Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

An informal meeting was held during the CSREES sponsored IPM Symposium, Wednesday, April 5th, 2006 in St. Louis, MO. It was attended by Margaret McGrath, Timothy Dennehy, Mark Whalon, Bruce Paulsrud and Thomas Holtzer (administrative advisor). Discussion during the meeting included the continuing importance of pesticide resistance management both as an area of research and outreach, and also the need to continue to have the regional committee addressing the topic primarily because of value to members of the unique opportunity of being able to hold discussions across disciplines on resistance. Additional benefits that were recognized included outreach/education functions. Several options were considered for our next formal committee meeting. The best choice was identified as late March in Arizona, meeting in conjunction with WERA069: Coordination of Integrated Pest Management Research and Extension/Educational Programs for the Western States & Pacific Basin Territories. The WERA069 meeting is scheduled for March 28th and 29th. WERA060 committee member Timothy Dennehy volunteered to serve as organizer. Reports of activities and accomplishments were solicited from members and others who have been involved in the committee in the past. The attached file contains the figures referenced in the accomplishment section.

1. Submitted by member Carol Mallory-Smith Department of Crop and Soil Science 109 Crop Science Building Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331-3002 carol.mallory-smith@oregonstate.edu Research is being conducted to evaluate gene flow via pollen and seed from Roundup Ready creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) fields. The resistance gene has been found in progeny of A. stolonifera and A. gigantea hybrids. Glyphosate resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was identified in Oregon in 2004. Research has shown that the resistance is not due to a target site mutation but rather differences in translocation between the susceptible and resistant biotypes. Several populations of Italian ryegrass with multiple-resistance have been identified. Studies on the mechanisms of resistance and the molecular basis for resistance are being conducted. A mutation for resistance to several Photosystem II inhibiting herbicides was identified. This mutation Asn266 to Thr previously had been identified in cyanobacterium but not in higher plants. 2. Submitted by member Margaret Tuttle McGrath Department of Plant Pathology Cornell University Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center 3059 Sound Avenue Riverhead, NY 11901-1098 Phone: 631-727-3595 ext 20 Fax: 631-727-3611 mtm3@cornell.edu Resistance continues to be a critical issue with managing cucurbit powdery mildew (PM). Fungicides are an important tool for managing PM to avoid losses in quantity and/or fruit quality. This is the most common disease of cucurbit crops, which include pumpkin, squash, and melon. Products with mobility (systemic, translaminar or highly volatile) are needed to manage PM on lower surfaces, where this disease develops best. Unfortunately they are prone to resistance (R) development because of their single-site mode of action, and the pathogen has a long history of developing resistance. Recent activities include using a seedling bioassay to monitor R in commercial production fields, conducting replicated fungicide efficacy experiments to assess impact of resistance on performance of at-risk products when used alone and in fungicide programs, testing fungicide resistance of isolates from the efficacy experiment, and determining baseline sensitivity for new compounds. R to the QoI (quinone outside inhibitor) fungicide group was common in 2005 and 2006, and not surprisingly the QoI fungicide tested was ineffective. R to benzimidazole fungicides was also common although these fungicides are no longer used because of R. R to these two groups is qualitative while R is quantitative to the DMI (demethylation inhibitor) fungicide group. Moderate R to this group has been common for several years. These fungicides have remained highly effective until 2006 when they failed when used on pumpkin but surprisingly remained effective when tested in another experiment with butternut squash (different species of Cucurbita), suggesting different uptake of this systemic fungicide. Similar results occurred in GA in 2006. Adequate control of PM was obtained with fungicide programs that included a product that was completely ineffective when tested alone, documenting the difficulty of detecting R in commercial production fields. Data from monitoring R and comparing individual fungicides, which revealed occurrence of R and its impact on efficacy, provided justification for a Section 18 Emergency Exemption request to the EPA for a new fungicide (quinoxyfen) in NY. Baseline sensitivity data was obtained for quinoxyfen, which will serve as an essential benchmark for assessing whether the pathogen is developing resistance in the future. Invited Symposium Presentations on Fungicide Resistance with Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Made in 2005 and 2006: 1. Practical lessons learned about fungicide resistance from cucurbit powdery mildew. Symposium on Fungicide Resistance. Meeting of the Northeastern Division American Phytopathology Society. 11/7/06. 2. Managing cucurbit powdery mildew and fungicide resistance. Third International Cucurbit Symposium. Townsville, QLD, Australia. 9/16/05. 