Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

W-1150: Genetic Improvement of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Yield, Disease Resistance, and Food Value Annual Meeting February 20-21, 2009. Isabela Substation, University of Puerto Rico, PR Minutes: Jim Nienhuis called the meeting to order at 8:15 AM. Minutes were taken by Carlos A. Urrea, secretary. Attendees were welcomed and introduced themselves. 1. Agenda was approved as it was. 2. Ann Marie was asked by Jim Nienhuis: Do beans in general or agriculture in general are they part of the stimulus package or not? Ann Marie - Yes and no. Our agency did not get any part of the stimulus package. The ARS got some money at least to repair the facilities of the national germplasm system, so at least the bean collection will benefit from these facilities in better shape. Ann Marie mentioned that Dr. Lyang-Shiou Lin is the national program director for the plant breeding education part. Letters of intent for plant breeding and education are due by March 16. The stipend for grad students does not count, that is considered research. They did have another requirement to do more in the way of integrated projects. Integrated means at least two of the three functions, research, education and extension need to be addressed. In our agencies integrated has at least two of those three. That is why that has got education in there and that is why the education has to be something that the professional educator will think about. Maybe other things we can do is a mentoring program, some kind of distance exchange and the way to find out if your interested, call the program manager. Question: What is the percentage of funding? Anne: I sit in on the panels when I can. And it seems like 8-12% but to really find out, you have to call in. Ann: We did get some information from Sec. of Agriculture, Sec. Vilsack. He sent us a letter of his five priorities and it is the best guideline we have now, if there are any changes, any new opportunities, where they might be going. I will read the top sentence off of each one. "Promote a safe and nutritious food supply for all Americans and people around the world. Beans are a super food so there ought to be a place for beans in the next four years. Number one is food safety. So, if you can think of a way to breed beans that is inhospitable to human pathogens, nutrition programs that alleviate hunger and prevent health care problems and prevent obesity, these are there. "Sustainable agricultural policies. Example ag policies including viability for small and medium sized farms. Protection of natural resources. Valued added assets. "National leadership climate change mitigation and application. Climate change - efficiency in energy use. Bio-fuels, renewal energy of all types. Clean air, water and habitat. They are not including plant breeding, but I do not know how you describe climate change without it. We may have to educate them. "Building a modern workplace with a modern workforce. Information technology improvements led by manpower and diverse workforce. "Support for 21st century rural communities. Broadband internet, housing, small businesses and community facilities. 3. W1150-Impact in response to request from Administrative advisor Greg Bohach, who could not attend. Jim Nienhuis and Juan Osorno agreed to summarize a two short paragraphs sent from each W-1150 participant highlighting interactions, outputs as release of varieties, outcomes as total number of acres grown and number of graduate students trained as workforce quality, and impact as prosperous business including processors and framers. Other impact parameters could be soil and environment health, and health of the consumers. P. Gepts suggested summarize the data instead of doing state-by-state. J. Steadman suggested getting a letter from ProVita staying Nebraska and others dry bean germplasm contribution into private industry. J. Brown talked about mentioning the impact on biotic and abiotic stresses. J. Nienhuis stated that we can show tremendous impact of the W-1150. 4. W1150-Renewal Jim - That will be due January of next year to Greg Bohach. We have to have a rough draft of this at that meeting that is circulated at the W-1150. That has to be done. My suggestion is that we do this with a focused committee that will take responsibility for the organization of the renewal. Of course, everyone is going to have to contribute. Topics to be included are genomics, molecular markers, and cooperative nurseries, interaction across disciplines, extension, direct harvest, nutrition, and abiotic stresses (drought and heat tolerance). Minimum tillage will be considered as part of sustainable agriculture. Officers: Talo nominated Jim Kelly. Jim Nienhuis, Juan Osorno, Phil Miklas, Marcial Pastor-Corrales, and Carlos Urrea are also part of the steering committee. The committee will be meeting once a month starting on April 2009. The first meeting will be a conference call where five areas of research will be determined and sent off for volunteers to contribute. The goal is to have a draft by October and discussed during the meeting. The renewal is due on January 2011 to Greg Bohach. 