Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

I. Poultry House Environment

Aerial. GA conducted experiments to measure NH₃ concentrations at distances from the source of emissions (tunnel fans) on a commercial broiler farm during summertime conditions, to determine how NH₃ concentrations varied with distance from tunnel fans during periods of high air exchange rates typically encountered during hot weather with near-market age birds, and determine how meteorological variable influence NH₃ concentrations from a tunnel-ventilated broiler farm. In general, NH₃ concentrations were lower as distance from the houses increased with NH₃ levels at 100, 200, 300 and 500 ft being less than 1 ppm (5x lower than the NH₃ detectable odor threshold of 5 ppm) approximately 50, 75, 85 and 90% of the time, respectively. Ammonia concentrations approximately 100 ft from the houses were influenced by the tunnel fans themselves. Wind direction and wind speed significantly influenced downwind NH₃ concentrations beyond 100 ft. At no time were NH₃ levels measured that met or exceeded ammonia odor threshold values.

IA measured ammonia and particulate matters from Midwestern turkey barns. Considerable progress has been made toward collection of baseline data on air emissions from U.S. animal feeding operations. However, limited data exist in the literature regarding turkey air emissions. This study continuously monitors ammonia (NH₃) and particulate matter (PM) emissions from turkey production houses in Iowa and Minnesota for one year, with IA monitoring Hybrid tom turkeys and MN monitoring Hybrid hens. Mobile Air Emission Monitoring Units are used in the monitoring. Data collection and analysis has been ongoing since May 2, 2007 for the IA site and October 9, 2007 for the MN site. Based on one-year data at the IA site involving three flocks, air emissions, expressed in grams per bird marketed (grown to 20 wk of age) are 144 (plus-minus 12 S.D.) of NH₃ with a daily maximum of 3.5 g/bird; 29 (plus-minus 4) of PM₁₀ with a daily max of 0.7 g/bird; 3.7 (plus-minus 0.8) of PM_2.5 with a daily max of 0.11 g/bird. Data analysis at the MN site is continuing. For detailed description of the study, refer to the paper by Li et al. (2008).

IA quantified feeding, defecation and gaseous emission dynamics of laying hens. This study involved two experiments (Experiments 1 and 2) that characterize dynamic ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions associated with feeding and defecation activities of W-36 laying hens. The manure handling scheme used was reflective of commercial manure-belt (MB) housing operations. Four dynamic emission chambers and measurement systems were developed and used in the study, featuring continuous measurement of the following variables: (a) NH₃ and CO₂ concentrations of inlet and outlet air, (b) air temperature and relative humidity, (c) airflow rate through the chambers, (d) feeder weight and thus feeding activity, and (e) manure pan weight and thus defecation activity. Daily feed use of the hens averaged 102 g/hen-d and manure production averaged 117 g/hen-d (as-is). A regression equation was developed that relates manure projected surface area to manure weight. Ammonia emission rate (ER) ranged from 0.03 g/hen-d on the first day of manure accumulation to 0.23 g/hen-d after 6 d of manure accumulation of 0.37 g/hen-d after 8 d of manure accumulation. Ammonia emissions tend to be inversely related to defecation events as manure accumulates. Namely, higher manure production during light hours is associated with slower increase of NH₃ emission, and lower manure production during dark hours yields faster increase of NH₃ emissions. Ammonia emissions rate (ER, g/hen-d) shows an exponential relation with manure accumulation time (T, day), of the form, ER NH₃ = 0.0027 x T² + 0.025 x T (R² = 0.998). CO₂ ER was relatively steady throughout the trial period, averaging 3.3 and 2.5 g/hen-hr, respectively, during light and dark hours of the day. Results from this study will contribute to development and validation of process-based farm emission models for predicting NH₃ emissions from laying-hen houses. The dynamic nature of NH₃ emissions vs. defecation can help guide application timing of manure treatment agents to mitigate NH₃ emissions from laying-hen houses. Refer to Ning (2008) for details of the studies.

IA assessed aversion responses of laying hens to ammonia by preference testing. An environmental preference test chamber (EPTC) was designed, constructed, and utilized in an initial test for response of laying hens to atmospheric ammonia. The EPTC featured four interconnected, individually ventilated clear acrylic compartments. Each compartment contained a wire-mesh cage that was divided into two sections, one section used for a test bird to navigate between the compartments and the other section used for three stimulus birds to reside in each compartment. The EPTC as designed to assess individual bird preference without isolation effects. The section dividers may be removed to assess group preference. An initial experiment was conducted with six test hens to assess bird aversion to atmospheric ammonia. Each hen was trained to navigate the inter-compartment door prior to the aversion test. Following one day of acclimation of the chamber, behavioral data of the hen was collected for 2 days at ambient conditions (baseline) and 3 days at ammonia level of 25 ppm vs. <10 ppm. Hen location (compartment) was documented and compared for baseline and treatment periods. All hens learned to navigate the chamber within 10 h; 4 of the 6 hens learned within 2 h. No preference for the level of ammonia condition was observed with regard to occupancy of the corresponding compartment or number of entries into each environment. Further investigation is warranted to determine if this finding is a lack of aversion or other phenomenon. The EPTC will also enable future users to examine preference responses of hens to other environmental conditions, such as thermal comfort vs. air quality.

