked with known densities and life stages of Sitophilus oryzae. Fragments were enumerated with near-infrared spectroscopy NIRS. Data suggests NIRS could be adopted for rapid assessment of insect fragments resulting from relatively low levels of infestation with immature life state, but was not accurate enough for enumerating fragments resulting from adults at densities relevant to FDA standards. The relationship between bread quality and 49 hard red spring (HRS) or 48 hard red winter (HRW) grain, flour, and dough quality characteristics was studied. Estimated bread quality attributes included loaf volume, bake mix time, bake water absorption, and crumb grain score. When the data set was divided into calibration and prediction sets, the loaf volume and bake mix time models still looked promising for screening samples. Only loaf volume could be predicted with accuracies adequate for screening. Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab, is a destructive disease of wheat. FHB causes yield reductions of up to 50% and crop losses in the US have exceeded $1 billion in some years. In addition, FHB can produce the toxin deoxynivalenol which must be below FDA guidelines. Visible detection of FHB is laborious and subjective and we evaluated the use of automated near-infrared technology to detect FHB. Results showed that visual detection was strongly correlated to NIR detection and that the NIR method was more repeatable. This technology should help the grain industry more consistently detect FHB and thus improve the safety of the US food supply. The technology can also be used to rapidly screen new wheat lines for FHB resistance. OBJECTIVE 2 Carotenoids in Corn and Monitoring for Liquefaction in the Dry Grind Ethanol Process with NIR Calibrations for measuring carotenoids in corn with NIR and DE in liquefaction with FT-NIR were developed. U.S. ethanol production capacity was 7.88 billion gallons per year in January 2008 and as of December 2008 the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) estimates that 172 plants were producing 10.44 billion gallons of ethanol annually. An additional 1.58 billion gallons of ethanol production is expected from 21 more plants currently under construction. Ability to rapidly measure and monitor liquefaction prior to fermentation processes and variability in DDGS quality is needed. Research on Grain Inventory Management through Electronic Record-keeping of Bulk Material in a Grain Elevator A GIS based lot identification system was developed. The initial trade unit of bulk commodities is the amount in one batch of a harvesting machine, with subsequent aggregation of GIS coded identifications as lots are commingled. A simulation process for grain flow in handling was developed, based on simulation modeling of grain flow patterns. The goal is Grain Inventory Management through electronic record-keeping of bulk material in a grain elevator in a relational database format that can be expanded to the grain supply chain. Additional grain mock recalls were conducted, with steadily improving precision of tracking inbound lots to possible outbound shipments. The partner company, Farmers Cooperative Elevator Company, developed a quality manual for ISO certification of its agronomy input supply business. One of the goals is tracking of input supplies to specific fields and/or grain lots. This goal connects with the needs of grain tracking. An outreach effort began with the planning of a QMS curriculum at various levels - distance education, adult education, on-campus curricular, QMS minor at the undergraduate curriculum. The outreach connects traceability practices with current processes and provides reasons for U.S. to support traceability of bulk grain products rather than resist the concept. Tracking of feed grains to milk products was begun. The process mapping procedure developed by TRACE was utilized to identify points of identity loss and potential breakdown of the traceability. Cost control operations were identified by the cooperator. An example protocol for the documentation of grain production, to be attached to grain lots as they enter the marketplace was designed. The protocol covers all required and optional elements of ISO 22005 traceability standard. The electronic bin board (internal grain handling traceability system) was tested at one elevator. Modifications are in progress. Heat Treatment of Empty Storage Structures for Pest Disinfestation Heat treatment trials were conducted at two farms near Abilene, Kansas. At each location where temperatures reached the target of 54°C mortality was 100% and no progeny were detected after 60 d incubation. The results of this study confirmed once more that uniform distribution of the heated air has to be assured throughout the plenum and the target temperature has to be maintained sufficiently long to achieve 100% mortality. Utilization of Oilseeds and Grains as Functional Ingredients We have recently completed research on the creation of a gluten free bean snack that contained flaxseed. This work is critical if the Snack industry is to develop healthier snack products. We have developed several functional foods using North Dakota commodities. Flaxseed is a significant source of omega-3 lipids. McGuigan (2005) reported that Frost & Sullivan estimated that the omega-3 and omega-6 ingredients market in the United State is valued at $204.5 million. The entire omega-3 market