SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Sections
Status: Approved
Basic Information
- Project No. and Title: WCC91 : Improving Stress Resistance of Forages in the Western United States
- Period Covered: 01/01/2001 to 12/01/2001
- Date of Report: 02/01/2002
- Annual Meeting Dates: 01/02/2002 to 01/03/2002
Participants
Hannaway, David B- Oregon State University; Delaney, Ronald H.- University of Wyoming; Griggs, Thomas C.-Utah State University; Fransen, Steve C.- Washington State University; Koch, David W.-University of Wyoming; Waldron, Blair L.- USDA_ARS Utah; Shewmaker, Glenn-University of Idaho; Brummer Joe E.- COlorado State University; Mitchell, Allen Administrative Advisor- University of Alaska
Meeting Minutes can be found at the above website.
[Minutes]
Accomplishments
1. Exchange of research approaches and results relating to the
physiology, genetics, and breeding of stress resistance in forage species. And,
2. Identify forage species, cultivars, and experimental lines with
potential to extend the livestock grazing season during the late fall
and winter.
Accomplishments: UT-ARS continued breeding programs to develop 1)
cultivars of alfalfa and sainfoin for grazing on semiarid rangelands and 2) birdsfoot trefoil and kura clover for dryland and irrigated
pastures. Breeding cycles were completed in each of these species in
2001. A cultivar release of kura clover is anticipated within three
years. A breeding program was continued to develop improved cultivars of endophyte-free tall fescue for irrigated pasture in the Intermountain West. Parent-progeny tests were completed and the second breeding cycle has been initiated. Studies to evaluate the forage yield, water-use efficiency, and forage quality of tall fescue at different levels of irrigation were completed and published in a refereed journal. Western wheatgrass underwent a second cycle of selection for improved seedling vigor. Seed increase from the improved population will be tested for cultivar release. Forage kochia (Kochia prostrata) from Kazakhstan was characterized for forage traits and an animal performance study was initiated on fall/winter grazing of CRP lands containing up to 70 percent forage kochia. Additional cultivar releases are expected to be made within the 5-year time frame of this project and will include wheatgrasses, wildrye, and various grazing type legumes. In an effort to breed for better winter pea survival and productivity on the Central Great Plains, Wyoming continued testing of F2 Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp arvense) lines (80,000 seed) with establishment and winter survival of 5 % on scarified and 30 % on non-scarified seed. Selections from these were threshed and F3 planted in 20 ft rows in September. Some
of these materials are also segregating for yellow vs green cotyledons
and smooth vs wrinkled seed (different edible seed types). Objectives
were to identifying lines that possessed high survival, productivity,
and diversity of type for use in dryland annual/legumes cropping
rotations for grazing as well as winterhardy edible types of garden peas (S. sativum ssp sativum). Variability for time of flowering and maturity was observed. Isolation of early maturing cultivars of grazing and feed pea types that would allow a fallow period before winter wheat and late maturing varieties for full season grazing or high yield feed pea production. Additional genetic variation was incorporated into the pea breeding program using F2 seed and self-progeny of three-way crosses from additional hybridization.
The four-location cooperative study to evaluate the potential of 15
perennial grasses and forbs to extend the grazing season during the fall and winter was completed. Forage quality analyses have been completed and data are being prepared for publication (UT-ARS, MT, WY). Extensive pasture grass/legume variety evaluations for yield, persistence and quality were conducted in CO that reflected every region of the state. Winter wheat, winter barley and other cereals were evaluated for uses in extending fall grazing (UT). Perennial grasses and legumes to extend the grazing season were established in 1997 in Archer, WY. The maturing and weathering of stockpiled forages resulted in declines in nutritive value: however, some species decline in quality more slowly than others.
3. Encourage adoption of research findings into more appropriate
management systems in western grazing lands.
Accomplishments: Comparison of 15 alternative dryland rotations with and without winter peas demonstrated the inclusion of peas during the fallow period for lamb grazing resulted in higher average rates of return to farmland and reduced risks compared to traditional wheat-fallow rotations (WY). Research with ley cropping systems that utilize winterhardy medics (Medicago rigidula) demonstrated fall germination and good winter survival of one experimental line in 2000. Seed quantities have been increased to a sufficient level to allow for expanded agronomic and livestock grazing studies (WY).