IA evaluated dietary manipulation on ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions and production performance of laying hens in high-rise houses. A field demonstration of dietary manipulation to mitigate ammonia emissions from high-rise layer houses has been ongoing since December 2007. Results to date show appreciable reduction in NH₃ emission by the dietary regimens (DDGS and EcoCal), with the magnitude of reduction depending on season/weather. The elevated H₂S emission by the EcoCal diet seems a non-issue due to the small emission values. More data collection and analyses (including economic analysis) are continuing.

MN evaluated ammonia emissions from turkey hen flocks. In cooperation with Iowa State University, UM monitored air quality, thermal environment and performance in turkey hen flocks (four flocks total) over a one-year period reared in a naturally ventilated and a mechanically ventilated facility. Turkey hens were moved after 5 wks of age into each of two grow-finish turkey buildings and marketed at 12 wks of age. Each room was equipped to measure air quality, temperature and humidity, and in the case of the mechanically ventilated room, exhaust fan usage. Management tools used to maintain air quality were addition of litter additive, tilling of the litter, addition of fresh bedding, and ventilation adjustments. Four flocks were monitored. Production performance was obtained for body weight and feed conversion. Air quality data is undergoing analyses. No differences were observed for flock performance that could be attributed to ventilation system.

Visual Responses. CA studied lighting effects on broiler health and behavior. CA conducted two experiments to examine lighting effects on broiler health and behavior. In the first, broiler eggs were incubated under either complete darkness (0L:24D), complete light (24L:0D), or 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness (12L:12D); chicks were then raised under a 12L:12D photoperiod. In the second experiment, chicks were raised under a 16L:8D photoperiod at one of three daytime illumination levels (dim to bright): 5 (typical commercial lighting), 50 or 200 lux. Treatment did not affect feed consumption, feed conversion, growth, mortality, or gait score. However, the eyes of 5 lux and 0L:24D/24L:0D broilers were significantly heavier. Activity rhythms were also affected: 24L:OD fed more during the 2 hours after the lights went on, and 5 lux were less active during the day. The 5 lux birds also had their resting bouts interrupted more frequently, since broilers in the flock under low illumination were less likely to synchronize their periods of rest and activity. Broilers incubated under 0L:24D, or reared under 200 lux, were more fearful, as indicated by more intense wing flapping after being caught and inverted. In addition, 0L:24D broilers had more composite physical asymmetry, as assessed by differences in length and width of their toes and metatarsi, which is an indicator of developmental stress. These results demonstrate that providing light during incubation or brighter intensity light during rearing can have positive effects on broiler welfare without negatively affecting productivity.

Auditory Responses. CT conducted bioacoustic analysis of habituation to stressors in chickens. CT found differences in vocal patterns between stressed and non-stressed chickens. It was also noted that habituation to the human presence stressor appeared to be occurring over time as evidenced by the waveform and spectral analysis of the vocalizations of the birds. Twenty five (25) White Leghorn hens were randomly selected from a flock of 450 for use in this experiment. The birds were housed in a floor pen. Two investigators (A and B) were involved in the study. Investigator A worked with the birds for the first two months. Investigator B worked with the birds for the last month of the study. Each investigator spent 30 min every other day disturbing the birds in the pen. This was accomplished by walking, waving arms, moving the feeder or water and making noise. Audio and video recordings were made simultaneously. The analysis of the recordings was performed using a Power Spectrum Analysis and Hidden Markov Model. Results indicated that habituation was occurring after 30 days of exposure to the same investigator. The fear response appeared to return when investigator B entered the pen. Results validated that vocalizations can be used as an indicator of strain by the birds in response to a stressor.

NE studied vocalizations as an indicator of distress in laying hens. A study was conducted to determine whether changes in call characteristics could be elicited by mildly stressful conditions in Leghorn laying hens. Sonograms were used to visually inspect and confirm call types. Of 1,177 calls, 1,034 could be reliably typed. Recordings were made on an Uher 4200 Report Monitor with a Sennheiser microphone 3m from the edge of each cage. A total of 28 recordings were analyzed (5 min recordings; 7 recordings per treatment). Treatments were control; mild hunger/frustration (FC: feed covered); mild thirst (WW: water removed 12 h); heat stress (HS: 36 C). All treatments except mild thirst were recorded 3s/d for 3 d from May to August. Birds in mild thirst were sampled after 12 h without water. Tapes were digitized and analyzed using Raven (Cornell University). Acoustic properties (max frequency, max power, notes/s, percent time calling, and call rate) were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Proc Mixed. Two observers were present during each taping session, taking notes and classifying calls to 4 call types: moan, squaak kluck, kluck kluck, and Kuk (Wood-Gush, 1971, Collias, 1987). In order for a call to be classified, both observers had to be in agreement. Across type, 3 properties were higher during heat stress: notes, maximum call power and maximum call frequency. Percent time calling was higher in birds submitted to heat stress or feed cover. Within call type, only the kuk call was consistent across acoustic properties; max power, max frequency and notes were higher in heat stress birds. Squaak kluck was higher in max power in heat stressed, feed cover and water withdrawal hens compared to the control treatment. Kuk may be more consistent stress call for signaling heat stress and max power (call intensity) may be a more general distress signal.

