Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Mike Hulet informed the group that our administrative advisor, David Thawley, was unable to attend this annual meeting.

Rich Reynnells informed the group that we needed to go ahead with the re-write of the W195 project and submit the re-write one year prior to the scheduled end date of the current project (8/2005). However, there is discussion of replacing the multi-state research groups with another system. However, nothing has been changed at this time.

Meeting announcements: The NPWMS committee and the W195 committee will meet in Atlanta during the International Poultry Exposition. The NPWMS committee is schedule to meet on Wednesday, January 28 at 1:00 pm. The W195 committee is schedule to meet on Thursday, January 29 at 2:00 pm. Mike Hulet is going to try to reschedule the W195 meeting for Wednesday, January 28.

Discussion of the 2004 annual meeting: The 2004 annual meeting will be held in Holland. The group will participate in air quality and water quality tours, as well as tour poultry and livestock production and processing facilities. However, due to the recent outbreaks of Avian Influenza and Foot-and-mouth disease, some tours may not be possible. There is a model unit at the agricultural university and that could be part of our tours. This would be a joint meeting between W195, NCR189, and S291. Mike Hulet will check possible dates for the meeting. The meeting may be held in early October or late August. We would consider utilizing the international center for our housing while in Holland. Additionally, the group discussed the possibility of conducting an international waste management seminar in conjunction with the agricultural university in Holland. The group will apply for travel grants, and the group believes that it would be important for all three research groups (W195, NCR189, and S291) to participate in this international meeting.

Election of Officers

The members present elected the following persons to serve as officers:

PRESIDENT: Theresia Lavergne, Louisiana State University;
VICE PRESIDENT: Bud Malone, University of Delaware;
SECRETARY: Abel Gernat, North Carolina State University;

STATE REPORTS

Kevin Roberson, Michigan State University

Turkey trials
a. Coarse corn (1000-1100 microns) improved phosphorus utilization in poults fed 0.4% npP and 1.2% Ca
b. Soybean meal-phytate retention was decreased when ground finer at 4weeks of age (0.48% npP)
c. Comparison of wheat bran phytase vs. Natuphos N600
d. Heavy toms fed pellets  4 levels of Ca, npP
e. P availability of DDGS

Broiler trials
a. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol  levels up to 70 mg/kg

Pullet/Layer trials
a. Phytase causing gout and soft bones (low P, low P + phytase, no dical in low P diet)

2004
Will continue the DDGS availability of P trials; develop torsion test for bones; conduct trials on degermed, dehulled corn, low-phytate soybean meal, and soluble P

2. Jesse Grimes, North Carolina State University

a. Dehulled, degermed corn (DDC)
b. Low phytate soybean meal and phytase
c. Evaluation of alternative litter materials

Abel Gernat, North Carolina State University
Utilizing quick lime and Ca oxide to handle manure and mortalities

3. Austin Cantor, University of Kentucky

a. 25-hydroxy-vit D3 and phytase on production performance and bone
mineralization of laying hens fed diets low in P
b. Next  effect of P or normal P levels with no trace mineral supplementation,
organic trace mineral supplementation, or inorganic trace mineral
supplementation

4. Theresia Lavergne, LSU AgCenter
a. In-house pasteurization of broiler litter
b. In-vessel mortality composting
c. Master Farmer/Master Poultry Grower program

5. Mike Hulet, Pennsylvania State University

a. Effect of lowered P diets on growth and bone mass of 3 strains of turkey toms

6. Bud Malone, University of Delaware

a. In-house composting of catastrophic mortalities
b. Trees as vegetative filters for poultry houses
c. Model house for water and air quality studies

7. Paul Patterson, Pennsylvania State University

a. Pennsylvania tree project
b. NRCS feed management conservation practice standard
c. Nitrogen reduction strategies