5. State Reports: Arizona: Judith Brown reported about new Begomoviruses found in native weeds in the Caribbean region. These Begomoviruses are serious pathogens of dicotyledonus crops, wherever the vector Bemisia tabaci prevails. Rynchosia mosaic virus was reported in R. minima and could threat beans in the Caribbean. Plants inoculated with the virus developed mosaic-symptoms. Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) has nearly disappeared because transmission is pretty low. J. Beaver mentioned that BGYMV has not been seen lately due to develop of BGYMV resistance genes. Idaho: Shree Singh mentioned that Henry Terán finished his PhD studies on screening methods for white mold resistance in beans. Two of his articles have been accepted for publication. White mold resistance can be pyramided into pinto bean classes. White mold resistance can be transferred from P. coccineus to dry beans. Shree is summarizing some of the organic bean production studies. Outcomes of the program were the release of two great northern ('Hungerford' and 'Sawtooth') and two pinto ('Kimberly' and 'Shoshone') cultivars. Seed has been sold as certified seed to produce registered and certified seeds. Shree is looking for a Post-Doc. California: Paul Gepts talked about a meeting in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, regarding the SSR diversity among Mesoamerica beans in populations collected by D. Debouck in 1978. Beans were divided in 7 groups: Jalisco/Durango, Mesoamerica, Colombian wild, Mesoamerican wild, Mexican wild, Andean hybrid, and ancestral Peru & Ecuador wild. Populations have been maintained by the creek. Ancient communities in the region shave not been documented. It looks like that corn and bean were not domesticated at the same time. Selection and creek plays an important role in domestication. Genetic diversity is the basis for developing new cultivars. Colorado: Basically Howard and I (Mark Brick) are on the W-150 and we obviously do different things, most of what we did are in the report. He mentioned about his collaborative work with Idaho in white mold introgressing P. coccineus into P. vulgaris. Several inbred backcross lines are available. 'Croissant', pinto cultivar, was released in 2008. It has upright plant architecture, reasonably maturity, and excellent seed quality. We screened for bacterial wilt and you can read the details on that. The soybean aphid has been identified in Nebraska, Wyoming and Kansas. It was the first time in Nebraska and Wyoming. The soybean aphid is not causing problems in dry beans. About his work on cancer on rats of different market classes: white kidney was the best and reduced to less than a third (number of tumors/rat) in most cases compared to some of the others. Color grain doesn't affect but race it's important. Andean race is better and significant than Middle America in reducing cancerigenic tumors in rats. There was a discussion about frozen beans in grocery store. We also did a dosage study. This was in the Journal of Medicine November issues. We feed 30% beans in the diet. Our model now is to look at all chronic diseases. Obesity, cancer, heart disease, diabetes Type II and if you talk to the people who are working with chronic diseases they are looking at bio-markers and blood plasma. This is the dosage study. Five of the most common bio-markers relate to diabetes. If you want a great article, they looked at 20 food groups and 5 different cultures. They related to incidence of cancer. If you look at breast cancer in the United States, Latino's breast cancer is way less than Whites or African Americans. We have done metabolomics on this. We have looked at six different - 3 different varieties of two different races. We look at navies and light red kidneys. Based on the pathogenic data, our demograph comes out as just as you would expect. How they cluster. We have identified some potential metabolites. We know that we can follow from the food to the blood plasma to the mammogram to the tumor, the same metabolite that comes from beans. What we are talking about doing now is taking the metabolomic data and combining it looking at 200 - 300 lines. USDA Belstville: Marcial Pastor-Corrales started his presentation mentioning about the genetic bottleneck where beans were