Efforts continued in development of spatial data layers for adaptation
maps for climate and soils of U.S. and China and discussions related to quantitative tolerances of forage species adaptation and development of management systems to improve the value of private and public grazing lands, genetically improved cultivars, and forage adaptation mapping (OR). Irrigated alfalfa varieties were evaluated at four locations and grass legume mix at one location and grazingland management studies involving simulated rotational stocking on developmental morphology in a number of cool season grasses and diurnal variation in soluble CHO concentration were continued in 2001 (UT). Evaluation of silage fermentation to potentially reduce high nitrates under variable N fertilization and management did not support the concept in orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass (WA). Specialists in ID used forage testing to evaluate alfalfa quality in different environments particularly at low vs high elevations. They could not correlate forage quality from fiber analysis in 2nd cut hay to dairy producers‘ observation of markedly reduced milk production. They will develop additional forage tests and add environmental variables to prediction equations to improve prediction of animal intake and performance. Exchange information in timely fashion on the availability and adaptability of new germplasm and cultivars of forage species.
4. Exchange information in a timely fashion on the availability and
adaptability of new germplasm and cultivars of forage species.
Outcomes: Cooperative research and exchange of ideas and germplasm
within WCC-091 and other interested scientists continues at annual
meetings and through the URL.
Impacts: Development and release of new plant cultivars and germplasm
that are more tolerant of stress, more competitive and persistent, and
easier to maintain on semiarid rangelands. This research has led to
development and release of cultivars that will increase forage
production and enhanced nutritional qualities for use by livestock and
wildlife. The new cultivars have provided rangeland and pasture managers in semi-arid regions with a means to renovate disturbed lands, reduce soil erosion, and reduce invasion of undesirable weeds. One important outcome of the latter is reduction of fuel for wildfires on rangelands. Incorporating annual forage peas into cropping systems has provided a higher quality forage than on rangeland, decreased confined feedlot time to reach marketable body condition, increased profit margin, reduced risk, and improved the sustainability of the cropping system.for producers.
On-farm demonstration trials in 2000 with the
physiology, genetics, and breeding of stress resistance in forage species. And,
2. Identify forage species, cultivars, and experimental lines with
potential to extend the livestock grazing season during the late fall
and winter.
Accomplishments: UT-ARS continued breeding programs to develop 1)
cultivars of alfalfa and sainfoin for grazing on semiarid rangelands and 2) birdsfoot trefoil and kura clover for dryland and irrigated
pastures. Breeding cycles were completed in each of these species in
2001. A cultivar release of kura clover is anticipated within three
years. A breeding program was continued to develop improved cultivars of endophyte-free tall fescue for irrigated pasture in the Intermountain West. Parent-progeny tests were completed and the second breeding cycle has been initiated. Studies to evaluate the forage yield, water-use efficiency, and forage quality of tall fescue at different levels of irrigation were completed and published in a refereed journal. Western wheatgrass underwent a second cycle of selection for improved seedling vigor. Seed increase from the improved population will be tested for cultivar release. Forage kochia (Kochia prostrata) from Kazakhstan was characterized for forage traits and an animal performance study was initiated on fall/winter grazing of CRP lands containing up to 70 percent forage kochia. Additional cultivar releases are expected to be made within the 5-year time frame of this project and will include wheatgrasses, wildrye, and various grazing type legumes. In an effort to breed for better winter pea survival and productivity on the Central Great Plains, Wyoming continued testing of F2 Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp arvense) lines (80,000 seed) with establishment and winter survival of 5 % on scarified and 30 % on non-scarified seed. Selections from these were threshed and F3 planted in 20 ft rows in September. Some
of these materials are also segregating for yellow vs green cotyledons
and smooth vs wrinkled seed (different edible seed types). Objectives
were to identifying lines that possessed high survival, productivity,
and diversity of type for use in dryland annual/legumes cropping
rotations for grazing as well as winterhardy edible types of garden peas (S. sativum ssp sativum). Variability for time of flowering and maturity was observed. Isolation of early maturing cultivars of grazing and feed pea types that would allow a fallow period before winter wheat and late maturing varieties for full season grazing or high yield feed pea production. Additional genetic variation was incorporated into the pea breeding program using F2 seed and self-progeny of three-way crosses from additional hybridization.
