Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

[PLEASE SEE ATTACHED FILE FOR MINUTES AND FULL STATE REPORTS] 2008 Meeting of WERA-060 12 May 1:30 pm  13 May 12:00 pm 2008 Hilton Hotel, Fort Collins, CO Attendees (physically present): Mark Whalon, Carol Mallory-Smith, Bill Dyer, Sarah Ward, Scott Nissen, Andy Wyenandt, Meg McGrath, and Tom Holtzer (Administrative Advisor). Additional participants (connected by teleconference): Blair Siegfried, Mark VanGessel, Gerald Holmes, and Tim Dennehy. Tim Dennehy coordinated and funded the teleconference connection to permit participation of committee members unable to travel to the meeting. All members were greatly appreciative of this opportunity to increase involvement, and are very grateful to Tim for making this possible, but acknowledged that interaction was best amongst those physically present. Meeting Notes: Committee Business Activities: Mark Whalon led a discussion about the Global Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database (APRD) and the Resistant Pest Management (RPM) Newsletter (now in its 14th year) which are housed on a server at Michigan State University. These originated from a committee on resistance that preceded WERA060. These resources are well used. APRD has almost 10,000 cases. Andy Wyenandt was elected to be the next WERA060 Chair and Mark Whalon the Secretary/Chair-elect, to serve as Chair in 2010. The next WERA060 meeting will be held around (e.g. immediately before, during, or after) the Sixth International IPM Symposium to be held in Portland 24-26 March 2009. Carol Mallory-Smith will handle local arrangements. The 2010 meeting will be held in Washington, DC, and arranged by Mark Whalon. This will provide an opportunity to meet with USDA CSREES staff, EPA staff covering pesticide resistance and others, as was done the last time this committee met in DC. Possible opportunities were discussed for WERA060 to sponsor a symposium or discussion session on pesticide resistance during an up-coming scientific conference. This is a committee objective. Committee Discussion: Most of the meeting was devoted to informal presentations and discussion of research and extension activities pertaining to pesticide resistance and its management. Exchange of information across disciplines is the primary objective of the committee. Researchers participating in the 2008 meeting cover all three major pest disciplines (insects, weeds and pathogens). Several committee members are involved in distance learning courses covering pesticide resistance, mostly for single disciplines. These activities were also discussed. There is a need for effort on a cross-discipline course, which WERA060 members together could achieve. Bill Dyer volunteered to lead an on-line discussion among committee members about developing an online course dealing with Pesticide Resistance and its Management. Several resistance themes cutting across disciplines arose during the discussion. One was predicting resistance. There have been cases where field resistance was predicted to occur and it still hasnt, and cases where resistance was not predicted to occur but it did. For example, insects were found surviving on crops genetically engineered with Bt toxin gene soon after these transgenic crops were commercialized. Since these insects were highly resistant, there was concern that control failure would soon occur. However, several years later these transgenic crops continue to be an effective tool for managing insects. Insect pests tolerating high concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides were found several years ago, resulting in great concern about the future of this new class, but they are no longer found. On the other hand, the herbicide glyphosate (Round-up) was thought to have a low risk for resistance developing. However, the selection pressure from multiple applications per season to Round-up Ready crops has resulted in resistance in some weeds. Other topics covered included: Procedures for testing pests for resistance. Documenting its occurrence especially in commercial fields where an integrated management program is implemented. Determining impact of resistance on control. Cost of resistance. Similarities and differences in resistance management practices across disciplines. Predicting resistance. Resistance mechanisms. Laboratory versus field resistance. Funding resistance research. Working with industry on resistance issues. Challenges of getting information to growers. Andy Wyenandt shared tables he has been involved with developing that have resistance risk of fungicides for specific vegetable crop diseases.

1. Resistance management of pest insect species represents a serious challenge to corn growers that utilize both transgenic corn varieties as well as conventional pesticides. Research conducted in Nebraska provides valuable tools for effective and long-term pest management. 2. Development of resistance monitoring tools for German cockroaches in Florida to identify evolving physiological and behavioral resistance to gel baits. 3. Identification of negative cross-resistance factors in flies and mosquitoes. 4. Understanding resistance evolution to new insecticide chemistries in houseflies. 5. Development of resistance monitoring and management tools for chinch bugs in turf. 6. Development of resistance management programs for chili thrips in urban landscapes. 7. Continued monitoring of existing organophosphate resistance in California red scale reminds growers to rotate insecticides to manage resistance. 8. Monitoring for Esteem resistance in California red scale reduces wasted applications when resistance becomes significant. 9. Monitoring for organophosphate resistance in citricola scale will reduce organophosphate insecticide treatments where resistance is a problem. This reduction will improve air quality, water quality and reduce VOCs. 10. Expansion of a multi-state cooperative migration and resistance monitoring network, allowed maximum leveraging of limited public and private-sector funds, and allowed all participants to benefit of the early warning system capabilities of the complete system, via knowledge of CEW flights in nearby states. Due to erratic, yet continued control problems with the pyrethroids in sweet corn, efficacy and resistance monitoring data was shared among many of the Midwest states to develop a Section 18 emergency request for Coragen (Rynaxypyr), DuPont (request pending). A series of 7 CEW IRM papers were published in 2007, resulting from a symposium in 2005. 11. A bioassay conducted in spring squash crops in NY and PA yielded information on fungicide sensitivity in the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus that was used to guide fungicide recommendation for managing powdery mildew in pumpkin, melon, and other main season crops. 12. Through a baseline sensitivity study, the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus was not found to be more sensitive as anticipated to new DMI (FRAC code 3) fungicides. 13. Fungicides are by far the most effective option for managing gummy stem blight, one of the most widespread and destructive diseases of watermelon. Research conducted in Georgia has provided evidence of widespread resistance of the pathogen to the QoI fungicide azoxystrobin in Georgia and the first report of resistance of this pathogen to the carboxamide fungicide boscalid. These results, along with continued sensitivity monitoring and evaluation of fungicide efficacy, provide important information for watermelon growers, extension specialists, and county agents, for developing specific fungicide programs for effective management of gummy stem blight. 14. Research to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of herbicide resistance in weedy species is adding significant insight to our knowledge about plant responses to severe abiotic stresses, and also our understanding of auxin binding and auxin-mediated responses.