domesticated. The idea is to use DNA fragments from about 100 genes to compare 50 wild beans from South America and Middle America with Middle America/Andean cultivars. The same work was done with soybeans and published in National Academy of Science. Hes also using SNPs discovery for disease resistance. He also talked about the CDBN and 352 entries tested from North Dakota, USDA-WA, Cornell, Nebraska, and Colorado programs. Regarding bean common rust, Ur-4 and Ur-11 are broader resistant genes. Nebraska: Jim Stedaman reported on the multistate sclerotinia nursery. He also reported about CIATs RIL population from G400022 x G4016 (P. acutifolius x parvifolius) that was tested to CBB, Rhizoctonia, and rust. We found a rust resistant gene for rust coming from P. acutifolius and it was tight linked with a DNA marker. Rhizoctonia is common in the sugar beet bean rotation. Carlos Urrea reported that one genotype has been identified with bacterial wilt (BW) resistance. Its resistance is being confirmed with seven BW isolates. CIAT's core P. vulgaris, P. coccineus, and P. acutifolius are being evaluated to BW. 'Coyne', a great northern released in 2007, has intermediate reaction to CBB, rust resistant (Ur-3 and Ur-6), and BCMV resistance (I). Its yield is compared to Marquis. Foundation seed is being increased by Genetics Husker. As coordinator of the WRBT, several great northern and pinto lines were evaluated at three locations: Prosser, WA, Kimberly, ID, and Mitchell, NE. PT-2 and PT7-4 were top yielders across locations. Results from a shuttle breeding for drought tolerance were presented. Several lines are top yielders in both, drought stress and non-stress environments. A pinto line (310) showed less yield reduction compared to drought stress (8%), high geometric mean and drought susceptibility index. Lines developed by Tim Porch have different backgrounds. ARS/TARS/Puerto Rico: Tim Porch reported on new sources of root rot (Negro San Luis, A686, A774, and BAT477), root system (G21212 and G19833), drought (SER16 and SER21), CBB (VAX6), heat tolerance (EAP-9503-32A), cranberry (cargamanto), and Empoasca (EMP134 and EMP138) used in his conversion program. In case of abiotic stresses, there is a shuttle breeding program initiated in 2006. Several F4:7 lines are being tested for adaptation in Nebraska and Puerto Rico. From Tacana/VAX6, he's getting CBB resistance and drought tolerance. CBB introgression of VAX6 lines are compared to Miklas's lines. He's also working on root rot. It varies depending on the growing season. R. solani is present in rainy season and Macrophomina in dry season. He's mapping root rot in DOR364 x BAT477 population. Puerto Rico: Jim Beaver reported on the registration of white bean Verano. Verano has tolerance to high temperature and resistance to BGYMV, Bean common mosaic virus, and common bacterial blight (CBB). He also mentioned about the release of a Large Red Kidney, T-21, with resistance to CBB. Nitrogen (N) has been tested in larger plots. J. beaver asked if N utilization could be part of the W-1150 renewal. Beans are being cropped with plantains at small farmer levels. Bean consumption is up to 15 lbs/person/year. North Dakota: Juan Osorno talked about the release of pinto bean cultivars 'Lariat', 'Stampede' and ND-307. Both, Lariat and Stampede have darkening problems. Seeds will be available to growers for being planted in 2009 growing season. 200,000 lbs of foundation seeds will be available. Stampede is more stable under different growing conditions. Juan also reported about three graduate students working on N uptake efficiency, row spacing (12, 22, and 30). He is also collaborating with the CDBN and MRPN. A new rust race is being reported in North Dakota. None all the cultivars grown in 2008 were resistant. Talo is looking is the race is similar to the Michigan reported this year. Canada reported a new antrachnose race (105), but Co42 should take care off. Juan also mentioned that P. McClean is asking for help for the Bean-CAP proposal. Abiotic and nutritional aspects will be incorporated. Ann Marie mentioned to highlight the importance of submitting the CAP project as a group. USDA Prosser: Phil Miklas suggested for the CAP, that develops genomic tools, the use of only one trait. Phil reported the release of Crimson, a cranberry type. Other Cardinal cranberry has a black bean, related to Boron deficiency. Co42 has been moved into cranberry USCR-ANT-22 using marker assisted selection. USPT-CBB-1 and UPST-CBB-5 are pintos with CBB resistance. They have the SU91 CBB marker. Sister lines PT7-1 and PT7-2 are widely adapted. They had the highest yield in regional 2008 trials. Slow darkening in being introduced into pinto, pink, and cranberry types. Use