Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

ACCOMPLISHMENTS COMPLETED RESEARCH Objective 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. GEORGIA Immune response of dairy cows and dairy goats to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus is being evaluated at 2 state universities in Georgia. Results to date indicate that vaccination reduces new S. aureus infection rate, somatic cell counts, and culling rate while increasing milk yield, milk protein, milk fat, and days in milk. ILLINOIS Transcript profiling of mammary tissue and blood neutrophils from lactating cows in positive or negative energy balance with and without an intrammamary S. uberis challenge was completed. Intrammamary infection, regardless of energy balance status, altered expression of ca. 2,000 genes. Enriched pathways included IL-10 signaling, IL-6 signaling, and LXR/RXR signaling. Degree of energy balance altered the expression of 278 genes in non-infected quarters, several of which were associated with lipid metabolism, molecular transport, and cell growth and proliferation. Infection of cows in negative energy balance with S. uberis affected expression of 94 genes relative to infected cows in positive energy balance. Down-regulated genes were associated with antigen presentation, respiratory burst, and pro-inflammatory response. LOUISIANA The Mycoplasma mastitis surveillance program in Louisiana continued, with quarterly testing of bulk milk samples from dairies around the state. MAINE A study was conducted with the primary goal of establishing a distal teat environment that will function to exclude pathogenic bacterial colonization using probiotics delivered locally, as a teat dip. A secondary goal of this study is to study the response of selected factors in the innate immune system to this microbial flora augmentation. Modulation of innate immune system component expression in the presence of "normal" flora may provide a non-pharmacologic means of preventing mastitis in cattle. MISSOURI Data collection on a study evaluating the relationship between bovine leukosis virus infection and mastitis has been completed and data are being analyzed. The 1st year of a 2-year project evaluating the influence of plasma ionized calcium concentrations at calving on post-partum health, including clinical and subclinical mastitis, has been completed and preliminary data are being analyzed. NEW YORK Research into cow susceptibility to intrammmary infections during the dry period has been the focus of the Cornell group. Several challenge studies were performed and immune assays were developed. OHIO Intravenous administration of flunixin 4 hr after intramammary infusion of 25 ug of LPS reduced febrile responses and increased dry matter intake and rumen activity compared with IV administration of saline. SCC and milk production were not affected by flunixin. TENNESSEE More than 40 polymorphisms in the CXCR1 gene were whittled to 4 representative polymorphisms that were significantly associated with clinical mastitis, fertility, and reporduction. For the polymorphism associated with mastitis, neutrophil actin mobilization is impaired and may have implications for other immune activities and subsequent disease resistance. Elevated levels of the stress hormone norepinephrine may contribute to the severity of clinical mastitis during heat stress as our preliminary studies indicate norepinephrine induces proinflammatory gene expression by mammary epithelial cells. UTAH A Utah statewide survey of bulk tank milk samples for mycoplasma infections was conducted. We found 16/222 Utah dairy herds (7%) infected, one of the highest regional prevalence levels ever reported. Infected herds were large; there were approximately 20,000 cows in these 16 herds. Initial follow up visits were made in 2008. Most farms tested individual cows for Mycoplasma spp. and sold positive cows. The second round of follow up visits is being conducted. VERMONT We have analyzed the genomic response profile mammary tissue from LPS-challenged cows (4 hours post-LPS) and LPS- exposed mammary epithelial cells in vitro (3, 8, and 24 hours post-LPS) using Affymetrix GeneChips. The genomic response includes a core of common genes and distinct time and source differences, yet appears dominated by activation of the NF-kB complex leading to upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and multiple members of the chemokine gene family. Of genes associated with the TLR4 signaling pathway, the IkB family in particular appears to be transcriptionally regulated in both epithelial cells and tissue biopsies. VIRGINIA Data collection and analysis of coagulatory and inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells intracellularly infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Studies are in progress to evaluate the interactions of neutrophils with infected cells. In collaboration with Cornell, we have found that Klebsiella strains collected from multiple animals are better able to evade neutrophil killing as compared to isolates with unique RAPD-PCR profiles. Our data suggest that Klebsiella strains found in multiple animals may be better host-adapted to evade host defenses and cause infection in the mammary gland WASHINGTON A study was done to compare lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), TNF-alpha and IL-8 levels in milk and LBP levels in blood of cows with clinical mastitis (CM) caused by E. coli and environmental streptococci grouped by systemic disease severity. Milk LBP was significantly higher in cows with moderate/severe versus mild E. coli CM, however, no difference between severity groups For E. coli IMI, the trend was that LBP, TNF-alpha and IL-8 levels were significantly elevated for mild/severe cases as compared to moderate mastitis cases. No differences were seen with streptococcal IMI. Additionally, for those cows requiring retreatment, LBP in milk was lower for E. coli IMI cows. Objective 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses. LOUISIANA Evaluation of mastitis pathogens for resistance to various antibiotics is underway. Bovine isolates will be compared to similar isolates from environmental and human sources to determine the impact of agriculture practices on bacterial resistance. MISSOURI Data collection and preliminary data analysis have been completed for a study evaluating the role of coagulase negative staphylococcal species on milk somatic cell count and duration of infection. Differences between species were found for both SCC and duration of infection. MONTREAL - An apparent association was identified between certain genetic and phenotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus and the likelihood that intramammary infection will be sub-clinical versus being moderate-severely clinical. A culture collection of about 15,000 mastitis pathogens obtained from significant clinical