Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The annual business meeting was held in Cocoa Beach, Florida July 18-20, 2008. Brad Hillman, administrative advisor, gave the group an update on approval of the new project NE1036. Ithaca, NY was selected as the location for next year's meeting which will be held June 26-28 after the ethylene meeting. Chris Watkins agreed to organize next year's meeting.

Accomplishments: The following summary does not include all research. For a more detailed description of accomplishments, please, refer to the minutes. Objective 1. To Evaluate Postharvest Requirements of New and Existing Varieties Chilling Injury in Stone Fruit Varieties The market life of new stone fruit cultivars was evaluated. This information allows the industry to avoid extended postharvest handling (transportation, storage) of cultivars with short postharvest market lives. Chilling injury varied in stone fruit from different breeding sources. 60% of the peach, 50% of the nectarine and 40% of the plum cultivars developed chilling injury at 5 °C. Postharvest strategies found to be helpful in preventing chilling injury include heat treatment, ozone, polyamine and calcium treatments, and fumigation with environmentally friendly compounds. MAP on Friar plums enhanced chilling injury during 60 days storage at 0 °C. MAP is recommended for up to 45 days to improve market life, firmness, SSC, TA and pH [CA]. Honeycrisp Disorders Environmental variables that predispose Honeycrisp apples to soft scald were identified using data from two locations [ME, ON]. Soft scald and soggy breakdown incidence were reduced by increasing temperatures above 20 °F during the delayed cooling period. The effective duration of delayed cooling was reduced to one day with a temperature of 30 °F. Deleterious effects were minimal, and an increase in decay did not occur [NS]. An initial 10-day period at 4 °C or continuous storage at 4 °C reduced both soft scald and soggy breakdown in all lots. Fruit stored in CA after an initial 10-day period at 4 °C also had similar incidence of soft scald and soggy breakdown. Apples stored continuously at 1 °C developed soft scald but incidence varied between lots. Soggy breakdown occurred in only one lot. Bitter pit was orchard specific and greater in fruit stored at 4 °C [USDA-WA]. A webpage is being developed for growers to provide current information on growing and storing to maximize production and quality [MN, MA, ME, MI, NS, NY, ON, WA] http://smfarm.cfans.umn.edu/Honeycrisp.htm. Empire Storage Disorders A number of factors implicated in a greater risk of flesh browning are cool temperatures in July and August, later harvest dates, longer storage periods, particularly past May and lower storage temperatures. 1-MCP, needed for long-term storage, exacerbates flesh browning. To prevent flesh browning of Empire, the current recommendation is to store apples at 35 °F. However, when fruit are treated with 1-MCP warmer temperatures are ineffective in preventing flesh browning [NY]. Harvest date and storage practices affect the quality of Empire apple, an important variety used for slices. Decay was greater in fruit from a later harvest and was slightly more prevalent with 1-MCP treatment, but lower with DPA. Apples could not be used after 9 mos storage because of internal flesh browning. Browning was reduced by 1-MCP and by holding fruit in ambient, but refrigerated air for 7 days compared to 2 days. ReTain and DPA had no significant effects on slice browning [ON]. Preharvest fungicides on Empire were not a contributing factor in CO2 injury, flesh browning or core browning with 1-MCP [NY]. Harvest and Handling of New Cultivars Typical postharvest handling procedures were found to impact quality of the leading pomegranate variety. The effects of delays in cooling in sun or shade, physical abrasion and drops of various heights on pomegranate fruit quality after storage was demonstrated to support changes in handling practices considered by the industry. Economic decisions about improvements can now be made [CA]. Handling of mango fruit from growing and packing in Central and South America through importation, distribution and retailing within the U.S. was evaluated by a research team. Recommendations for improvements and areas of future study will be provided to the National Mango Board with a goal of improving the quality of fruit