Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

NCERA  208 Soybean Rust Technical Committee Meeting September 23  24, 2008 - Baton Rouge, LA NCERA 208  Response to Emerging Threat: Soybean Rust Minutes of the Annual Meeting Baton Rouge, Louisiana September 23-24, 2008 Administrative Advisor: Dr. Steven Slack Director, OARDC 1680 Madison Ave. Wooster, OH 44691 Chair: Dr. Edward Sikora Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Auburn University Auburn, AL 36849-5624 Secretary: Albert Tenuta, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, P.O. Box 400 Ridgetown, Ontario N0P 2C0 Members and guests in attendance: NCERA 208 Meeting 2008  Baton Rouge, LA Members/Guests in Attendance: Carl Bradley, (Univ. Illinois), Don Hershman (Univ. Kentucky), Julie Golod (Penn State), Jim Marois (Univ. Florida), Sam Markell (North Dakota State Univ.), Raymond Schneider (Louisiana State Univ.), Clayton Hollier, (Louisiana State Univ.), Clifford Coker (Univ. Arkansas), Tom Allen (Mississippi State Univ.), Arv Grybauskas (Univ. Maryland), Mark Halsey (United Soybean Board), Albert Tenuta (Ontario Ministry of Ag, Food, and Rural Affairs), John Rupe (Univ. Arkansas), Ed Sikora (Auburn), Anne Dorrance (The Ohio State Univ.), Brad Ruden (South Dakota State Univ.), Doug Jardine (Kansas State Univ.), Dean Malvick (Univ. Minnesota), David Wright (NCSRP), Terry Anderson (Agriculture and Agriculture Food Canada), Bob Kemerait (University of Georgia), Laura Sweets (University of Missouri), Loren Giesler (University of Nebraska), Marty Draper (USDA  CSREES), Steve Slack (The Ohio State Univ.), Amanda Greer (Univ. Arkansas), Larry Osbourne (South Dakota University), Darren Mueller (Iowa State University), Laurence Datnoff (Louisiana State University), John Rupe (Univ of Arkansas), Steve Koenning (North Carolina State), Boyd Padget (Louisiana State U), Kiersten Wise (Purdue Univ), Beverly Paul (American Soybean Association), Zhiyuan Chen (Louisiana State U), Cathie Aime (Louisiana State U), Scott Monfort (Univ. Arkansas), Gary Bergstrom (Cornell University), Jim VanKirk (Southern Reg. IPM Center), Willy Kirk (Michigan State University), Glen Hartman (USDA-ARS, Illinois) Minutes: The seventh meeting of the Soybean Rust Working group was held at the Capitol Center Hilton in downtown Baton Rouge, Louisiana on September 23-24, 2008. Ed Sikora, the committee chair, opened the meeting at 12:30 pm on September 23. Paul Coreil and Ray Schneider (Louisiana State Univeristy) welcomed the 40 participants to Baton Rouge and the group was very appreciative of their efforts considering the recent hurricane activity in the area. Group introductions followed the welcome. Dr. Steve Slack (Ohio St. Univ. / NCERA 208 Administrative Advisor) also expressed his appreciation to Ray Schneider and LSU for coordinating the event. Steve explained the purpose of multi-State projects and stressed to the group the importance of impact statements within the annual report and the need to be reviewed regularly and if necessary updated. Although the projects completion date is September 2001, a mid-year review is required by November 15. He strongly encouraged experimental station and extension personal to make sure a Form E is completed and submitted to station directors. Cathie Aime, LSU made a presentation to the group titled Rust Systematics with Emphasis on Phakopsoraceae and Phakospora. Her presentation discussed the importance of this very large group of phytopathogens and how the classification/taxonomy of the rusts are extremely contentious since taxonomy traditionally based on morphology  three camps (hosts, telial state, spermogonia morphology). Phakopsoraceae are a hodge-podge group based on morphological considerations and Phakospora includes approximately 90 species in 5 main groups. Sentinel Plot Discussion (Moderated by Marty Draper) Scott Isard via a conference call provided an update on some of the various soybean rust modeling projects being conducted. The importance of the soybean rust data set (sentinel plot, spore traps, etc) was discussed. He stressed this data set has no comparable collection and is most likely the best data set collected to date. Scott discussed the factors which impacted soybean rust development over the past three years and how important over-wintering locations in the southern US are to the yearly SBR risk. Scott explained from a modelers perspective the importance of maintaining a mix of both sentinel plots and mobile (ad-hoc) plots. David Wright (North Central Soybean Research Program/ Iowa Soybean Promotion) and Mark Halsey (United Soybean Board) provided an update on individual NCSRP and USB funded projects (current and previous) including co-funding projects such as the sentinel plot system (60% funding from USB). They explained how the sentinel plot system began through the encouragement of the producers and has been strongly supported by both organizations and individual state boards. David Wright representing NCSRP/USB/ Iowa Soybean Board/ Illionis Soybean Board strongly encouraged USDA CSREES to provide sustainable long-term funding for the maintenance of the ipmPipe. He explained how the system is a benefit to all and therefore unfair to expect the producers to own the system. The grower boards can not (will not) go alone on the sentinel plot system and need the system in place for the next 10 years since soybean rust is still developing and we have not experienced a typical SBR year. The sentinel plots/ipmPipe is needed to field validate the developing models and without these the accuracy of the models could be questionable. He encouraged the group to bring forward a strong proposal to the North Central and USB Board meetings in December and no additional soybean rust funding of sentinel plots and other projects will be made until those meetings. They require USDA-CSREES and the NCERA-208 to develop a long-term strategy to maintain the network. If this does not occur, further funding of rust projects may not be looked at favourably. At this time NCSRP and USB are looking at a level budget for the 2009 sentinel plot system and no additional funding will be explored until USDA CSREES or other Federal funding is secured. Marty Draper provided a historical review of Federal government funding for SBR and explained the limitations (challenges) these Federal organizations are facing at this time. He further explained what options are presently available to the group for 2009 and he voiced his concern with 2008 being an election year, support could come but it may take time. In