3. History of QoI use and resistance development in cucurbit powdery mildew. Symposium on QoI Fungicide Resistance: Current Status and Management Strategies at the American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting. 7/31/05. 3. Submitted by (previous) member Richard A. Weinzierl, Professor and Extension Entomologist Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois S-522 Turner Hall, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue Urbana, IL 61801 weinzier@uiuc.edu, Ph. 217-333-6651 In Illinois, my research related to insecticide resistance has proceeded on two fronts: (1) identification of alternative insecticides that are effective for use in apples against codling moth populations resistant to organophosphates and other compounds, and (2) monitoring for pyrethroid resistance in corn earworm populations and identification of alternative insecticides that are effective against this insect in sweet corn. In apples, the neonicotinoid acetamiprid, the insect growth regulator novaluron (both registered for use in apples), and the anthranilamide rynaxypyr (not yet registered), all have been found to be effective against organophosphate-resistant populations of codling moth. This is especially important because codling moth populations that are resistant to the organophosphate azinphos-methyl also exhibit apparent cross-resistance to pyrethroids and methoxyfenozide, and these insecticides have not been effective alternatives for organophosphate-resistant codling moth control. Illinois efforts in corn earworm resistance management research have been conducted as part of a North Central Integrated Pest Management Center Implementation Grant project led by the University of Minnesota ("Establishing a Midwest Corn Earworm Migration and Insecticide Resistance Monitoring Network"). Bioassays (adult vial tests) of male moths taken directly from pheromone traps and bioassays using an F1 lab colony from field-collected larvae continue to indicate low to moderate levels of resistance to cypermethrin. Reduced efficacy of pyrethroids in small-plot insecticide trials also suggest a shift in susceptibility since the mid-19990s. We are continuing efforts to better understand the migration of corn earworm moths from their source regions in Texas and Louisiana and to link observations of resistance in the Midwest to observations from these source areas. In efforts to identify alternative insecticides for effective control in sweet corn, the experimental insecticide rynaxypyr has been very effective. 4. Submitted by non member Bruce E. Paulsrud University of Illinois Department of Crop Sciences S-420 Turner Hall 1102 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801 Phone: 217-244-9646 Email: paulsrud@uiuc.edu Matthew Montgomery, Bruce Paulsrud and Scott Bretthauer (University of Illinois Extension) prepared a new fact sheet entitled, Characteristics of Fungicides for Field Crops (RPD 1002) (http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/abstracts/a1002.html). This 18-page document addresses foliar and seed treatment applications and limitations, fungicide terminology, resistance management, common fungicide families, and fungicide mode of action. It is intended to supplement the pest biology and treatment recommendations in other U of I Extension publications, such as the Illinois Agricultural Pest Management Handbook, the Field Crop Scouting Manual, and Pesticide Applicator Training manuals. Prior to this publication, information about fungicide terms, characteristics, application, and mode of action were very difficult to locate compared to that for other pesticides. With the threat of Asian Soybean Rust still looming for 2007 and beyond, this information should prove useful to agricultural clientele. 5. Submitted by member Timothy J. Dennehy Distinguished Outreach Professor Group Leader, UA Extension Arthropod Resistance Management Laboratory University of Arizona Department of Entomology Tucson, AZ 85721 Research In Progress Detection and management of pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton in Arizona. With Unnithan, Tabashnik, Carriere. $40,000.00 Cotton Incorporated ($15,000); Arizona Cotton Research and Protection Council ($25,000)). Employees: 2, Student/Staff. Description: This research involves a statewide program to monitor resistance of Pectinophora gossypyiella to the Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2. Activities include collection of pink bollworm throughout the Southwest, rearing of them in the laboratory and testing for susceptibility to Cry1Ac. Cultures are selected for resistance in the laboratory and resistant phenotypes are maintained in isolated culture. Impact: This project directly addresses practical issues of resistance management in Arizona cotton. The resistance pests isolated by this program have provided the basis for highly productive research efforts in genetics and ecology of resistance based in the Tabashnik and Carriere laboratories, respectively. Susceptibility of Southwestern pink bollworm to Bt toxins, Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2. With Unnithan, Tabashnik, Carriere. $20,000.00 Monsanto. Employees: 2, Student/Staff. Description: This is a statewide program to detect resistance to Cry1Ac-based Bt cotton. It also supports a rapid response team that follows up on putative resistance problems throughout the state and the annual Arizona Bt Cotton Resistance Working Group. Impact: Sustaining Bt cotton and fostering research on genetics, ecology and molecular biology of resistance