Spatial Responses. IA quantified stocking density and group size effects on bioenergetics and thermoregulation of laying hens under thermoneutral or heat-challenging conditions. Current and relevant information regarding heat and moisture production (HMP) of laying hens is important for design and operation of ventilation systems for commercial layer housing. Different stocking densities are being adopted by the cage layer industry, but there is a lack of information concerning the potential impacts of these changes on environmental control. A study was conducted with 24 groups of 48 hens (39 to 46 weeks old) to compare HMP, via indirect calorimetry, for four different stocking densities (348, 387, 465, or 581 cm²/bird; 54, 60, 72, or 90 in²/bird and two group sizes (8 or 16 birds/cage). Data were collected at thermoneutral (24°C or 76°F) and heat challenging conditions (32°C or 90°F and 35°C or 95°F). No notable differences in HMP were observed among the treatments under the experimental conditions (2.8 to 3.1, 3.5 to 3.7, and 6.4 to 6.6 W/kg 24-h time weighted mean room-level SHP, LHP or MP, and THP, respectively, under 24°C; 0.7 to 1.0, 4.9 to 5.2, and 5.6 to 6.1 W/kg under 32°C; and -1.0 to -0.4, 5.9 to 6.5, and 5.4 to 5.7 W/kg under 35°C). No differences in core body temperature (CBT) of the hens were observed among the treatment regimens at 24°C. In general, mean CTB increased with heat exposure duration (P<0.0001) but leveled off after the 32°C phase. At 32°C, CBT was higher for GS of 16 vs. 8 (42.3 vs 42.1°C, P = 0.05); higher for SD of 348 and 387 cm²/bird than for 465 or 581 cm²/bird (42.4 and 42.2°C vs. 41.9 and 42.1°C, respectively, P = 0.009). Bird body mass decreased as heat exposure duration increased (P<0.0001), but no differences were observed among the treatments. No moralities were observed during the thermoneutrality period, and the mortality rate increased with heat exposure duration. The results imply that for existing laying-hen houses, reducing stocking density and thus flock size may lead to difficulties maintaining desired temperatures without compromising air quality during cold weather, but may offer benefits for heat stress prevention and relief during hot weather. However, data in this study indicate that while CBT was lower for lower SD, the increased space did not seem sufficient to offer a clear benefit for coping with heat challenge of 32°C or 35°C. Refer to Green (2008) for details.

NE studied the effects of social and environmental enrichments on leg strength and welfare of the turkey. Mortality rates of tom turkey flocks average near 13%; of which 3% is due to early starve-outs (failure to consume feed and/or water). Savory, et al. reported that adding day-old broiler chicks as Feeding Companions to a turkey flock stimulated good feeding behavior of turkey poults. Five to 6% of a turkey flocks mortality is estimated to be due to culls, condemnations and mortalities due to leg disorders. Lack of exercise could be a factor in many leg disorders and other welfare issues. Poultry barns are typically devoid of stimulus. Increasing environmental complexity could increase activity and improve the welfare of tom turkeys. Research was conducted to determine the effects of broiler chick addition on the reduction of early poult mortality due to starve-outs and determine the effects of providing environmental complexity in the form of ramps, platforms and perches on leg strength of large tom turkeys. Data is undergoing analysis.

II. Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Management Practice

Molt. IL conducted a study which evaluated the effects of limit feeding of corn and DDGS molt diets at three different levels of intake on postmolt performance. Hy-Line W-36 hens (504) (69 weeks of age) were housed in a cage layer house of commercial design with water and feed provided for ad libitum consumption and exposed to a 17-hour daily photoperiod prior to the start of the experiment. Six replicate groups of 12 hens each (2 adjacent cages, containing 6 hens per cage, 92 square inches per hen) were randomly assigned to each treatment. The treatments were: Fed a 47% corn: 47% soy hulls diet ad libitum for 28 days. (C/SH); Fed a 94% corn diet at a rate of 36.3 g/hen/day for 28 days. (Corn 36); Fed a 94% corn diet at a rate of 45.4 g/hen/day for 28 days. (Corn 45); Fed a 94% corn diet at a rate of 54.5 g/hen/day for 28 days. (Corn 54); Fed a 94% DDGS diet at a rate of 36.3 g/hen/day for 28 days. (DDGS 36); Fed a 94% DDGS diet at a rate of 45.4 g/hen/day for 28 days. (DDGS 45); Fed a 94% DDGS diet at a rate of 54.5 g/hen/day for 28 days. (DDGS 54). At the start of the experiment (Day 1), hens in all the seven treatments were fed their respective diets immediately. The intent was to feed the DDGS diets for 28 d; however, all hens on these diets stopped eating feed on Day 19 and were switched to a 16% CP corn-soybean meal layer diet. All other treatments were fed their respective molt diets for a 28 d period and then switched to a 16% CP corn-soybean meal layer diet.