The four-location cooperative study to evaluate the potential of 15
perennial grasses and forbs to extend the grazing season during the fall and winter was completed. Forage quality analyses have been completed and data are being prepared for publication (UT-ARS, MT, WY). Extensive pasture grass/legume variety evaluations for yield, persistence and quality were conducted in CO that reflected every region of the state. Winter wheat, winter barley and other cereals were evaluated for uses in extending fall grazing (UT). Perennial grasses and legumes to extend the grazing season were established in 1997 in Archer, WY. The maturing and weathering of stockpiled forages resulted in declines in nutritive value: however, some species decline in quality more slowly than others.
3. Encourage adoption of research findings into more appropriate
management systems in western grazing lands.
Accomplishments: Comparison of 15 alternative dryland rotations with and without winter peas demonstrated the inclusion of peas during the fallow period for lamb grazing resulted in higher average rates of return to farmland and reduced risks compared to traditional wheat-fallow rotations (WY). Research with ley cropping systems that utilize winterhardy medics (Medicago rigidula) demonstrated fall germination and good winter survival of one experimental line in 2000. Seed quantities have been increased to a sufficient level to allow for expanded agronomic and livestock grazing studies (WY).
Efforts continued in development of spatial data layers for adaptation
maps for climate and soils of U.S. and China and discussions related to quantitative tolerances of forage species adaptation and development of management systems to improve the value of private and public grazing lands, genetically improved cultivars, and forage adaptation mapping (OR). Irrigated alfalfa varieties were evaluated at four locations and grass legume mix at one location and grazingland management studies involving simulated rotational stocking on developmental morphology in a number of cool season grasses and diurnal variation in soluble CHO concentration were continued in 2001 (UT). Evaluation of silage fermentation to potentially reduce high nitrates under variable N fertilization and management did not support the concept in orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass (WA). Specialists in ID used forage testing to evaluate alfalfa quality in different environments particularly at low vs high elevations. They could not correlate forage quality from fiber analysis in 2nd cut hay to dairy producers‘ observation of markedly reduced milk production. They will develop additional forage tests and add environmental variables to prediction equations to improve prediction of animal intake and performance. Exchange information in timely fashion on the availability and adaptability of new germplasm and cultivars of forage species.
4. Exchange information in a timely fashion on the availability and
adaptability of new germplasm and cultivars of forage species.
Outcomes: Cooperative research and exchange of ideas and germplasm
within WCC-091 and other interested scientists continues at annual
meetings and through the URL.
Impacts: Development and release of new plant cultivars and germplasm
that are more tolerant of stress, more competitive and persistent, and
easier to maintain on semiarid rangelands. This research has led to
development and release of cultivars that will increase forage
production and enhanced nutritional qualities for use by livestock and
wildlife. The new cultivars have provided rangeland and pasture managers in semi-arid regions with a means to renovate disturbed lands, reduce soil erosion, and reduce invasion of undesirable weeds. One important outcome of the latter is reduction of fuel for wildfires on rangelands. Incorporating annual forage peas into cropping systems has provided a higher quality forage than on rangeland, decreased confined feedlot time to reach marketable body condition, increased profit margin, reduced risk, and improved the sustainability of the cropping system.for producers.
On-farm demonstration trials in 2000 with the
Impacts
Publications
Idaho
Mayland, H.F., G.E. Shewmaker, P.A. Harrison, and N.J. Chatterton.2000. NonStructual Carbohydrates in tall fescue cultivars: Relationship to animal preference. Agron. J. 92: 1203-1206.
Shewmaker, G. E., and H. F. Mayland. 2001. Harvest management effects on alfalfa management effects on alfalfa quality. In Proc. PSES 2001 Field Day Research and Extension Report, p 107-112.
Shewmaker, G. E. 2001. Evaluate the quality of your hay and forage. p. 53-59 In Proc. 2001 Intermountain Cow Symposium. Twin Falls, ID, 10-11 Jan. 2001.
Mayland, H.F., J.C.Burns. D.S. Fisher. and G.E. Shewmaker. Near infra-red measurement of nonstructural carbohydrates in alfafa hay. P. 404-405. In Proc. XIX Int. Grassland Congress, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 10-21 Feb. 2001.
Mayland, H.F., J.C.Burns. D.S. Fisher, G.E. Shewmaker, R. Carlstrom , and D.S. Cash. Herbivore preference for afternoon- and morning-cut forages and adoption of cutting management strategies. P. 405-406. In Proc. XIX Int. Grassland Congress, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 10-21 Feb. 2001.
