Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The sixth meeting of the Soybean Rust Working group was held at the Marriot Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky on December 12-13. On December 12th, the committee chair, Carl Bradley, opened the meeting at 1:00 P.M. with introductions of those in attendance. Dr. Steve Slack (Ohio St. Univ. / NCERA 208 Administrative Advisor) explained the purpose of multi-State projects and updated the group on the history of NCERA 208, mainly for the benefit of the many new members to the committee. Dr. Slack stressed the importance of the Impact Statements within the annual report (our group had three in the 2006 report). He also informed the group that the NCRA (North Central Regional Association of Agriculture Experiment Station Directors) has a quarterly newsletter that is available at: http://www.wisc.edu/ncra/newsletter.htm Dr. Slack finished his presentation by briefly discussing progress on the Farm Bill. Business Meeting The business meeting was called to order at 1:30 pm by Carl Bradley. The minutes of the 2006 meeting were made available for review. A motion was made to approve the minutes and seconded. The motion to approve the minutes was passed. Ed Sikora (2007 committee secretary) will chair the committee in 2008. Albert Tenuta (Ontario Ministry of Agriculture) was elected the committees secretary by unanimous vote. It was the general consensus of the group to have the next NCERA 208 meeting in a southern location so that soybean rust could be viewed in the field. Dr. Ray Schneider and the group from LSU agreed to host the meeting in September or October of 2008. The group thanked Carl Bradley for organizing the meeting in 2007. The group expressed thanks to David Wright and the North Central Soybean Research Program for picking up the meeting room and refreshments charges associated with the meeting. The business meeting was closed at 2:30 P.M. Marty Draper (USDA-CSREES) discussed the results of the SWOT analysis conducted at the soybean rust meeting held in Nashville, TN on October 16th, 2007. The goal of the meeting was to discuss ways to maintain funding for the soybean rust project. During his presentation, Dr. Draper listed and discussed the groups accomplishments (disease management, epidemiology, education, sentinel plot program, etc.), strengths (communication between agencies, forecasting, germplasm evaluation, detection methodology, etc.), weaknesses (coordination of data, geographical differences, pathogen variability, spore trapping interpretation, etc.), opportunities (broadening our perspectives, developing a sustainable IPM-based strategy), threats (rust fatigue, reduced funding and staffing, data misinterpretation or misrepresentation, no longer the HOT topic, etc.) and research needs (yield loss models, epidemiology, effective forecasting models). Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ.) updated the group on the fungicide manual. The manual will be made available electronically by the end of 2007. Anne discussed various printing options that are available. On December 13th, Carl Bradley resumed the meeting at 8:00 a.m. Carol Pilcher (Iowa State Univ.) discussed program evaluation and IPM-PIPE. She stated that evaluation models are here to stay. She stressed that the highest level of outcomes are Impacts and that ultimate impacts cause changes in conditions with regard to social/health, economics and/or environment factors. Outcomes must be SMART (Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Results-orientated, and well Timed. Dr. Pilcher conducted a group activity related to program planning evaluating tools. Some key points she made: 1) What is it you want to achieve? 2) What bevavioral changes will you have to make to achieve the ultimate impact? 3) What changes in knowledge must be achieved before people change. 4) What activities will you do to make these changes? 5) Who is your audience? 6) What resources will you need to make changes? Dr. Draper suggested forming a subcommittee to work with Pilcher to develop a survey tool to show impact and accountability for increased funding. Scott Isard (Penn State Univ.) discussed disease forecasting models, events and positive finds in 2007 with regard to soybean rust. It was difficult to correlate events with soybean rust outbreaks. Constraints to modeling for soybean rust included: 1) Unknown source of inoculum (kudzu, Mexico, the Caribbean basin) 2) Estimation of inoculum from red highlighted counties) 3) Quality of radar precipitation data 4) Effect of host (stage of development, cultivar) and environmental factors on disease progress through the latent stage. He summarized the 2007 project with the