8. Nick Zimmermann, University of Maryland

a. Drinking water quality
b. Disinfection of watering systems

9. Lew Carr, University of Maryland

a. Total House Composting for Catastrophic Mortality Disposal
b. Litter treatments to reduce Salmonella contamination of Broilers
c. Tornado in a can - composter evaluation

Re-write of the W195 project: The re-write needs to focus on the priorities of the group that is involved in W195. At this time, there are no representatives for poultry processing. Thus, the re-write will not include poultry processing. From the original objectives of W195, the group has not been working on objectives 1.C and 2.C.; therefore, they will not be included in the re-write. The objectives of the re-write will include dietary strategies, management of litter, and dead bird disposal to reduce contamination to water.

Paul Patterson will work on the re-write of objective 1, and will contact other participants to help with the re-write. Nick Zimmerman will work on objective 2, and will contact other participants to help him.

All of the current members will be contacted to determine if they want to continue to be part of the W195 group.

The interaction with the group in Holland will be included in the re-write.

Mike Hulet will contact Dr. David Thawley, project administrator, for the time-line to complete the re-write.

W195 annual report: The annual report is due within 60 days following the meeting. The report will need to show cooperation between states.

Educational Exchange: Bud Malone reported on his educational exchange program with Australia. Bud visited Australia and worked with researchers involved in their vegetative buffer program

Auburn University:
Continued sampling of sand litter nutrient levels gave a better picture of how this alternative litter source might be used on a larger scale in the broiler industry. In short, although using sand litter permits cleanout to be delayed for four to five years, the resulting level of litter available at that time would require quite a lot of land for spreading. Sand litter would, therefore, potentially be useful for someone who wishes to sell litter only occasionally. Brian Bowers completed his masters thesis on this subject and two papers have been submitted for publication. Ken Macklin (from Dr. Bob Nortons group) has lead attempts to monitor temperature and bacterial numbers in litter composted by several methods. Although composting worked better in windrowed pine shavings litter if covered, the logistics of covering windrows in a 500-foot house would be prohibitive. Pine shavings litter reached a higher temperature and composted more fully than the sand litter. Drs. Blake and Simpson (Ag Economics) completed an economic comparison of several types of poultry mortality incinerators. Units on both broiler and broiler breeder farms were tested. Significant differences in the cost of incineration were recorded between types of incinerators.

University of Delaware:
In the event of a highly pathogenic disease outbreak that requires entire house depopulation, rapid, cost-effective, environmentally sound and biosecure options for carcass disposal are essential. In collaboration with colleagues at the University of Maryland a demonstration was conducted to evaluate and demonstrate in-house composting as a viable disposal alternative in the event of an emergency disease situation. Numerous demonstrations have been implemented to evaluate the potential of planting trees around the perimeter of farms as vegetative filters to capture emissions. Although the results from two summer-season studies on the efficacy of trees for capturing emissions are encouraging there still remain challenges in measurement methodology and determining the fate of nutrients captured by the vegetation. The potential impact that trees around houses have on poultry production and the microclimate is being studied.

University of Kentucky:
Excessive phosphorus in run-off water from cropland and pastures following application of poultry manure has been a major issue for many years. One of the strategies developed to minimize this problem is the addition of the microbially-produced enzyme phytase to poultry diets with the concomitant reduction of dietary phosphorus. The influence of adding 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) and phytase to a low-P layer diet on production performance and bone mineral quality following 48 wk of production was studied using 432 commercial laying hens (Hy-Line W-36). Treatments consisted of feeding the following diets: 1) low-P, corn-soy basal layer diet (0.12% available P); 2) basal + 25-OH-D3 (69 μg/kg diet, HY-D, Roche Vitamins Inc., Parsippany, NJ); 3) basal + phytase (Ronozyme P, 234 units/kg diet, Roche Vitamins Inc.); 4) basal + 25-OH-D3 + phytase; 5) normal-P layer diet (0.30% available P); and 6) normal-P diet + 25-OH-D3. All diets were supplemented with cholecalciferol (2120 IU/kg diet) and contained 3.75% Ca. Feeding a diet with only 0.12% available P clearly depressed productive performance. Adding phytase to the low-P diet increased feed intake, egg production, body weight and livability without affecting shell quality. Compared with the normal-P diet, feeding the low-P diet significantly decreased most bone quality parameters. The addition of phytase, but not 25-OH-D3, significantly improved weight, ash weight, bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the tibia and the femur, bone mineral content of the of the humerus and breaking strength of the tibia and humerus. The results indicate that phytase can be useful in correcting decreased production performance and bone mineralization of hens fed a low-P diet.