Oregon
Hannaway, D.B., C. Daly, W. Gibson, G. Taylor, H. Wan, W. Luo, L. Liu, X. Han, L. Feng, Y. Wei, Y. Hu, L. Gao, X. Li, W. Zhang, Z. Xu, and A. Gu. 2000. GIS-based Forage Species Adaptation Mapping for China. Invited Presentation. Internat. Symp. On Intel. Agric. Inform. Tech., Beijing, China.
Web Segment: http://www.forages.orst.edu/projects/wcc-091/default.cfm
UTAH-ARS
Angell, R., T. Svejcar, J. Bates, N.Z. Saliendra, and D.A. Johnson. 2001. Bowen ratio and closed chamber carbon dioxide flux measurements over sagebrush steppe vegetation. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 108: 153-161.
Asay, K. H., W. H. Horton, K. B. Jensen, and A. J. Palazzo.2001. Merits of native and introduced Triticeae grasses on semiarid rangelands. Can. J. Plant Sci. 81: 45-52.
Asay, K. H., K. B. Jensen, and B. L. Waldron. 2001. Responses of tall fescue cultivars to an irrigation gradient. Crop Sci. 41:350-357..
Asay, K. H., K. B. Jensen, T. A. Jones, B. L. Waldron, A. J. Palazzo, D. A. Johnson, W. H. Horton, and N. J. Chafterton. 2001. Breeding native and introduced grasses and legumes for the Northern Plains Area. Soc. Range Manage. Kilo Hawaii.
Asay, K. H., H. F. Mayland, P. G. Jefferson, J. D. Berdahl, J. F. Karn, and B. L. Waldron. 2001. Parent-progeny relationships and genotype x environment effects for factors associated with grass tetany and forage quality in Russian wildrye. Crop Sci. 41:14781484.
Hu, Z.-M., R. R.-C. Wang, S. R. Larson, A. J. Palazzo, K. H. Asay, and N. J. Chatterton. 2001. Selection response of molecular markers associated with anthocyanin coloration and low-temperature growth traits in crested wheatgrass. Can. J. Plant Sci. 81:665-671.
Jefferson, P. G., H. F. Mayland, K. H. Asay, and J. D. Berdahl. 2001. Variation in mineral concentration and grass tetany potential among Russian wildrye accessions. Crop Sci. 41:543-548.
Jensen, K. B., K. H. Asay, and B. L. Waldron. 2001. Dry matter production of orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass at five irrigation levels. Crop Sci. 41:479-487.
Larsen, S.R., B.L. Waldron, S. Monsen, L. St. John, A.J. Palazzo, C.L. McCracken, R.D. Harrison. 2001. AFLP variation in agamospermous and dioecious bluegrasses of Western North America. Crop Sci. 41:1300-1305.
Waldron, B.L., K.H. Asay, K.B. Jensen, and P.G. Johnson. 2001. RoadCrest crested wheatgrass- A new alternative low-maintenance grass for semiarid regions. Golf Course Management. June 2001 issue pp. 71-74.
Wyoming
Walsh, M. J., R. H. Delaney, R.W. Groose, and J.M. Krall. 2001. Performance of annual medic species (medicago spp) in Southeastern Wyoming. Agron. J 93: 1249-1256.
Haag, A.A. 2001. Economics of incorporation of Austrian winter peas with alternative dryland crop rotations in Southeast Wyoming. M..S. Thesis, Dept. of Agric. and Appl.Econ. Univ. of WY, May 2001.
Groose, R.W. 2001. Winter hardy annual medics on the U.S. Central Great Plains. Agron. Soc. Amer. Abstracts, Charlotte, NC.
Mayland, H.F., G.E. Shewmaker, P.A. Harrison, and N.J. Chatterton.2000. NonStructual Carbohydrates in tall fescue cultivars: Relationship to animal preference. Agron. J. 92: 1203-1206.
Shewmaker, G. E., and H. F. Mayland. 2001. Harvest management effects on alfalfa management effects on alfalfa quality. In Proc. PSES 2001 Field Day Research and Extension Report, p 107-112.
Shewmaker, G. E. 2001. Evaluate the quality of your hay and forage. p. 53-59 In Proc. 2001 Intermountain Cow Symposium. Twin Falls, ID, 10-11 Jan. 2001.