problems isolated from Arizona fields. Sustaining the successful whitefly management program in Arizona. With DeGain, Harpold . $80,000.00. Arizona Cotton Growers Association and Cotton Incorporated. Employees: 2, Student/Staff. Description: This project involves two different grants; one from State Support funds from the Arizona cotton growers, and the other from Core Funds from the cotton growers' national organization, Cotton Incorporated. This program was established in response to severe whitefly resistance crises in the early 1990's. "Soft" insecticides, like insect growth regulators have formed the basis of whitefly management in Arizona since 1996. Our challenge now is to combat resistance development and pro-actively respond to new resistance developments. Resistance monitoring serves a fundamental first step in this effort. Impact: 1. Annual data collection to detect new resistance problems. 2. Isolation and characterization of new resistance factors prior to them becoming widespread in the field. 3. Development of resistance management strategies prior to the spread of new resistance factors. 4. Promoting collaboration and linkages with other laboratories willing to work on more fundamental aspects of the genetics, molecular biology, ecology, and toxicology of novel resistance mechanisms in whiteflies. DNA markers for pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton. With Tabashnik (PI), Morin, Carrière. $86,000.00. USDA-NRI. Employees: 1, Staff. Impact: Characterization of the mechanisms by which pink bollworm are able to overcome the toxic action of Bt toxin, Cry1Ac. 2. Develop highly sensitive methods for detection of resistance mutations in moths caught in pheromone traps. This will provide improve our ability to detect conditions under which resistance will develop and recommend alternatives. Assessing and minimizing risk of pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton. With Carrière (PI) Tabashnik, Morin. $120,000.00 USDA-BRAG. Employees: 2, Staff. Genetics and management of whitefly resistance to pyriproxyfen. With Carrière (PI), Horowitz, Morin, Tabashnik. $120,000.00 USDA NRICG. Employees: 1, Student/Staff. Description: This project investigates the genetics, fitness, and molecular markers of the pyriproxyfen-resistant strain that my lab spent the last five years isolating from Arizona cotton. The goal, done in conjunction with parallel work in Israel, will be to develop and apply resistance models that incorporate the new information into optimal management plans. Provide critical information for detection and management of key resistance problems in Arizona. Arizona Bt Resistance Working Group. Each of the past ten years I have coordinated a multi-agency meeting to address both extension and research coordination as it pertains to detection and management of resistance to Bt cotton in Arizona. Arizona Whitefly Resistance Working Group. I have convened this group each of the past ten years to foster collaboration in extension and research of whitefly resistance management. Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci in Arizona. I have cooperated with Judy Brown in Plant Sciences on the subject of biotypes of Bemisia tabaci. In 2001, Judy's group taught my technician to conduct pcr and sequencing of the mCO1 gene used for identification of whitefly biotypes. This work has continued in my lab since that time and led to the first detection of the Q biotype in the New World. Impact: We were the first to discover the Q biotype of B. tabaci in the New World. We have shown that this new biotype is resistant to many, if not most of the insecticides currently in use in integrated management of whiteflies in the Southwest. This finding has permitted the establishment of a national task force to survey states for the Q biotype and to formulate research priorities impacting management of the new pest. 6. Submitted by member Blair Siegfried Department of Entomology University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CORN INSECT PESTS IN NEBRASKA Resistance management of pest insect species represents a serious challenge to corn growers that utilize both transgenic corn varieties as well as conventional pesticides. Research associated with this project is intended to provide information for design of effective and long-term pest management solutions. Individual European corn borer that have been phenotyped for resistance to Bt toxins have been sent to collaborators at the USDA ARS Corn Insect and Crop Genetics Research Lab who are currently developing linkage maps using AFLP markers to identify quantitative trait loci for mapping resistance genes. Additionally, we have been collaborating with researchers at the University of Valencia, Spain to clone putative receptors that have previously been identified as being involved with resistance. Monitoring programs for the European corn borer have continued in 2006. Routine monitoring of European corn borer populations at diagnostic concentrations have indicated that this target pest species of transgenic maize remains susceptible to Cry1Ab and Cry1F toxins. Laboratory selections for resistance to both toxins have resulted in significant levels of resistance. Additional strains from field populations have been identified and are currently being characterized with regard to inheritance, fitness, and biochemical basis of resistance. Additionally, we have initiated experiments to document the ability of these strains to utilize transgenic plant tissues. Preliminary results indicate that