sold to consumers in the US [CA]. Objective 2. To Develop Sustainable Alternatives to Chemical Control of Physiological Disorders, Diseases and Pests. Sustainable Alternatives to Chemical Control of Diseases and Pests Treatments are at various stages of development or refinement to control bean thrips in navel oranges, and black widow spiders, phylloxera and light brown apple moths in table grapes to allow for continued export of these US products to other countries [CA]. Biodegradable packaging with 2E-hexenal (antifungal/antibacterial volatiles) incorporated into the film was more effective than hexanal and acetaldehyde at lower doses for inhibiting growth of Penecillium. Berry weight loss reduction occurred with this polylactic package compared to clam shell. Fungal growth is less in clamshell packaging because of a moisture difference [MI]. Overall levels microbes on the surfaces of apple leaves in organic and conventional production systems were related to insect damage. The microbial ecology changed over the season with the diversity of the bacteria being affected by organic production compared to conventionally grown apples. A diverse ecology could plan a role in preventing contamination linked to agricultural reservoirs [MD]. Combined yeast biocontrol agents, Metschnikowia and Cryptococcus spp., were effective alone or with sodium bicarbonate (SBC) in reducing blue mold (Penecillium). SBC by itself also reduced blue mold but not as effectively as yeast antagonists [USDA-MD]. Preharvest fungicides can reduce reliance on postharvest drenching to prevent decay. Preharvest fungicide sprays suppress losses to postharvest decays, but drenching fruit with fungicide after harvest is still more effective than applying fungicides to trees prior to harvest [NY]. Resistance to Penecillium in the Kazak apple collection can be used as a source of resistance in breeding new varieties. Out of 83 apple accessions in the Kazak collection in Geneva, NY, two were classified as immune to blue mold (P. expansum), four as resistant, 53 as moderately resistant, and 24 as susceptible [USDA-MD]. A number of wild peach accessions and old cultivars showed a high level of resistance to brown rot and may be a source of resistance for new varieties [CA]. Growing season-applied soybean oil (soft insecticide) sprays improved the at-harvest quality and postharvest behavior of Golden Delicious and Fuji apples: fruit finish was not affected; weight loss during storage and subsequent shelflife was improved (less weight loss) by oil treatment. It is possible for growers to use a late-season "organic" soybean oil spray to combat pests as well as improve product quality [USDA-WA]. Objective 3. To Develop Recommendations for the Beneficial Use of Essentially Safe Postharvest Chemicals, Such as 1-MCP, on Fruit to Assure High Quality and Wholesomeness. 1-MCP Effcts on Apples and Pears Ambrosia responded well to 1-MCP. Ambrosia developed soft scald and CO2 browning in 2007-2008 [ON]. The effect of 1-MCP on phytochemical groups of Empire was modest. There was a small effect of 1-MCP on bruise susceptibility in different apple cultivars. Golden Delicious was most susceptible, and Empire least [NY]. Minimal delay between harvest and application of either DPA or 1-MCP is necessary to maximize control of scald, and this may be more critical for 1-MCP. Loss of scald control was associated with increasing internal ethylene concentration with greater time delay. The effect of DPA on scald development was associated with inhibition of a-farnesene oxidation as indicated by lower concn. of conjugated trienols. In contrast, 1-MCP effects were dependent on inhibition of a-farnesene accumulation and thereby the availability of less substrate for oxidation [NY]. Non-target materials absorbed significant quantities of 1-MCP and reduced the efficacy of 1-MCP treatments when applied at levels below 600 ppb. Absorption of 1-MCP by packaging impacted efficacy. Corrugated cardboard reduced the effectiveness of 1-MCP when applied at sub saturating levels. The effect was especially pronounced when the fruit were encased in liners in corrugated boxes [MI]. Application of SmartFreshTM (gaseous 1-MCP) to California Bartlett pears continues to show problems with fruit ripening after extended cold storage, even when low concentrations of SmartFresh are applied and when fruit are harvested at an advanced