Brock, J., Stevenson, K., and Brenneman, T. 2007. Pecan fungicides and resistance management. Pages 172-175 in: Southeastern Pecan Growers' Handbook. Bulletin 1327. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Kaufman, P. E., Gerry, A. C., Rutz, D. A. and Scott, J. G. 2007. Monitoring susceptibility of house flies (Musca domestica L.) in the United States to imidacloprid. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 23: 195-200. Gao, J.-R., Deacutis, J. M. and Scott, J. G. 2007. Characterization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits Mda5 and Mdb3 on autosome 1 of Musca domestica indicate they are not involved in spinosad resistance. Insect Molec. Biol. 16: 691-701. Hardstone, M.C., Leichter, C.A., Harrington, L.C., Kasai, S., Tomita, T. and Scott, J. G. 2007. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated permethrin resistance confers limited cross-resistance in larvae of the southern house mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. 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Entomol. 101: 927-932. Crowder, D.W., T.J. Dennehy, C. Ellers-Kirk, C.M. Yafuso, P.C. Ellsworth, B.E. Tabashnik & Y. Carrière. 2007. Field evaluation of resistance to pyriproxyfen in Bemisia tabaci (B Biotype). Journal of Economic Entomology 100: 1650-1656. Dennehy, T.J., G.C. Unnithan, V. Harpold, Y. Carrière, B. Tabashnik, L. Antilla and M. Whitlow. Susceptibility of Southwestern Pink Bollworm to Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 in 2005. 2007 Arizona Cotton Report. Available at http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1437/az14373a.pdf Dennehy, T.J., B.A. DeGain, V. Harpold and R.J. Nichols. Biotype Designations and Insecticide Susceptibility of Southwestern Bemisia tabaci. 2007 Arizona Cotton Report. Available at http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1437/az14373b.pdf Ellsworth, P.C., A. Fournier and T.D. Smith. 2007. Based on Ellsworth, P.C. and J.S. Jones. 2000. Arizona Cotton Insect Losses. Publ. No. AZ1183. University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cooperative Extension, Tucson, Arizona. URL: http://cals.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/insects/cil/cil.html Fournier, A., P.C. Ellsworth and V.M. Barkley. Economic Impact of Lygus in Arizona Cotton: A Comparative Approach. 2007 Arizona Cotton Report. Available at http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1437/az14374a.pdf Ellsworth, P.C., V, Barkley, T. Dennehy, B. DeGain, B. Ellingson, S. Naranjo and M. Sims. Assessment of Knack Field Performance Through Precision Field and Laboratory Bioassays in Cotton 2007 Arizona Cotton Report. Available at http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1437/az14374b.pdf Hutchison, W.D., E.C. Burkness, B. Jensen, B.R. Leonard, J. Temple, D.R. Cook, R.A. Weinzierl, R.E. Foster, T.L. Rabaey, and B.R. Flood. 2007. Evidence for decreasing Helicoverpa zea susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides in the Midwestern U.S. Online. 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Spencer, E. Nekl, M. Pusztai-Carey, W. J. Moar, and B. D. Siegfried. 2008. Comparison and Validation of Methods to Quantify Cry1Ab Toxinfrom Bacillus thuringiensis for Standardization of Insect Bioassays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. In Press Anilkumar, K. J., A. Rodrigo-Simón, J. Ferré, M. Pusztai-Carey, S. Sivasupramaniam, and W. J. Moar. 2008. Production and Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. In Press Tarver, M. R., R. E. Shade, R. H. Shukle, W. J. Moar, W. M. Muir, L. M. Murdock, and B. R. Pittendrigh. 2007. Pyramiding of insecticidal proteins for control of the cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus F.). Pest Mgmt. Sci. 63(5):440-6 Keith, B. A., E. Kalinina, and W.E. Dyer. 2007. Global analysis of gene expression in auxinic herbicide-resistant Kochia scoparia. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 47:35. Eissa, H.F., A. Shokry, O.M. Saleh, A.M. Ramadan, A. Bahieldin and W. E. Dyer. 2007. Genomic characterization of stress-related genes from wild barley. Second International Conference of Genetic Engineering and its Applications. 14-16 Nov., 2007, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. Adams, M. L., Holmes, G., McGrath, M. T., and Olaya, G. 2007. Reduced efficacy of QoI and demethylation-inhibitor (DMI) fungicides on powdery mildew of cucurbits in North Carolina. Phytopathology 97:S2. http://www.apsnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/a07ma05.htm McGrath, M. T. 2007. Managing cucurbit powdery mildew and fungicide resistance. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 731:211-216. http://www.actahort.org/books/731/731_29.htm McGrath, M. T., and Davey, J. F. 2007. Evaluation of fungicide programs for management of powdery mildew on pumpkin, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V060. McGrath, M. T., and J. Davey. 2007. Occurrence of resistance to QoI, DMI, and MBC fungicides in Podosphaera xanthii in 2006 in New York and implication for controlling cucurbit powdery mildew. Resistant Pest Management Newsletter 16(2):10-12.