and non-clinical intramammary infections on about 90 Canadian dairy farms over 2007 and 2008 was completed together with an associated epidemiologic database and made available to other stations (in collaboration with University of Prince Edward Island, University of Guelph, and University of Calgary). Additional stations utilizing this resource to date include University of Tennessee and University of Missouri. NEW YORK Research into virulence factors for bacterial mastitis pathogens focused on Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus uberis and dysgalactiae and Serratia marcescens. We also studied bacterial specific losses due to clinical mastitis in dairy farms. PENNSYLVANIA A project was conducted to characterize somatic cells (flow cytometry) and isolate, identify and quantify bovine MHC II bound peptides from high somatic cell count cows using immunoaffinity chromatography, and MALDI-TOF-MS. The MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of milk samples revealed that cows with > 1,000,000 cells/ml had peptides suggestive of gram negative aerobic/microaerophilic bacteria including Shewanella pealeana, Stenotrophomonas maltophila, Burkholderia xenovorans, and Comamonas testosteroni. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND UPEI researchers lead a study into the dynamics of mastitis on 80 farms across Canada. The objective was to establish incidence data for new intramammary infections under different days in milk and production cycle conditions. TENNESSEE Cows vaccinated with Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) experienced an 8 to 10 fold increase in specific antibody titers which were able to prevent S. uberis binding and internalization into mammary cells in vitro. Additional tools to elucidate the mechanisms associated with S. uberis pathogenesis were generated through development of a SUAM mutant and a mutant library. Escherichia coli isolated from chronic cases of mastitis invaded mammary cells for at least 3 additional days relative to strains isolated from acute mastitis cases. This demonstrates that different pathogenic mechanisms exist for E. coli which can be targeted for control strategies (NY). VIRGINIA A collection of 160 enterococcal isolates of bovine origin have been examined for the presence of well-characterized virulence factors, antibiotic resistance profiles and the ability to form biofilm. Species included in this analysis were Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, E. gallinarum, and E. casseliflavus. Statistical analyses have not been completed to date. Additionally, we found that Klebsiella strains with the same RAPD-PCR profile but found in multiple animals express similar amount of biofilm but increased amounts of capsule as compared with strains found in unique cases of mastitis, in collaboration with Cornell. Objective 3. Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. GEORGIA Evaluation of a novel antimicrobial intramammary infusion product against subclinical mastitis caused by staphylococci and streptococci is being conducted in two local Georgia dairies. The active ingredient, nisin, is generally regarded as safe for human consumption (GRAS), and may be marketed with no withdrawal period as long as milk from treated quarters is visibly normal. (WI, LA, NY, IA, WA) LOUISIANA In vitro evaluation of teat dips using A.O.A.C. methods and the excised teat model will continue. Evaluation of a new nisin based therapeutic for treatment of bovine mastitis is underway. MISSOURI Data collection and preliminary analyses have been performed for a study evaluating methods for detection of mastitis in dairy goats. We have completed data collection on the evaluation of an internal teat sealant on a pasture-based dairy system. MONTREAL It was demonstrated that for reducing incidence of new coagulase-negative staphylococci intramammary infections under Canadian conditions, sand bedding is superior to all other bedding types, and that frequent stall cleaning and bedding refreshing is effective regardless of bedding types and housing types. NEW YORK Research into the on-farm epidemiology of zoonotic pathogens on dairy farms was performed. We focused in 2008 on Salmonella infections and Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation in the milking equipment on farms. OHIO Daily and every other day application of a commercial bedding conditioner did not significantly reduce populations of coliforms or streptococci in manure solids bedding. PENNSYLVANIA A web-based milk quality interactive software is currently being tested. It is anticipated that the software will be placed on the Penn State Veterinary Extension Website by March 2009. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND In 2008, data analysis was completed on a study of risk factors associated with the bacterial quality of raw milk. Stall and animal hygiene, milking time management and equipment function and cleaning procedures were all important predictors of quality. Additionally, test characteristics of on-farm culture systems (Minnesota Easy Culture and Petrifilm (3M)) for clinical mastitis were evaluated in laboratory and subsequently the Petrifilm system was evaluated on-farm. TENNESSEE Real-time PCR was assessed for rapid, simultaneous assessment of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli in milk. Improvements are needed for DNA isolation and the specificity/sensitivity of primers and probes. Analysis of Tennessee bulk tank milk somatic cell counts (SCC), standard plate count (SPC), preliminary incubation count (PIC) lab pasteurized count (LPC), and Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and coliform counts revealed several relationships. Significantly lower Staphylococcus and coliform counts and significantly higher PIC and LPC also were observed when assessed at 2 days versus 1 day. The Tennessee Quality Milk Initiative was developed to provide a science-based comprehensive program to enhance milk quality and improve the profitability and sustainability of dairy farms via education, research and outreach. UTAH Use of traditional PCR and real time PCR for diagnosis and speciation of Mycoplasma infection status of dairy herds using a bulk tank sampling method. Preliminary testing and validation of the PCR methods is complete. VERMONT We have developed a mathematical model to describe mastitis pathogen transmission dynamics and to estimate the overall effects of diagnosis and treatment of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds. The model allows for the quantification of direct (cow level) and indirect (herd level) effects of treating subclinical mastitis during lactation. Results of model simulations are consistent with the concept that successful treatment of subclinical mastitis leading to reductions in duration of infection results in decreased new infections in a herd. (NY) VIRGINIA