is expected to increase 8% annually until 2010 in the United States. We have demonstrated the feasibility of using flaxseed and flaxseed oil in products such as ice cream, yogurt, pasta, breads and snack products. The results observed in this research will improve the fundamental knowledge of flaxseed as a food ingredient. The project demonstrated that flaxseed could be extruded into a snack food product up to 15% flaxseed. The remaining 85% of the product formula was a 50%:50% mixture of corn and edible beans flours. Under the appropriate processing conditions, the flaxseed containing samples had physical characteristics similar to the non-flaxseed control products. Furthermore, the flaxseed-containing extruded product had a 10 month shelf life stability when packaged under nitrogen gas. A follow-up study was completed using 10% flaxseed in an edible beans without corn. The samples were coated with cheese flavoring and tested by a sensory panel. The flaxseed-containing snack product was rated equally well as the control in terms of sensory characteristics. These results support the utilization of flaxseed in extruded snacks. The snack food industry could utilize the data as a foundation for developing commercial snack food products that are healthier for consumers. In addition to the snack food products, flaxseed as an antifungal agent has been demonstrated for the first time in model food systems. The components responsible for the activity were identified as phenolic compounds and proteins. The stability of the antifungal activity was also characterized. A mild heat treatment of flaxseed did not significantly affect the antifungal activity; however, high temperature treatment did significantly influence antifungal activity of flaxseed. Our recent publication on antifungal proteins from flaxseed lead a company to contact us to help address issues they are having with flaxseed. Effect of Ozone on Wheat Quality and Functionality Durum wheat: Ozone treatment of grain reduced germination and caused a small reduction in mold count but not in APC or yeast counts. Conjugated diene content (a measure of lipid oxidation) in hexane extracted lipid was higher in ozone treated grain compared to nontreated control. Ozone did not affect DON content in grain infected with Fusarium head blight. Treating grain with ozone did not alter grain protein content, ash content, kernel size, kernel weight, kernel color or falling number. HRSW: Ozone reduced germination and caused a small reduction in APC, yeast, and mold counts. Conjugated diene content in hexane extracted lipid was similar with and without ozone treatment. Ozone treatment did not affect protein content, kernel size, kernel weight, kernel color or falling number. Flour from the ozone treated grain did not differ in protein content, ash content, wet gluten content, gluten index or any dough (farinograph) properties. The bread loaf volume, weight, specific gravity were similar whether made from flour of treated or untreated grain. Effectiveness and Profitability of Alternative Insect Control Strategies in Grain Storage and Processing Firms Simulation results indicated that if insect immigration into some storage structures can be reduced by a factor of 10 (through sealing of openings in grain bins and cleanliness, for example), or if a particular year or location has lower temperatures and/or humidity, an IPM approach likely would be economical. Initial work also suggests that because of its correlation with time required for seasonal cooling, harvest-time temperature of grain going into storage is an important factor determining economic viability of an IPM approach. Tactics identified that can make a sampling-based approach to stored grain management economically attractive include reducing insect immigration rate (by better bin sealing and sanitation) and reducing duration of storage. In addition, an economic comparison of traditional fumigation and closed-loop fumigation, which reduces fumigant use by 30% and controls insects more effectively, and an economic analysis of IPM, was presented to elevator managers and employees in extension workshops for continuing education credit. Determination and Prediction of Sorption Isotherm of Corn Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) DDGS was produced at a commercial fuel ethanol plant using various process conditions to obtain samples of DDGS with various physical and chemical characteristics. The effect of chemical composition on moisture sorption behavior of DDGS at different temperature was investigated. Difference in the sorption isotherm curves of DDGS samples reduced as equilibrium relative humidity increased. Equilibrium moisture content of DDGS samples reduced with lowering of CDS quantity. Sorption behavior of DDGS can be predicted from the chemical composition of protein, sugar, minerals, starch fiber and glycerol. Protein, fiber, sugars, minerals, and glycerol influenced the EMC of DDGS. The effect of protein was higher (35.26%), followed by fiber (26.12%). The results from this study underline the importance of knowledge of chemical composition to predict the sorption behavior of DDGS. The developed predictive models of DDGS isotherms using chemical composition are helping the development of a rapid analysis tool to predict product caking that would help direct the shipment of DDGS bulk to destinations where product are likely not to cake