Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

" Analysis of Utah alfalfa hay samples shows that digestibility of the fiber fraction typically ranges between 45-55 percent. An example of the potential economic impact of knowing the extent of fiber digestibility for a particular forage source is that an increase of 5 percentage units in fiber digestibility of alfalfa hay fed to dairy cattle can be expected to return an additional daily increment of approximately 150 lb of milk per ton of hay. This value of approximately $20 in milk per ton of hay is not predicted from traditional forage tests that ignore fiber digestibility, and represents previously unrecognized value to the hay purchaser or profit to the hay seller. Given the range of approximately 300 lb of milk production potential per ton of dry matter associated with commonly-observed levels of fiber digestibility in Utah alfalfa hay, analysis of fiber digestibility can improve economic returns in forage markets. " Total ownership costs for cows utilizing a pasture-based forage system have been estimated to be approximately $600/head when pasture comprises at least 45% of the forage year, substantially less than the total cost of $750/head under traditional systems. Milk costs can be reduced by 20% utilizing intensively managed irrigatedf pastures and by providing approximately 16 pounds/day of concentrate. Improved pastures can potentially reduce feed costs by $12.5 million for Utah's dairy producers. Over $42 million in feed costs could be saved in the process of raising dairy heifers. Irrigated pastures can potentially reduce cattle feed costs by $21 to $30 million. " It is estimated that total feed cost for normally weaned calves (including the feed for the mother cow) was approximately $411/hd. Adding non-feed costs (less than $300/hd) results in total ownership costs of less than $700/hd. Cow/calf pairs wintered on a low quality forage (i.e., ammoniated straw, grass hay, standing corn stalks) resulted in earnings in excess of $100/hd relative to traditional alfalfa hay operations (less than $25/hd). Milk costs (on a per cwt basis) could be reduced by approximately 20% by utilizing intensively managed, rotational pastures along with traditional confined feeding using a total mixed ration (TMR). " Annual and perennial warm-season grasses can be successfully integrated into cool-season grazing systems. From a long-term perspective, perennial warm-season grasses will be more sustainable and provide greater ecosystem services (e.g., wild life habitat, carbon sequestration, erosion protection) than annual species. " Continued research interactions with NCC-31 member Mark Sulc on integrated crop-livestock systems. We both presented papers at the International Symposium on Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems. Universidade Federal do Paraná in Curitiba, Brazil, 13-15 August 2007. " Results from on-going, irrigated forages studies have been used in numerous extension programs. The impact of this information is producers making better-informed decisions regarding forage selection and production management. Greater profitability will be realized through higher forage yield and reduced input costs. Stockpiling of irrigated cool-season grasses was found to be a viable management option in this area. Specific management guidelines were developed and the variables affecting cost-effectiveness of this practice were identified as part of the study. Research on stubble height management identified optimal levels which resulted in more than a 40% increase in total annual dry matter yield. This increase could result in an extra 225 to 325 kg of animal gain per ha for most irrigated pastures. " A life cycle analysis ob bioenergy crops compared with gasoline and diesel, suggested that although ethanol and biodiesel from corn rotations reduced greenhouse gas emissions by about 40%, reductions from perennial systems such as reed canarygrass, switchgrass and hybrid poplar, could reduce emissions by 85 to 115%.. " Simulations of dairy systems suggest that for the first 25 years or more after conversion to a perennial grassland system, greenhouse gas emissions can be substantially reduced through soil sequestration, providing net farm emissions from a grass-based system that are substantially less than that of crop-based systems. " Our study on wavelet application may encourage many other eco-physiologists, and biologists in general, to use this novel analytic tool. " Our analysis of rangeland forage production and its environmental and management responses, with several exciting findings, demonstrates the value of long-term ecological studies. " We have done a completely reproducible and repeatable study of rangeland plant root physiology using statistical resampling (with publishing the original data and computer programs), which may provide a positive impact for similar studies. " The database for efficiently handling biological literature and the computer programs for statistical resampling with linear regressions from our studies are potentially useful for other biologists to enhance their scientific research. " The potato leafhopper remains a significant biotic stress on legume production in the eastern half of the US. Our studies highlight the physiological impact of injury on forage legumes in combination with drought stress. In addition, our studies suggest legumes are capable of tolerating leafhopper injury. Identification of the mechanism of injury may lead to improved plant protection through genetic resistance. " The viability of falcata use as a forage crop will be determined by the comparisons of means of yield, forage quality, and persistence. If falcata produces biomass similar in quantity and quality to that of sativa in fewer cuttings, and the growth is upright so that it is harvestable, efforts will be placed on encouraging Michigan producers to incorporate it as a species where appropriate. A reduction in cost of 30% for labor and fuel is expected as well as a reduction in insecticide applications where falcata is utilized. The use falcata in a reduced or delayed harvest system would increase cover for nesting songbirds, upland game birds, and waterfowl. " The greenhouse screening of new endophytes for effects on tall fescue water relations and drought survival indicated that strains do vary in their effects on host water relations, but that analysis of SOD and dehydrins was a time-consuming process that did not facilitate the screening process. * First-year results show that incompletely summer-dormant tall fescues exhibit excellent drought survival traits, even in the absence of endophyte, likely as result of greatly reduce metabolic activity. The endophyte is important in enhancing drought survival of summer-active types. If this result continues in the second year, it means that summer-dormant fescues have potential for extending the adaptation zone of tall fescue into drier regions. Another possibility is that this trait may aid in maintaining tall fescue stands if climate warming exacerbates drought frequency or intensity in the tall fescue zone. * Trials were initiated that will identify legume genotypes and seeding strategies which promote success in legume persistence and enhance the nitrogen status of pastures as low cost.

B. Patton, X. Dong, P. Nyren and A. Nyren, 2007. Effect of grazing intensity, precipitation, and temperature on forage production. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 60: 656-665. X. Dong, P. Nyren, B. Patton, A. Nyren, J. Richardson and T. Maresca, 2007. Wavelets for agriculture and biology: A tutorial with application and outlook. BioScience (The American Institute of Biological Sciences). In press. X. Dong, P. Nyren, B. Patton, B. Kreft and A. Nyren. Specific leaf area, leaf thickness and density of two range plant species influenced by long-term cattle grazing. The 2007 Joint Congress of American fern Society, American Society of Plant Biologists, American Society of Plant Taxonomists, and Botanical Society of America. Chicago, IL. Abstract ID:90 (CD-ROM). X. Dong, P. Nyren, B. Patton, A. Nyren, J. Richardson and T. Maresca, Wavelet analysis: a toolbox for agricultural sciences. 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