Louisiana State University Agricultural Center:
The methods of in-house pasteurization of broiler litter are being evaluated in on-farm trials within commercial facilities (conventional and class A houses). Litter nutrient content, litter pathogen count, and broiler performance are the criteria being evaluated. Additionally, the ammonia levels within the house are being monitored during the placement of the subsequent flock. The method of in-vessel composting of poultry mortalities was evaluated as a possible acceptable method in Louisiana. The in-vessel composting method was evaluated in a production setting and on a research farm. Additionally, the LSU AgCenter has developed and implemented the Master Farmer Program (Master Poultry Grower). The Master Farmer program is an effort to help agricultural producers address environmental stewardship through voluntary, effective and economically achievable Best Management Practices (BMPs). Phase I of this educational program was offered to poultry growers in 2003. This phase focuses on environmental issues specific to production agriculture and poultry-specific BMPs and their implementation. Some of the topics addressed are: national water quality standards and the clean water act, Louisiana water quality standards, TMDLs, nonpoint source management strategies, BMPs, soil and water management, nutrient management, and NRCS CORE 4 conservation practices.

Michigan State University:
Evaluation of dietary calcium and phosphorus needs of tom turkeys was evaluated using pelleted diets to increase growth rate compared to previous studies using mash diets. This was important to assess justification of dietary phosphorus levels fed in the turkey industry. Maximum growth potential was realized and spontaneous bone breakage was minimized when dietary phosphorus was fed at levels similar to commercial diets used in the Midwestern U.S. Particle sizes of corn and soybean meal were evaluated for possible effects on phytate phosphorus utilization in poults. Phosphorus utilization was increased when corn particle size was coarse (>1000 microns) and dietary phosphorus was low (0.40% available phosphorus). Phytase sources were tested in a tom grow-out study in which Natuphos N600 was tested compared to inclusion of wheat bran in the diet. Wheat bran was found to be as effective as the commercial phytase source as a means of increasing phosphorus availability in corn-soybean meal diets. Adding Natuphos to a low phosphorus diet increased soluble phosphorus content of the litter. Nonphytate phosphorus content in the feed was formulated to be 0.25% in the finisher (15-17 wk) period for the low phosphorus diet. Research with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) has begun to evaluate the availability of energy and phosphorus in DDGS produced from an ethanol plant located in Michigan. About half of the phosphorus in ethanol-derived DDGS is in the phytate form, but preliminary research suggests that the availability of phosphorus could be much higher than 50%. Research on 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (Hy-D) in broiler starter diets showed that Hy-D prevents tibial dyschondroplasia in Ross cockerels when dietary calcium is at or below 0.85%. Phytate phosphorus retention was measured and found to be improved by Hy-D when dietary calcium is below 0.85%.