On Day 19 of the molt period hens on the DDGS 36, DDGS 45 and DDGS 54 treatments lost 23.1, 22.7, and 22.8% body weight, respectively. Hens on the Corn 36, Corn 45 and Corn 54 treatments lost 22.2, 16.6, and 14.0% body weight, respectively, by Day 28. The hens on the C/SH treatment lost 20.6% body weight during the 28 d molt period. The DDGS 36, DDGS 45 and DDGS 54 reached a 0% egg production by week three. Also, the Corn 36 treatment reached a 0% egg production by week three. The Corn 45, Corn 54 and Corn/Soy Hulls treatments all reached 4% egg production or lower during the molt period. When considering the total experimental period of Weeks 1 to 43, the hens fed the Corn 36, Corn 45, Corn 54, DDGS 36, DDGS 45, and DDGS 54 diets produced equally as well as those hens which were on the Corn/Soy Hulls treatment. During the molt period, no differences were observed among treatments for mortality except for the DDGS 45 treatment. Throughout the postmolt period, no differences were observed among treatments for mortality except for the DDGS 36 and DDGS 54 treatments. During the postmolt period, the Corn 54 treatment produced the lowest egg weights, but no consistent differences were observed among all other treatments in comparison to the Corn/Soy Hulls treatment. In summary, hens totally ceased production when fed the Corn 36 and all the DDGS diets. Among the corn diets, the Corn 36 had the lowest egg production during the molt, but there were no differences in all corn diets in Weeks 5-43 and Weeks 1-43. Among, the DDGS diets, the DDGS 36 had the lowest egg production during the molt, but there were no differences in all DDGS diets in Weeks 5-43 and Weeks 1-43. When compared to the Corn/Soy Hulls diet no differences were observed for egg production among all the experimental treatments.

Water Quality. GA conducted a series of studies to investigate the impact that water quality, water quantity and drinker line management can have on broiler performance. Recently a water quality research project was completed investigating the influence of bacteria, pH, iron, manganese and nitrate on broiler production. Alone none of these contaminants, with the exception of bacteria, had a negative effect on broiler performance however when combined, a reduction in 7 day body weights was observed. In order to monitor bird water consumption, three commercial broiler houses on different farms have been equipped with as many as 12 water meters. Total, rear, and front of the houses as well as each water are monitored every 15 minutes. The objectives of this study are to determine the effects that water line management has on broiler performance and to examine bird drinking patterns within the house at different times of the day at different ages. The water quality studies indicated that in most cases where one single mineral, oxidative compounds or microbial contaminants is elevated then it is likely that it is not a direct problem for bird performance. However, the oxidative compounds can form a precipitant that can block filters and cause leaky drinkers. Microbial contaminants can produce biofilm that clog filters and drinkers restricting water flow. Both of these results would have negative impact on broiler performance. In the water consumption studies the relationship between feed and water has been shown to be a very effective way of monitoring bird performance. For every pound of feed consumed, broilers will drink approximately 1.6 pounds of water. Installing water meters in the front and rear of the houses provides growers a means of monitoring bird distribution and gives them an objective reading on when to put migration fences in place. Preliminary observations from this study have indicated that one of the most important water line management issues is water line height. Broilers will avoid lines that are too high.

Nutrition. CT investigated the prophylactic efficacy of feed supplemented with caprylic acid a natural, GRAS status, 8-carbon fatty acid present in breast milk and coconut oil, for reducing S. Enteritidis colonization in chicks, cloaca, crop, and liver. No Salmonella was detected from unchallenged control groups (negative and Caprylic Acid controls). SE counts in the cecum were reduced by ~2.5 log CFU/g compared to control by 10 d PI in 1% Caprylic Acid group. SE counts in the cloaca was reduced to 2 log CFU/g by 10 d PI in 1% Caprylic Acid  treated group. SE counts in the crop and intestinal samples were reduced to ~1.5 log CFU/g in both Caprylic Acid -treated groups. SE counts in the liver and spleen were reduced significantly on 7 and 10 d PI (P<0.05) in both Caprylic Acid groups. No apparent change was noticed for the cecal endogenous microflora counts (~7.5-8 log CFU/mL). No abnormalities were observed in the cecum and liver samples of Caprylic Acid -treated groups upon histologic examination. No significant difference was noticed for feed consumption or body weights among the five groups of birds. Caprylic Acid (0.7 and 1%) significantly reduced SE populations in 18-day old chicks. Therefore Caprylic acid could potentially be used commercially as an antimicrobial additive in feed to reduce Salmonella Enteritidis in chickens.