addition, competitive funding grants will most likely not be available until decisions are made early spring 2009. This discussion goes beyond Soybean rust and is an invasive species problem. Joe Russo (via conference call) discussed the various IT aspects associated with the ipmPIPE. He presented various versions of the ipmPIPE, the costs of each version and the minimal requirement costs are $250,000 per year for modeling, security, Julie Golod and miscellaneous software. Extensive discussion occurred to further break down costs of the individual components. In summary, the break-down of the full (285,000-300,000) IT works is: $75K for base, which includes hosting and general website that is on auto pilot (map, commentary, links, data stream, security, but no programming, no trouble shooting or interfacing [No Julie. No Jeremy]. No models except for the HYSPLIT which is on auto pilot. Add $75K gets us Julie and minimal trouble shooting web development, but no add ons or modeling except basic Hysplit Add $75K: gets us all model output from IAMS, but no Jeremy or ensemble forecasting. Add $60 - $75K gets us the works, including Jeremy and ENSEMBLE forecasts. Don Hershman provided the group with a summary of a contingency meeting held in St. Louis to work through the various scenarios based on funding amounts. Although the monitoring system costs $1.6M dollars, it saved producers over $ 209 Million in unnecessary fungicide costs. The contingencies went from no funding (0%) to full funding (100 %) and variations between. Don Hershman and Ed Sikora led a discussion surrounding the potential response from Tier 1 states (AL (Ed Sikora), FL (Jim Marois), GA (Bob Kamerait), LA (Clayton Hollier), MS (Tom Allen), TX (Ed Sikora for Tom Isakeit) if funding is reduced (ex. 50% or more) from current levels around $105,000 per state. Each state provided an overall of their activities and how they would respond under funding constraints. It was unanimous monitoring activities and personnel would be reduced in these southern states but monitoring will continue but at a reduced level. How much will depend on the level of funding. The concern arouse if not enough data is not collected it could make the modeling impossible from lack of data. Don Hershman summarized the response from the Tier 2 States (AR, OK, KS, MO, IA, NE, IL, IN, OH, TN, KY, VA, NC, and SC) and Loren Giesler summarized the response from the Tier 3 States (SD, ND, MN, WI, WV, MI, PN, MD, NJ, NY, and DE). Sentinel plot numbers ranged in these areas from 10 to 40 per state. Don Hershman and Loren Giesler led a group discussion pertaining to the issues arising from the Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 summaries. Many voiced the likelihood of Tier 2 and possible Tier 3 states being better able to access check-off data then the Tier 1 states which have less soybean acres. Mobile plots in the area most likely to increase. Summary Discussion: Decide what to do in 2009? Don Hershman, Loren Giesler and Marty Draper led a discussion on funding problems for 2009 and how to solve this problem in 2009. They mentioned potential funding sources - IPM Funds, NCSRP/USB, Industry, Local State support and 2008 ipmPIPE funds to carry over. Realistically, it may come down to local support and 2008 ipmPIPE monies carry over into 2009. Jim VanKirk explained many of the states had not spent 2008 money but how much will remain for 2009 will not be known until the end of the year. He suggested if possible remaining 2008 monies could be best moved to ZedX to cover infrastructure for the ipmPIPE (IT) platform plus basic/enhanced modeling, interpretation/IAMS, security, personnel (Julie/Jamie), software, etc which would be between $285,000 - $300,000. This does not include the full package consisting of the IT platform/website, enhanced models, and surveillance (Tier 1, 2 and 3) which would bring the full package costs closer to $900,000. The group consensus is the visibility gained by the website is critical and if dropped would result in a potentially dysfunctional system which exposes soybean producers and increases response time significantly. The meeting was adjourned at 6:00 p.m. On September 24, Ed Sikora resumed the meeting at a very early 8:00 A.M. Marty Draper continued the discussion and review from the previous afternoon. He led the group through the different possible funding scenarios and individual costs associated with the various components (the sentinel plot monitoring network, IT/modeling/website tools, etc). The full package costs (IT/website, models, survelleince, etc) is $900,000  ZedX basic, ZedX enhanced, Penn State Coordinator, Model Interpretation/IAMS, Surveillance of Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3). The group discussed ways of reducing IT costs (ZedX basic, Penn State Coordinator, ZedX enhanced, Model Interpretation/IAMS) and streamlining monitoring protocols (Tier 1, 2 and 3) with fewer available dollars. The group consensus was the ZedX basic, Penn State Coordinator, surveillance in Tier 1 and Tier 2 regions are critical. The others ZedX enhanced, Model Interpretation/IAMS and Tier 3 surveillance are still important and provide added value to extension, producers and the industry but if dollars are limited these components could be suspended or reduced activity in 2009. These activities could be reevaluated in future funding proposals or if monies available for 2009. The discussion progressed into the feasibility of partnering with the soybean industry such as seed and chemical companies or their umbrella organizations (ASTA or CropLife). A lively discussion followed and although some in the group voiced their concern it was deemed appropriate to investigate partnerships with seed, chemical and other soybean stakeholders. A model could be fashioned after the Ontario Soybean Rust Coalition in Canada which is a partnership between growers, extension, researchers, breeders, chemical industry, seed industry, machinery companies, etc in Ontario. Mark Halsey updated the group on the Asian Soybean Rust Southern Research Protocols and provided a guideline document for the Mid-South. These guidelines were necessary due to concern that inoculation and greenhouse studies in the southern US could jeopardize commercial soybean production in surrounding states. Soybean producers requested a technical review (risk/benefits) and USB facilitated the process. Guidelines originally for the Quicny, FL station have been expanded to other jurisdictions in the south. The primary purpose of the guidelines was to educate