during transport. Low Field Magnetic Resonance Sensing of Moisture Content of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) In these preliminary tests, which were conducted over the range of 10 to 30% moisture, the low field MR sensor was able to measure the moisture content of DDGS to within 0.1 to 0.9 percentage points (average of 0.32 percentage points) of the moisture content determined using a convection oven (2 g, 105C, 3 hrs) . It should be possible, with additional research, to develop models that would give good results for DDGS at higher moisture contents, and also for WDG, wet cake, thin stillage, and condensed solubles. The method is currently being used to measure moisture content of pulp at orange juice processing facilities and it should therefore be adaptable to use in ethanol processing plants. These plants could use the rapid (2 minutes or less) determinations of moisture content to provide more precise control of drying and mixing operations. It may also be possible to use this approach to develop a model for predicting the oil content of DDGS, WDG, and wet cake. Effect of Moisture Content and Fungal Inhibitors on Mold Growth in Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) and Wet Distillers Grains (WDG) DDGS is usually dried to approximately 12% moisture content or below to ensure that it has good handling characteristics. Mold cannot grow in DDGS at these low moisture contents. MC of dry DDGS can be increased to 20% or greater by leaks in buildings or containers, or by extended exposure to high humidity air. The studies of CO2 production by DDGS re-wetted to moistures between 16% and 30% MC and incubated at 23°C indicate that there should be very little mold growth in DDGS at 16% moisture or less and relatively slow growth if moisture is around 20%. Also, when DDGS does not have to be shipped long distances, appropriate handling equipment is available, and when it will be utilized within several weeks, energy used to dry the DDGS could be saved by maintaining the DDGS at higher moisture contents. The study of DDGS stored over winter (October through May) at ~17% MC indicated that susceptibility to fungal growth increased with time in storage. Fungal growth was very slow when storage temperature was around 10°C to 15°C. However, as time in storage increased and ambient temperatures (and therefore DDGS temperature) increased in early spring, fungal growth became more rapid and generated heat, which caused a significant increase in DDGS temperature. These results suggest that DDGS stored at ~17% moisture and 10°C to 15°C will not mold for several months. Finally, the study with mold inhibitors indicated that they could effectively control mold and yeast growth in WDG for at least 5 or 6 days at 23°C if they are applied at the proper rate, and that they will retard mold growth in WDG at 23°C for at least 10 days. Furthermore, for one of the inhibitors, the highest application rate (20 lb/ton) was no more effective than the intermediate rate (10 lb/ton). This suggests that relatively high application rates may not offer an advantage in retarding mold growth. Genetic Variation in Grain Hardness of Barley and its Role in Food Processing We continue investigating genotypic and environmental influences on grain hardness of barley as well as factors associated with grain hardness. The major focus of our study is the micro structure of the kernel responsible for variations in grain hardness of barley. We determined the influence of genotype (G) and environment (E) on kernel hardness of barley, and explored the association of kernel hardness with other grain characteristics including size, shape, density and vitreousness. G and E effects on physical characteristics of barley kernel were determined using 14 genetically diverse barley lines grown in 12 locations with 3 replications. We also determined grain hardness, proportion of hull and kernel size of 960 barley breeding lines grown in 2007 using an SKCS and the barleys genotypic variation. Kernel hardness of barley influences post-harvest handling, pearling and milling properties of grains, flour particle size distribution and eventually processing and product quality, as has been well documented for wheat. Large variation in hardness among barley genotypes, and greater influences of genotype than environment on grain hardness indicate the feasibility of genetic improvement of barley varieties to make them specifically suitable for food uses. Consequently, food processors will be able to utilize an increased amount of barley in various food products with improved quality attributes. The major economic impact this study contributes will result from the increased use of barley for food products and the expanded export of barley to overseas food markets. Improved Handling and Storage Systems for Grain Quality Maintenance and Measurement Measured accuracy of the newly developed fringing field capacitive (FFC) moisture sensor, close to that of laboratory instruments, is appropriate for a low-cost, in situ instrument for monitoring stored grain and for rapid determination of grain moisture content in bulk containers. The equilibrium moisture monitoring system was built and installed in a rice storage warehouse for field testing. The monitoring of stored grain with these sensors should improve storage management by detecting problematic conditions quickly so corrective measures can be