MN utilized crude glycerin in market turkey diets. Glycerin is produced as a co-product of the conversion of fats (triglycerides) into biodiesel. The product is referred to as crude glycerin and contains about 80-88% glycerol (Dozier et al., 2008a). The glycerin can be metabolized and utilized as a source of energy by poultry although its value as an energy source will be less than that of a fat source. The energy value of crude glycerin was estimated to be 1558 kcal/lb in broilers and 1726 kcal/lb in egg layers (Dozier et al., 2008b; Lammers et al., 2008). Cerrate et al. (2006) found that inclusion of 10% glycerin depressed growth possibly due to reduced feed flow rate while inclusion of 5% did not have any negative effects on broiler performance. The objective of this research was to examine glycerin as a source of energy in market turkey diets for heavy tom production in diets of low and high nutrient density (LND vs. HND). Glycerin was added at levels of 2, 4, 6, and 8% with concurrent adjustments in corn levels. As glycerin replaced corn, levels of lysine, methionine, and threonine were adjusted to the control diet for each nutrient density series. The base diet contained corn, soybean meal, poultry byproduct meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles (20%). There were 10 dietary treatments in total. Diets were fed as mash.

At 19 wks of age, LND decreased body weight by 2.9% (1.2 lbs). The LND regimen had the least effect during 8-11 wks and the most during 17-19 wks of age. Differences in gain between the HND and LND diet series paralleled that of body weight. Glycerin addition in the HND series had no affect on gain except during 17-19 wks where glycerin addition at all levels resulted in decreased ADG. For the LND series, glycerin addition at 4, 6, and 8% decreased gains during 17-19 wks of age and the 6 and 8% level of addition decreased cumulative gains significantly. Differences in feed/gain for the HND and LND diets were noted immediately during the first feeding period of 8-11 wks of age. Feed efficiency was increased by 6% during 8-11 wks of age and by 14% during 17-19 wks of age (LND vs. HND). Glycerin addition in the HND diet series had no effect through 14 wks of age. During 17-19 wks of age, feed efficiency was increased with glycerin addition. In the LND series, glycerin addition had no effect on feed efficiency with the exception of addition of 4 and 6% levels which increased feed efficiency during 17-19 wks. In summary, nutrient density had about a seven times greater effect on feed conversion as compared to body weight. Glycerin addition to 4% of the diet had no negative effect on performance but higher levels of 6 and 8% tended to be detrimental especially during 17-19 wks of age. Carcass and parts yield was not altered with addition of glycerin with the exception of yield of wings and abdominal fat. The results indicate that crude glycerin can be added to turkey diets up to a 4% level of inclusion. An economic analyses of varying feed ingredient prices and the value of crude glycerin indicated the following: a) Cost savings when using glycerin were greatest under conditions of high corn price and/or overall high ingredient costs; b) Cost savings under these conditions represented approximately .9 to 1.5% of the feed cost of producing a 42 lb tom; c) Actually feed cost savings will vary and will be dependent on the cost of other available ingredients as well as a consideration of the glycerol content (energy level) of the crude glycerin; d) Value of crude glycerin may increase as energy sources and supplies of energy such as corn and fat become limiting with diversion into biofuel production.

MN studied an avian pneumovirus  vaccination challenge model. An important tool in maintaining poultry health and subsequently their welfare is the use of vaccination for protection against specific diseases. Having an appropriate challenge model is important in testing vaccines for efficacy. Pathogenicity of two isolates of avian metapneumovirus subtype C were examined for their ability to infect turkeys. The more recent isolate resulted in development of more severe clinical signs and lesions in infected turkeys. Use of this isolate would be more appropriate than earlier isolates in development of a challenge model for use in testing vaccine efficacy.

MS studied risk constrained programming: A visual basic for applications (VBA) excel spreadsheet program with solver for diet formulation. A diet formulation program was written to take advantage of the advanced techniques available to developers of Excel spreadsheet programs and to encourage software developers to incorporate nonlinear programming in their mathematical programming packages. A menu driven program was developed in an Excel spreadsheet using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Solver served as the algorithm for linear program (LP) and stochastic program (SP) calculations. The menu consists of buttons for price, choosing ingredients, ingredient specifications, nutrient specifications, formulation, printing and exiting. Prices Button updates price information. Choose Ingredients Button produces a form from which ingredients can be chosen for the diet. Once the ingredients are highlighted, the choose ingredients button on the form is activated and the ingredients chosen with the accompanying information are transferred (by a transfer macro) to the LP and SP menus for formulation. Ingredient Specifications Button indicates restriction to be placed on ingredients. That is, definition of the chosen ingredient level as a minimum, maximum or equality. Nutrient Specifications Button shows the nutrients of interest, the requested requirement and the requested level of probability for meeting the requested requirement. The Formulation Button activates the Solver algorithm to calculate the LP and SP formulations. The screen is transferred to a summary window that simultaneously shows the results of the formulation. The Print Button sends the results to the printer. The Exit Button terminates the program. SP has been shown to improve the accuracy and precision of diet formulation with variable ingredients (e.g., Distillers Dried Grains). The menu driven Excel program with VBA allows the nutritionist to formulate and compare results of diets formulated with LP and SP in an atmosphere that does not resemble the traditional spreadsheet program.