of UV light for slow darkening test is being implemented. Slow darkening is due to a recessive gen and has maternal effect. Phil is moving Co5 into pinto market class. BMN-RMR-1 can be used as a source of Ur-5 in great northern and pinto beans. Less genetic drag is expected. A QTL has been identified on B2 chromosome for WM resistance in Raven/I9365-31 and Benton/VA19 populations. WM field and greenhouse QTLs are independent. Same QTLs are found in three different sources in the same B2 region. Thirty seven QTL have been reported for WM resistance. Best sources of white mold are Ica Bunsi (Middle America) and G122 (Andean). Oregon: Jim Myers mentioned that snap bean acreage in Oregon has been steady. Emphasis of breeding for improved architecture and white mold resistant blush lake green bean varieties was giving in 2008. A map based on P. vulgaris x P. coccineus from OR 91 G/PI255956 BC2F4 had a 77 SSR and 59 markers were placed in 11 linkage groups that correspond to 9 of the 11 core map linkage groups based on known SSR marker locations, and a single LG with no anchoring loci. Four QTL explaining 35% of the variance for field resistance were observed with composite interval mapping on linkage group 09. Two of these were also significant for the straw test and explained 19% of the phenotypic variance. QTL on B2 and B9 are located in regions where significant QTL have been reported in P. vulgaris. The third QTL is significant located to B6. Use and develop markers of stay green types is one of the research topics. Several backcross-inbred interspecific lines with snap bean characteristics have shown white mold resistance similar to G122, NY6020, and Ex Rico over three field seasons. NY6020 and G122 sources of white mold resistance have been introgressed into a blush lake background. Blue late line 6443 is ready for release. It has intermediate white mold resistance. Economy is better than California. Wisconsin: Jim Nienhius mentioned that organic snap bean production is carried out in Wisconsin. There are some issues in organic production such as root rots, N management, seed corn maggot, and weed control. He is developing root rot resistant cultivars to Phytium species using isolate from Aphomyces. Seed corn maggot is a major problem, but an organic insecticide has been approved and it's working. In case of N deficiency, an experiment using different levels of N such as 0, 30 and 60 lbs/a, is in place. He is looking into snap bean domestications using SNPs. New York: Phillips Griffiths indicated a 5% cut off in budget. White mold used to be a primary focus of research. Now it's secondary. He is developing beans for Europe. There are several lines available such as Cornell 608, 609, 610, 661, and 612. On top of white mold, Phil is moving Ur-11 and Ur-4 into snap beans. Heat tolerance field trials PR. Asian soybean transmitted virus. There are some problem with virus such as CMV, BGYMV, and CYVV. Michigan: Jim Kelly reported about a study in reducing colon cancer in rats fed with navy beans. Mice fed navy beans had significantly fewer colon tumors than mice fed the control diet. Colon cancer is also being studied in humans. A reduction in colon cancer through dietary means is important, as the annual treatment costs for color cancer in the USA are estimated to be $6.5 billion. ARS food quality position was filed. Dr. Karen Sechwe will start on June. Three new varieties were released in 2008: Zorro (black), Santa Fe (pinto), and 'Fuji' Otebo. Zorro is suitable for direct harvest, with improved levels of resistance to CBB and rust, and excellent canning quality. Santa Fe has upright plant architecture, high yield, with improved levels of rust resistance (Ur-3) and acceptable canning quality. 'Fuji' Otebo has bush growth habit, improve levels of BCMV resistance, and suitable for export markets for use in sweet bean paste. Ur-3 resistance has been deployed in Michigan. Similar results were found in North Dakota. Bean common rust appeared late in the season. A lot of Michigan black beans are rust resistance. Their resistance maps in chromosome 4 and are close to Ur-5. USDA-ARS-WRPIS Phaseolus collection: Molly Welsh commented that the Phaseolus germplasm maintenance continued with the regular seed increase program. No all new entries are being increased due to budget constraints. The core collection is used for both private and public breeders. There are 14,679 accessions in the Phaseolus collection. Species in the collection represent 50 of the 116 recognized Phaseolus taxa. The stimulus package will benefit Fort Collins instead of Pullman, WA. Others: 6. 