producers on the precautions taken by US soybean researchers to minimize any impact from research studies to commercial soybean production fields. These guidelines focused on seasonal (within growing season) and year round (greenhouse/growth chamber) research precautions. A review/discussion of the proposed mid-south SBR research guidelines was led by Mark Halsey. Ultimately, the responsibility falls on the individual states (research, extension, etc) to follow these these guidelines / state standard operating practices (SOP) and states were encouraged to work with local producers to make them aware of the procedures in place that will reduce the risk due to unintentionally release of spores into the environment but also what efforts are being made to develop a better understanding of soybean rust in the US. It should be noted that all of the researchers to abide by principles laid out by American Phytopathology Society to minimize any risk associated with field experiments. Business Meeting The business meeting was called to order at 10:15 am by Ed Sikora. The minutes of the 2007 meeting were made available for review. A motion was made to approve the minutes (Loren Giesler) and seconded (Doug Jardine). The motion to approve the minutes was passed. Albert Tenuta (2008 committee secretary) will chair the committee in 2009. Jim Marois, University of Florida was nominated for the secretary position and nominations were closed quickly. Jim was elected the committees secretary by a unanimous vote and the group thanked Jim. It was the general consensus of the group to have the next NCERA 208 meeting in Quincy, FL on September 22-23, 2009. The group thanked Ed Sikora for chairing the group and Ray Schneider for organizing the meeting in 2008. The group expressed thanks to David Wright and the North Central Soybean Research Program for picking up the meeting room and refreshments charges associated with the meeting. Ed Sikora and Steve Slack reminded the group the need to review and update the impact statements. A ad-hoc committee of Anne Dorrance, Glen Hartman and Ed Sikora was established and will send out a draft document for group review in the next few weeks. Arv Grybauskas encouraged the group to produce either alone or in conjunction with APS or another organization a Ethical guidelines for SBR Research. Gary Bergstrom will explore with APS their guidelines. The business meeting was closed at 10:45 A.M.. Boyd Padgett provided an update on the Soybean Disease Atlas and requested the group to review the Atlas which will most likely be a web-based publication. He would like feed-back on any changes, new pictures or new authors. His goal is have a draft available for the Southern Soybean Disease Workers in March. Anne Dorrance informed the group on the development of potential fungicide resistance or a shift to less sensitivity amongst ASR isolates in Brazil to some of the most commonly used triazole products. She presented communications with Dr. Claudia Vierira Godoy (Embrapa, Brazil) which illustrates SBR isolates are becoming less sensitive to these triazol products. The group discussed the possibility of conducting a fungicide resistance monitoring program in North America. Don Hershman presented the groups with a proposal to develop a fungicide efficacy table for soybeans similar to the table the wheat pathology group has generated. He highlighted the benefits of such a table and how it could help with not only soybean rust but other foliar soybean diseases. The tremendous value of this table was mentioned by many in attendance but we need to make sure the basis of the ranking or values is based on good data, field experience, statistical analysis, etc and considerable discussion took place. The statistical analysis being coordinated by Paul Esker (U of Wisconsin) may be used as a basis for such a table but depends on data format (especially disease levels). The group proposed working with NC-137, SSDW and others on this product. State Reports Began at 11:20 A.M.  Individual states were encouraged to send reports directly to Albert Tenuta at albert.tenuta@ontario.ca. Ray Schneider presented the Louisiana report. Laura Sweets made the Missouri update Lunch provided by the NCSRP and following lunch the group toured the Louisiana State Univeristy research plots. Meeting adjourned.

Accomplishments for Objective 1 - (develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen) As of November 15, 2008, soybean rust was detected in 374 counties in 16 states in the U.S. which included the first detection in Maryland. A few more counties in the southern US will most likely be added by years end. This is the fourth consecutive year the number of counties reporting the disease has increased since its 2004 detection in the continental U.S. (131 in 2005, 274 in 2006 and 301 in 2007). Although soybean rust was not detected in Canada in 2008, the 10 positive municipalities (states) in Mexico represent another increase from previous years. Sentinel plots. These results would not be possible without the continued development of the North American soybean rust sentinel program which was established in 2005 and approximately 1040 sentinel sites were monitored for soybean rust in 45 states/provinces in 2008. The sentinel plot system includes locations in Ontario, Canada (30 plots) and Mexico (39 plots). There were approximately 2370 sentinel and mobile locations scouted for rust this year which encompassed 892 individual counties/municipalities across North America. These plots included established plots, overwintering plots, and mobile sites; soybean, kudzu, and other legume crops were monitored. In most incidences, the first find of soybean rust in a state was in a sentinel plot. Many states increased mobile scouting later in the season as sentinel plots matured which further assisted in soybean rust detections. Information from these findings was uploaded onto the USDA PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education) website (http://www.sbrusa.net/) on a weekly basis where the movement of soybean rust could be monitored and the data could be used to develop and evaluate epidemiological models. Over 19,400 soybean rust records from both the field and lab were uploaded to the information platform. In addition to soybean rust, these plots were used by many cooperating states and Ontario to collect information on other soybean diseases. Specialists wrote commentaries for their state/province on a regular basis that helped growers and consultants make scouting and fungicide application