CA

Mench, J.A., G.S. Archer, R.A. Blatchford, H.L. Shivaprasad, G.M. Fagerberg, and P.S. Wakenell. 2008. Lighting programs for broiler chickens: pre- and post-hatch effects on behavior, health, and productivity. In: Proceedings of the International Livestock Environment Symposium VIII of the American Society of Agricultural Engineering, Iguassu Falls City, Brazil.

CT

K.J. Anup, M.J. Darre, T.A. Hoagland, D.T. Schreiber, A.M. Donoghue, D.J. Donoghue, and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2008. Antibacterial effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde on Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni in chicken drinking water. J. Appl. Poultry Research (in press).

A.K. Johny, S.A. Baskaran, A.S. Charles, M.A.R. Amalaradjou, M.J. Darre, M.I. Khan, T.A. Hoagland, D.T. Schreiber, A.M. Donoghue, D.J. Donoghue, and K. Venkitanarayanan. Prophylactic supplementation of caprylic acid in feed reduces Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in commercial broiler chicks. J. Food Protection (accepted for publication).

GA

Webster, A.B., B.D. Fairchild, T.S. Cummings and P.A. Stayer. 2008. Validation of a three-point gait-scoring system for field assessment of walking ability of commercial broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 17:529-539.

Benson, A.P., V.L. Christensen, B.D. Fairchild, and A.J. Davis. 2008. The mRNA for zona pellucida proteins B1, C and D in two genetic lines of turkey hens that differ in fertility. Animal Reproduction Science.

Roche, A.J., N.A. Cox, L.J. Richardson, R.J. Buhr, J.A. Cason, B.D. Fairchild, and N.C. Hinkle. 2009. Transmission of Salmonella to broilers by contaminated larval and adult lesser mealworms, alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Poult. Sci. 88:44-48.

Czarick, M., and B.D. Fairchild. 2008. Housing for Improved Performance in Hot Climates. Poultry Production in Hot Climates 2nd ed. Editor N.J. Daghir. Publish CAB International.

Worley, J.W., M. Czarick, B.D. Fairchild, C.W. Ritz, L.A. Harper, B.D. Hale, and L.P. Naeher. 2008. Monitoring of Ammonia and Fine Particulates Downwind of Broiler Houses (ed.). St. Joseph, MI: ASABE. asabe.org.

Fairchild, B.D. and M. Czarick. 2008. Poultry Housing Tips. Cooperative Extension Service, Extension Engineering, UGA. Volume 20, No. 3.

Czarick, M. and B.D. Fairchild. Bird Migration...a very costly hot weather issue. Poultry Housing Tips. Cooperative Extension Service, Extension Engineering, UGA. Volume 20, No. 5.

Czarick, M. and B.D. Fairchild. Thermostat/Sensors Do Not Measure Effective Temperature. Poultry Housing Tips. Cooperative Extension Service, Extension Engineering, UGA. Volume 20, No. 8.

Czarick, M. and B.D. Fairchild. Loose Fitting Curtains are Very Costly. Poultry Housing Tips. Cooperative Extension Service, Extension Engineering, UGA. Volume 20, No. 10.

Czarick, M. and B.D. Fairchild. Why Litter Treatments are a Good Investment. Poultry Housing Tips. Cooperative Extension Service, Extension Engineering, UGA. Volume 20, No. 11.

B.D. Fairchild. 2008. Do you know your water quality? Cooperative Extension Service, Extension Engineering, UGA. Volume 20, No. 12.

Czarick, M. and B.D. Fairchild. Alternative Heating Systems...an Overview. Poultry Housing Tips. Cooperative Extension Service, Extension Engineering, UGA. Volume 20, No. 14.

Fairchild, B.D. 2008. Water system check-up. The Communicator, U.S. Poultry & Egg Association. Spring.

Fairchild, B.D. 2008. Water quality. The Communicator, U.S. Poultry & Egg Association. Summer.

Mauldin, J.M., S. Masoero, J. Santos, and B.D. Fairchild. 2008. Determining best hatch day length or weight. Poultry Times 55(15):1, 11.

Fairchild, B.D. 2008. Utilizing the right lighting program for broilers. Poultry Times 55(17):3, 9.

Fairchild, B.D. 2008. Basics of broiler housing environments. Poultry Times 55(17):5, 14.

Czarick, M. and B.D. Fairchild. 2008. Better lighting with incandescent bulbs. Poultry Times 55(17):10, 13.

Czarick, M. and B.D. Fairchild. 2008. Guidelines for basic attic inlet operation. Poultry Times 55(21):3, 11.

Fairchild, B.D. and M. Czarick. 2008. Migration fences needed in cold weather. Poultry Times 55(21):5, 9.

Fairchild, B.D. and M. Czarick. Reducing Poultry House Heating Costs. Watt Poultry USA. October.

Fairchild, B.D. and M. Czarick. Reducing Electricity Usage in Tunnel Houses. Watt Poultry USA. July.

Fairchild, B.D. and M. Czarick. 2008. Loose fitting curtains are very costly. Poultry Times 55(21):16.