following: 1) No surprises; ensemble team did a good job 2) IAMS disease severity forecasting needs further calibration 3) Mexico and Caribbean basin may be important sources of inoculum 4) In 2007, detection time between prediction and actual detection was 3-5 weeks Dr. Howard Schwartz (Univ. of Colorado) gave an overview of the Legume PIPE for 2007. There was a discussion on the benefits of the Legume-PIPE and what direction is should go in. Dr. Draper informed the group about the planned section 18 for tebuconazole. Georgia will be the lead State with Dr. Bob Kemereit writing the section 18. Other States will be able to do me to section 18s afterward. Dr. Ray Schneider (LSU) discussed the need for standardized fungicide trials across states. Dr Melvin Newman (Univ. of TN) said that such a project could be supported by the Southern Soybean Directors who could provide funding. Representatives from northern states should have input into the protocols which will provide support for future development of fungicide efficacy tables such as found in the Fungicide Manual. Dr. Don Hershman led a discussion on future funding for the SBR-PIPE. The program cost approximately $1.5 million annually. RMA will no longer be able to fund the project after 2008 as they can only fund new project for three years. Representatives from various states discussed how they allocate their current funding. Jim VanKirk (Southern Reg. IPM Center) updated the group on funding for the PIPE in 2008. Jim discussed the details of the 2008 subcontracts and the new account flow for 2008. Julie Golod, Penn State Univ., discussed potential changes in the sentinel plot protocol in 2008 and an updated the group on the rust monitoring efforts in Mexico. The meeting was adjourned at 5:00 p.m.

Accomplishments: 1. Develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen; 2. identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research; 3. provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups; and 4. develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S. Accomplishments for Objective 1. In 2007, soybean rust was detected in 335 counties in 19 states in the U.S. This was the highest number of counties and States recording the disease since it was first found in the continental U.S. in 2004. Soybean rust was also detected in Ontario, Canada and in Tamaulipas and Veracruz Llave in Mexico. These results were accomplished because of the continued development of the International soybean rust sentinel program which was established in 2005. Sentinel plots. Over 850 sentinel plots were monitored for soybean rust in 40 states in 2007. The sentinel plot system was expanded in 2007 to include Canada (27 plots) and Mexico (39 plots). These plots included established plots, overwintering plots, and mobile sites; soybean, kudzu, and other legume crops were monitored. In several cases, the first find of soybean rust in a state was in a sentinel plot. Information from these findings was uploaded onto the USDA PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education) website (http://www.sbrusa.net/) where the movement of soybean rust could be monitored and the data could be used to develop and evaluate epidemiological models. Specialists wrote commentaries for their state on a regular basis that helped growers and consultants make scouting and fungicide application decisions. Over 110,000 visits and over 2 million hits were recorded for the USDA PIPE website during 2007. The University of Kansas tried to assist growers in the decision to spray by developing a spray calculator. Growers could input there expected yield, expected yield savings from spraying, selling price and chemical and application costs to determine if spraying would be profitable. The calculator can be found at: http://www.agmanager.info/crops/prodecon/decision/default.asp. Spore trapping. Many states participated in the Syngenta-sponsored spore trapping system. Spore traps were placed in strategic locations across states and monitored weekly. Glass microscope slides mounted within each trap were collected and expressed mailed to Dr. John Rupes (ARK) laboratory where they were examined for the presence of soybean rust-like spores. When a soybean rust-like spore was found, the state specialist was notified immediately. This helped the state specialist identify areas where scouting efforts for soybean rust could be intensified. Additionally, spores were collected in other states using passive traps and rainwater filtering traps (USDA-ARS, MN, IL, FL, Penn St., WI); PCR was used to confirm the presence of P. pachyrhizi in these collections. Host range. A host range study conducted in Fort Detrick, MD identified 28 new hosts under controlled inoculated conditions (USDA, IL). Additionally, 105 species were planted in a Florida field for evaluation of their susceptibility to soybean rust (USDA, IL, FL). Accomplishments for Objective 2. Host resistance. Screening and breeding for resistance to soybean rust is an on-going effort. A select set of Plant Introduction (PI) lines were sent to numerous cooperators in the South and Paraguay (USDA-ARS, IL, AL, FL, GA, LSU); a few of these appear to have high levels of resistance. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars with soybean rust resistance were identified, with cv. Aurora, Compuesto Negro Chimaltenango, and Pinto 114 being the most resistant of the sixteen cultivars evaluated (M. R. Miles et al., 2007). Soybean lines were developed that contain soybean rust resistance derived from Glycine tomentella; however, these lines were still susceptible to soybean rust (M. E. Patzoldt et al., 2007.). There are a number of public and private soybean breeding programs also involved in the effort to breed for resistance to soybean rust. Other methods have been investigated to aid in the breeding for resistance effort. For example, The Rpp1 locus that confers resistance to soybean rust was mapped between SSR markers BARC_Set_187 and BARC_SAT_064 (D. L. Hyten et al., 2007). Also, a detached leaf method used for screening for resistance against soybean rust was developed and tested (M. Twizeyimana et al., 2007). Fungicide efficacy research. Fungicide efficacy trials were conducted by several groups (USDA, FL, IL, AL, LSU, GA and KS) in areas where soybean rust was a significant problem in the U.S. Trials determined the most effective fungicides available, demonstrated the importance of application timing, and studied the residual activity of some of these materials. Much of this data was presented at the National Soybean Rust Symposium in December 2007 and/or published in F & N tests. Trials established to determine the efficacy of fungicides against soybean rust in South American and South Africa were summarized. The results of these trials indicate that both strobilurin and triazole fungicides can be effective in protecting against losses due to soybean rust (M. R. Miles et al., 2007). Several north-central states conducted foliar fungicide trials in the absence of soybean rust, and were able to determine efficacy on other diseases and make general plant health observations. Due to presence of other pests in the U.S. soybean production region, many states conducted research that evaluated tank-mixing of fungicides with other crop protection chemicals, such as insecticides and herbicides. Research to assess the toxicity of fungicides using a mammalian cell cytotoxicity assay was conducted. The results of this research indicate that soybean rust fungicides are as toxic as some other known identified agrichemicals (S. L. Daniel et al., 2007). Fungicide application technology research. Many states evaluated different application technologies for improved canopy penetration and coverage. In these trials, different spray tips, calibration settings, and application systems were evaluated. For example, different fungicide application methods (conventional sprayer, bi-fluid sprayer system, and air-assisted sprayer system) were evaluated in solid-seeded drilled soybeans. In general, little to no differences was observed among these spraying systems for droplet coverage in the upper and lower soybean canopy (C. A. Bradley et al., 2007). Pathogen biology / epidemiology. Several research projects designed to understand the movement, deposition, spread, and effect of microclimate on soybean rust spores are on-going (Penn St., FL, GA and LSU). Predictive models. Predictive models conducted by multiple research teams (Penn St., ZedX Inc., IA St., NC St.) were integrated to develop simulations that were interpreted by a team of meteorologists. These interpretations were made available to researchers, extension specialists, and administrators on the restricted access PIPE web site. The predictive models will continue to be refined and validated. Some of the constraints to modeling for soybean rust were identified and include unidentified sources of inoculum and the unknown effects of host (stage of development, cultivar) and environmental factors on disease progress. Field diagnosis tool. High volume aerial sampling for soybean rust spores was conducted in Tompkins County, NY (Cornell) using radio control aircraft coupled with Quantitative Real-Time PCR for Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Positive identification of P. pachyrhizi DNA was made on filters from aerial collection on two dates. High volume atmospheric sampling coupled with PCR detection