North Carolina State University:
An experiment was conducted to determine if feeding degermed-dehulled corn (DDC) to turkey poults would support growth performance as well or better than those fed diets containing normal corn and would reduce phosphorus (P) excretion from poults raised to 21d. Two hundred and eighty eight British United Turkeys male turkey poults were housed in Petersime batteries with 48 pens (6 birds per pen) at day of hatch. Treatments were in a factorial arrangement with two types of corn (normal corn and DDC) and three levels of Ca and P (100, 85, 70% of recommended NRC levels). Poults were fed a starter ration with treatments as follows: normal corn + Ca and P at 100, 85, and 70% of NRC recommended levels (N100, N85, N70, respectively) and DDC + Ca and P at 100, 85, and 70% of NRC recommended levels (DDC100, DDC85, DDC70, respectively). The following parameters were reported; growth performance, AMEn, and apparent nitrogen retention (ANR). Individual BW, feed consumption, and feed to gain, by pen, where determined at 7 day intervals to 21d. The following parameters were also measured at 21d: percent toe and tibia ash, tibia breaking strength, and P levels in fecal samples. Poults fed diets formulated with DDC had significantly higher mean BW (P<0.03; 709g vs. 659g) at 21d and a significantly better feed conversion (P<0.04; 1.02 vs. 1.06) at 7d than those fed diets formulated with normal corn. Neither toe nor tibia ash were significantly affected by corn type, NRC level, or the interaction of the two. Tibia breaking strength was significantly affected by corn source as well as NRC level. Poults fed DDC had higher tibia breaking strength than those fed normal corn (P<0.05; 101.17 vs. 94.69 MPa). Poults fed levels of 100 and 85% of NRC had higher tibia breaking strength than those fed diets containing 70% of NRC (P<0.03; 101.02, 101.13 MPa vs. 91.63 MPa). Fecal P was not affected by corn type but decreased significantly as NRC levels decreased (P<0.0001; 1341.58, 1093.57, and 940 mg P/100ml, respectively). In conclusion, replacing normal corn with DDC resulted in improved growth performance in poults raised to 21d.

Texas A&M University:
Characterization of broiler litter production and nutrient mass balance is being conducted under current commercial-style management. To date, the accurate quantification of litter accumulated throughout the production process and the concentration and fate of nitrogen have been studied. Accurate estimates of litter production have been developed.

Pennsylvania State University:
On three cooperator poultry farms Penn State University and NRCS personnel are studying trees as vegetative, preliminary results suggest a benefit for mitigating neighbor concerns with commercial poultry production. In cooperation with the 9-state national program Partnership for Livestock Environmental Management Assessment Systems, Pennsylvania personnel from Penn State University and the Penn Ag Industries-Poultry Council developed and pilot tested an environmental management system (EMS) assessment tool for poultry farms. During 2003, 30 cooperator poultry producers including 10 producing broilers, 10 producing turkeys and 10 with hens producing eggs pilot tested the assessment tool. The assessment tool ranks areas of concern for environmental stewardship and sets priorities for continuous improvement.
An experiment was conducted in the fall of 2003 to use dietary strategies in diets of commercial turkeys to reduce the fecal phosphorus load in the litter. Seven hundred and twenty poults were randomized into treatments to evaluate growth efficiency and performance of tom turkey from three different strains and two different diets (Commercial and Treatment Diet with 20 % lower total phosphorus in the grower and finisher diets). While differences in growth rates were found between some of the strains, no significant differences in growth (19.32 vs. 19.42 kg) and feed conversion (2.11 vs. 2.14) were found between the control and the decreased phosphorus diets, respectively. Bone Densities for the Control and Reduced Phosphorus dietary treatments were not different at 14 (.418 vs. .414 gm/cm3 and .424 vs. .419 gm/cm3) or 19 (.439 v s .455 gm/cm3 and .461 vs. .452 gm/cm3) weeks of age as measured in the humerus and femur. While there were differences in processing yields between strains, no significant differences between dietary treatments were found at 19 wks of age by reduction of the total phosphorus levels.

Auburn University
Journal Articles and University Publications:

Downs, K.M., J.B. Hess, J.P. Blake, R.A. Norton, A. Kalinowski, A. Corzo and C.M. Parson, 2003. Suitability of a dehydrated poultry mortality-soybean meal product for use in broiler chicken diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12:222-228.