stage of maturity. Application of HarvistaTM (sprayable 1-MCP) to California Bartlett pears provides a one pound higher firmness at harvest and improved post-storage quality characteristics [CA]. Harvista 3 days prior to harvest was better than 7 days for long term storage of Bartlett pear. Pears treated postharvest had better firmness that those treated before harvest. Lower incidence of senescent scald occurred when pears were treated 3 days compared to 7 days. Internal breakdown was eliminated by postharvest 1-MCP, but not by preharvest 1-MCP [ON]. Harvista applied 7 or 14 days prior to anticipated harvest reduced Bartlett pear fruit drop and delayed postharvest ripening compared to unsprayed controls. Fruit harvested 7 or 14 days after the commercial date had a normal ripening pattern after removal from cold storage. Harvista applied 7 days prior to commercial harvest delayed Braeburn apple peel degreening and acid loss compared to controls, but enhanced development of internal disorders during cold storage [USDA-WA]. 1-MCP on Stone Fruit and Blueberry Dips of plums in liquid 1-MCP extended their shelf life [CA]. 1-MCP improved firmness retention and delayed change in ground color of Fantasia nectarines. With 1-MCP, there was less visual chilling injury, but greater flesh hardening. Shiro plums treated with 1-MCP were firmer, had greater SSC and retained more green color [ON]. Harvista applied to blueberries prior to mechanical harvesting did not affect quality [GA]. Storage Scald on Pear Diphenylamine was demonstrated to control superficial scald development on Bartlett pears during cold storage [CA]. Thermofogging of the anti-oxidant Ethoxyquin proved difficult as residue analysis showed uneven penetration of fruit within a bin and between bins. Use of a manifold to move the chemical around the room did not improve uniformity. Industry experience of application by shower drenching of Ethoxyquin has been unattractive due to high amounts of phytotoxicity. Experiments with double drenching, first with Ethoxyquin then with the fungicide led to much lower amounts of fruit damage with no decrease in residue [WA]. Superfical scald did not occur on pears from 5 orchard lots stored in CA [USDA-WA]. Objective 4. To Expand Knowledge of the Influence of Cultivar, Production Practices, and Postharvest Handling on the Nutritional and Eating Quality of Fruit. Cultivar Selection The final year of a three year project to evaluate the harvest and post-storage quality of various strains of Gala apples was completed. Recommendations have been developed to guide the industry as to the most appropriate harvest maturity depending on the length of storage intended [CA]. The postharvest quality of blueberry cultivars grown in the San Joaquin County of California were evaluated and indicated differences among the cultivars, particularly in sensory quality. Blueberry cultivars with low TA, despite acceptable SSC had lower consumer acceptance than cultivars with moderate to high TA. Reveille was the cultivar with highest SSC, firmness and consumer acceptance according to an in-store test. Antioxidant capacity was highest in Misty and Reveille [CA]. Crispness of apple fruit from multiple apple genotypes was measured using a TAXT.2 texture analyzer between harvest and storage for 8 weeks at 0 ºC. The softening phenotype was highly correlated (one genotype was an exception) with the presence of an 11 base pair deletion in the 3'untranslated region of the Expansin A2 gene. RNA accumulation of this gene increases during ripening of apple fruit. Unfortunately, the allele does not seem to affect RNA or protein accumulation of ExpA2. Using the above PCR method to test progeny of Honeycrisp and MN1702 (maintains crispness), it was found that there was an 18:12 ratio of progeny that do not produce the PCR band to those that do. This is statistically closer to a 1:1 ratio (p value = 0.27) than to a 3:1 ratio (p = 0.06), suggesting that only one rather than both of the parents is heterozygous, but the 3:1 ratio cannot be thrown out entirely. If this correlation is supported by further testing, it will provide a novel, quick method to screen breeding lines for maintenance of fruit crispness without waiting for the trees to actually bear fruit [MN]. Internal ethylene was related to quality attributes in Ambrosia and Empire apples. Strong positive correlation occurred between IEC