taken. In a study of grain dust generation and emissions from elevators for both wheat and shelled corn, at an average grain flow rate of 54.4 t/h, the size distribution of dust from the upper and lower ducts showed similar trends among grain lots and repeated transfers but differed between the two ducts. The corn produced significantly more of the smaller dust particles than did wheat, and produced more than twice as much total dust  185 g/t of corn handled  than did wheat. These results will be valuable for feed and grain handlers and grain elevator operators for evaluating and improving their handling and sanitation procedures to reduce their safety and health hazards and air pollution problems. OBJECTIVE 3 Research Conducted for Grain Quality Factors and Grain Storage As more corn is used locally in fuel production, less is available for export, feed applications and other processing. This has led to changes in grain transport, on-farm grain storage and the function of local grain elevators. The IGQI added grain storage questions to the 2007 Iowa Farm and Rural Life Poll. The 2007 Survey Report on Grain Storage and Transportation, Twelve percent of the Iowa Farmers intended to construct on-farm storage over the next three years, with an average of 30,000 bushels of new capacity. The addition of on-farm storage was a direct response to the demand for corn by the ethanol industry. The training module can be accessed from the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative web site, www.iowagrain.org. The processing reports have been presented to the 2007 Integrated Crop Management conference participants (approximately 50 in a concurrent session), the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative Advisory Committee (20 participants), and to the Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension field specialists in the ISU College of Agriculture (approximately 60 participants). It is also posted on the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative website www.iowagrain.org and on the Value Added Agriculture Program website www.iavaap.org. This project provided data for the white paper, Food and Fuel: Enough Grain but Not Enough Processing, prepared for Bioeconomy Conversations II, November 2008. The ethanol and soy processing surveys have served as a basis for the Grain Storage Module, a web-based decision maker created by the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative for farmers and grain handlers considering building new storage. It has also helped the IGQI participants better communicate the implications of new local demand for corn and soybeans and how ISU Extension can assist farmers to participate in these new markets. There is ample corn at present and future production levels to meet processing and feed needs in Iowa. We expect this understanding to result in more policy and business decisions based on growth of corn supply rather than on allocation control of corn supply. When taken in connection with new feed ration balancing knowledge, the extension of this study will be to increase the activity of both the livestock and processing industries. Swine diets can utilize more biofuels coproducts than are normally included in rations, in tradeoff with corn grain. More inclusion of biofuel coproducts will alleviate some of the competition for corn between processing and feeding, and will reduce the transportation needs for hard-to-handle coproducts. Less conflict between feed and fuel needs will allow both to grow at rates needed to supply world food needs and domestic fuel demands. GEAPS-Purdue-KSU Grain and Biorefinery Operations Distance Education Program During the past three years, this successful University-industry partnership has had 382 participants from 14 countries (including five Latin American countries) enroll in five courses offered ten times with a completion rate of 82%. Additionally, five undergraduate and graduate students from Purdue University, The Ohio State University and Iowa State University took GEAPS 510, 520 and 590 for independent study college credit, which was supplemented with additional assignments. In 2008, five courses were offered between January and July including two new ones (GEAPS 590 and 540). For 2009, seven courses will be offered between January and July including two new ones (GEAPS 521 and 542). Additionally, five new courses are currently under development. Courses so far have been or are being developed in collaboration with NC-213 experts from Purdue University, Kansas State University, North Dakota State University, Oklahoma State University, Iowa State University, USDA GIPSA, and USDA ARS. Administration of the program has been moved from Purdue University to Kansas State University. International Grain Quality and Technology Congress The 2008 International Grain Quality and Technology Congress was held July 15-18, 2008 in Chicago, Illinois. This scientific conference was an outreach activity underwritten by NC-213 in partnership with the National Soybean Research Laboratory, University of Illinois and Purdue University. This Congress presented cutting-edge research, state-of-the-art knowledge and information on leading industry practices that addressed these issues through keynote, oral and poster presentations, panel discussions, case studies, breakout sessions, special topic workshops, and round table discussions. The participants and presenters at the Congress, from 14 countries, included over 100 leading scientists, engineers, economists, and professionals from the agricultural and food/feed/fiber/fuel industry (including equipment, biotechnology and service suppliers; grain producers, handlers and processors; food and feed manufacturers; fiber and fuel producers), certification agencies, producer organizations, grain inspection services, universities, research institutes, and international trade policy groups from throughout the world also participated.