Bowers, B.D., 2002. Litter temperature and nutrient buildup in sand litter. Thesis completed 12/02.

Patterson, P., J.P. Blake and K. Roberson (editors), 2002. Proceedings of the 2002 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Birmingham, AL, 10/28-30/02.

Abstracts:

Macklin, K.S., M.A. Davis, J.B. Hess, S.F. Bilgili, M.K. Eckman, J.P. Blake and R.A. Norton, 2003. Effects of composting pine shaving and sand litter on bacterial counts. Proceedings of the International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 20-21, 2003.

Bowers, B.D., J.B. Hess, S.F. Bilgili, J.P. Blake and M.K. Eckman, 2002. Nutrient buildup in sand litter over time. Poultry Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):53.

Bowers, B.D., J.B. Hess, S.F. Bilgili, J.P. Blake and M.K. Eckman, 2002. Sand litter temperatures during brooding. Poultry Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):53.

Macklin, K.S., R.A. Norton, J.B. Hess, S.F. Bilgili, M.K. Eckman, J.P. Blake, C. Wang, M. Noble and J.T. Krehling, 2002. Bacteria levels associated with pine shavings and sand when used as poultry litter. Poultry Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):133-134.

Simpson, E. H., J. P. Blake, J. O. Donald, and R. A. Norton, 2002. Evaluation of incineration for disposal of poultry mortalities. Poultry Sci. 80(1): 6.


Proceedings:

Bowers, B.D., J.B. Hess, S.F. Bilgili, J.P. Blake and M.K. Eckman, 2002. Nutrient level buildup in sand litter. Proceedings of the National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Birmingham, AL, 10/28-30/02, pp. 289-293.

Patterson, P. H., J. P. Blake, and K. D. Roberson, 2002. Proceedings 2002 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Committee, Auburn University, AL. 398 pp.

Reynnells, R. and J. Blake, 2002. Proceedings Future Trends in Animal Agriculture: Standards for Food Animal Production: Status Well-being, and Social Responsibility. CSREES, Washington, DC. 46 pp.

Blake, J. P., E. H. Simpson, J. O. Donald, and R. A. Norton, 2002. Economic evaluation of incineration as a method for dead bird disposal. pp. 281-288. In: Proceedings 2002 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Committee, Auburn University, AL.

Blake, J. P., 2002. Sustainable Poultry Production. pp. 32-33. In: Proceedings Sustainable Agriculture in Alabama Symposium, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, AL. 40 pp.


Popular Press Articles and Presentations:

Hess, J.B., S.F. Bilgili, J.P. Blake and M.K. Eckman, 2003. Studies on the use of alternative litter sources for broilers. Zootechnica International, Jan. 2003, pp. 42-45.

Blake, J.P., 2003. How good is your dead poultry compost? Current Concepts in Broiler Production Newsletter, Spring Edition.

Hess, J.B., J.P. Blake, S.F. Bilgili, M.K. Eckman, R.A. Norton, K.S. Macklin and E.A. Guertal, 2003. Sand litter tested on broiler farms. http://www.feedinfo.com/asp/scientific/science

Bowers, B.D., J.B. Hess, S.F. Bilgili, J.P. Blake and M.K. Eckman, 2003. Nutrient level buildup in sand litter. Poultry Digest Online, Vol. 3, Number 6.

Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2002. Water Quality Issues in Poultry Production and Processing. AD-421 Progress Report. For: CSREES, Washington, DC

Hess, J.B., M.K. Eckman, S.F. Bilgili, J.P. Blake, B.D. Bowers, R.A. Norton, K.S. Macklin and E. Guertal, 2002. Thoughts on sand as litter. Arkansas Poultry Symposium, Springdale, AR, 4/9/02.

Hess, J. B., S. F. Bilgili, J. P. Blake, and M. K. Eckman, 2002. Progress Report: Field adaptation of sand as a litter source for broilers. For: US Poultry and Egg Association, Tucker, GA. 2 pp.