and peel greasiness, but negative correlation between IEC and SSC, and between firmness and peel greasiness in both cultivars. There was a negative correlation between IEC and firmness in Empire. Increased IEC in Ambrosia was related to greater incidence of core browning and lenticel damage, but lower incidence of internal browning. In Empire, higher IEC was associated with greater incidence of internal browning [ON]. Production Practices Lenticel breakdown appears on apple fruit after packing when all financial inputs have been made. It can cause 50-60% cullage in fruit from certain orchards in addition to the cost of re-packing. Our research has shown that orchard is one of the dominant factors so we are turning our attention to determine orchard factors (climate, mineral content, strain, irrigation, etc.) that increase risk. Factors such as fruit/water temperature, chemical use, and type of packing line all have been determined to play a role in the development of LB [WA]. Harvesting at later dates to improve color can sometimes lead to losses due to cracking of the fruit. Gala susceptibility to rain cracking was worse with later harvest date, but strain did not affect cracking [MD]. Nutritional Quality Grafted melons had increased lycopene and amino acid content compared with ungrafted melons. Mice given a high fat diet with a supplement of mango powder had delayed fat accumulation and more lean mass than without supplement. Mango powder increased bone density [OK]. Objective 5. To Expand Fundamental Knowledge of Fruit Biology Required for Development of Improved and New Technologies for Maintenance and Enhancement of Fruit Quality. Crispness / Firmness Firmness loss over nine days was recorded in mature green WT and non-ripening mutant whole tomato and slices exposed to air or ethylene. Ethylene promoted softening, even in the non-ripening lines. Changes in whole-fruit firmness did not closely reflect those in slice firmness. Slices of mutant lines softened much more than whole fruit after ethylene exposure [USDA-MD]. The genes that encode two lygus bug (Lygus hesperus) salivary PG genes have been sequenced. A proteomic approach has been developed to identify these salivary PG in the diet the insect feeds on [CA]. Flavor Introgression of novel fruit flavor attributes from wild and domesticated species into Capsicum annuum affords new opportunities to improve bell pepper fruit flavor. In preliminary studies, Capsicum accessions with unique aroma and flavor qualities were identified. Some accessions with unique flavor characteristics were distinct from other accessions, particularly C. annuum cultivars, in having relatively high concentrations of various esters with fruity or other aromas, and various sesquiterpenes with spicy, woody, fruity, or other aromas. Genes that influence flavor quality in Capsicum are being identified via analysis of segregating intra- and interspecific populations [USDA-MD]. Changes in the branched-chain amino acid isoleucine are reflected in the production of esters derived from 2-methylbutyrate or 2-methylbuanol, both products of isoleucine degradation. A microarray was constructed with approximately 200 known and 10,000 unknown gene products. Expression analysis revealed approximately 700 gene products to be of interest, and these were sequenced. A putative alpha-keto decarboxylase may be involved in the degradation of the transamination precursor product of isoleucine to form branched-chain alcohol precursors for esters [MI]. Ripening, Senescence and Abcission Sterol 22-desaturase expression was linked with increase in ripening-specific stigmasterol formation in tomatoes. Stigmasterol is formed from sitosterol. Non-ripening mutant tomatoes did not accumulate stigmasterol during ripening to the same extent that it increased in WT tomatoes. Implications re-22-desaturation may relate to membrane fluidity and permeability. Sterol 22-desaturase deficient yeast cultures do not grow as well under adverse salt levels. Stigmasterol accumulation in chilled and rewarmed tomato fruit may relate to chilling injury [USDA-MD]. There may be a relationship between ethylene and abscission in accessions in the Geneva germplasm collection, but exceptions indicate the propensity to abscise is more complex than simple ethylene responses. Some non-abscising accessions respond to ethephon, but all respond to fruit clipping. Approximately 