Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Summary of minutes of annual meeting " The meeting was called to order at 8:30 am by Ed DePeters. " David Schingoethe nominated Mark McGuire for Secretary with a second by Rich Erdman. Nomination was unanimously approved. " Ed DePeters made a motion to approve the minutes of the January 2007 meeting, second by James Drackley. Motion was unanimously approved. " There was a general discussion on how to improve attendance at the annual meeting. This continues to be a problem. Mark McGuire will prepare a survey to (1) find a time of year that is better for the majority of members and (2) query participants about expanding the project beyond milk fat, which would include all milk components. Action 1  New Members: 1. In 2007/2008 there were two new members: Adam Lock at the University of Vermont and Alison Van Eenennaam at the University of California, Davis. 2. Invitations were offered to Benjamin Corl at Virginia Tech and Amer AbuGhazaleh at Southern Illinois University. Both agreed to participate in future meetings. Action 2  New Meeting Site: 1. A survey will be developed and based on the responses of participants the site and date for the 2009 meeting will be decided. Action 3  Future project rewrite 1. A survey form will be developed to query participants about expanding the project beyond milk fat to include all milk components. If expanded, the project rewrite would reflect this change. Action 4  Collaborative efforts: 1. University of Illinois and University of California: impacts of dietary lipid and structural and functional properties of milk triglycerides. 2. Cornell University and University of Vermont: 3. University of Illinois and University of Maryland: determine the gene-level factors associated with milk fat depression and altered milk fat composition.

Accomplishments: Objective 1. Characterize the regulation of milk fat synthesis. " Oligonucleotide microarray analyses were used to determine the impact of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on mammary lipid metabolism. " 13C labeled fatty acid were used to determine the activity of the delta-9 desaturase enzyme in the lactating mammary gland. " Feeding high amounts of distillers grains and distillers solubles, by-products of ethanol production, impacted milk fatty acids in response to the unsaturated fat in the distillers grains but depressed total milk fat percentage. " Feeding corn distillers solubles, a by-product of ethanol production, increased the cis 9 trans 11 C18:2 and trans 10 cis 12 C18:2 content of milk fat. " Feeding trans 9 cis 10 C18:2 reduced milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows. " Transgeneic mice expressing an omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (Fat-1) gene were used to study de novo synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. " Cloning the echidna LPAAT gene is in progress to develop a model to study fatty acid esterification at the sn-2 position of triacylglyderols. " Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to measure various lipid components in milk offering a rapid, nondestructive method based on vibrational modes of covalent bonds. " Butter composition and texture was studied in response to feeding cows either fish or or roasted soybeans as a source of dietary lipids. " Abomsal infusion of trans 10 C18:1 within the physiological range of rumen production had no effect on milk fat yield. " Effect of heat stress was found to impact mammary gland lipid synthesis with a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids and an increase in saturated fatty acids. " Functional properties of butter oil made from bovine milk in response to abomasal infusion of selected fatty acids were studied. " Milk fat depression in response to trans 10 cis 12 CLA there was an upregulation of lipogenic genes in adipose tissue. " Medium and long chain fatty acids were infused postruminally to study the effects on the fatty acid composition of milk fat. Objective 2. Enhance absorption of desired fatty acids for milk fat synthesis through manipulation of diet and lipid transformation by gut microorganisms. " In vitro rumen fermentation cultures demonstrated the production of cis 9 trans 11 and trans 10 cis 12 isomers of CLA, but there were also additional CLA isomers produced. " Impacts of feeding fish oil and corn distillers solubles on the immune competency of lactating cows was investigated. Algal oil altered the fermentation and fatty acid profile of mixed ruminal cultures. " There was minimal biohydrogenation of the LC PUFA in algal oil. " DPA and DPA seemed to interfere with biohydrogenation of the C18 fatty acids. " " By-products from ethanol production including condensed corn distillers solubles and corn germ are fed to dairy cattle significantly impact the trans C18:1 monoenes and the CLA isomers in milk fat. " Feeding whey protein gels of soybean and linseed oils reduced rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2 and C18:3) and increased their concentration in milk fat compared with feeding rumen unprotected oils. " Continuous cultures were fed fresh or oxidized unsaturated fatty acids demonstrated that oxidized oils had a negative effect on rumen fermentation measured as microbial N yield and protein digestibility. Objective 3. Develop quantitative models for evaluation of preharvest strategies for production of milk with greater nutritional value. " Whey protein gels reduced rumen biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and increased their concentration in milk fat. " Oxidative stability of milk fat with elevated concentration of C18:2 and C18:3 is being determined to address issues related to consumer acceptability of sensory characteristics. " Using mice as a model animal allows the screening of a wide range of dietary fatty acids and the study of their effects on gene expression in mammary, adipose, and liver is a collaborative effort between the University of Maryland and the University of Illinois. " High fat by-products from the ethanol production industry when included in dairy diets can be used to enrich the trans 11 C18:1 and cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of milk fat. " Functional properties of butter oil made from bovine milk in response to abomasal infusion of selected fatty acids were studied relative to butter hardness and melting profiles of lipids. " Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to quickly and precisely determine the health-promoting index scores of cows milk. " Trans 10 cis 12 CLA, intermediate of rumen biohydrogenation, inhibited milk fat synthesis in animal models including dairy cattle, sheep, and goats. " Hamsters were used as an animal model to study the intake of trans fatty acids on the risk of developing coronary heart disease. " Clinical study is in progress to evaluate the impact of foods made from milk that was naturally enhanced in trans 11 C18:1 content. " Bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) was used with real time PCR analysis to determine genes associated with lipid synthesis. " Mammary tissue biopsies were subjected to cDNA microarray analysis to identify potential control points in lipid synthesis.