Blake, J. P., E. H. Simpson, and J. O. Donald, 2002. Poultry waste management and utilization in the Tennessee river basin. Final Report. October, 2002. For: Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Montgomery, AL. 64 pp.

Blake, J. P., E. H. Simpson, and J. O. Donald, 2002. Poultry waste management and utilization in the Tennessee river basin. March, 2002 update. For: Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Montgomery, AL. 6 pp.

Simpson, E. H., J. P. Blake, J. O. Donald, and R. A. Norton, 2002. Incineration for disposal of poultry mortalities. p. 1 In: Current Concepts in Broiler Production, Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. Fall Issue.

Simpson, E. H., J. P. Blake, J. O. Donald, and R. A. Norton, 2002. Dead bird incineration costs. p. 2 In: The Scoop on Litter. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, AL. Fall Issue.

Hess, J.B., J.P. Blake and K.M. Tilt, 2002. Planting trees around poultry houses. The Alabama Poultry Monthly 2(9):14.

Blake, J. P., 2002. Dead bird disposal. Pasture Poultry Workshop, Leighton, AL. September 18

Blake, J.P., 2002. Poultry waste management. Alabama Certified Animal Waste Vendor Training Program, Gordo, AL. September 12.

Blake, J. P., 2002. Alabama Nutrient Management Dialogue. USDA-NRCS, Auburn, AL. August 26

Blake, J.P., 2002. Poultry waste management. Alabama Certified Animal Waste Vendor Training Program, New Brocton, AL. July, 29.

Blake, J. P., 2002. Current and probable future roles and regulations. Poultry Litter Management and Distribution Work Task Force, Cullman, AL. June 27.

Blake, J. P., 2002. Handling chicken mortality: Composting and incineration. Poultry Update for AFO/CAFO Producers in Randolph, Clay and Cleburne Counties, Wedowee, AL. May 23.

Blake, J. P., 2002. Poultry mortality composting. AFO/CAFO Records and On-site Inspection. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Columbiana, AL. May 8-9.

Blake, J. P., 2002. Using the Compost King in-vessel system for dead bird disposal. Sylvest Poultry, Montgomery, AL. April 9.


University of Delaware
Guidelines for In-House Composting of Catastrophic Poultry Mortality. N. Tablante, G. Malone, F. Hegngi, L. Carr, P. Patterson, G. Felton and N. Zimmermann. University of Maryland Fact Sheet No. 801. 2002.

In-House Composting of Catastrophic Poultry Mortalities: An Educational Opportunity. G. Malone, N. Tablante and L. Carr. Poultry Sci. 82:22 (Suppl 1) 2003.

Guidelines for In-House Composting of Poultry Mortalities Due to Catastrophic Disease. N. Tablante, G. Malone and L. Carr. Joint University of Maryland and Delaware educational compact disk (in press). 2003.

Plant Trees. The Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer, 8/20/02.

Trees as a Vegetative Filter Around Poultry Farms. G. Malone and G. VanWicklen. Proceedings to National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Birmingham, AL Oct. 20,2002. pp 271-277.

Use of Trees for Ammonia Control and Neighbor Relations. G. Malone. Proceedings to North Atlantic Poultry Health and Management Conference, Portsmouth, NH March 26, 2003.

The Benefits of Planting Trees Around Poultry Farms. G. Malone. Proceedings to The Poultry Federation Annual Symposium, Springdale, AR. April 8, 2003. pp 13.

Poultry Production, Trees and the Environment. G. Malone. Proceedings to Poultry Production and Nutrient Management Symposium, Weyers Cave, VA. June 26, 2003.

Trees as a Vegetative Filter. G. Malone and G. VanWicklen. Poultry Digest Online, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 1-7.