100 apple species and cultivars of M. domestica were evaluated for timing of fruit drop relative to fruit internal ethylene concentration. Among both domestica cultivars and wild species, accessions were noted that failed to abscise fruit at the end of the season. This trait was not clearly associated with lack of ethylene production in the fruit, presence of dysfunctional ACS alleles, or a block in fruit ripening suggesting this it is controlled by an abscission-specific mechanism downstream from ethylene signaling [MI]. Gene sequences from apple were subjected to bioinformatic analysis to identify those with potential roles in transcriptional regulation, biosynthesis or response to basic phytohormones, aroma production, cell wall metabolism, flowering, and abscission. A microarray representing 2,200 of these genes was designed and is now available to researchers through Combimatrix Corp. This will allow parallel analysis of the activity of thousands of key genes in developmental processes such as ripening, senescence, and abscission [MI]. Genetic characterization of the green-flesh (gf) and chlorophyll retainer (cl) mutants of tomato and pepper revealed the presence of SNPs in a homolog of the STAY-GREEN (SGR) gene of rice that is required for chlorophyll degradation. These SNPs result in the substitution of highly conserved amino acids that disrupt protein function. Screening of heirloom tomato varieties that resemble gf led to the identification of four novel mutant alleles in GF [MI]. The expression of genes associated with ethylene perception and biosynthesis in Bartlett pear fruit have been documented in fruit recovering from treatment with SmartFresh; however additional work with the ethylene receptor proteins is needed to determine the limited factor in the recovery of ripening capacity. This knowledge will assist in development of better treatments to delay and promote fruit ripening [CA]. Quality Loss and Decay Chlorophyll fluorescence shifts at the anaerobic compensation point (ACP). It is possible ACP is subject to acclimation. Fluorescence was used to indicate chilling of 'Honeycrisp' apples and was demonstrated to be responsive to moisture loss in grapes. On 'Golden Delicious' apples, a long-term upward trend in fluorescence occurred. Elevated CO2 improved fruit storability and increased fluorescence slightly [NS]. No consistent relationships occurred between the expression of selected genes and the degree CO2-induction of fermentation in strawberry [NY]. A cellular hypothesis for development of calcium deficiency disorders in fruit, including blossom end rot in tomato and bitter pit in apple is under investigation. Advanced knowledge in this area will allow better control of calcium deficiency disorders in commercial production and guide efforts to breed resistance cultivars [CA]. Analysis of the peel metabolome revealed associations among scald status, light exposure duration, and individual metabolites from multiple pathways, including isoprenoids and phenylpropanoids directing attention to a number of light-enhanced metabolites that may impact scald incidence and severity. Principal component analysis of metabolites extracted from pear peel indicated changes in the metabolomes of CA- and UA-stored pears diverge from RA pears within the first month after harvest. Primary metabolites, sterols, ethylene precursors, and antioxidants fluctuate according to storage environment and/or storage duration [USDA-WA]. The genetic regulation of mealiness and internal browning development in stone fruit and genetic control of resistance to brown rot fungi is under investigation. An understanding of these systems will aid in development of superior cultivars of stone fruits and reduce postharvest losses [CA]. Mature-green tomato fruit exhibit an active defense against the gray mold. This includes a salicylic acid-dependent production of a lignin- and suberin-enriched "dark ring" of tissue surrounding the infection point that restricts pathogen development. Infected red-ripe tomatoes do not show this response [CA].