Peer  Reviewed Manuscripts Annen, E.L., A.C. Fitzgerald, P.C. Gentry, M.A. McGuire, A.V. Capuco, L.H. Baumgard, and R.J. Collier. 2007. Effect of continuous milking and bST supplementation on mammary epithelial cell turnover. J. Dairy Sci. 90:165-183. Bionaz M., and Loor J. J. 2007. Identification of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in the bovine mammary gland during the lactation cycle. Physiol. Genomics 29:312-39. Bionaz M., and J. J. Loor. 2007. Gene networks regulating lipid synthesis in bovine mammary gland during the lactation cycle. FASEB J. 21:855.5. Bionaz, M., L. Piperova, R. Erdman, and J J Loor. LPIN1-, PPAR-, and SREBF-responsive gene networks regulate mammary lipid synthesis during diet-induced milk fat depression. FASEB J. 21:855.6. Bobe, G., S. Zimmerman, E.G. Hammond, A.E. Freeman, P.A. Porter, C.M. Luhman, and D.C. Beitz. 2007. Butter composition and texture from cows with different milk fatty acid compositions fed fish oil or roasted soybeans. J. Dairy Sci. (submitted) Bongiovanni, K.D., E. J. DePeters, and A. L. Van Eenennaam. 2007. Neonatal Growth and Development of Mice Raised on Milk Transgenically-Enriched with Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Pediatric Research. 62:412-6. Castañeda-Gutiérrez, E., W. R. Butler. M. J. de Veth, A. L. Lock, D. A. Dwyer, D. Luchini, and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Effect of supplementation with Ca-salts of fish oil on omega-3 fatty acids in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 4149-4156. Deines, K.C., K. A. Lewis and A. L. Van Eenennaam. 2007. Investigation of the Agalactic Phenotype in Fat-2 Transgenic Mice. Transgenic Animal Research Conference VI. August 12-16, 2007. Tahoe City, CA. Transgenic Research 16: 861-862. Douglas, G. N., J. Rehage, A. D. Beaulieu, A. O. Bahaa, and J. K. Drackley. 2007. Prepartum nutrition alters fatty acid composition in plasma, adipose tissue, and liver lipids of periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:2941-2959. Drackley, J. K., T. R. Overton, G. Ortiz Gonzalez, A. D. Beaulieu, D. M. Barbano, J. M. Lynch, and E. G. Perkins. 2007. Responses to increasing amounts of high-oleic sunflower fatty acids infused into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:5165-5175. Frago, F., R. Manzo, J.C. Dalton, M.A. McGuire, and A. Ahmadzadeh. 2007. Case study: Naloxone increases serum calcium concentrations after parturition in multiparous Holstein cows. Prof. Anim. Scientist 23:70-72. German, J.B., F.L. Schanbacher, B. Lönnerdal, J.F. Medrano, M.A. McGuire, J.L. McManaman, D.M. Rocke, T.P. Smith, M.C. Neville, P. Donnelly, M. Lange, and R. Ward. 2006. International milk genomics consortium. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 17:656-661. Graves, E. L. F., A. D. Beaulieu, and J. K. Drackley. 2007. Factors affecting the concentration of sphingomyelin in bovine milk. J. Dairy Sci. 90:706-715. Hasin, A., J.M. Griinari, J.E. Williams, A.M. Shahin, M.A. McGuire, and M.K. McGuire. 2007. Consumption of c9,t11-18:2 or t10,c12-18:2 enriched dietary supplements does not influence milk macronutrients in healthy, lactating women. Lipids 42:835-843. Kadegowda, A.K.G., L.S. Piperova, and R.A. Erdman. 2008. Principal Component and Multivariate Analysis of Milk Long-Chain Fatty Acid Composition During Diet-Induced Milk Fat Depression. J. Dairy Sci. 91 (Accepted). Kadegowda, A.K.G., L.S. Piperova, P. Delmonte, and R.A. Erdman. 2008. Abomasal Infusion of Butterfat Increases Milk Fat in Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91 (submitted) Kay, J.K., T.R. Mackle, D.E. Bauman, N.A. Thomson, and L.H. Baumgard. 2007. Effects of a supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on bioenergetic and milk production parameters in grazing dairy cows offered ad libitum or restricted pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 90:721-730. Lock, A. L., C. Tyburczy, D. A. Dwyer, K. J. Harvatine, F. Destaillats, Z. Mouloungui, L. Candy, and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Trans-10 octadecenoic acid does not reduce milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. J. Nutr. 137: 71-76. Loor J.J., Everts R.E., Bionaz M., Dann H.M., Oliveira R., Morin D.E., Rodriguez-Zas S.L., Drackley J.K., Lewin H.A. 2007. Nutrition-induced ketosis alters metabolic and signaling gene networks in liver from periparturient cows. Physiol. Genomics 32:105-116. Mosley, S.A., E.E. Mosley, B. Hatch, J.I. Szasz, A. Corato, N. Zacharias, D. Howes, and M.A. McGuire. 