decisions. Many of the project participants noted the importance of the sentinel plot in supporting no fungicide necessary recommendations. Nearly 100,000 visits and over 1,500,000 hits were recorded for the USDA PIPE website during 2008 from January 1, 2008 to November 15, 2008). Spray Decision Calculator: Again in 2008, the University of Kansas assisted growers in the decision to spray by developing a spray calculator. Growers could input there expected yield, expected yield savings from spraying, selling price and chemical and application costs to determine if spraying would be profitable. The calculator can be found at: http://www.agmanager.info/crops/prodecon/decision/default.asp. Spore trapping. Although the Syngenta Crop Protection sponsored passive spore trapping system did not take place in 2008 there were various other spore-trapping activities this year which not only included visual assessments but incorporated DNA-based screening techniques. Various different airborne spore detection devices were evaluated in 2008. One of the most extensive efforts was coordinated through the USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory in St. Paul, Minnesota which utilized the National Atmospheric Deposition program (NADP) rainfall collection sites. These sites represented the majority of soybean production areas in the U.S. Other spore trapping efforts using passive traps and rainwater-filtering traps were placed in FL, IL, IO, LA, OH, and SC where state researchers worked in conjunction with USDA-ARS Illinois and Penn St. researchers. In many incidences data from the spore collectors were compared to data in the field plots next to the spore traps. These studies and others in Ontario (Canada) and Virginia used a species-specific real-time PCR (qPCR) assay developed by the USDA, and additional confirmatory DNA-based approaches to confirm the presence of P. pachyrhiz. A benefit of these studies is the results were used to calibrate the IAMS and others soybean rust forecasts. Through project activities, Louisiana State University continued to develop to a very high level of sophistication a new electrostatic spore sampler. This device, on the verge of commercial production and called the Ionic Spore Trap, has a very high capture efficiency, and spores can be identified to species on the basis of scanning electron microscope observations. Please see www.ionicsporetrap.com for further details. Host range. P. pachyrhizi is currently reported to occur on approximately 150 species in 53 genera of the legume family Fabaceae. The host species all belong to a monophyletic group within the Papilionoideae subfamily. Approximately 120 of the known hosts of P. pachyrhizi grow in North America and may play a role in the epidemiology of the disease as overwintering hosts or sources of inoculum to soybean. Additional field research in native habits of these hosts is needed to determine their extent of harboring P. pachyrhizi, as witnessed by Floridas confirmation of common snap bean (for North America) and coral bean (Erythrina herbacea) as two new native hosts. Accomplishments for Objective 2  (identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research) Host resistance. Screening and breeding for resistance to soybean rust is an on-going effort. A select set of Plant Introduction (PI) lines were sent to numerous cooperators in the South and Paraguay (USDA-ARS, IL, AL, FL, GA, LSU); a few of these appear to have high levels of resistance. In 2008, the USDA-ARS began re-evaluating sample set lines which were not selected from the original 2004-2005 Fort Detrick BSL-3 greenhouse assays. Other on-going project accomplishments include the identification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars with soybean rust resistance with cv. Aurora, Compuesto Negro Chimaltenango, and Pinto 114 being the most resistant of the sixteen cultivars evaluated (M. R. Miles et al., 2007). Soybean lines were developed that contain soybean rust resistance derived from Glycine tomentella; however, these lines were still susceptible to soybean rust (M. E. Patzoldt et al., 2007.). There are a number of public and private soybean breeding programs also involved in the effort to breed for resistance to soybean rust. Other methods have been investigated to aid in the breeding for resistance effort. For example, The Rpp1 locus that confers resistance to soybean rust was mapped between SSR markers BARC_Set_187 and BARC_SAT_064 (D. L. Hyten et al., 2007). Also, a detached leaf method used for screening for resistance against soybean rust was developed and tested (M. Twizeyimana et al., 2007). For the second year, soybean lines (1500 in 2007 and over 900 in 2008) developed through the University of Guelph and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada breeding programs were evaluated in Quincy, Florida under significant disease pressure. A small number of food grade soybean lines show promise for the northern soybean production areas. Pathogen collection. A collection of isolates from 2006 to 2008 has been purified and maintained at the National Soybean Research Center. These isolates have been used for screening germplasm and segregating populations, and have been used for molecular characterization of the pathogen based on SSR markers. Fungicide efficacy research. Fungicide efficacy trials were conducted by several groups (USDA, FL, AL, LSU, and GA) in areas where soybean rust was a significant problem in the U.S. Trials determined the most effective fungicides available, demonstrated the importance of application timing, and studied the residual activity of some of these materials. This data is used for grower education and/or published in F & N tests and other scientific publications. These trials have shown a well timed strobilurin or triazole fungicide application can effectively protect against losses due to soybean rust under North American conditions. Several north-central states and Ontario conducted foliar fungicide trials in the absence of soybean rust, and were able to determine efficacy on other diseases and make general plant health observations. Due to the presence of other pests in the U.S. soybean production region, many states conducted research that evaluated tank-mixing of fungicides with other crop protection chemicals, such as insecticides and herbicides. Pathogen biology / epidemiology. Several research projects designed to understand the movement, deposition, transport, spread, characterization and effect of microclimate on soybean rust spores are on-going (Penn St., FL, GA, ISU