Preliminary data has been collected to assess the relationship of silage inoculants and environmental mastitis. Data suggests enterococci (commonly used in silage inoculants) are able to survive the environmental pressures of ensiling. This study was done in a laboratory setting and further data collection is required to examine the ability of enterococci to survive the gastrointestinal tract of the cow. WASHINGTON Sensitivity of detection of mycoplasma in milk was enhanced through the centrifugation of milk, resuspension of pellet and culture, as compared to conventional means. It was determined that refrigerating milk samples for 5 d and freezing milk samples have a negative effect on the number of recovered Mycoplasma sp., adding glycerol as a cryopreservative was deleterious to the recovery. Speciation obtained using partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was compared to that using API STAPH ID 20 and PCR-RFLP of the gap gene. 57.4% (151/263) of the speciation results obtained by API STAPH ID 20 was matched with that by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, 97.0% (255/263) by PCR-RFLP of the gap gene. Eleven different CNS species were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Only 57.4% (151/263) of the speciation results obtained by API STAPH ID 20 was matched with that by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whereas 97.0% (255/263) of the speciation results obtained by PCR-RFLP of the gap gene was matched with that by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. WORK IN PROGRESS OBJECTIVE 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. GEORGIA Study of the immune response of dairy cows and goats to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus will be continued with emphasis on dairy goats (does and doelings). Because these animals are particularly prone to coagulase-negative staphylococcal species (CNS), the focus of study will be on the response to this microorganism. ILLINOIS We will complete mammary, liver, and neutrophil transcriptomics from periparturient cows fed two levels of dietary energy prepartum and challenged with LPS during the first week postpartum. Additionally, we will complete transcriptomics analysis of bovine macrophages exposed to several types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. LOUISIANNA The mycoplasma mastitis monitoring program for Louisiana will continue. MAINE The project to evaluate probiotic teat treatments will be completed in a stepwise fashion: 1) Characterize normal teat end and distal teat canal flora in healthy dry and lactating dairy cattle including the collection of endogenous nonpathogenic flora for potential probiotic use. 2) Select exogenous or endogenous microbial nonpathogenic flora for potential probiotic use. 3) Evaluate cell adherence and biofilm capacity of potential probiotic a. A biofilm assessment protocol has been developed. b. We are evaluating 3 candidate organisms from ATCC 4) Evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of potential probiotics in vitro 5) Evaluate antimicrobial efficacy in vivo 6) Evaluate the effect of passaging selected cultures for potential probiotics 7) Test for changes in selected innate immune system components in treated, versus control, cows. MISSOURI In 2009, we plan to complete and publish the aforementioned studies. We will collaborate with the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network to characterize coagulase negative staphylococcal infections over the dry period and subclinical infections during lactation. Our role will be speciation of coagulase negative staphylococci using gene sequencing and strain-typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In addition, we will embark on a new project studying the epidemiology of mastitis pathogens on pasture-based dairies with a major focus on purchased dairy heifers. NEW YORK We plan to continue our research into susceptibility of intrammmary infections during the dry period. Further development of immune assays will include multi-color flow cytometry of mammary immune cells. TENNESSEE Identify mechanisms associated with genetic susceptibility to mastitis. Identify impact of stress hormones and heat stress on mammary epithelial cell gene expression. UTAH Follow up on the Mycoplasma surveillance project will continue; our goal is to reduce the prevalence in Utah as much as possible. The last of the second and final round of follow up visits will be made. Publications regarding farm management practices and characteristics of mycoplasma-positive herds, and the finding of Mycoplasma spp. (some confirmed by PCR as M. bovis) in environmental bedding samples on several farms are anticipated. VERMONT We are investigating between animal variation in response of dermal fibroblasts to LPS treatment and its association with mastitis resistance. VIRGINIA We plan to identify the mechanism by which intracellular S. aureus prevents upregulation of inflammatory mediators in MAC-T and suppresses responses of bovine immune cells. Furthermore, we will continue our collaboration with Cornell to determine if host-adapted isolates of Klebsiella are better able to adhere, invade and survive in mammary epithelial cells as compared to non-host adapted strains. OBJECTIVE 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense. LOUISIANA Evaluation of mastitis pathogens for antimicrobial resistance will continue. Mastitis pathogens will be compared to human and environmental isolates to determine the impact of agriculture practices on bacterial resistance to antibiotics MONTREAL Associations of S. aureus genetic and phenotypic virulence markers with clinical presentation of intramammary infection will be validated and mechanisms of applying this knowledge in the field will be assessed. Distribution and access of mastitis pathogen culture collection isolates and data will be streamlined, and process implemented for archiving characterization data returned to the collection by users (in collaboration with the University of Prince Edward Island, University of Guelph, and University of Calgary). NEW YORK Our research into virulence factors for bacterial mastitis pathogens with a special focus on Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus uberis and dysgalactiae will continue. We aim to start a multi-state research project in Klebsiella mastitis. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Data analysis related to the dynamics of mastitis new infections in the dry period, early lactation, and mid-lactation will be completed. TENNESSEE Assess efficacy of SUAM vaccine in preventing or ameliorating severity of Streptococcus uberis infection. Screen S. uberis mutant library for genes critical for pathogenesis. Identify impact of heat stress in promoting E. coli pathogenesis VERMONT We are investigating potential associations between carriage of antimicrobial resistance genes and response to antimicrobial therapy among different strain types of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis. VIRGINIA We intend to describe the strain similarity of enterococcal isolates collected pre- and post-ensiling. Furthermore, we will examine the subsequent infectivity of these enterococcal isolates from silage inoculates prior to ensiling and post-ensiling an in intramammary challenge model. Finally, statistical analyses will be conducted to examine species differences among enterococcal isolates in virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and ability to form biofilm. In collaboration with Cornell, we will determine if capsule expression by host-adapted Klebsiella strains is responsible for increased ability to evade neutrophil killing by host-adapted strains. WASHINGTON Determine if CNS that cause mastitis and cause an elevated SCC are more likely to possess virulence factors associated with S. aureus, such as fibronectin binding protein and the enterotoxins, than mastitis CNS which induce a reduced SCC. OBJECTIVE 3: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. GEORGIA Evaluation of a novel antimicrobial intramammary infusion product against subclinical mastitis caused by staphylococci and streptococci will be continued to complete data collection for this multi-station trial. A general feed immunostimulant fed to dairy calves will be evaluated for its ability to augment a vaccination protocol against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. LOUISIANA In vitro evaluation of new teat dip products will continue. Evaluation of the nisin therapeutic will continue. MONTREAL Dairy farm management practices in use on Canadian dairies that most effectively influence the duration of sub-clinical pathogen-specific intramammary infection will be distinguished from those practices that most effectively reduce the incidence of sub-clinical intramammary infection (in collaboration with the University of Prince Edward Island). A real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneously identifying S. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli in quarter milk samples will be validated for clinical mastitis samples and non-clinical screening samples (in collaboration with the University of Tennessee). NEW YORK We plan to continue our research into the on-farm epidemiology of zoonotic pathogens. Our emphasis will be on Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation and prevention in milking equipment on farms. PENNSYLVANIA Milk Quality and Mastitis Diagnosis Panel will be made available for diagnostic use. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Completion of a clinical trial using a treatment decision model based on on-farm Petrifilm culture. Evaluation of the economics of on-farm culture of clinical mastitis cases in Canadian herds will be completed. Expansion of the scope of the culture system to make selective dry cow therapy decisions will be the tested. TENNESSEE Analysis of bulk tank milk quality and continued delivery of the Tennessee Milk Quality Initiative. UTAH Completion of the bulk tank milk Mycoplasma PCR study is anticipated. Blind comparison of previous Modified Hayflick mycoplasma culture results with PCR results will enable calculation of relative sensitivity for each method. (Specificity will probably be 100% because the gold standard will likely be that any one positive test result on a given milk sample will be considered true positive - thus there can be no false positives). VERMONT We are evaluating impact of antimicrobial treatment of subclinical Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis mastitis during lactation on strain diversity and strain specific transmission dynamics. WASHINGTON Determine the risk factors for continuation of Mycoplasma mastitis after an outbreak of this disease in the herd. VIRGINIA We intend to examine the changes in lactose concentration prior to clinical mastitis using a novel in-line milk analysis system. We hypothesize lactose concentration in milk will show significant decreases prior to the onset of clinical signs/indicators of mastitis. Detection of mastitis prior to the onset of clinical signs would allow for earlier intervention and the potential avoidance of severe acute mastitis.

PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE GEORGIA Fain, J. L., W. M. Graves, J. M. Haslett, S. C. Nickerson, and J. K. Bernard. Effect of combining GnRH and ECP with a CIDR-prostaglandin protocol on pregnancy rates in Holstein heifers submitted to timed artificial insemination. Professional Animal Scientist. 2008. In Review. Nickerson, S. C. Control of Heifer Mastitis: Antimicrobial Treatment  An Overview. Veterinary Microbiology. In Press. LOUISIANA Owens, W.E. and W.A. Nipper. 2008. Development of a Mycoplasma Mastitis Control Program in Louisiana. J. Professional Animal Scientist. 24, 103-106. Andrew, S.M., K.M. Moyes, A.A. Borm, L.K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J.S. Hogan, S.P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens and C. Norman. 2008. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogens presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.0222. MISSOURI Luby CD, Middleton JR, Ma J, Rinehart CL, Bucklin S, Kohler C, Tyler JW. 2007. Characterization of the antibody isotype response in serum and milk of heifers vaccinated with a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin (LysiginTM). J Dairy Res. 74(2):239-246. E-Pub: 24 April 2007. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Nagy DW, Middleton JR. 2008. Frequency of detectable serum IgG in precolostral calves. Am J Vet Res. 69(6):791-795. Middleton JR, Luby CD. 2008. Escherichia coli mastitis in cattle being treated for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Vet Rec. 162(5):156-157. Middleton JR. 2008. Staphylococcus aureus antigens and challenges in vaccine development. Expert Review of Vaccines. 7(6):805-815. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Dill JS, Steevens BJ. 2008. Comparison of four methods to assess colostral IgG concentration in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 233(5):761-766. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Schultz LG, Middleton JR, Steevens BJ, Spain JN. 2008. The effect of colostrum administration by use of oroesophageal intubation on serum IgG concentrations in Holstein bull calves. Am J Vet Res. 69(9):1158-1163. Middleton JR, Luby CD, Adams DS. 2008. Efficacy of vaccination against staphylococcal mastitis: A review and new data. Vet Microbiol. In Press. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.053. MONTREAL Roy, J.-P., Du Tremblay, D., DesCôteaux, L., Messier, S., Scholl, D. and Bouchard, E. Evaluation of the California Mastitis Test as a precalving treatment selection tool for Holstein heifers. Vet. Microbiol. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.020 In press. Olde Riekerink, R.G.M., Barkema, H.W., Scholl, D.T., and Kelton, D. Incidence Rate of Clinical Mastitis on Canadian Dairy Farms. J. Dairy Sci. 2008. 91: 1366-1377 NEW YORK Andrew, S. M., K. M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens, and C. Norman. 2008. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. (In press). Bar, D., Grohn, Y.T., Bennett, G., Gonzalez, R.N., Hertl, J.A., Schulte, H.F., Tauer, L.W., Welcome, F.L., Schukken, Y.H., 2007. Effect of repeated episodes of generic clinical mastitis on milk yield in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 4643-4653. Bar, D., Grohn, Y.T., Bennett, G., Gonzalez, R.N., Hertl, J.A., Schulte, H.F., Tauer, L.W., Welcome, F.L., Schukken, Y.H., 2008. Effects of repeated episodes of generic clinical mastitis on mortality and culling in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 2196-2204. Bar, D., Tauer, L.W., Bennett, G., Gonzalez, R.N., Hertl, J.A., Schukken, Y.H., Schulte, H.F., Welcome, F.L., Grohn, Y.T., 2008. The cost of generic clinical mastitis in dairy cows as estimated by using dynamic programming. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 2205-2214. Barlow, J., Rauch, B., Welcome, F., Kim, S.G., Dubovi, E., Schukken, Y., 2008. Association between coxiella burnetii shedding in milk and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Vet. Res. 39, 23. Chapagain, P.P., van Kessel, J.S., Karns, J.S., Wolfgang, D.R., Hovingh, E., Nelen, K.A., Schukken, Y.H., Grohn, Y.T., 2008. A mathematical model of the dynamics of salmonella cerro infection in a US dairy herd. Epidemiol. Infect. 136, 263-272. De Vliegher, S., Zadoks, R.N., Barkema, H.W., 2008. Heifer and CNS mastitis. Vet. Microbiol. In press. Epub. Dopfer, D., Buist, W., Soyer, Y., Munoz, M.A., Zadoks, R.N., Geue, L., Engel, B., 2008. Assessing genetic heterogeneity within bacterial species isolated from gastrointestinal and environmental samples: How many isolates does it take? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 3490-3496. Munoz, M.A., Bennett, G.J., Ahlstrom, C., Griffiths, H.M., Schukken, Y.H., Zadoks, R.N., 2008. Cleanliness scores as indicator of klebsiella exposure in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 3908-3916. Munoz, M.A., Welcome, F.L., Schukken, Y.H., Zadoks, R.N., 2007. Molecular epidemiology of two klebsiella pneumoniae mastitis outbreaks on a dairy farm in new york state. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 3964-3971. Nightingale, C., Dhuyvetter, K., Mitchell, R., Schukken, Y., 2008. Influence of variable milk quality premiums on observed milk quality. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 1236-1244. Schmitt-Van de Leemput, E., Zadoks, R.N., 2007. Genotypic and phenotypic detection of macrolide and lincosamide resistance in streptococcus uberis. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 5089-5096. Schukken, Y.H., González, R.N., Tikofsky, L.L., Schulte, H.F., Santisteban, C.G., Welcome, F.L., Bennett, G.J., Zurakowski, M.J., Zadoks, R.N., 2008. CNS mastitis: Nothing to worry about? Vet. Microbiol. . Schukken, Y.H., Gonzalez, R.N., Tikofsky, L.L., Schulte, H.F., Santisteban, C.G., Welcome, F.L., Bennett, G.J., Zurakowski, M.J., Zadoks, R.N., 2008. CNS mastitis: Nothing to worry about? Vet. Microbiol. In press. Epub. Srinivasan, V., Gillespie, B.E., Lewis, M.J., Nguyen, L.T., Headrick, S.I., Schukken, Y.H., Oliver, S.P., 2007. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns of escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows with mastitis. Vet. Microbiol. 124, 319-328. Van Kessel, J.S., Karns, J.S., Wolfgang, D.R., Hovingh, E., Jayarao, B.M., Van Tassell, C.P., Schukken, Y.H., 2008. Environmental sampling to predict fecal prevalence of salmonella in an intensively monitored dairy herd. J. Food Prot. 71, 1967-1973. Van Kessel, J.S., Karns, J.S., Wolfgang, D.R., Hovingh, E., Schukken, Y.H., 2007. Longitudinal study of a clonal, subclinical outbreak of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar cerro in a U.S. dairy herd. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 4, 449-461. Wilson, D.J., Grohn, Y.T., Bennett, G.J., Gonzalez, R.N., Schukken, Y.H., Spatz, J., 2008. Milk production change following clinical mastitis and reproductive performance compared among J5 vaccinated and control dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 3869-3879. Zadoks, R.N., Watts, J.L., 2008. Species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci: Genotyping is superior to phenotyping. Vet. Microbiol. In press. Epub. OHIO Furgani, G., E. Boszormenyi, A. Fodor, A. Mathe-Fodor, S. Forst, J. Hogan, Z. Kotano, M.G. Klein, E. Stackebrandt, A. Szentirmai, F. Sztaricskai, and S. Wolf. 2007. Xenorhabdus antibiotics: a comparative analysis potential utility for controlling mastitis caused by bacteria. J. Applied Micobiol. 103:1757-1765. Petersson-Wolfe, C. S., S. Adams, S. L. Wolf, and J. S. Hogan. 2008. Genomic typing of enterococci isolated from bovine mammary glands and environmental sources. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 615-619. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Elmoslemany, A.M., G.P. Keefe I.R. Dohoo and B.M. Jayarao. Risk Factors for Bacteriological Quality of Bulk Tank Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. Part 2: Bacteria Count Specific Risk Factors. Accepted J Dairy Sci. McCarron, J.L., G.P. Keefe, S.L.B. McKenna, I.R. Dohoo, and D.E. Poole. Laboratory Evaluation of 3M Petrifilms and University of Minnesota Bi-plates as Potential On-Farm Tests for Clinical Mastitis. Accepted J Dairy Sci. PENNSYLVANIA Houser, B. A., S. C. Donaldson, S. I. Kehoe, A. J. Heinrichs, and B. M. Jayarao. 2008. A Survey of Bacteriological Quality and the Occurrence of Salmonella in Raw Bovine Colostrum. Foodborne Pathog Dis. Houser, B. A., S. C. Donaldson, R. Padte, A. A. Sawant, C. DebRoy, and B. M. Jayarao. 2008. Assessment of phenotypic and genotypic diversity of Escherichia coli shed by healthy lactating dairy cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 5:41-51. Kehoe, S. I., B. M. Jayarao, and A. J. Heinrichs. 2007. A survey of bovine colostrum composition and colostrum management practices on Pennsylvania dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 90:4108-16. TENNESSEE Cesaris, L., B. E. Gillespie, V. Srinivasan, R. A. Almeida, A. Zecconi, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Discriminating between strains of Escherichia coli using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and BOX-PCR. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease 4 (4):473-480. Srinivasan, V., Hyang-Mi Nam, Ashish A. Sawant, Susan I. Headrick, Lien T. Nguyen, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2008. Distribution of tetracycline and streptomycin resistance genes and class 1 integrons in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from dairy farm soils. Microbial Ecology 55:184-193. Pangloli, Philipus, Yobouet Dje, Omaima Ahmed, C.A. Doane, S. P. Oliver, and F. A. Draughon. 