Benoit Igne, Glen R. Rippke, and Charles R. Hurburgh Jr. 2008. Spectral Pretreatment for Among Brand Near Infrared Instrument Standardization. Pittsburgh Analytical Conference, March 2-6, 2008, New Orleans, LA. Poster and published abstract. Igne B., Rippke G.R., Hurburgh C.R., 2008. Soybean Fatty Acid Prediction by Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Model Standardization, Proc 99th AOCS Meeting, Seattle, WA, May 2008. Invited Presentation and published abstract. Honored Student Award Presentation. Glen R. Rippke, Connie L. Hardy, Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr., and Walter A. Goldstein. 2008. Methods of Calibrating NIRS Sensors when Biological Parameters are Correlated: The Case of Maize Amino Acids. Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry, Montpellier, France. June 30-July 4, 2008. Poster, published abstract. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr., Elvira Fernandez dAhumada and G.R. Rippke. 2008. Chemometrics Issues in Calibrating an On-Harvester Embedded NIR Sensor. Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry, Montpellier, France. June 30-July 4, 2008. Invited presentation, published abstract. Igne, B. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Fourier and Wavelet Coefficients Filtering for Near Infrared Instrument Calibration and Standardization. Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry, Montpellier, France. June 30-July 4, 2008. Poster, published abstract. Connie L. Hardy, Glen R. Rippke, Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr.,Walter A. Goldstein. 2008. Methods of Calibrating NIRS Sensors when Biological Parameters are Correlated: The Case of Maize Amino Acids. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Poster. Benoit Igne and Dr. Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Particle Swarm Optimization for Variable Selection  A Strong Competitor to Genetic Algorithms. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Oral Presentation. Benoit Igne, Charles R. Hurburgh Jr. 2008. Fourier and Wavelet Filtering: a New Type of Spectral Pretreatment for Near Infrared Instrument Calibration and Standardization. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Poster. Lidia Esteve Agelet and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Measures of validation for Near Infrared calibrations: The RPD. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Poster. Ana Maria DiMartino, Glen R. Rippke, and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Calibration of Diode Array Spectrometers to Analyze Soybean Meal From Multiple Extraction Methods. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Poster. Allison Burgers and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Prediction of Fermentable Starch Content in Corn by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Poster. Hurburgh, C. R. Jr. 2008. Calibration, standardization and validation economics. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Oral Presentation. Benoit Igne and Dr. Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Using the Frequency Components of Near Infrared Spectra: Optimizing calibration and standardization processes. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Oral Presentation. Igne B., Rippke G.R., Hurburgh C.R., 2008. Measurement of Whole Soybean Fatty Acids by Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 85(12):1105-1113. IGNE B., and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Standardization of Near Infrared Spectrometers: Evaluation of common techniques for intra and inter brand calibration transfer. JNIRS 16:539-550. Connie Hardy and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008 Progress in using near infrared grain analyzers (NIR) to measure amino acids in corn. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011. December 10-11, 2008. Allison Burgers and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Prediction of fermentable starch content by near-infrared spectroscopy. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011. December 10-11, 2008. Baenziger, P.S. and S. Al-Otayk. 2007. Plant Breeding in the 21st Century. pp. In Kasem Zaki Ahmed (ed.) Proceedings of the 8th African Crop Science Society Meeting. October 27 to October 31, 2007. El-Minia, Egypt. Baenziger, P.S., B. Beecher, R.A. Graybosch, A. M. H. Ibrahim, D.D. Baltensperger, L.A. Nelson, Y. Jin, S. N. Wegulo, J.E. Watkins, J. H. Hatchett, Ming-Shun Chen, and Guihua Bai. 2008. Registration of 'NE01643' wheat. J. Plant Registrations 2: 3642. Ali, M., J. Rajewski, P. S. Baenziger, K. S. Gill, K. M. Eskridge and I. Dweikat. 2008. Assessment of genetic diversity and relationship among a collection of US sweet sorghum germplasm by SSR markers. Molec. Breeding. 21:497-509. Ibrahim, A.M.H., S.D. Haley, P. S. Baenziger, Y. Jin, M.A.C. Langham, J. Rickertsen, S. Kalsbeck, R. Little, J. Ingemansen, O.K. Chung, B.W. Seabourn, G.H. Bai, Ming-Shun Chen and D.V. McVey. 