NOTE: This list is for the final year of the project (2007-2008). Publications from prior years are listed with each annual report. Badenes, M.L., G. Llacer, and C.H. Crisosto. 2007. Mejora de la calidad de frutales de hueso. In: G. Llacer, J.J Diez, J.M. Carrillo, and M.L. Baedenes (eds), Mejora genetica de la calidad en frutales De Hueso. Barry, C.S., McQuinn, R.P., Chung, M.-Y., Besuden, A. and Giovannoni, J.J. 2008. Amino acid substitutions in homologs of the STAY-GREEN protein are responsible for the green-flesh and chlorophyll retainer mutations of tomato and pepper. Plant Physiology 147:179-187. Beaudry, R.M. 2007. Overview of Research and Education Strategies - Postharvest Perspective. Proc. Expert Consultation Meeting to Strengthen Linkages between Postharvest & Biotechnology, Hammamet, Tunesia, 12-14 Sept. 2006, FAO Regional Office for the Near East, p. 107-114. Bryla, D.R., E. Dickson, R. Shenk, R.S. Johnson, C.H. Crisosto, and T.J. Trout. 2005. Influence of irrigation method and scheduling on patterns of soil and tree water status and its relation to yield and fruit quality in peach. HortScience 40(7):2118-2124. Cantu D.A., Vicente A.R., Greve L.C., Dewey F.M., Bennett A.B., Labavitch J.M., Powell A.L.T. 2008. The intersection between cell wall disassembly, ripening and susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. PNAS USA 105:859-864. Cantín, C.M., C.H. Crisosto, and K.R. Day. 2008. Evaluation of the effect of different modified atmosphere packaging box liners on the quality and shelf life of 'Friar' plums. HortTechnology 18(2):161-165. Cantin, C., M.W. Fidelibus, and C.H. Crisosto. 2007. Application of abscisic acid (ABA) at veraison advanced red color development and maintained postharvest quality of Crimson Seedless grapes. Postharvest Biology and Technology 46(3)237-241. Crisosto, C.H., G.M. Crisosto, G. Echeverria, and J. Puy. 2007. Segregation of plum and pluot cultivars according to their organoleptic characteristics. Postharvest Biology and Technology 44:271-276. Crisosto, C.H., C. Valero, and D.C. Slaughter. 2007. Predicting pitting damage during processing in Californian clingstone peaches using color and firmness measurements. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 23(2):189-194. Davis, A.R., Webber III, C. L., and Perkins-Veazie, P. 2007. Impact of cultivar and production practices on yield and phytonutrient content of organically grown watermelon. J. Vegetable Sci. 12:83-91. Davis, A., Collins, J.K., Perkins-Veazie, P., and Levi, Amnon. 2008. LSW-177 and LSW-194; Red-fleshed watermelon lines with low total soluble solids. HortScience 43:538-539. Davis, A.R., Perkins-Veazie, P., Sakata, Y., López-Galarza, S., Maroto, J.V., Lee, S.-G. , Huh, Y.-C., Sun, Z., Miguel, A., King, S.R., Cohen, R., Lee, J.-M. 2008. Cucurbit grafting. Critical Reviews in Plant Science 27:50-74. De Castro, E., B. Biasi, S. Tustin, D. Tanner, J. Jobling, E.J. Mitcham. 2007. Carbon dioxide-induced flesh browning in Pink Lady apples. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 132:713-719. De Castro, E., B. Biasi, and E.J. Mitcham. 2007. Quality of Pink Lady apples in relation to maturity at harvest, prestorage treatments, and controlled atmosphere during storage. HortScience 42:605-610. De Castro, E., D. M Barrett, J.Jobling, E.J Mitcham. 2008. Biochemical factors associated with a CO2-induced flesh browning disorder of Pink Lady apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology 48:182-191. DeEll, J.R., D.P. Murr, and B. Ehsani-Moghaddam. 2008. Quality changes of 'Shiro' yellow plums in response to treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene. J. Food Quality 31:514-525. Fan, L., Song, J., Beaudry, R.M., and Hildebrand, P.D. 2007. Effect of hexanal vapor on the growth of postharvest pathogens and fruit decay. J. Food Sci. 71(3):105-109. Fawbush, F., J.F. Nock, and C.B. Watkins. 2008. External carbon dioxide injury and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in the 'Empire' apple. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 48:92-98. Fernandez-Trujillo, J.P., J.F. Nock, and B.B. Watkins. 2007. Antioxidant enzyme activities in strawberry fruit exposed to high carbon dioxide atmosphere during cold storage. Food Chem. 104:1425-1429. Granatstein, D., E.M. Kupferman, 2008. Sustainable horticulture in fruit production. Acta Hort. 767:295-308. Granell, A., C. Pons, C. Martí, J. Forment, C. Royo, T.M. Gradziel, C.P. Peace, E. Ogundiwin, and C.H. Crisosto. 2007. Genomic approaches - innovative tools to improve quality of fresh cut produce. Acta Horticulturae 746:203-212. Gunterus, A., L.V. Roze, R. Beaudry, and J.E. Linz. 2007. Ethylene inhibits aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus grown on peanuts. Food Microbiol. 