Fairchild, B.D., A.J. Roche, N.C. Hinkle, R.J. Buhr, N.A. Cox, L.J. Richardson, and J.A. Cason. 2008. Darkling Beetles as a Potential Transmission Source of Salmonella in Broiler Flocks. Feedinfo News Service Scientific Reviews. www.feedinfo.com

Fairchild, B.D. and M. Czarick. 2008. Going real-time on the farm. Poultry USA June p. 32.

Fairchild, B.D. 2008. Check farm water systems on a regular basis. Poultry Times 55(6):24.

Fairchild, B.D. and M. Czarick. 2008. Keeping birds cool during hot weather. Poultry Times 55(7):8.

Cunningham, B.D. and D. Cunningham. 2008. Daily biosecurity basics for poultry growers. Poultry Time 55(23):2. IL

Mejia, L., P.L. Utterback, C.W. Utterback, C.M. Parsons, and K.W. Koelkebeck. 2008. Evaluation of limit feeding corn and DDGS in nonfeed withdrawal molt programs for laying hens. Poult. Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):27. IA

Casey, K.D., R.S. Gates, E.F. Wheeler, H. Xin, Y. Liang, A.J. Pescatore, and M.J. Ford. 2008. On-farm fan performance: implications for ventilation and operating cost. J. Appl. Poult. Res 17(2):283-295.

Gates, R.S. and H. Xin. 2008. Extracting poultry behavior from time-series weigh scale records. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 62(1):8-14.

Gates, R.S., K.D. Casey, E.F. Wheeler, X. Xin, and A.J. Pescatore. 2008. U.S. broiler ammonia emissions inventory model. Atmospheric Environment 42(14):3342-3350.

Green, A.R., C.W. Wathes, T.G.M. Demmers, J.M. Clark, and H. Xin. 2008. Development and application of a novel environmental preference test system for assessing responses of laboratory mice to atmospheric ammonia. J. American Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences 47(2):49-56.

Green, A.R., I. Wesley, D.W. Trampel, and H. Xin. 2008. Air quality and hen health status in three types of commercial laying hen houses. J. App. Poult. Res. (accepted).

Li, H., H. Xin, R.T. Burns, and Y. Liang. 2008. Reduction of ammonia emission from stored poultry manure using additives: Zeolite, Al+Clear, Ferix-3 and PLT. J. App. Poult. Res. 17(4):421-431.

Moody, L., H. Li, R.T. Burns, H. Xin, R.S. Gates, S.J. Hoff, and D.G. Overhults. 2008. Broiler gaseous and particulate matter emission monitoring quality assurance project plan. A Special Publication of ASABE. http://asae.frymulti0.com/aqap_handbook.asp?confid=aqap2008

Trabue, S.L., K.D. Scoggin, F. Mitloehner, H. Li, R.T. Burns, and H. Xin. 2008. Field sampling method for quantifying volatile sulfur compounds emitted from animal feeding operations. Atmospheric Environment 42:3332-3341.

Trabue, S.L., K.D. Scoggin, R.T. Burns, H. Xin, and H. Li. 2008. Field sampling method for quantifying odorants in humid environments. Environmental Science and Technology 42(10):3745-3750.

Topper, P.A., E.F. Wheeler, J.S. Zajaczkowski, R.S. Gates, H. Xin, Y. Liang, and K.D. Casey. 2008. Ammonia emissions from two empty broiler houses with built-up litter. Transactions of the ASAE 51(1):219-225.

Amaral, M.F.P., R.S. Gates, D.G. Overhults, I.F.F. Tinocol, H. Li, R.T. Burns, H. Xin, and J.W. Earnest. 2008. Analysis of different methods to compute ammonia concentration and emission rate. Proc. of the 8th International Livestock Environmental Symposium, Sept. 1-3, 2008, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. (eds) R.R. Stowell, E.F. Wheeler and H. Xin. St. Joseph, MI:ASAE.

Burns, R.T., H. Li, L. Moody, H. Xin, R. Gates, D. Overhults, and J. Earnest. 2008. Quantification of particulate emissions from broiler houses in the southeastern United States. Proc. of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium, Sept. 1-3, 2008, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. (eds) R.R. Stowell, E.F. Wheeler and H. Xin. St. Joseph, MI:ASAE.

Gates, R.S., K.D. Casey, H. Xin, R. Burns, and H. Li. 2008. Uncertainty analysis in animal building aerial emissions measurements. Proc. of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium, Sept. 1-3, 2008, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. (eds) R.R. Stowell, E.F. Wheeler and H. Xin. St. Joseph, MI:ASAE.

Green, A.R. and H. Xin. 2008. Effects of stocking density and group size on thermoregulatory response of laying hens under heat challenging conditions. Proc. of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium, Sept. 1-3, 2008, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. (eds) R.R. Stowell, E.F. Wheeler and H. Xin. St. Joseph, MI:ASAE.

Green, A.R. and H. Xin. 2008. Effects of stocking density and group size on heat and moisture production of laying hens under thermoneutral and heat challenging conditions. Proc. of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium, Sept. 1-3, 2008, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. (eds) R.R. Stowell, E.F. Wheeler and H. Xin. St. Joseph, MI:ASAE.