and spore viability testing holds promise in regional early detection of soybean rust inoculum. A hand-held, field-friendly tool for in-field soybean rust diagnosis is being developed (OH St.,, USDA and the U.S. Navy). Because soybean rust is difficult to detect early in the infection process, this tool would allow for a quick diagnosis that could lead to more timely fungicide applications, if needed. Yield loss research. Understanding the effects of soybean rust on soybean yield is important to the entire U.S. agriculture industry. Research is being conducted (KY, LSU) to understand the effect of defoliation, caused by natural soybean rust and/or by manual defoliation, on soybean yield. This information will be used to build a yield loss prediction tool that will have several uses including helping growers make fungicide application decisions. Extension specialists in individual states conducted grower education meetings on soybean rust and refresher courses for First Detectors. Accomplishments for Objective 3. The NCERA 208 annual meeting held at Louisville, Kentucky in December 2007 allowed individuals from USDA and Land Grant Universities to exchange information concerning soybean rust. A major focus of the meeting was to continue the cooperation among agencies dealing with this disease. The group discussed how to show the impact of the international soybean rust effort and how to use this information to obtain future funding. Members of NCERA 208 participated in the development of the 3rd American Phytopathological Society Soybean Rust Symposium held in Louisville immediately following the conclusion of the NCERA-208 meeting. Industry, Land Grant and Public Universities, USDA, International Organizations, and Commodity Groups were all represented and were able to exchange ideas and discuss research data presented at this meeting. Accomplishments for Objective 4. The second edition of the fungicide manual (Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. 2008. Dorrance, A.E., Draper, M., and Hershman, D. (Editors) was completed and made available on-line at http://oardc.osu.edu/soyrust/. This publication was developed largely by members of NCERA 208. To date, over 160,000 copies of the first edition of the manual have been distributed. A tri-fold, color-plated circular was developed and printed by the ipmPIPE: Soybean Rust: What is Your Risk? 2008. Mueller, D., Giesler, L., Bradley, C., Tenuta, A., and Brown-Rytlewski, D. This publication was also distributed in many of the soybean producing states. In addition, many specialists have developed soybean rust educational materials (including websites, bulletins, and circulars) for their individual state. NCERA 208 has been important in providing input that has been used to develop and shape the PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education), which is the primary tool used by the entire U.S. agriculture industry to track the movement of soybean rust and help make management decisions.

Peer reviewed journal articles: Bandyopadhyay, R., Ojiambo, P. S., Twizeyimana, M., Asafo-Adjei, B., Frederick, R. D., Pedley, K. F., Stone, C. L., and Hartman, G. L. 2007. First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Ghana. Plant Disease 91:1057. Bradley, C. A., Chesrown, C. D., and Hofman, V. L. 2007. Evaluation of foliar fungicide application methods on soybean. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 29:197-202. Daniel, S. L., Hartman, G. L., Wagner, E. D., and Plewa, M. J. 2007. Mammalian cell cytotoxicity analysis of soybean rust fungicides. Bulletin Environmental Contamination Toxicology 78:474-478. Dennis, J.S., M.G. Dennis, and G.C. Bergstrom. 2007. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for soybean disease management in New York, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC115. Bergstrom, G.C., M.E. McKellar, M. Swartwood, P.Clement, and K. Snover-Clift. 2007. New York State soybean rust sentinel plot network: Two years of cooperative scouting efforts. Proceedings 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. December 12-14, 2007. Louisville, KY. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/16.asp Hartman, G. L., Hines, R. A., Faulkner, C. D., Lynch, T. N., and Pataky, N. 2007. Late season occurrence of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on soybean in Illinois. Plant Disease 91:466. Hyten, D. L., Hartman, G. L., Nelson, R. L., Frederick, R. D., Concibido, V. C., and Cregan, P. B. 2007. Map location of the Rpp1 locus that confers resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soybean rust) in soybean. Crop Science 47:837-838. Krupa, S., Bowersox, V., Claybrooke, R., Barnes, C., Szabo, L., Harlin, K., and Kurle, J.E. 2006. Introduction of soybean rust spores into the Midwestern United States  A Case Study. Plant Disease. 