2007. Effect of varying levels of fatty acids from palm oil on feed intake and milk production in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:987-993. Mosley, S.A., A.M. Shahin, J. Williams, M.A. McGuire, and M.K. McGuire. 2007. Supplemental conjugated linoleic acid consumption and milk macronutrient and fatty acid contents in healthy lactating women. Lipids 42:723-729. Mosley, E.E., and M.A. McGuire. 2007. Methodology for the in vivo measurement of the 9-desaturation of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids in lactating dairy cattle. Lipids 42:939-945. Ortiz Gonzalez, G., R. Jimenez Flores, D. R. Bremmer, J. H. Clark, E. J. DePeters, S. J. Schmidt, and J. K. Drackley. 2007. Functional properties of butter oil made from bovine milk with experimentally altered fat composition. J. Dairy Sci. 90:5018-5031. Perfield II, J. W., A. L. Lock, A. Sæbø, J. M. Griinari, D. A. Dwyer, and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Trans-9, cis-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 2211-2218. Pohlmeier, W.E., K. A. Lewis and A. L. Van Eenennaam. 2007. Reproductive Abnormalities in Fat-1 Transgenic Mice. Transgenic Animal Research Conference VI. August 12-16, 2007. Tahoe City, CA. Transgenic Research 16: 861. Sasikala-Appukuttan, A. K., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, K. Karges, and M. L. Gibson. 2008. The feeding value of corn distillers solubles for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 279-287. Sinclair, L. A., A. L. Lock, R. M. Early, and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Effects of a supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat synthesis and cheese properties in dairy ewes fed two levels of energy. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 33263335. St-Hilaire, S., K. Cranfill, M.A. McGuire, E.E. Mosley, J.K. Tomberlin, L. Newton, W. Sealey, C. Sheppard, and S. Irving. 2007. Fish offal recycling by the Black Soldier fly produces a foodstuff high in omega-3 fatty acids. J. World Aquaculture Soc. 38:309-313. St-Hilaire, S., C. Sheppard, J.K. Tomberlin, S. Irving, L. Newton, M.A. McGuire, E.E. Mosley, R.W. Hardy, and W. Sealey. 2007. Fly prepupae as a feedstuff for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. World Aquaculture Soc. 38:59-67. Tyburczy, C., A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, F. Destaillats, Z. Mouloungui, L. Candy, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Uptake and utilization of trans octadecenoic acids during lactation. FASEB J.:21 (5):LB58 Van Eenennaam, A.L. 2007. Transgenic Animals: Where to from here? Transgenic Animal Research Conference VI. August 12-16, 2007. Tahoe City, CA. Transgenic Research 16: 839-840 Warntjes, J.L., P.H. Robinson, E. Galo, E.J. DePeters, and D. Howes. 2008. Effects of feeding supplemental palmitic acid (C16:0) on performance and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows under summer heat. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 140:241-257. Reviews Van Eenennaam, A.L., and J. F. Medrano. 2008. Manipulation of Milk Fat Composition Through Transgenesis, pages 343-354, Chapter in Bioactive Components in Milk, Edited by Z. Bösze. Springer. 483 pp. Abstracts and Reports Ballou, M.A. M.K. Yelle, R.C. Gomes, D.W. Kim, and E.J. DePeters. 2007. The energetic and non-energetic effects of supplemental fish oil during the peripartum period on the metabolic status of multiparous Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (Suppl.1): 658. Ballou, M.A., R.C. Gomes, and E.J. DePeters. 2007. Feeding unprotected fish oil 3 weeks prepartum alters the fatty acid composition of plasma in both cow and calf at parturition, but had no effect on bactericidal or cytokine function. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (Suppl.1): 472. Ballou, M.A., J.G. Fadel, and E.J. DePeters. 2007. Modeling fatty acid kinetics in plasma and immune cells of neonatal calves in response to increasing levels of dietary fish oil. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (Suppl.1): 121. Bauman, D.E. 2007. Biology of CLA: An Overview of the Ruminant Perspective. II International Congress on Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA): From experimental models to human applications. pg. 2. (Plenary Lecture) Bauman, D.E., C. Tyburczy, A.M. ODonnell, and A.L. Lock. 2007. Production and use of high CLA foods in human health. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1):429. (Abstr.). Beattie, S., E. Hammond, and D. Beitz. 2006. Decreasing the atherosclerotic index of milk. Annu. Rpt. Midwest Dairy Foods Res. Ctr. pp. 132-133. Beitz, D., S. Veysey, M. Porter, E. Hammond, and A.E. Freeman. 2006. Finding the soft butter cow. Annu. Rpt. Midwest Dairy Foods Res. Ctr. pp. 6-7. Bharathan, M., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2007. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk increases in cows fed condensed corn distillers solubles and fish oil. J. Dairy Sci. 90:29 (Abstr.) Bharathan, M., D. J. Schingoethe, R. S. Kaushik, K F. Kalscheur, G. Moorkanat and A. R. Hippen. 2007. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate immune responses in dairy cows characterized by an elevated plasma trans-10, cis-12 CLA and n-3 fatty acids but not cis-9, trans-11 CLA. J. Dairy Sci. 90(Suppl. 1):298-299 (Abstr.) Harvatine, K.J. and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Recent advances in milk fat depression: 1. Time course of milk fat depression and 2. Adipose tissue lipogenesis during milk fat depression. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 135-142 Harvatine, K.J., and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Expression of PPAR and LXR nuclear hormone receptor families are not modified during milk fat depression induced by diet or treatment with trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):59. (Abstr.). Harvatine, K.J., J.L. Capper, Y.R. Boisclair, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Recent advances in the regulation of milk fat synthesis. EAAP-58th Annual Meeting, pg. 10. Dublin, Ireland. (Abstr.). Invited Lecture Harvatine, K.J., D.A. Dwyer, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Expression of lipogenic genes in adipose tissue increases during milk fat depression induced by treatment with trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):206. (Abstr.). Hinrichsen, T., A.L. Lock, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. The relationship between trans-10, 18:1 and milk fat yield in cows fed high oleic acid or high linoleic acid plant oil supplements. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):206. (Abstr.). Hippen, A. R., K. F. Kalscheur, and D. J. Schingoethe. 2007. Feeding fats for regulation of milk fat and fatty acid profiles. J. Dairy Sci. 90:85 (Abstr.) Juchem, S.O., J.M. Heguy, E.J. DePeters, J.E.P. Santos, M. Rosenberg, and S.J. Taylor. 2006. Feeding whey protein gel composites or calcium salts to reduce rumen biohydrogenation and modify the unsaturated fatty acids in milk lipids. Oils, Fats and Lipids for a Healthier Future  The Need for Interdisciplinary Approaches. 4th Euro Fed Lipid Congress, Oct. 1-4. University of Madrid (UCM), Spain. Abstract (pg. 356) Kadegowda, A. K. G., L. S. Piperova, and R. A. Erdman. 2007. Abomasal infusion of butterfat increases milk fat in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90(Suppl. 1):116. Kadegowda, A. K. G., B. B. Teter, J. Sampugna, P. Delmonte, L. S. Piperova, and R. A. Erdman. 2007. Trans-7-octadecenoic acid decreased milk fat and altered CLA composition in milk of lactating mice. J. Dairy Sci. 90(Suppl. 1):179. Kay, J.K., C.E. Moore, D.E. Bauman, R.P. Rhoads, S.R. Sanders, A.F. Keating, and L.H. Baumgard. 2007. Temporal effect of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on mammary lipogenic gene expression. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):58. (Abstr.). Kelsey, J.A., and M.A. McGuire. 2007. The impact of lipid metabolism on staphylococcal mastitis. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Intermountain Nutrition Conference. pp. 267-277. Knight, T.J. and D.C. Beitz. 