2009 BIC meeting: Mark Brick announced the next BIC meeting to be held from October 26 to 28 at Hilton Garden Inn, Fort Collins, CO. On October 28, there will be three meeting as follows: Phaseolus CGC from 10:00-11:00 AM, BIC Genetics from 11:00-12:00 PM, and W-1150 from 1:30 PM to 5:00 PM. 7. Election of new officers: Steve Noffsinger was elected as the 2009 W-1150 secretary. The meeting will be held in Denver, Colorado. Carlos Urrea will be the vice-president, and Juan Osorno will be president. 8. Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN): Ann Hang used to be the coordinator of the CDBN. Since Ann is retiring, there is a need of a new coordinator. John Rayapati has been coordinating data collection, analysis, and summarizing results. Greg Varner and Jim Schild were considerate as possible candidates to coordinate the CDBN. Phil Miklas agreed in coordinating the 2009 CDBN. He suggested from us to either provide the UPS or FedEx account number for shipping seeds. Seed needs to be treated by the coordinator. Fees of $150 and $300 for each entry for public and private industry, respectively, and a $100 fee from each location to cover shipping costs were discussed. Commercial checks for different market classes were defined: Light Red Kidney (Red Hack), Pinto (Othello), Small Red (Merlot), Black or Navy (Vista). 9. Meeting adjourned. 10. Visit to winter nurseries was proposed. Field visit was leaded by Jim Beaver, Phil Miklas, Juan Osorno, and Carlos Urrea. Respectively submitted, Carlos A. Urrea April 13, 2009

The W1150 multistate project is a confederation of university and ARS scientists, who through multistate cooperation, teamwork and trust, are committed to an integrated complementary approach to problem solving. The track record of teamwork among W1150 cooperators to identify problems and the sharing of expertise, time, resources and technology in problem solving is unprecedented in crop-based regional projects and is based on a long-standing history of trust and respect among cooperators. The interdisciplinary project includes germplasm specialists, geneticists, plant breeders, pathologists, virologists, nutritionists, and food scientists who together define national and regional problems and coordinate activities among diverse disciplines in technology development and problem solving in beans. The W1150 is exemplary in that the problem identification and research activities made possible through multistate cooperation has resulted not only in traditional outputs, e.g. cooperative trials and scientific publications, training of graduate students and enhanced germplasm and cultivars, but also in direct impacts to growers, processors and consumers on yield, sustainability, economic improvement, food safety, and human nutrition. Several milestones have been accomplished just in the last year: New Begomovirus species have been found in native weeds in the Caribbean region. These Begomoviruses are serious pathogens of dicotyledonous crops wherever the vector, Bemisia tabaci, is prevalent. Continuing efforts in trying to understand and characterize these viruses is underway. Problems with virus such as CMV, BGYMV, and CYVV are being resolved through pyramiding resistance genes. SSR markers are being used to study the diversity among Mesoamerica beans in populations collected by D. Debouck in 1978. Beans were divided into 7 groups: Jalisco/Durango, Mesoamerica, Colombian wild, Mesoamerican wild, Mexican wild, Andean hybrid, and ancestral Peru & Ecuador wild. Populations have been maintained in proximity to waterways that run through the region. Ancient communities in the region have not been well documented. Results also suggest that corn and bean were not domesticated at the same time. A new approach is being used to address the genetic bottleneck arising from where beans were domesticated. DNA fragments of about 100 genes will be used to compare 50 wild beans from South America and Middle America with Middle America/Andean cultivars. Similar work was done with soybeans and published in the National Academy of Sciences. SNPs are also being used for discovery of disease resistance genes. Collaborative work with Idaho has been successful in introgressing WM resistance from P. coccineus into P. vulgaris. A screening for bacterial wilt (BW) was also made in CO and NE. In NE, one genotype has been identified with bacterial wilt resistance. Its resistance is being confirmed with seven BW isolates. CIAT's core P. vulgaris, P. coccineus, and P. acutifolius are being evaluated to BW. Research evaluating the impact of different market classes of beans on cancer in rats, white kidney beans performed best, in most cases reducing the number of tumors/rat to less than a third of some of the others. Grain color did not affect the number of tumors. In contrast, beans of the Andean race were significantly