and LSU). Predictive models. Predictive models conducted by multiple research teams (Penn St., ZedX Inc., ISU., NC St.) were integrated to develop simulations that were interpreted by a team of meteorologists. These interpretations were made available to researchers, extension specialists, and administrators on the restricted access PIPE web site. The predictive models continued to be refined and validated. Some of the constraints to modeling for soybean rust were identified and include unidentified sources of inoculum and the unknown effects of host (stage of development, cultivar) and environmental factors on disease progress. Kudzu resistance  Many of the southern states are evaluating resistance in Kudzu to soybean rust. A detached leaf method is currently being used to screen kudzu isolates collected from various regions of Alabama for resistance to soybean rust. Preplant soil supplements with chloride: A large multifactorial field experiment was conducted by LSU in which KCl was added at three rates. Calcium chloride was added as a control for Cl at equivalent rates of Cl addition, and potassium sulfate and calcium sulfate were added as controls for the cations. In addition, side dress amendments were added at R1 and boron and manganese were applied as foliar sprays at R1. When analyzed across all treatments, the response in disease severity was most highly correlated with tissue concentrations of Cl. Minor element applications were variable in their responses and there was no enhanced response to side dress applications of the major nutrients. Field diagnosis tool. The development of a hand-held, field-friendly tool for in-field soybean rust diagnosis continued in 2008 (OSU., USDA and the U.S. Navy). Because soybean rust is difficult to detect early in the infection process, this tool would allow for a quick diagnosis that could lead to more timely fungicide applications, if needed. Yield loss research. Understanding the effects of soybean rust on soybean yield is important to the entire U.S. agriculture industry. Research has continued (KY, LSU) to understand the effect of defoliation, caused by natural soybean rust and/or by manual defoliation, on soybean yield. This information will be used to build a yield loss prediction tool that will have several uses including helping growers make fungicide application decisions. Accomplishments for Objective 3  (provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups) The NCERA 208 annual meeting was held in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in September 2008 which allowed individuals from the USDA, Land Grant Universities, and commodity boards to exchange information concerning soybean rust. As always a major focus of the meeting was to continue the cooperation among agencies dealing with this disease. The group discussed how to show the impact of the international soybean rust effort and how to use this information to obtain future funding. The Fourth American Phytopathological Society National Soybean Rust Symposium will be held from December 9-11 in New Orleans, Louisiana and many members of NCERA 208 will not only participate but assist in the development and delivery of the program. The Soybean Rust Symposiums have demonstrated to be an effective technology transfer vehicle for NCERA 208 members and has contributed to the exchange of ideas, opportunity to discuss research data and increase interactions between Industry, Land Grant and Public Universities, USDA, International Organizations, and Commodity Groups. Many of the NCERA 208 members also participated in various local, state and regional soybean rust information, training and management meetings or events. Multiple media formats and outlets were used to convey these important messages including multi-state and individual state publications, websites, telephone hotlines, newsletters, radio and television appearances, and face-to-face presentations and contacts. For example extension specialists in individual states conducted grower education meetings on soybean rust and refresher courses for First Detectors. The University of Floridas North Florida Research and Education Centre in Quincy, Florida held 2 one and half day soybean rust workshops for over 150 participants from Nebraska, Kentucky, Georgia, Arkansas, Illinois, Louisiana, North Carolina, New York, Ohio, West Virginia, Florida, Missouri, Iowa, Pennsylvania, South Dakota and Canada (Ontario and Quebec). Participants included key stakeholders from government, industry (seed and chemical), commodity groups, growers, agronomy consultants, diagnostic services and education/research personnel. The research centre also hosted a 1 day visit of over 80 southern soybean breeders. Iowa NCERA members helped package all soybean rust publications into a Resource Kit and mailed the kit to approximately 800 extension and agribusiness personnel. A survey was added to the Resource Kit which included questions on ISU and national extension efforts, ipmPIPE and fungicide use on soybean. Accomplishments for Objective 4  (develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S.) The second edition of the fungicide manual (Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. 2008. Dorrance, A.E., Draper, M., and Hershman, D. (Editors)) is now available in hardcopy print (20,000 printed) and on-line at http://oardc.osu.edu/soyrust/. This publication was developed largely by members of NCERA 208. To date, over 160,000 copies of the first edition of the manual have been distributed. A tri-fold, color-plated circular was developed and printed by the ipmPIPE: Soybean Rust: What is Your Risk? 2008. Mueller, D., Giesler, L., Bradley, C., Tenuta, A., and Brown-Rytlewski, D. Other new regional publications released in 2008 through NCERA efforts included: a) Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps. 2008. Soybean rust management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University, North Carolina State University, University of Georgia, and Virginia Cooperative Extension Services. 38 Pps. b) Mueller, D. S. and Bradley, C. A. Fungicides for Field Crops in the North Central Region, North Central IPM. 2008. c) Mueller, D. S., Robertson, A. E., Pedersen, P. P., and Bradley, C. A. Soybean Rust Management with Foliar Fungicides, North Central IPM. April 2008. These publications have been distributed in many of the soybean producing states and Canada. In addition, many specialists have developed soybean rust educational materials (including websites, bulletins, and circulars) for their individual state. NCERA 208 has been important in providing input that has been used to develop and shape the PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education), which is the primary tool used by the entire U.S. agriculture industry to track the movement of soybean rust and help make management decisions. For a full list of these and other NCERA member activities please refer to the combined state report document in Appendix X.