2008. Registration of 'Alice' wheat. Journal of Plant Registrations 2:110-114. Ibrahim, A.M.H., S.D. Haley, P. S. Baenziger, Y. Jin, M.A.C. Langham, J. Rickertsen, S. Kalsbeck, R. Little, J. Ingemansen, O.K. Chung, B.W. Seabourn, G.H. Bai, Ming-Shun Chen and D.V. McVey. 2008. Registration of Darrell wheat. Journal of Plant Registrations 2:115-119. Bullerman, L.B., A. Bianchini, L.S. Jackson, J. Jablonski, M.A. Hanna and D. Ryu. 2008. Reduction of fumonisin B1 in corn grits by single- screw extrusion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56:2400-2405. Voss, K.A., L.B. Bullerman, A. Bianchini, M.A. Hanna and D. Ryu. 2008. Reduced toxicity of fumonisin B1 in corn grits by single screw extrusion. Journal of Food Protection 71:2036-2041. Ahn, H.J., Kim, J.H., Chang, Y.H., Steffe, J.F., Ng, P.K.W., and Park, H.R. 2008. Effects of transglutaminase on pasting and rheological properties of different wheat cultivars blended with barley or soy flour. Food Science and Biotechnology 17(1):52-57. Koh, B. and Ng, P.K.W. 2008. Effects of phenolic acids and transglutaminase on soft wheat flour dough and baked products. J. Sci. of Food and Agriculture 88:1832-1836. Chang, Y.H., Ng, P.K.W., and Chang, Y.S. 2008. Effects of extrusion process variables on extractable ginsenosides in wheat-ginseng extrudates. Cereal Foods World 53:A53 for AACCI Annual Meeting. Cheung, W., Cheung, P., and Ng, P.K.W. 2008. Effects of addition of mushroom fiber on the baking qualities and on the total dietary fiber content of baked products. Cereal Foods World 53:A54 for AACCI Annual Meeting. Ng, P.K.W., Lewis, J., Tanhehco, E. MSU Wheat Quality Testing of Advanced Lines: Report on Milling and Baking Test Results for Selected Michigan-Grown Soft Wheats Harvested in 2007. January 2008. 38 pp. Senay Simsek, Jae Ohm, Yu Zhang, Bradley Reuhs. Structural Changes of Arabinoxylans in Refrigerated Dough. Institute of Food Technologist Annual Meeting and Food Expo, 2008, in New Orleans, LA. Yu Zhang, Senay Simsek, Osvaldo Campanella. Rheological changes in refrigerated dough during storage. Institute of Food Technologist Annual Meeting and Food Expo, 2008, in New Orleans, LA. Kristin Whitney, Senay Simsek, William Berzonsky, Jae Bom Ohm. The Effect of Starch Properties on Wheat Flour Tortilla Quality. American Association of Cereal Chemist-International Annual Meeting, Cereal Foods World, 52:A65. September 21-24, 2008, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Ramos, O., R.L. Stroshine, and P. Armstrong. 2008. Physical Attributes and Composition of White, Yellow and Specialty Type Maize Hybrids. Proceedings of the 2008 International Grain Quality and Technology Congress, July 15-17, 2008, Chicago, IL. Alviola, J.N. and Waniska, R.D. 2008. Determining the role of starch in flour tortilla staling using alpha-amylase. Cereal Chem 85(3):391-396. Alviola, J.N., Waniska, R.D. and Rooney, L.W. 2008. Role of gluten in flour tortilla staling. Cereal Chem 85(3):295-300. Calderón-Chinchilla, V.R., Hernández Valle, M., Mason, S.C., and Rooney, L.W. 2008. Influencia del nitrógeno en la calidad del grano de sorgo en El Salvador (Influence of nitrogen in the grain yield and quality of sorghum lines in El Salvador). Agronomia Mesoamericana 19(1):47-56. Gu, L., House, S.E., Rooney, L., and Prior, R.L. 2008. Sorghum extrusion increases bioavailability of catechins in weanling pigs. J Ag and Food Chem. 56:1283-1288. Kebakile, Martin, M., Rooney, Lloyd W., de Kock, Henriette L. and Taylor, and John R.N. 2008. Effects of sorghum type and milling process on the sensory characteristics of sorghum porridge. Cereal Chem. 85(3):307313. (with JRN Taylor). Lee, K.M., McReynolds, J.L., Fuller, C., Jones, B., Herrman, T.J. and Runyon, M. 2008. Investigation and characterization of the feed rodent industry in Texas following a multi-state Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak associated with frozen vacuum-packed rodents. Zoono. Public Health 55:488-496. Barrion, S.C. January 2008. Pearl millet milling: Comparison between traditional Nambian fermentation semi-wet milling and dry milling. MS Thesis. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 101 pp. (with JRN Taylor). Dykes, L. May 2008. Flavonoid composition and antioxidant activity of pigmented sorghums of varying genotypes. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 175 pp. Guajardo-Flores, S. May 2008. Evaluation of anticancer potential of sorghums with different genetic characteristics and levels of phenolic compounds. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 85 pp. (with S. Serna-Saldivar). Kebakile, M.M. July 2008. Sorghum dry-milling processes and their influence on meal and porridge quality. PhD Dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. 175 pp. (with JRN Taylor). Lemlioglu-Austin, D. December 2008. The effects of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] phenolic compounds on starch digestibility of porridges. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 120 pp. Alviola, J.N. and Rooney, L.W. 2008. Improving shelf-stability of fiber-enriched flour tortillas. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo , New Orleans, Book of Abstracts 174-12. http://preview.tinyurl.com/8vzvw8 Dykes, L., Rooney, W.L., Peterson, G.C., and Rooney, L.W. 2008. Flavonoid content in non-tannin sorghum of varying genotypes. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo, New Orleans, LA, Book of Abstracts 177-30. http://preview.tinyurl.com/http-tinyurl-com-58v4vu Gritsenko, M., Alviola, J., McDonough, C., and Rooney, L. 2008. Effect of sorghum, oat, buckwheat and flax on flour tortilla quality. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo, New Orleans, LA, Book of Abstracts 173-10. http://preview.tinyurl.com/6fnzmp Lewis, J.B., Taddeo, S.S., McDonough, C.M., Rooney, L.W., Carroll, R.J., and Turner, N.D. 2008. Sorghum bran varieties differentially influence endogenous antioxidant enzymes to protect against oxidative stress during colon carcinogenesis. Experimental Biology Conference. FASEB J. 22:887.7 Njongmeta, N.L., Dykes, L., and Rooney, L.W. 2008. Flavonoid profile and antioxidant activity levels of special sorghums. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo, New Orleans, LA, Book of Abstracts 177-69:237. http://preview.tinyurl.com/6s7kfy Cardenas, A. 2008. Concentration effects and temperature stability of 3-deoxyanthocyanins from black sorghum bran. TAMU Student Research Week, College Station, TX. Lemlioglu-Austin, D., Rooney, L.W., and McDonough, C.M. 2008. Specialty sorghum varieties have potential health benefits with high antioxidant activity and slower starch digestion. Proceedings of Bosphorus 2008 ICC Intl Conference, Istanbul, Turkey. Njongmeta, N. 2008. Concentration effects and temperature stability of 3-deoxyanthocyanins from black sorghum bran. Texas A&M University Student Research Week, College Station, TX. Rooney, L.W., Dykes, L., Rooney, W.L., and Peterson, G.C. 2008. Phytochemicals and other healthy components of sorghums. AACC Intl Annual Meeting. September 21-24, Honolulu, Hawaii, Cereal Foods World 53:A39. Rooney, L.W. 2008. Experience with sorghum processed food products in different countries. INTSORMIL, Building a Supply Chain for Millet and Sorghum Food Processing Workshop. Bamako, Mali. Rooney, L.W. 2008. Sorghum quality, composition and processing properties. US Grains Council, Sorghum Marketing Workshops, European Union (Dublin Ireland, Wageningen Netherlands, Paris France, Coventry England). Pearson, T.C., Wilson, J.D., Gwirtz, J., Maghirang, E.B., Dowell, F.E., Mccluskey, P., Bean, S. 2007. The Relationship Between Single Wheat Kernel Particle Size Distribution and the Perten SKCS 4100 Hardness Index. Cereal Chemistry. 84(6):567-575. Online. doi:10.1094/CCHEM-84-6-0567. Pearson, T.C., Brabec, D.L. 2007. Detection of Wheat Kernels with Hidden Insect Infestations Using an Electrically Conductive Roller Mill. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 23(5):639-645. Haff, R.P., Pearson, T.C. 2007. An Automatic Algorithm for detection of Infestations in X-ray Images of Agricultural Products. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety. 1(3):143-150. Haff, R.P., Pearson, T.C. 2007. Separating in shell pistachio nuts from kernels using impact vibration analysis. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety. 1(4):188-192. Armstrong, P.R., Lingenfelser, J., Mckinney, L. 2007. The Effect of Moisture Content on Determining Corn Hardness from Grinding Time and Grinding Energy, and Hardness Prediction Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. Vol. 23(6):793-799. Abu-Ghoush, M., Herald, T., Dowell, F.E., Xie, F., Aramouni, F.M., Madl, R. 2008. Effect of preservatives addition on the shelf life extensions and quality of flat bread as determined by near infrared spectroscopy and texture analysis. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 43(2):357-364. Online. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01594.x. Gwirtz, J., Hosney, C.R., Dowell, F.E., Hubbard, R. 2007. A unique approach to micronization. International Miller. 06/07:60-66. Abughoush, M., Herald, T., Dowell, F.E., Xie, F., Aramouni, F., Walker, C. 2008. Effect of antimicrobial agents and dough conditioners on the shelf-life extension and quality of flat bread, as determined by near-infrared spectroscopy. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 43(2):365-372. Online. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01625.x. Dowell, F.E., Maghirang, E.B., Pierce, R.0., Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S., Xie, F., Caley, M.S., Wilson, J.D., Seabourn, B.W., Ram, M.S., Park, S., Chung, O.K. 2008. The Relationship of Bread Quality to Kernel, Flour, and Dough Properties. Cereal Chemistry. 85(1):82-91. Online. doi: 10.1094/CCHEM-85-1- 0082. Available http://cerealchemistry.aaccnet.org/toc/cchem/85/1. Paulsen, M.R. 2008. Measurement and Maintenance of Soybean Quality, Ch. 6 In: Soybeans - Chemistry, Production, Processing, and Utilization ed. L.A. Johnson, P.J. White, and R. Galloway, AOCS Press, Urbana, IL. Rathore, S.S.S, M.R. Paulsen, C.B. Kandianis, I.D. Carvalho, W. Liu, W.S. White, and T.R. Rocheford. 2008. Corn carotenoid measurements using near-infrared spectroscopy. International Grain Quality & Technology Congress Proceedings. Chicago, IL. Jul 14-17, 2008. Rathore, S.S.S., M.R. Paulsen, V. Sharma, and V. Singh. 