Li, H., H. Xin, R.T. Burns, S.A. Roberts, and K. Bregendahl. 2008. Effects of dietary modification on laying hens in high-rise houses: Part I  Emissions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Proc. of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium, Sept. 1-3, 2008, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. (eds) R.R. Stowell, E.F. Wheeler and H. Xin. St. Joseph, MI:ASAE.

Li, H., H. Xin, R.T. Burns, S.J. Hoff, J.D. Harmon, L.D. Jacobson, and S. Noll. 2008. Ammonia and PM emissions from a tom turkey barn in Iowa. ASABE Technical Paper #:08-4425. St. Joseph, MI:ASABE.

Li, H., H. Xin, R.T. Burns, S.J. Hoff, J.D. Harmon, L.D. Jacobson, and S. Noll. 2008. Effects of bird activity, ventilation rate and humidity on pm10 concentration and emission rate of a turkey barn. Proc. of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium, Sept. 1-3, 2008, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. (eds) R.R. Stowell, E.F. Wheeler and H. Xin. St. Joseph, MI:ASAE.

Li, H., H. Xin, R.T. Burns, S.J. Hoff, J.D. Harmon, L.D. Jacobson, and S. Noll. 2008. Effect of sampling interval on ammonia and particulate matter emissions from turkey grow-out barns. Proc. of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium, Sept. 1-3, 2008, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. (eds) R.R. Stowell, E.F. Wheeler and H. Xin. St. Joseph, MI:ASAE.

Roberts, S.A., H. Li, H. Xin, R.T. Burns, and K. Bregendahl. 2008. Effects of dietary modifications on laying hens in high-rise houses: part II  hen production performance. Proc. of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium, Sept. 1-3, 2008, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. (eds) R.R. Stowell, E.F. Wheeler and H. Xin. St. Joseph, MI:ASAE.

Wheeler, E.F., K.D. Casey, R.S. Gates, H. Xin, P.A. Topper and Y. Liang. 2008. Ammonia emissions from USA broiler chicken barns managed with new bedding, built-up litter, or acid-treated litter. Proc. of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium, Sept. 1-3, 2008, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. (eds) R.R. Stowell, E.F. Wheeler and H. Xin. St. Joseph, MI:ASAE.

Green, A.R. 2008. A systematic evaluation of laying hen housing for improved hen welfare. A PhD dissertation, Iowa State University Parks Library, Ames, Iowa 50011.

Ning, X. 2008. Feeding, defecation and gaseous emission dynamics of W-36 laying hens. A M.S. thesis, Iowa State University Parks Library, Ames, Iowa 50011. MD

Estevez, I. 2008. Behavior and environmental enrichment in Broiler Breeders. In: Biology of Breeding Poultry. CAB. pp 261-283 (in press).

Leone, E.H. and I. Estevez. 2008. Economic and welfare benefits of environmental enrichment for broiler breeders. Poultry Science 87:14-21.

Dennis, R.L., R.C. Newberry, H.W. Cheng, and I. Estevez. 2008. Appearance matters: Artificial marking alters aggression and stress. Poultry Science 87:1939-1946.

Leone, E.H. and I. Estevez. 2008. Use of space in the domestic fowl: Separating the effects of enclosure size, group size, and density. Animal Behaviour 76:1673-1682. Doi:10.10167j.anbehav.2008.08.004.

Mallapur, A., C. Miller, M.C. Christman, and I. Estevez. 2008. Short-term and long-term movement patterns in confined environments by domestic flow: Influence of group size and enclosure size. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, in press. MN

Velayudhan, B.T., S.L. Noll, A.J. Thachil, D.A. Halvorson, D.P. Shaw, S.M. Goyal, and K.V. Nagaraja. 2008. Comparative pathogenicity of early and recent isolates of avian metapneumovirus subtype C in turkeys. Can. J. Vet. Res. 72(4):371-375.

Jacob, J.P., S.L. Noll, and J.A. Brannon. 2008. Comparison of metabolic energy content of organic cereal grains for chickens and turkeys. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 17:540-544.

Noll, S.L. and J. Brannon. 2008. Response of market turkey toms to diets containing high levels of corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Poult. Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):100. MS

Roush, W.B., J. Purswell, and S.L. Branton. 2007. An adjustable nutrient margin of safety comparison using linear and stochastic programming in and Excel spreadsheet. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 16:514-520.

Roush, W.B., J. Purswell, and S.L. Branton. 2009. Microsoft Excel Sensitivity Analysis for Linear and Stochastic Program Feed Formulation. J. Appl. Poult. Res. (submitted).

Roush, W.B. .and S.L. Branton. 2009. Risk Constrained Programming: A Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) Excel Spreadsheet Program with Solver for Diet Formulation (Abstract). To be presented at International Poultry Scientific Forum, January 26-27, 2009, Atlanta, GA. NE

Canterbury, J.L., F.J. Struwe, E. Blankenship, H. Taira, S. Scheideler, and M.M. Beck. 2008. Vocalizations as an indicator of distress in laying hens. Poultry Sci. Abstracts, p. 60.