better at reducing carcinogenic tumors in rats than beans of the Middle American race. Results of their dosage study have been published in the November issue of the Journal of Medicine. One area of interest for researchers studying chronic diseases is the use of bio-markers and blood plasma. They have identified some promising metabolites from beans that can be followed from the food to the blood plasma. Now they are planning to evaluate 200-300 bean lines based on the results of their metabolomic work. In the same way, Preliminary results of a study where mice fed navy beans have shown significantly fewer colon cancer tumors than mice fed the control diet. A reduction in colon cancer through dietary means is important, as the annual treatment costs for color cancer in the USA is estimated to be $6.5 billion. Henry Terán finished his PhD studies in ID doing research on screening methods for white mold (WM) resistance in beans. Results have shown that WM resistance can be pyramided into pinto bean classes and can be successfully transferred from P. coccineus into dry beans. In the same way, Dr. Karen Cichy has been hired as the new ARS food quality geneticist at East Lansing and will begin in July. Bean common rust appeared late in the season and overcame varieties with the Ur-3 gene, which has been widely used in Michigan. Similar results were found in North Dakota last growing season. A number of Michigan black beans are resistant to this isolate. Their resistance maps to chromosome 4, close to the Ur-5 gene. BMN-RMR-1 can be used as a source of Ur-5 in great northern and pinto beans since less genetic drag is expected. In North Dakota evaluations, Ur-11 seems to be a good gene of resistance as well. None of the cultivars commonly grown in the region and screened in 2008 were resistant. However, few experimental lines show potential. USDA-ARS-Beltsville, MD is evaluating whether this race is similar to the one reported in Michigan this year. Canada reported a new anthracnose race (105), but Co42 should provide resistance. Several cultivars already have this gene. In the same way, Co42 gene has been moved into cranberry USCR-ANT-22 using marker assisted selection. USPT-CBB-1 and UPST-CBB-5 are new pintos with CBB resistance. They have the SU91 CBB marker. Sister lines PT7-1 and PT7-2 are widely adapted. They had the highest yield in 2008 regional trials. Multistate sclerotinia nursery was made again and results are reported in the NE station report. The CIAT G40022 x G4016 (P. acutifolius x parvifolius) RIL population was tested for resistance to common bacterial blight (CBB), Rhizoctonia, and rust. A rust resistance gene from P. acutifolius, that is tightly linked with a DNA marker, was discovered. Results from a shuttle breeding program in collaboration between UNL and USDA-PR for drought tolerance were presented. Several lines yield well in both drought stress and non-stress environments. Research on N uptake efficiency and row spacing effect on seed yield was conducted in ND during the last year with very promising results. Additional trials will be made in the next growing season. In the same way, PR also reported that tolerance to low nitrogen (N) stress is being tested in larger plots. N utilization and uptake efficiency could be part of the W1150 renewal given the significant increases in fertilizer prices. An experiment in WI evaluating different levels of N (0, 30 and 60 lbs/a) is underway to also address N deficiency issues in snap beans. Snap bean acreage in Oregon has been steady. Continued breeding effort for improved architecture and WM resistance in bush blue lake green bean varieties was made during 2008. A map based on P. vulgaris x P. coccineus from OR 91 G/PI255956 BC2F4 had 77 SSR and 59 other markers. These were located in 11 linkage groups that correspond to 9 of the 11 core map linkage groups based on known SSR marker locations, and a single LG with no anchoring loci. Four QTL explaining 35% of the variance for field resistance were observed with composite interval mapping on four linkage groups (02, 03, 06 & 09). Two of these were also significant for the straw test and explained 19% of the phenotypic variance. QTL on B2 and B9 are located in regions where significant QTL have been reported in P. vulgaris. Several backcross-inbred inter-specific lines with snap bean characteristics have shown WM resistance similar to G122, NY6020 and Ex Rico over three field seasons. NY6020 and G122 sources of WM resistance have been introgressed into a bush blue lake background. Blue lake line OSU6443 is ready for release. It has intermediate WM resistance. Use and development of markers for stay green types is a new research topic. Organic snap bean production