Peer reviewed journal articles: Baysal-Gurel, F., Lewis Ivey, M.L., Dorrance, A., Luster, D., Frederick, R., Czarnecki, J., Boehm, M., and Miller, S.A. 2008. An immunofluorescence assay to detect urediniospores of Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Dis. 92: 1387-1393. Gevens, A. J., Nequi, N., Vitoreli, A., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., Harmon, C. L., and Harmon, P. F. 2008. First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Erythrina herbacea (Coral Bean). Plant Disease 92:1472. Hartman, G. L., and Haudenshield, J. S. 2008. Movement of Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soybean rust) urediniospores by non-conventional means. European Journal of Plant Pathology DOI 10.1007/s10658-008-9352-8. Jurick, W. M., II1, Narvaez, D. F., Brennan, M. M., Harmon, C. L., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., and. Harmon, P. F. 2008. Winter Survival of the Soybean Rust Pathogen, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, in Florida. Plant Disease. In Press Li, X., Engelbrecht, C. J., Mueller, D. S., and Yang, X. B. 2008. First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Iowa and its statewide occurrence. Plant Disease Lynch, T. N., Steinlage, T. A., Miles, M., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L.; Hartman, G. L. 2008. New legume hosts infected by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Florida. Plant Health Progress. In Press. Miles, M. R., Morel, W., Ray, J. D., Smith, J. R., Frederick, R. D., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Adult plant evaluation of soybean accessions for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi in the field and greenhouse in Paraguay. Plant Disease 92:96-105. Sikora, E. J., D. Delaney, and M. Delaney. 2008. Developing an innovative team approach to address a newly introduced disease of soybeans in the United States. Journal of Extension (in press). Slaminko, T. L., Miles, M. R., Frederick, R. D., Bonde, M. R., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. New legume hosts of Phakopsora pachyrhizi based on greenhouse evaluations. Plant Disease 92:767-771. Slaminko, T. L., Miles, M. R., Marios, J. J., Wright, D. L., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Hosts of Phakopsora pachyrhizi identified in field evaluations in Florida. Plant Health Progress (in press). Twizeyimana, M., Ojiambo, P. S., Ikotun, T., Ladipo, J. L., Hartman, G. L., and Bandyopadhyay, R. 2008. Evaluation of soybean germplasm for resistance to soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Nigeria. Plant Disease 92:947-952. Abstracts, Edited Scientific Reports, and Proceedings: Barnes, C.W., Szabo, L. J., Isard, Ariatti, A., Tenuta, A. U, Hambleton, S., Tropiano, R., Bowersox, V. C., Claybrooke, R., and Lehmann, C. Phytopathology 98:S18 Chang, S., Steinlage, T. A., Hymowitz, T., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Characterizing soybean rust resistance in Glycine tomentella. Phytopathology 98:S34. Dufault, N. S., Isard, S. A., Marois, J. J., and Wright, D. L. 2008. The removal of Phakopsora pachyrhizi urediniospores from soybean leaves by rainfall. Phytopathology 98:S48. Floyd, C., Tao, Z., Spoden, G., Malvick, D., Kurle, J., Bernacchi, C., and Krupa, S. 2007. Minnesota soybean rust forecast model (MinnSoyRustMod). Presented at the National Soybean Rust Symposium, December 2007 Harmon, P. F., Jurick, W. M., Marois, J. J., and Wright, D. L. 2008. Survival of the soybean rust pathogen in kudzu vine is Florida, USA. Journal of Plant Pathology 90: S2.161. Haudenshield, J. S., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Synthetic internal control sequences to increase negative call veracity in multiplexed, quantitative PCR assays for Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Phytopathology 98:S66. Hambleton, S., Tropiano, R., and Tenuta, A. (2007). "The Soybean Rust Sentinel Plot Program: Molecular identification, screening and tracking of Phakopsora pachyrhizi." Saskatoon, SK, Canada, June 10-14. Abstract (Conference proceeding, pp. 106, C1-4). Lawrence, K. S., E. J. Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. 2008. Evaluation of LEM17, Punch, and Headline for soybean rust management and yield in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease management Reports 2FC052. Lawrence, K. S., E. J. Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. 2008. Evaluation of Topsin, Headline, Tebuzol and ACT Plus on soybean rust and yield in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease management Reports 2FC053. Malvick, D. Floyd, C., Krupa, S., and Kurle. J. 2008. Monitoring atmospheric transport of soybean rust spores into Minnesota. Phytopathology 98:S97. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Cheminova fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC091. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Valent fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC090. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Cerexagri fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC089. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Dow fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC088. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC087. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of chlorine and other nutrients for the control of soybean rust at the NFREC, Quincy, FL, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC002. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of BTN+ for the control of soybean rust, Quincy, FL, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC037 Mueller, T. A., Miles, M.R., Hartman, G.L., O'Brien, G. K., Marois, J. J., and Wright, D. L. 2008. Evaluations of fungicides and fungicide timing for the control of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC086. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of fungicides and adjuvants for the control of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC085 Padmanaban, A., Chang, S., Rosales-Mendoza, S., Hartman, G. L., Korban, S. S., and Ghabrial, S. 2008. Virus-induced gene silencing of soybean rust resistance genes in Glycine tomentella. Phytopathology 98:S119. Paul, C., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Evaluation of sources of soybean rust resistance using detached leaves. Phytopathology 98:S123 Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Asian soybean rust and rarget spot in Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC109. Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of Tebuzol to control Asian soybean rust and target spot in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC110. Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of fungicide spray programs for Asian soybean rust, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC111. Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of Topguard fungicide at various rates for Asian soybean rust management and target spot in Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC112. Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of Topguard fungicide at various rates for Asian soybean rust management in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC113. Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney, M. A. Delaney, K. S. Lawrence, and M. Pegues. Evaluation of TOPGUARD for control of Asian soybean rust in Alabama. Proceedings of the APS Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2008. Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney, M. A. Delaney, K. S. Lawrence, and M. Pegues. Control of Asian soybean rust using sequential fungicide applications. Proceedings of the APS Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2008. Slaminko, T. L., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Host range of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of soybean rust. Phytopathology 98:S147. Walker, D. R., Nelson, R. L., Hartman, G. L., Blair, B., Moore, S., Schneider, R. W., Shipe, E., Mueller, J., and Boerma, R. H. 2008. Identification and characterization of soybean rust resistance in plant introductions from the USDAs soybean germplasm collection. Phytopathology 98:S195. Walker, D. R., Nelson, R. L., Hartman, G. L., Buckley, B. J., Moore, S. H., Schneider, R. W., Weaver, D. B., Shipe, E. R., Mueller, J. D., and Boerma, R. H. 2008. Evaluation of soybean germplasm accessions for resistance to soybean rust in the southeastern United States and efforts to develop rust-resistant lines. Int Crop Sci Conf. Extension Publications: Dorrance, A.E., Draper, M., and Hershman, D (editors) 2008. Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Bulletin SR-2008. 111pp. Allen, T., D. Poston, W.F. Moore, T. Koger, H. Fulton, B. Graves, A. Henn, T. McDaniel, and G. Sciumbato. 2008. Suggested Guidelines to Manage Soybean Rust Using Fungicides, Mississippi. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Fungicide resistance management in soybean. Pages 57-60 in: Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. A. E. Dorrance, M. A. Draper, and D. E. Hershman, eds. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Sampling for suspected soybean rust cases in Maryland (revised 2008). Maryland Extension Information leaflet. Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Maryland soybean rust risk assessment August 28, 2008. E-newsletter. Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Maryland soybean rust risk assessment Sept. 11, 2008. E-newsletter. Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Maryland soybean rust risk assessment Sept. 15, 2008. E-newsletter. Howlie , D., R. Kemerait, S. Koenning, J. Dunphy, J. Mueller, and P. Phipps. 2008. Management of soybean rust. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps. 31-34. Koenning, S. R. 2008. Soybean rust in North Carolina in 2007. In Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps Eds. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 7. Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. First Find of Asiatic Soybean Rust in North Carolina October 1, 2008. Pest Alert. http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/palert54.html Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. Current Status of Soybean Rust in North America. Soybean Rust Summary for North Carolina: Reflections on 2005-2007. Soybean Rust Prospects for 2008. Resources for Soybean Rust in 2008. Pest News 33:(1). http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/08PestNews/08News1/pestnews.pdf Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. Current Status of Soybean Rust in North America, Mid June. Inoculation of Soybean in Florida at Quincy. Another Host for Soybean Rust. 2008. Pest News 23(11). http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/08PestNews/08News11/pestnews.html#title2 Mueller, D. S. and Bradley, C. A. 2008. Field crop fungicides for the North Central United States. North Central Integrated Pest Management Center Educational Monograph. Mueller, D. S., Robertson, A., Pederson, P., and Bradley, C. 2008. Soybean rust management with foliar fungicides. IPM PIPE Educational Circular. Mueller, D. S., Robertson, A. E., and Tylka, G. L. Common Soybean Leaf Diseases and Soybean Rust - updated. Iowa State University Extension: PM 1989. February 2008 Mueller, D. S., Tylka, G. L., Engelbrecht, C., and Jesse, L. Submitting Soybean Samples to the Plant and Insect Diagnostic Clinic. Iowa State University Extension: PM 2054. April 2008 Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps. 2008. Soybean rust management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University, North Carolina State University, University of Georgia, and Virginia Cooperative Extension Services. 38 Pps. Mueller, J., R. Kemerait, S. Koenning, P. Phipps, and L. Sconyers. 2008. Monitoring rust movements. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps 15-16. Phipps, P., S. Koenning. S. Rideout, and E. Stromberg. 2008. Common diseases of soybean in the mid-atlantic region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 17-23. Schneider, R., E. Sikora, B. Padgett and G. Sciumbato. Managing Late-Season Soybean Diseases and Soybean Rust: A Southern Perspective. in Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Dorrance, A. E., Draper, M. A., and Hershman, D. E., eds. 2008. NC-504 Land Grant Universities Cooperating. Bulletin SR-2008. Sconyers, L. and S. Koenning. 2008. A brief history of rust in the western hemisphere. In Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps Eds. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps. 1-2. Sikora, E. and D. Hershman. 