2008. Seasonal incidence and molecular characterization of Salmonella from dairy cows, calves and the farm environment. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease 5:87-97. Luther, Douglas A., Raúl A. Almeida, and Stephen P. Oliver. 2008. Elucidation of the DNA sequence of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule gene (sua) and detection of sua in strains of Streptococcus uberis isolated from geographically diverse locations. Vet. Microbiol. 128:304-312. Leyva-Baca, I., G. Pighetti and N. A. Karrow. 2008. Genotype-specific IL8RA gene expression in bovine neutrophils in response to whole blood Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge. Animal Genetics 39: 298-300. Gillespie, B. E., S. I. Headrick, S. Boonyayatra, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Prevalence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species from three dairy research herds. Vet. Microbiol. (In press). Andrew, S. M., K. M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens, and C. Norman. 2008. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. (In press). Sawant, A. A, B. E. Gillespie, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Vet. Microbiol. (In press). Oliver, S. P., D. A. Patel, T. R. Callaway, and M. E. Torrence. 2008. Developments and future outlook for preharvest food safety. J. Anim. Sci. (In press). Stenske, K.A., D.A. Bemis, B. E. Gillespie, D.H. DSouza, S.P. Oliver, F.A. Draughon, K.J. Matteson, and J.W. Bartges. 2008. Comparison of clonal relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility of fecal Escherichia coli from healthy dogs and their owners. Am. J. Vet. Res. (In press). UTAH Wilson DJ, Trujillo JD, Skirpstunas RT, Cavender KB: Isolation of Serratia liquefaciens from sodium chlorite lactic acid teat dip stored on a dairy farm. Bov Pract (Peer-Reviewed - Accepted, in print, 2008). VERMONT Celia, L.K., Nelson, D., and D.E. Kerr. 2008. Characterization of a bacteriophage lysin (Ply700) from Streptococcus uberis. Veterinary Microbiology 130:107-117. VIRGINIA Petersson-Wolfe, C. S., S. Adams, S. L. Wolf, and J. S. Hogan. 2008. Genomic Typing of Enterococci Isolated from Bovine Mammary Glands and Environmental Sources. J Dairy Sci 91: 615-619. WASHINGTON Church, G.T., L.K. Fox, C.T. Gaskins, D. D. Hancock, and J.M. Gay. 2008. The effect of a shortened dry period on intramammary infections during the subsequent lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 4219:4225. ABSTRACTS GEORGIA Gilson, W. D., S. C. Nickerson, and L. O. Ely. Evaluating somatic cell counts in frozen milk samples using the DeLaval DCC. Pages 196-197 in Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, National Mastitis Council, Inc. Madison, WI. 2008. Nickerson, S. C., E. P. Hovingh, C. Peterson, S. Brannock, E. Schaffer, and P. W. Widel. Efficacy of a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin in reducing the new infection rate and somatic cell count in a commercial dairy. Pages 234-235 in Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, National Mastitis Council, Inc. Madison, WI. 2008. ILLINOIS Moyes, K. M., J. K. Drackley, D. E. Morin, R. E. Everts, H. A. Lewin, and J. J. Loor. 2008. Negative energy balance (NEB) alters neutrophil (PMN) gene expression in response to a Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis) mastitis challenge in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 91(E-Suppl. 1):T8. Moyes, K. M., J. K. Drackley, D. E. Morin, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, R. E. Everts, H. A. Lewin, and J. J. Loor. 2008. Effect of energy balance on gene expression in bovine mammary tissue. FASEB J. 22:294.4. TENNESSEE Almeida, R. A., D. Patel, M. E. Prado, D. A Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Blocking effect of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule affinity purified antibodies on adherence to and internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cell. Abstract 26P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Almeida, R. A., D. Patel, M. E. Prado, D. A Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Serum from cows vaccinated with Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule inhibits adherence to and internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Abstract 22P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Prado, M. E., D. A Luther, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule induces increased antibody titers in bovine vaccination trial. Abstract 24P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Patel, D. A., R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Characterization of Streptococcus uberis transposon mutants deficient in mammary epithelial cell entry. Abstract 23P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Almeida, R. A., B. Dogan, S. Klaessig, Y. H Schukken, and S. P. Oliver. 2007. Intracellular trafficking profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from acute and chronic/persistent bovine intramammary infections. Abstract 25P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Piper, S. E., S. P. Oliver, and G. M. Pighetti. 2007. Growth and neutrophil killing of Escherichia coli isolated from transient and chronic cases of mastitis. Abstract 28P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Elliott, A. A., S. P. Oliver, and G. M. Pighetti. 2007. Relationship of CXCR1 genotypes with responses to experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. Abstract 104P in Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Oliver, S, P., D. A. Patel, T. R. Callaway, and M. E. Torrence. 2008. Developments and future outlook for preharvest food safety. J. Am. Soc Anim. Sci. Invited Centennial Paper. Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, H. M. Park, M. E. Prado, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Identification, isolation & characterization of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule. Abstract 8 p. 14 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Almeida, R. A., D. A. Patel, M. E. Prado, D. A Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Blocking effect of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule affinity purified antibodies on adherence to and internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Abstract 11 p. 15 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Prado, M. E., C. Ozen, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Expression of the recombinant form of a novel surface protein (SUAM) of Streptococcus uberis. Abstract 9 p. 14 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Prado, M. E., D. A. Luther, K. E. Oliff, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Vaccination with Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule induces isotypic antibody responses in bovine serum and colostrum. Abstract 10 p. 15 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Patel, D. A., R. A. Almeida, M. E. Prado, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Characterization of Streptococcus uberis transposon mutants deficient in mammary epithelial cell entry. Abstract 12 p. 15 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Stenske, Katherine A., Barbara. E. Gillespie, Stephen P. Oliver, David A. Bemis, Karla J. Matteson, F. Ann Draughon, and Joseph W. Bartges. 