Update on Tree Plantings Around Poultry Farms. G. Malone, G. VanWicklen and S. Collier. Proceedings to Delmarva Breeder, Hatchery and Growout Conference, Delmar, MD. Sept. 10, 2003. pp 16-18.

University of Kentucky
Cantor, A. H., T. Ao, A. J. Pescatore, and M. J. Ford, 2003. Improved performance of brown shell laying hens fed low-phosphorus diets with supplements of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and phytase. Poultry Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 120.

Pescatore, A.J., M. D Ford, A. H. Cantor, and J. L. Pierce, 2003. The effect of source and level of dietary copper on broiler performance. Poultry Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 136.


Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
Sampling Poultry Litter and Soil for Nutrient Analysis. T.K. Lavergne, M. Stephens, and J. Stevens. LSU AgCenter Publication #2890. 11/2002.

Michigan State University
Charbeneau, R. A. and K. D. Roberson. 2003. Effects of soybean meal particle size on phosphorus utilization in turkey poults. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1):S72.

Charbeneau, R. A. and K. D. Roberson. 2003. Effects of corn and soybean meal particle size on phosphorus utilization in turkey poults. J. Appl. Poult. Res. (Accepted).

Ledwaba, M. F. and K. D. Roberson. 2003. Effectiveness of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to prevent tibial dyschondroplasia in Ross cockerels depends upon dietary calcium level. Poultry Sci. (Accepted).

Roberson, K. D., T. J. Applegate, J. Kalbfleisch, and W. Pan. 2003. Comparison of wheat bran phytase and a commercially available phytase on turkey tom performance and litter phosphorus content. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1):40.

North Carolina State University
Grimes, J. L., C. M. Williams, J. L. Godwin, and J. C. Smith, 2003. Heat treatment of turkey litter for reuse as bedding. International Journal of Poultry Science 2 (5):287-2003.

Texas A&M University
Coufal, C. D., C. Chavez, P. L. Niemeyer, and J. B. Carey, 2003. Measurement of annual litter production and nitrogen mass balance of broilers reared on rice hull litter. Poultry Science 82 (Suppl #1) 21.

Coufal, C. D., C. Chavez, P. L. Niemeyer, and J. B. Carey, 2003. Litter Characteristics and Nitrogen Mass Balance in Recycled Rice Hull Broiler Litter. Poultry Science 82 (Suppl #1) 91.

Pennsylvania State University

Hulet, R. M., P. H. Patterson, and J. Mitchell, 2003. Effect of Lowered Phosphorus Diets on Growth and Bone Mass of Three Strains of Turkey Tom. Research Report to Pilgrims Pride, New Oxford, PA and Harrisonburg, VA, November 14 and December 4.

Kim, W. K. and P. H. Patterson, 2003. Effect of minerals on activity of microbial uricase to reduce ammonia volatilization in poultry manure. Poultry Science 82:223-231.

Kim, W. K. and P. H. Patterson, 2003. Production of an egg yolk antibody specific to microbial uricase and its inhibitory effects on uricase activity. Poultry Science 82:1554-1558.

Kim, W. K., and P. H. Patterson, 2003. Effects of dietary Zn supplementation on broiler performance and nitrogen retention in manure. Poultry Science 82:(accepted).

Kim, W. K. and P. H. Patterson, 2003. In situ evaluation of hen mortality meal as a protein supplement for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:(accepted).

Patterson, P. H., 2003. Dead bird disposal options, pp 6-8. In Proceedings 2003 Kansas Sport Hunting Assoc. Game Bird Health and Hatchery Workshop, Eureka, KS.

Patterson, P. H., J. P. Blake, and K. D. Roberson, 2002. Proceedings 2002 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Committee, Auburn University, AL. 398 pp.

Kim, W. K. and P. H. Patterson, 2002. Impact of a soil amendment on nitrogen transformation and ammonia volatilization in poultry manure, pp 337-344. In: Proceedings 2002 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Committee, Auburn University, AL.