2008. Optimization of yeast and enzyme dose for dry grind ethanol plants. ASABE Paper No. 08-3911. St. Joseph, MI 49085. Rathore, S., Paulsen M.R., Bernardo, V. and Singh, V. 2008. Comparison of methods for monitoring liquefaction for use in the dry grind ethanol industry, AACC International Annual Meeting, CFW 52: A49, Sep 21-24, 2008, Honolulu, HA. Laux, Chad and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Traceability of bulk grains. GEAPS / IAOM  Great Lakes Regional Conference, Angola, IN. April 12, 2008. Invited Presentation. Thakur M. and Hurburgh C.R, 2008. Conceptual Design of Fully Traceable Supply Chain for Bulk Agricultural Commodities, NC-213: 2008 Meeting, Omaha, Nebraska February 27, 2008. Mosher, G.A., N. Keren, and S.A. Freeman. 2008. Role of Trust in Safety-Related Workplace Decisions. Accepted for presentation at the National Association of Industrial Technologists Annual Conference, Nashville, TN (November 14, 2008). Laux, C. A, C.R. Hurburgh, Jr., G.A. Mosher. 2008. Food Traceability Using Quality Management Systems to Meet the Food and Drug Administration Bioterrorism Act of 2002. Accepted for presentation at the National Association of Industrial Technologists Annual Conference, Nashville, TN (November 14, 2008). Gregory Bennet and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Methodology to insure U.S. genetically modified (GM) grain sales into approved foreign markets Integrating ISO traceability standards with agricultural quality management systems. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011. December 10-11, 2008. Maier, D.E. and D.J.P. Moog. 2008. Development of an organic stored product pest control treatment station in Indiana, U.S.A. utilizing nitrogen for shipment containers. Proceedings of the 2008 Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation International Conference. Chengdu, China. September 21-26, 2008. Moog, D.J.P. and Maier, D.E. 2007. Organic stored product pest treatment using nitrogen during shipment. 2007 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reduction, San Diego, California. October 29 to November 1, 2007 Xu, Y., C.A. Hall III, C. Wolf-Hall. 2008. Fungistatic Activity of Heat-Treated Flaxseed Determined by Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Food Science 73(6), M250-256. Tulbek, M.C., Hall III, C.A, B. Zhao. 2008.Evaluation of the Impact of Packaging Methods on the Oxidative Stability of Milled Flaxseed. Proceedings of the 62st Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by J. Hammond. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 119- 126. Hall III, C.A., M. Niehaus, S. Meyers, M. Tulbek, B. Jacobson. 2008. Effect of Flaxseed Flour on the Quality of Fresh Wheat Tortillas. Proceedings of the 62st Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by J. Hammond. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 127-134. Vadukapuram, N., C. A. Hall III, M. C. Tulbek. 2008. Development and Characterization of Milled Flaxseed Fortified Extruded Bean Snack. Proceedings of the 62st Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by J. Hammond. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 135- 142. Xu, Y., C.A. Hall III, C. Wolf-Hall, F. Manthey. 2008. Fungistatic activity of flaxseed in potato dextrose agar and a fresh noodle system. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 121, 262-267. Xu, Y., C.A. Hall III, C. Wolf-Hall. 2008. Antifungal Activity Stability of Flaxseed Protein Extract Using Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Food Science 73(1), M9-14. Kingsly, A.R.P. and Ileleji, K.E. 2008. Modeling Moisture Sorption Isotherm of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) using Artificial Neural Network. (Accepted in Transactions of ASABE). Kingsly, A.R.P. and Ileleji, K.E. 2008. Sorption Isotherm of Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) and its Prediction using Chemical Composition. (In Review Food Chemistry). Kingsly A.R.P. and Ileleji, K.E. 2008. Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Dried Distillers Grain with Solubles (DDGS) Produced Using Four Process Conditions. Paper presented at AIM of ASABE. ASABE Paper No. 083723. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. Kingsly A.R.P. and Ileleji, K.E. 2008. Development of predictive models for the quality and handling characteristics of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Paper presented at International Grain Quality Conference, Chicago. Jiru, T.E, K.E. Ileleji, and D.E. Maier. 2008. Evaluating Energy Efficient Strategies and Product Quality for Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Dry-Grind Ethanol Plants. Poster Presented at Integrated Ethanol Symposium at Purdue Unievrsity. November 18th, 2008. Maier, D.E., Khandelwal, S., Lawrence, J., and Campabadal, C.A. 2007. Modeling airflow in outdoor grain pile aeration systems using computational fluid dynamics software. Paper No. 06-6085; ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. Campabadal, C.A., Maier, D.E. and Moog, D.J. 2007. Engineering design parameters for recirculation, flow of ozone through grain storage structures. Paper No. 07-6168. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. Dhillon, B., H. Sandhu, D. Wiesenborn, F. Manthey, and C. Wolf-Hall. 2007. A comparison between chlorinated water and ozonated water as an antimicrobial treatment during tempering of wheat. Paper No. 076169; ASABE St. Joseph, MI. McClurkin, J.D., Campabadal, C.A. and Maier, D.E. 2008. Semi-continuous ozonation system for pest control. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products. p.170-174. Chengdu, China, September 21-26, 2008. McClurkin, J.D., Maier, D.E. and Woloshuk, C.P. 2008. 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