2008. Comparison of clonal relatedness of fecal Escherichia coli from dogs and their owners and epidemiological analysis of within household sharing of bacteria. Abstract 2, p. 12 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Stenske, K.S, B. E Gillespie, S. P. Oliver, D. A. Bemis, K. J. Matteson, F. A. Draughon, and J. W. Bartges. 2008. Comparison of clonal relatedness of fecal Escherichia coli isolates from dogs and their owners and epidemiological analysis of within-household sharing of bacteria. J. Vet. Intern Med. 22:785. Patel, D. A., M. E. Prado, R. A. Almeida, X. Y. Chen, D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus uberis transposon mutants deficient in adhesion to and internalization of S. uberis into mammary epithelial cells or bovine collagen/fibrinogen binding. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. (In press). Chen, X. Y., D. A. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Targeted mutagenesis in Streptococcus uberis using a thermosensitive replicative plasmid. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (In press). Almeida, R. A., B. Dogan, S. Klaessig, Y. H Schukken, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Intracellular persistence of strains of Escherichia coli isolated from acute and chronic/persistent bovine intramammary infections. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (In press). Prado, M. E., D. A. Luther, K. E. Oliff, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Vaccination with Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule induces isotypic antibody responses in bovine serum and colostrum. Proc. Am. Assoc. Bovine Practitioners 41:19. Elliott, A. A., J. Dunlap, and G. M. Pighetti. 2008. Identifying mechanisms associated with neutrophil migration in cows genetically susceptible to mastitis. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (In press). Pighetti, G. M. and L. J. Wojakiewicz. 2008. Norepinephrine induces pro-inflammatory gene expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (In press). UTAH Wilson DJ, González RN, Sears PM, Southwick LH, Schulte HF, Bennett GJ: Intramammary pathogens from 3755 dairy goats and sheep and farm characteristics from New York State. Journ Dairy Sci Vol. 91, E-Suppl. 1:301, 2008. Wilson DJ, Trujillo JD, Skirpstunas RT, Cavender KB: Sodium chlorite lactic acid teat dip contaminated with Serratia liquefaciens. Journ Dairy Sci Vol. 91, E-Suppl. 1:302, 2008. VERMONT Kerr, D.E., M. Latshaw and R. Parik. 2008. Genomic response of immune associated genes to LPS challenge in bovine mammary gland and epithelial cells. Journal of Dairy Science 91 (Suppl. 1). Kandasamy, S., Haddock, K.L, and D.E. Kerr. 2008. Functional evaluation of polymorphisms in the bovine IL-8 gene promoter. Journal of Dairy Science 91 (Suppl. 1). VIRGINIA A.J. Nedrow, W. Wark, M.E. Dickenson, R.N. Zadoks, and I.K. 2008. Mullarky.Comparison of virulence factors among Klebsiella isolates with varying prevalence. Proceedings for the Deans' Forum on Infectious Disease. 21. R.J. Ortiz-Marty, W. Wark, and I.K. Mullarky. 2008. Staphylococcus aureus suppresses immune responses of bovine mammary epithelial cells during intracellular infection. Proceedings for the Deans' Forum on Infectious Disease. 22. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS GEORGIA Gilson, W. D., and S. C. Nickerson. 2008. The Georgia mastitis situation: Cell counts and microbiology. Pages 30-34 in Proceedings of the Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference. November 12-13, Macon, GA. MISSOURI Middleton JR. 2008. Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU) and the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)  How they impact the producer, veterinarian, processor and consumer. Proc. 47th Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. New Orleans, LA. January 20-23, 2008. Pages 21-27 Middleton JR. 2008. Mastitis in the dairy heifer. Proceedings of the Indiana Veterinary Medical Association Annual Meeting. Indianapolis, IN. Jan 26, 2008 Middleton JR. 2008. Milk microbiology for the practitioner. Proceedings of the Indiana Veterinary Medical Association Annual Meeting. Indianapolis, IN. Jan 26, 2008 Middleton JR. 2008. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: Major or minor bovine mastitis pathogen. Proceedings of the ACVIM Forum, San Antonio, TX. 4-7 June 2008. Pages 279-281. MONTREAL Poirier, E. Bouchard, E, Messier, S., Leger, D., Del Castillo, J., Rajala-Schultz, P. , Côté, V., St-Laurent, M., Perrault, J.-D., Scholl, D.. The effect of dry cow treatment on antibiotic resistance of fecal escherichia coli and of mammary quarter isolates. NMC 47th Annual Meeting. 2008. January 20-23. New Orleans, LA. pp. 216-217. Le Thanh, B.V. Lebeau, C.J., Messier, S., Malouin, F., and Scholl, D. Association épidémiololgique entre des marqueurs de virulence de Staphylococcus aureus et la persistance des infections intramammaires bovine. 4e Colloque international francophone de microbiologie animale. September 21  24, 2008. Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada. P. 27. Reyher, K., and Scholl, D. Une plateforme nationale de recherche sur la surveillance et le contrôle de la mammite bovine au Canada. 4e Colloque international francophone de microbiologie animale. September 21  24, 2008. Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada. P. 53. Le Thanh, B.V., Lebeau, C.J., Messier, S., Malouin, F. and Scholl. D. Epidemiologic association of Staphylococcus aureus virulence markers with intramammary infection chronicity. Mastitis Control: From science to practice. Proceedings of international conference. September 30  October 2, 2008. The Hague, Netherlands. pp. 167  173. Dufour, S., Dohoo, I., DeVries, T., and Scholl, D. Improving mastitis control programs through identification of risk factors related to the incidence of subclinical intramammary infections. Mastitis Control: From science to practice. In: Proceedings of international conference. September 30  October 2, 2008. The Hague, Netherlands. pp. 211  218. Reyher, K., and Scholl, D. A national resource platform for mastitis management, planning and control in Canada. In: Mastitis Control: From science to practice. Proceedings of international conference. September 30  October 2, 2008. The Hague, Netherlands. p. 439. NEW YORK Bar, D., Grohn, Y.T. and Y.H. Schukken. 