2006. Use of biotechnology to improve food production and quality. In: Nutritional HealthStrategies for Disease Prevention, 2nd ed., pp. 373-386, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. Lock, A. L. and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Milk fat depression: what do we know and what can we do about it? Proc. Pacific Northwest Nutr. Conf. pp. 21-32. Lock, A. L. and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Dietary component and rumen environment interactions on milk fat. Proc. 4-State Nutr. Conf. pp. 68-74. Lock, A. L. and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Conjugated linoleic acids and the dairy cow. Fertility in Dairy Cows: Bridging the Gaps, BSAS-EAAP Satellite Meeting. pp. 21. Mendonca, A., D. Beitz, and T. Boylston. 2006. Stability of Eubacterium coprostanoligenes for using as a cholesterol-lowering dietary adjunct in dairy products. Annu. Rpt. Midwest Dairy Foods Res. Ctr. pp. 157-158. Mosley, E., B. Hatch, K. Hunt, A. Morrison, C. Roberts, D. Sevier, and M. McGuire. 2007. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene expression and fatty acid concentrations in bovine tissues. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1)/J. Dairy Sci. 90(Suppl. 1)/Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):59. Rovi, M., A. Lock, T. Gipson, A. Goetsch, and D. Bauman. 2007. A conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 CLA reduces milk fat synthesis. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 6(Suppl. 1):629-631. Salter, A.M., A.L. Lock, P.C. Garnsworthy, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Milk fatty acids: Implications for human health. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition -2007. pp. 1-18. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. Thering, B., D. Graugnard, P. Piantoni, R. L. Wallace, R. E. Everts, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, H. A. Lewin, and J. J. Loor. 2007. Transcriptional regulation of mammary and adipose tissue gene expression in dairy cows fed a milk fat-depressing or milk fat-enhancing diet. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):M253. Tyburczy, C., D. Bauman, F. Destaillats, A. Lock, and A. Salter. 2007. Evidence that neither elaidic nor vaccenic acid are responsible for the plasma cholesterol-raising properties of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. II International Congress on Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA): From experimental models to human applications. pg. 30. (Abstr.). Tyburczy, C., A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, F. Destaillants, Z. Mouloungui, L. Candy, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Characterization of the utilization of trans octadecenoic acids in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):205. (Abstr.). Yelle, M.K., D.W. Kim, E.J. DePeters, and M.A. Ballou. 2007. Dietary fish oil does not impact the response of early lactating cows to an endotoxic mastitis challenge. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (Suppl.1): 470. Weerasinghe, W.M.P.B., R.G. Wilkinson, A.L. Lock, M.J. de Veth, D.E. Bauman, and L.A. Sinclair. 2007. Effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and altered dietary protein level on the performance of dairy ewes. 5th Euro-Fed Lipid Congress, September 2007, Gothenburg, Sweden. Weinstein, J.A., E.J. DePeters, M. Rosenberg, S.J. Taylor, A. Aljadeff. 2007. Feeding a whey protein gel to prevent rumen hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and increase the n3 and n6 fatty acid content of goat milk. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (Suppl.1): 210. Thesis Bharathan, M. 2007. Feeding fish oil and condensed corn distillers soluble increases conjugated linoleic acid in milk and modulates immune response in dairy cows. M. S. Thesis, South Dakota State University, 101 pages. Deines, K. A. 2007. Analysis of the Impact of Differing n-3 PUFA Gestational and Lactational Environments on Adipose Development in Transgenic Fat-1 Mice and Investigation of the Agalactic Phenotype in Fat-2 Transgenic Mice. M.S. thesis in Animal Biology, UC Davis. Kelsey, J.A. January 2007; The impact of lipids on the host-pathogen interaction of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in cattle. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Idaho, Moscow.