Mayland, H.F., J.C.Burns. D.S. Fisher. and G.E. Shewmaker. Near infra-red measurement of nonstructural carbohydrates in alfafa hay. P. 404-405. In Proc. XIX Int. Grassland Congress, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 10-21 Feb. 2001.
Mayland, H.F., J.C.Burns. D.S. Fisher, G.E. Shewmaker, R. Carlstrom , and D.S. Cash. Herbivore preference for afternoon- and morning-cut forages and adoption of cutting management strategies. P. 405-406. In Proc. XIX Int. Grassland Congress, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 10-21 Feb. 2001.
Oregon
Hannaway, D.B., C. Daly, W. Gibson, G. Taylor, H. Wan, W. Luo, L. Liu, X. Han, L. Feng, Y. Wei, Y. Hu, L. Gao, X. Li, W. Zhang, Z. Xu, and A. Gu. 2000. GIS-based Forage Species Adaptation Mapping for China. Invited Presentation. Internat. Symp. On Intel. Agric. Inform. Tech., Beijing, China.
Web Segment: http://www.forages.orst.edu/projects/wcc-091/default.cfm
UTAH-ARS
Angell, R., T. Svejcar, J. Bates, N.Z. Saliendra, and D.A. Johnson. 2001. Bowen ratio and closed chamber carbon dioxide flux measurements over sagebrush steppe vegetation. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 108: 153-161.
Asay, K. H., W. H. Horton, K. B. Jensen, and A. J. Palazzo.2001. Merits of native and introduced Triticeae grasses on semiarid rangelands. Can. J. Plant Sci. 81: 45-52.
Asay, K. H., K. B. Jensen, and B. L. Waldron. 2001. Responses of tall fescue cultivars to an irrigation gradient. Crop Sci. 41:350-357..
Asay, K. H., K. B. Jensen, T. A. Jones, B. L. Waldron, A. J. Palazzo, D. A. Johnson, W. H. Horton, and N. J. Chafterton. 2001. Breeding native and introduced grasses and legumes for the Northern Plains Area. Soc. Range Manage. Kilo Hawaii.
Asay, K. H., H. F. Mayland, P. G. Jefferson, J. D. Berdahl, J. F. Karn, and B. L. Waldron. 2001. Parent-progeny relationships and genotype x environment effects for factors associated with grass tetany and forage quality in Russian wildrye. Crop Sci. 41:14781484.
Hu, Z.-M., R. R.-C. Wang, S. R. Larson, A. J. Palazzo, K. H. Asay, and N. J. Chatterton. 2001. Selection response of molecular markers associated with anthocyanin coloration and low-temperature growth traits in crested wheatgrass. Can. J. Plant Sci. 81:665-671.
Jefferson, P. G., H. F. Mayland, K. H. Asay, and J. D. Berdahl. 2001. Variation in mineral concentration and grass tetany potential among Russian wildrye accessions. Crop Sci. 41:543-548.
Jensen, K. B., K. H. Asay, and B. L. Waldron. 2001. Dry matter production of orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass at five irrigation levels. Crop Sci. 41:479-487.
Larsen, S.R., B.L. Waldron, S. Monsen, L. St. John, A.J. Palazzo, C.L. McCracken, R.D. Harrison. 2001. AFLP variation in agamospermous and dioecious bluegrasses of Western North America. Crop Sci. 41:1300-1305.
Waldron, B.L., K.H. Asay, K.B. Jensen, and P.G. Johnson. 2001. RoadCrest crested wheatgrass- A new alternative low-maintenance grass for semiarid regions. Golf Course Management. June 2001 issue pp. 71-74.
Wyoming
Walsh, M. J., R. H. Delaney, R.W. Groose, and J.M. Krall. 2001. Performance of annual medic species (medicago spp) in Southeastern Wyoming. Agron. J 93: 1249-1256.
Haag, A.A. 2001. Economics of incorporation of Austrian winter peas with alternative dryland crop rotations in Southeast Wyoming. M..S. Thesis, Dept. of Agric. and Appl.Econ. Univ. of WY, May 2001.
Groose, R.W. 2001. Winter hardy annual medics on the U.S. Central Great Plains. Agron. Soc. Amer. Abstracts, Charlotte, NC.