is carried out in Wisconsin. There are some issues in organic production such as root rots, N management, seed corn maggot, and weed control. Seed corn maggot is becoming a major problem, but an organic insecticide has been approved and is effective. Myers and Nienhuis are also exploring snap bean domestication using phenotypic and molecular characterization of snap bean mapping populations. For germplasm conversion, new sources of root rot (Negro San Luis, A686, A774, and BAT 477), root system (G 21212 and G 19833), drought (SER 16 and SER 21), CBB (VAX 6), heat tolerance (EAP-9503-32A), cranberry (cargamanto), and Empoasca (EMP 134 and EMP 138) resistance being used in the conversion program. CBB Introgression of CBB resistance from VAX6 lines into three commercial classes has been effective. In collaboration with the University of PR, Macrophomina resistance is being mapped in the DOR364 x BAT477 RIL population. Slow darkening is being introduced into pinto, pink, and cranberry types. UV light is being used to test for slow darkening. Slow darkening is due to a recessive gene and has maternal effect. A QTL for WM resistance has been identified on the B2 chromosome in the Raven/I9365-31 and Benton/VA19 populations. The QTLs for WM resistance were independent in field and greenhouse trials. The same QTLs have been found in three different sources in the same B2 genetic region. Thirty seven QTL have been reported for WM resistance. The best sources of WM resistance are ICA Bunsi (Middle America) and G122 (Andean). The Phaseolus germplasm maintenance continues with the regular seed increase program. Not all new entries are being increased due to budget constraints. The core collection is intensively used by both private and public breeders. There are 14,679 accessions in the Phaseolus collection. Species in the collection represent 50 of the 116 recognized Phaseolus taxa. As stated by Molly Welsh, the USDA bean curator, the stimulus package will benefit Fort Collins instead of Pullman, WA. Several multistate yield trials are established every year. They are one of the best ways of interaction among all the programs and institutions involved in the W1150: The Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN). Seven or more public and private institutions (ADM, Idaho Seed Bean, MSU, NDSU, NYSU, U. Guelph, UI and USDA-ARS Prosser, among others) routinely test advanced breeding lines of numerous market classes for adaptation and yield across 12 locations in USA and Canada. The Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN) is coordinated by NDSU and generally conducted in cooperation with W1150 cooperators located in four locations, ND, NE, CO, and MI to test and compare yield and adaptation of pinto and great northern advanced breeding lines. The Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT) is coordinated by UNL (Scottsbluff, NE) among W1150 cooperators in CO, ID, NE, and WA to compare yield and adaptation among advanced lines. In addition, and to gain a generation of valuable field experience and selection, W1150 cooperators from MI, ND, NE, CA, and WA, as well as USDA-ARS scientists cooperate in a large-scale winter nursery coordinated by W1150 collaborators at UPRM-Puerto Rico. Around 4,000 genotypes are planted and evaluated each year at this nursery. The following cultivars/germplasm have been released during this period: Pinto: Croissant (CO), Kimberly and Shoshone (ID), Santa Fe (MI), Lariat, Stampede, and ND-307 (ND). Great Northern: Hungerford and Sawtooth (ID), ABC-Weighing and Coyne (NE). Navy/white: Avalanche (ND), Verano (PR). Black: Zorro (MI) Kidney: T-21 (PR) Cranberry: Crimson and Cardinal (WA) Otebo: Fuji (MI)

Acevedo, M., J.R. Steadman, J.C. Rosas and J. Venegas. 2008. Coevolution of the bean rust pathogen Uromyces appendiculatus with its wild, weedy and domesticated hosts (Phaseolus spp.) at a center of diversity. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:22-23. Alleyne, A.T., J.R. Steadman and K.M. Eskridge. 2008. Rep-PCR molecular markers characterize Uromyces appendiculatus pathotypes associated with Ur-6 resistance gene in Phaseolus vulgaris. European J. Plant Path. (In Press). Beaver, J.S., M. Alameda and J.C. Rosas. 2008. Breeding beans for resistance to web blight. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:30-31. Beaver, J.S., T.G. Porch and M. Zapata. 2008. Registration of 'Verano' white bean. J. Plant Registrations 2:187-189. Brick, M.A., M.A. Newell, P.F. Byrne, H.F. Schwartz, J.B. Ogg and J. Myers. 2008. Introgression of QTL for white mold resistance from common and scarlet runner bean. Bean Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:212-213. 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