24:658-663. Harker, R.F., E.M. Kupferman, A.B. Marin, F.A. Gunson and C.M. Triggs. 2008. Eating quality standards for apples based on consumer preferences. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 50:70-78. Hotchkiss, J.H., C.B. Watkins, and D.G. Sanchez. 2007. Release of 1-methylcyclopropene from heat pressed polymer films. J. Food Sci. 72:E330-E334. Kadzere, I., C.B. Watkins, I.A. Merwin, F.K. Akinnifesi and J.D.K. Shaka. 2007. Harvest date affects color and soluble solids concentrations (SSC) of Uapaca kirkiana (Muell. Afg.) fruits from natural woodlands. Agroforest. Syst. 60:167-173. Lin, S.F. and C.S. Walsh. Studies of the "Tree factor" and its role in the maturation and ripening of Gala and Fuji apples. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 46:99-106. Manganaris, G.A., A.R. Vicente, and C.H. Crisosto. 2008. Effect of pre-harvest and post-harvest conditions and treatments on plum fruit quality. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 3(9), 10 pp. doi:10.1079/PAVSNNR20083009 Manganaris, G.A., A.R. Vicente, C.H. Crisosto, and J.M. Labavitch. 2008. Cell wall modifications in chilling injured plum fruit Prunus salicina. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 48:77-83. Manganaris, G.A., A.R. Vicente, C.H. Crisosto, and J.M. Labavitch. 2007. Effect of dips in a 1-methylcyclopropene-generating solution on Harrow Sun plums stored under different temperature regimes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:7015-702. Manganaris, G.A., C.H. Crisosto, V. Bremer, and D. Holcroft. 2008. Novel 1-methylcyclopropene immersion formulation extends shelf life of advanced maturity 'Joanna Red' plums (Prunus salicina Lindell). Postharvest Biol. Technol. 47:429-433. Mann, Harpartap, Jennifer J. Alton, Soo Hee Kim, and Cindy B.S. Tong. 2008. Differential expression of cell-wall-modifying genes and novel cDNAs in apple fruit during storage. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133(1):152-157. Mattheis, J.P. and D.R. Rudell. 2008. Diphenylamine metabolism in 'Braeburn' apples stored under conditions conducive to development on internal browning. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:3881-3885. Moore, P., Perkins-Veazie, P., Weber, C.A., and Howard, L. 2008. Environmental effect on antioxidant content of ten raspberry cultivars. Acta Hortic. 777:499-503. Muller, I. and Fellman, J.K. 2007. Pre-harvest application of soybean oil alters epicuticular wax crystallization and resistance to weight loss in 'Golden Delicious' apples during storage. J. Hort. Sci. and Biotechnol. 82:207-216. Nanthachai, N., Ratanachinakorn, B., Kosittrakun, M., and R. Beaudry. 2007. Absorption of 1-MCP by fresh produce. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 43:291-297. Ogundiwin, E.A., C.P. Peace, C.M. Nicolet, V.K. Rashbrook, T.M. Gradziel, F.A. Bliss, D. Parfitt, and C.H. Crisosto. 2008. Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase gene (PpLDOX): a potential functional marker for cold storage browning in peach. Tree Genetics and Genomes 4(3):543-554. Ogundiwin, E.A., C.P. Peace, T.M. Gradziel, A.M. Dandekar, F.A. Bliss, and C.H. Crisosto. 2007. Molecular genetic dissection of chilling injury in peach fruit. Acta Hortic. 738:633-638. Palou, L., and C.H. Crisosto. 2007. Emisión mínima de anhídrido sulfuroso necesaria para el control de la podredumbre gris en uva de mesa conservada en frío. Fruticultura Profesional 165:27-36. Perkins-Veazie, P. 2007. Carotenoids in watermelon and mango. Acta Hortic. 746:259-264. Perkins-Veazie, P., Collins, J.K., Clevidence, B., and Wu, G. 2007. Watermelons and health. Acta Hortic. 731:121-127. Perkins-Veazie, P., Roberts, W., and Collins, J.K. 2007. Lycopene content among organically produced tomatoes. J. Vegetable Sci. 12:93-106. Perkins-Veazie, P., Collins, J.K., and Howard, L. 2008. Blueberry fruit response to postharvest application of ultraviolet radiation. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 47:280-285. Perkins-Veazie, P. and Lester, G. 2008. Postharvest challenges for organically grown orchard fruit. HortScience. 43: 35-37. Prange, R.K. and S. Bishop (eds.). 2008. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sustainability through Integrated and Organic Horticulture. Acta Hortic. 767:1-464. Ramin, A.A., R.K. 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