90: 1254-1259. Miles, M. R., Levy, C., Morel, W., Mueller, T., Steinlage, T., van Rij, N., Frederick, R. D., and Hartman, G. L. 2007. International fungicide efficacy trials for the management of soybean rust. Plant Disease 91:1450-1458. Miles, M. R., Pastor-Corrales, M. A., Hartman, G. L., and Frederick, R. D. 2007. Differential response of common bean cultivars to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Disease 91:698-704. Ojiambo, P. S., Bandyopadhyay, R., Twizeyimana, M., Lema, A., Frederick, R. D., Pedley, K. F., Stone, C. L., and Hartman, G. L. 2007. First report of rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on soybean in Democratic Republic of Congo. Plant Disease 91:1204. Patzoldt, M. E., Tyagi, R. K., Hymowitz, T., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Frederick, R. D. 2007. Soybean rust resistance derived from Glycine tomentella in amphiploid hybrid lines. Crop Science 47:158-161. Twizeyimana, M., Ojiambo, P. S., Ikotun, T., Paul, C., Hartman, G. L., and Bandyopadhyay, R. 2007. Comparison of field, greenhouse, and detached-leaf evaluations of soybean germplasm for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Disease 91:1161-1169. Abstracts, Edited Scientific Reports, and Proceedings: Bandyopadhyay, R., Paul, C., Twizeyimana, M., Adeleke, R., Miles, M. R., and Hartman, G. L. 2006. Identification and development of resistance to soybean rust in Nigeria [Abst.]. Phytopathology 96S:8. Bergstrom, G.C., M.E. McKellar, M. Swartwood, P.Clement, and K. Snover-Clift. 2007. New York State soybean rust sentinel plot network: Two years of cooperative scouting efforts. Proceedings 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. December 12-14, 2007. Louisville, KY. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/16.asp Delaney, D., E. Sikora, M. Delaney, K. Lawrence, R. Dawkins, R. Durbin and B. Norris. 2007. Strobilurin fungicide greening effects on soybeans in Alabama, 2006 and 2007: application timing and dessicants. 2007. Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/ Delaney, M., E. Sikora and D. Delaney. 2007. The effect of drought on Asain soybean rust in Alabama. 2007. Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/ Dennis, J.S., M.G. Dennis, and G.C. Bergstrom. 2007. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for soybean disease management in New York, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC115. Floyd, C., Tao, Z., Spoden, G., Malvick, D., Kurle, J., Bernacchi, C. and Krupa, S. 2007. Minnesota soybean rust forecast model (MinnSoyRustMod). National Soybean Rust Symposium. Louisville, KY. 12-14 Dec. 2007. Haudenshield, J. S., Steinlage, T. A., and Hartman, G. L. 2007. Quantification and single-spore detection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/ Koenning, J. W. Frye, S. C. Butler, and T. C. Creswell. 2007. First Report of Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in North Carolina and Increased Incidence of Soybean Rust on Soybean in 2006. Plant Dis. 91: 637, 2007; published on-line as doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-5-0637A. Lawrence, K. S., Delaney, M. A., Sikora, E. J., Delaney, D. P., Lawrence, G. W., and Pegues, M. 2007. Efficacy of foliar fungicides Punch and Charisma for Asian soybean rust disease management and yield enhancement in Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 1:FC042. DOI:10.1094/PDMR01. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K. S., Delaney, M. A., Sikora, E. J., Delaney, D. P., Lawrence, G. W., and Pegues, M. 2007. Evaluation of Absolute, Folicur, and Stratego on Asian soybean rust and yield in Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 1:FC078. DOI:10.1094/PDMR01. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Miles, M. R., Morel, W., Ray, J. D., Smith, J. R., Hartman, G. L., and Frederick, R. D. 2007. Evaluation of potential soybean rust resistant sources in Paraguay during the 2005-06 season. Proceedings of the APS-SON Joint Meeting, San Diego, California, July 28 - August 1, 2007. Available at http://www.apsnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/a07ma469.htm. Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Levy, C. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides and fungicide timing for the control of soybean rust in Zimbabwe, 2005-2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC103. Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Morel, W. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides and fungicide timing for the control of soybean rust at Bella Vista, Paraguay, 2005-2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC104. Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Morel, W. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides and fungicide timing for the control of soybean rust at Pirapo, Paraguay, 2005-2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC063. Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Morel, W. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides and fungicide timing for the control of soybean rust at Capitán Meza, Paraguay, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC062. Padgett, G.B., and Purvis, M.A. 2008. Selected fungicide treatments for managing Asian soybean rust and Cercospora foliar blight, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). In review. Padgett, G.B., Purvis, M.A., Hogan, A., and Martin, S. 2007. The Impact of Asian Soybean Rust and Other Diseases on Soybean Treated with Selected Fungicides. Proceedings, 2006 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Dec. 12-14, 2007. Louisiville, KY Schwartz, H. F., Steadman, J. R., and Pastor-Corrales, M. A. 2006. Challenges to and priorities for management of rusts of common bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:53-54. Schwartz, H. F. 2007. Legume PIPE  A time sensitive resource for the American bean industry. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:185-186. Shields, E.J., M.E. McKellar, G.C. Bergstrom, M. Swartwood, and P. Clement. 2007. High volume aerial sampling for low incidence detection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi spores in the planetary boundary. Proceedings 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. December 12-14, 2007. Louisville, KY. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/15.asp Sikora, E. J., D. Delaney, M. Delaney, K. Lawrence and M. Pegues. 2007. Evaluation of fungicide spray programs for conrol of Asain soybean rust in Alabama. . Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/ Smith, D., Paul, C., Steinlage, T. A., Miles, M. R., and Hartman, G. L. 2007. Isolation, purification, and characterization of Phakopsora pachyrhizi isolates. Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/. Twizeyimana, M., Ojiambo, P., Paul, C., Hartman, G. L., and Bandyopadhyay, R. 2007. Pathogenic variation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Nigeria. Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/ Extension: Brouder SM, et al. 2007. Corn & Soybean Field Guide, 2007 Edition. ID-179, Purdue University Extension. Dorrance, A.E., Draper, M., and Hershman, D. (Editors) 2008. Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. http://oardc.osu.edu/soyrust/ Hanna, S. et al. 2007. Managing Fungicide Applications in Soybean. SPS-103-W, Purdue University Extension. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. March perspective on Asiatic soybean rust in 2007. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(1)http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News1/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Current status of Asiatic soybean rust in the United States June 2007. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(9)http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News9/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Current status of Asiatic soybean rust in the United States in late June 2007. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(11) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News11/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(12) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News12/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(14) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News14/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(15) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News15/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(17) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News17/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(19) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News19/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(20) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News20/pestnews.html. Montgomery, M., Bissonnette, S., Nordby, D., and Bradley, C. 2007. Utilizing Fungicide Site of Action to Combat Resistance. University of Illinois Extension, Urbana, IL. Mueller, D., Giesler, L., Bradley, C., Tenuta, A., and Brown-Rytlewski, D. 2007. Soybean Rust: What is Your Risk? National circular printed by the ipmPIPE. Shaner, G., et al. 2007. Preparing for Asian Soybean Rust. ID-324, Purdue University Extension. Sikora, E. J., D. Delaney, M. Delaney and J. Mullen. 2007. Asian Soybean Rust in Alabama. Alabama cooperative Extension System ANR-1310.