2008. Use of a dynamic programming model to estimate the value of clinical mastitis treatment and prevention options utilized by dairy producers. Proc. agricultural systems meeting. Zadoks, R., Munoz, M., Griffiths, H., Bennett, G., Schukken, Y., 2008. KlebsiellaNot by bedding alone. Proc.Natl.Mastitis Counc.Annu.Meet.Natl.Mastitis Counc.Inc., Verona, WI 240241. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Elmoslemany A.M., Keefe G.P., Dohoo I.R. Risk Factors for Bacteriological Quality of Bulk Tank Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. Proceedings of the 25th World Buiatrics Congress, Budapest Hungary , July 2008. Elmoslemany A.M., Keefe G.P. Risk Factors Associated with Bulk Tank Milk Quality in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. Proceedings National Mastitis Council, New Orleans Louisiana, January 2008. McCarron J., Keefe G. Laboratory Evaluation of Potential On-Farm Culture Systems for Clinical Mastitis Cases. Proceedings National Mastitis Council, New Orleans Louisiana, January 2008. Keefe, G.P., Elmoslemany, AM. Bulk Tank Raw Milk Quality: Effects on Consumers and Survey-based Risk Assessments. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. Elmoslemany, AM., Keefe, G.P., Dohoo IR. Bulk Tank Raw Milk Quality:On-Farm Assessment of Risk Factors. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. Keefe, G.P., Elmoslemany, A.M. Management of Raw Milk Quality: Opportunities for producers and processors Colanta International Congress on Milk Quality, Medellin Columbia, November, 2008. Calloway, C.D., Dohoo I.R., Keefe. G.P. Incidence Risk Patterns of Intramammary Infection Pathogens during the Dry Period in Holstein Dairy Cattle. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. Meleck S.R.A., Keefe G.P. Influence of Time, Temperature and Starting Bacteria Load Parameters on the Quality of Raw Bulk Tank Milk. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. McCarron, J.L., Keefe G.P., Poole D.E. Laboratory Evaluation of Two Potential On-farm Culture Systems for Clinical Mastitis Cases. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. TENNESSEE Gillespie, B. E., S. Boonyayatra, M. J. Lewis, A. M. Saxton, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Bulk tank milk quality of nine dairy farms in Tennessee over a 12 month period. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc., pp. 198-199. Maxwell, M. L., B. E. Gillespie, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Real-time polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of mastitis pathogens directly from milk. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc., pp. 212-213. Prado, M. E., D. A Luther, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Vaccination with Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule induces antibody responses in bovine serum and colostrum. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc., pp. 232-233. Campbell, K. H., B. E. Gillespie, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Tennessee Quality Milk Initiative update. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc., pp. 248-249. Oliver, S. P. 2008. Best management practices to improve milk quality. In: Proc. SW Pennsylvania Regional Dairy Day. Oliver, S. P. 2008. Seminario de mastitis en Novillas. In: Proc. XIII Congreso Internacional ANEMBE Annual Meeting. Oliver, S. P. 2008. Public health and food safety issues associated with foodborne pathogens from the dairy environment. In: Proc. XIII Congreso Internacional ANEMBE Annual Meeting, pp. 267-286. Oliver, S. P. 2008. Heifer mastitis: prevalence, risk factors and strategies of control. In: Proc. XIII Congreso Internacional ANEMBE Annual Meeting, pp. 211-228. Oliver, S. P. 2008. Best management practices to enhance milk quality on Southeast dairies. In: Proc. 2008 Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference. (In press). Oliver, S. P. 2008. Methods to assess milk quality and their interpretation In: Proc. 2008 Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference. (In press). WASHINGTON Fox, L. K. 2008. Mycoplasma Mastitis: Emerging trends with an emerging disease. World Buiatric Congress, 25th Jubilee, Budapest, Hungary, July 6-11. POSTER PRESENTATIONS GEORGIA Rollin, E., S. C. Nickerson, D. T. Ensley, and R .D. Berghaus. Mastitis outbreak in beef bulls on a feeding test. American Association of Bovine Practitioners. Sept 25-27, Charlotte, NC. 2008. MONTREAL Dufour, S., Scholl, D., and Dohoo, I. Améliorer les programmes de cotnrôle de la mammite subclinique en identifiant les fcteurs de risqué relies à lincidence dinfections intramammaires. 4e Colloque international francophone de microbiologie animale. September 21  24, 2008. Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada. P. 96. Poster D-02. Dufour, S., and Scholl, D. Risk factors associated with sub-clinical IMI incidence on Canadian dairy farms (Oral presentation). Canadian Association of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, May 21 - 30, 2008, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Jacob, C.L., B. Lefebvre, E. Poirier, J.-P. Roy, D. Scholl, F. Malouin. Comparative Genomics and Virulence Potential of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Chronic Mastitis. American Society of Microbiology. June 1-5, 2008, Boston, Massachusetts. Z-020. VIRGINIA Nedrow, A.J., W. Wark, M.E. Dickenson, R.N. Zadoks, and I.K. Mullarky. Comparison of virulence factors among Klebsiella isolates with varying prevalence. 2008. Deans' Forum on Infectious Disease, Blacksburg, VA. Ortiz-Marty, R.J., W. Wark, and I.K. Mullarky. Staphylococcus aureus suppresses immune responses of bovine mammary epithelial cells during intracellular infection. 2008. Deans' Forum on Infectious Disease, Blacksburg, VA. Ortiz-Marty, R.J., W. Wark, and I.K. Mullarky. Suppression of bovine mammary epithelial cell immune response by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. 2008. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease (CRWAD), Chicago, IL. Nedrow, A.J., W. Wark, M. E. Dickenson, C.S. Petersson-Wolfe, R.N. Zadoks, and I.K. Mullarky. Klebsiella pathogenicity is dependent on ability to evade neutrophil killing and production of capsule. 2008. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease (CRWAD), Chicago, IL. DISSERTATIONS ILLINOIS Moyes, K.M. Energy balance, immune system function, and suscepotibility to mastitis in dairy cows. 2008. Ph.D. Dissertation, December 2008, University of Illinois, Urbana. BOOK CHAPTERS MISSOURI Middleton JR. Mammary Gland Surgeries: Teat Amputation, Mastectomy. In: 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore, MD. In Press. Middleton JR. Mastitis: Sheep and Goats. In: 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore, MD. In Press.