2008. Soybean Rust In Review: 2004-2007. in Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Dorrance, A. E., Draper, M. A., and Hershman, D. E., eds. 2008. NC-504 Land Grant Universities Cooperating. Bulletin SR-2008. Tenuta, A., Hershman, D., Draper, M., and Dorrance, A. 2008. Fungicide Basics in Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Dorrance, A. E., Draper, M. A., and Hershman, D. E., eds. 2008. NC-504 Land Grant Universities Cooperating. Bulletin SR-2008. Tenuta, A.U., Hambleton, S., and Devitt, C. Soybean Rust Spores Found In Ontario Spore Traps Again in 2008. Ontario Soybean Growers (July 25, 2008). Extension Presentations: Bradley, C. A. 2008. Foliar fungicides for soybean and corn. Presentation at University of Illinois Extension Crop Management Conferences conducted at Rend Lake, Springfield, and Malta, IL, January and February 2008. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Disease management of soybean and corn diseases. Presentation at FS Growmark Training Meeting, Tuscola, IL, February 2008. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Foliar fungicides for soybean, corn, and wheat. Presentation at University of Illinois Extension, Montgomery and Macoupin Counties Agronomy Day. Litchfield, IL, February 2008. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Soybean and corn disease management with foliar fungicides. Presentation at University of Illinois Extension, Ford and Iroquois Agronomy Day. Buckley, IL, February 2008. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Soybean Rust in the United States. Presentation at Muscatine Junior College, Muscatine, IA, July 2008. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Soybean Rust Update and Outlook. University of Illinois Extension. Shabbona, IL, July 2008. Bradley, C. A. and Tedford, E. Foliar fungicides for disease management in soybean. Online Webinar hosted by DTN. June 2008. Dias, A. P. S., Yang, X. B. and Li, X. Modeling light intensity patterns to estimate soybean rust outbreaks: Comparative analysis in Brazil and South Africa. 2007 Southern Soybean Disease Workers annual meeting. Jan 2007. St. Louis, Missouri Hartman, G. L. 2008. Resistance genes to fight against soybean diseases and pests. Agronomy Day. University of Illinois. Haudenshield, J. S., Smith, D. A., Twizeyimana, M., Slaminko, T. L., Steinlage, T. A., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Sampling and analysis of Phakopsora pachyrhizi: Spanning the globe and twelve decades. Presented at the Illinois Soybean Association Soy Symposium, March 2008. Li, X. and Yang, X. B. 2007. Analysis of the occurrence and the western pathway of soybean rust in 2007. 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. Dec 2007. Louisville, Kentucky. Li, X. and Yang, X. B. 2007. Assessing effects of temperatures on occurrence of Asian soybean rust with biogeography information of rust diseases in North America. APS North Central Division annual meeting. Jun 2007. Lafayette, Indiana. Markell, S. Soybean Diseases. Syngenta Seed Growers Meeting. Fargo, ND. 8/27/08. 30 people. Markell, S. Wheat and Soybean Disease Update. Grand Forks County Plot Tour. Thompson, ND. 7/21/08. 50 people Markell, S. Soybean and Corn Fungicide Applications. NDSU Extension Service Spring Conference. Bismarck, ND. 3/31/08. 15 people. Markell, S. Soybean Root Rots and Soybean Rust. Buxton Area Growers Meeting. Hatton, ND. 3/25/08. 25 people. Markell, S. Soybean Root Rots and Soybean Rust. Reynolds Area Growers Meeting. Reynolds, ND. 3/25/08. 15 people. Markell, S. Broadleaf Crop Diseases. Eastern Crop Scout School. Fargo, ND. 2/27/08. 65 people. Markell, S. Soybean and Dry Bean Disease Updates. I.C.E. Ag Show. Grand Forks, ND. 50 people. Markell, S. Advanced Ag Consultants. To Spray or Not To Spray. Fargo, ND. 2/20/08. 50 people. Markell, S. Soybean Rust and Fungicides. ND Soybean Expo. Fargo, ND. 2/12/08. 125 people. Markell, S. Fungicide Resistance and Updates. Pesticide Re-certification Training. Mandan, ND. 2/6/08. 83 people. Markell, S. Anthracnose and Other Bean Threats. Northarvest Bean Day. Fargo, ND. 1/18/08. 600 people. Markell, S. To Spray of Not to Spray. Barnes County Row Crop Expo. Valley City, ND. 1/10/08. 100 people. Mo, J., Guo, T., Li, X., and Yang, X. B. 2007. Effects of light intensity and darkness period on infection of soybean rust in controlled conditions. 2007 Southern Soybean Disease Workers annual meeting. Jan 2007. St. Louis, Missouri. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust biology, management, and update. Sheldon, IA, January 7, 2008. Crop Advantage Series. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust biology, management, and update. Spirit Lake, IA, January 16, 2008. Crop Advantage Series. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust biology, management, and update. Osceola, IA, January 17, 2008. Crop Advantage Series. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, February 13, 2008, Agrilliance. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, February 14, 2008, Hamilton County Series. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, February 19, 2008, Iowa Independent Crop Consultant Association Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, March 27, 2008, ISU Farm Supervisors Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Boone, IA, July 15, 16, 21, 2008, ISU FEEL Tenuta, A.U., Pest Alert 2008 - Soybean rust plans and outlook. Southwest Agricultural Conference, Ridgetown, ON. Jan. 3-4, 2008. 400 people in sessions. Pan, Z. T., Xue, L., Li, X., and Yang, X. B. 2007. Medium-range forecasts of soybean rust spore dispersal in 2007. 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. Dec 2007. Louisville, Kentucky. Radio Interviews: Markell, S. - Dakota Radio-Valley City, KOVC, KDDR, KDAC. - Steve Urness. Topic: Fungicides, Plant Health and Diseases. 1/10/08. Markell, S.- KMAV 105.5 Mayville. Ayanava Mujamdar. Topic: Sunflower, Dry Bean, and Soybean Diseases. 1/7/08 Markell, S.- KMAV 105.5 Mayville. Ayanava Mujamdar. Topic: Soybean IPM and Soybean Rust. 1/7/08 Markell, S.- KQLX  Mick Kjar. Topic: Soybean, Pulse, and Sunflower Diseases. 4/4/08. Markell, S. - KQLX  Mick Kjar. Topic: Soybean, Pulse, and Sunflower Diseases. 4/8/08. Markell, S.- KFYR  Al Gustan. Topic: Soybean Rust Scouting. 6/27/08. Markell, S. - RRV Radio Network  Randy Koenen. Topic: Soybean Diseases in 2007, Root Rots. 9/6/08. Print Interviews: Markell, S. - Northarvest Magazine  Marlene. Topic: Legume PIPE Website Launch. 3/19/08. Markell, S. - Northarvest Magazine  Kris Versdahl. Topic: Clean Seed, Anthracnose, Soybean Rust, and Bacterial Diseases. 2/29/08.