although survival is significantly reduced, it appears that development of the resistant strains on transgenic plants is possible. The resistance to Cry1Ab is associated with reduced binding to a cadherin-like protein from the midgut brush border membrane. However, resistance to Cry1F remains uncertain, because assays to measure toxin binding and midgut proteolosis have not indicated and differences between resistant and susceptible strains. The genes for putative toxin receptors been cloned and sequenced and expression studies indicate that this protein is involved with both binding and toxicity. Susceptibility assessment of corn rootworm larvae to the Cry3Bb toxin has continued with representative field populations. Additional studies have been initiated to measure baseline susceptibility to Cry 34/35 which has recently been registered for corn rootworm control and the neonicotinoid insecticide chlothianidin which is the active ingredient used as a seed treatment of rootworm management. We are currently developing RNA interference assays to assess gene function and identify potential target sites for novel control strategies. 7. Submitted by non member David Mota-Sanchez 206 Center for Integrated Plant Systems and Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Email: motasanc@msu.edu and member Mark Whalon Department of Entomology Michagin State University B11 Integrated Plant Systems Center East Lansing, MI 48824-1311 Phone: (517) 353-9425 Email: whalon@msu.edu The Arthropods Resistant to Pesticides Database (ARPD) new system and the Resistant Pest Management Newsletter Mark E. Whalon, David Mota-Sanchez, Robert M. Hollingworth and Theresa Baker Department of Entomology, Michigan State University. B-11 CIPS East Lansing, MI 48823 A) The Arthropods Resistant to Pesticides Database (ARPD) system Resistance is a widespread phenomenon where arthropod populations develop the ability to avoid the lethal effects of normally fatal concentrations of one or more pesticides. The occurrence of pesticide resistance frequently leads to the increased use, overuse and even misuse of pesticides that pose an even greater threat or impact to the environment, phytosanitation, market access, global trade and public health. The economic impact of pesticide resistance has been estimated at $1.4 billion to over $4 billion annually. A 1984 study initiated by the Board on Agriculture of the National Research Council made 16 recommendations, one of which identified the world wide need for a central and permanent data bank of resistance information. Thus developed the MSU resistance database (www.pesticideresistance.org) and a new system, Arthropods Resistant to Pesticides Database (ARPD) system that includes a web-based, resistance case entry system that will rapidly update resistance cases in ARPD. This effort was supported through a partnership between USDA/CSREES/IPM, Michigan State University (MSU) and the International Resistance Action Committee (IRAC). The current number of cases and species in the word is 7,444 and 550, respectively. Resistance is a significant and on-going issue for trade, homeland security, animal and human health protection and agricultural profitability. Now we have a web site that received over 500,000 visits per year in 2005 and 2006. Starting December the 6th we have transferred the current MSU resistance database to the new ARPD (www.pesticideresistance.org), and develop a capability for remote ARPD submitting, searching, extracting and analyzing resistant events. In the near future routine reports will include number of resistant species, pesticides, mode of action, use and classification. Our goal is to reduce the reporting and analysis burden in such a way that routine analysis tables, figures and reports could be generated and posted monthly (please see Fig 1). In addition, remote ARPD literature searches would be accessible to users. B) The Resistant Pest Management Newsletter The Resistant Pest Management Newsletter was developed to spread knowledge of resistance around the world. The goal of the RPM Newsletter is to inform Pesticide Policy workers worldwide of ongoing changes and advances in pesticide resistance management, provide an archival resource to national and international leaders, and enhance communication of ideas among colleagues worldwide. Since its beginning in 1989, the newsletter has published nearly 550 articles and abstracts (fig 3). The Bi-annual publication has 1,091 electronic subscribers, and hard copies are sent to 58 libraries worldwide. Countries with libraries that are currently receiving the RPM newsletter include the United States, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, India, Japan, Taiwan, Egypt, Kenya, Costa Rica, Australia, Malaysia, and New Zealand. The newsletter can be viewed online (http://whalonlab.msu.edu/rpmnews/) and has received 12,076 visitors since May 2005. (fig. 2)

Aliano, N.P., M.D. Ellis, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Acute contact toxicity of oxalic acid to Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and their Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hosts in laboratory bioassays. J. Econ. Entomol. 5: 1578-1582. Alves, A.P., T. Spencer, B.E. Tabashnik, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Inheritance of resistance to the Cry1Ab Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 494-501. Brown, J.K. & T.J. Dennehy. 2006. First report of the Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in the U.S.A. and resistance to insecticides in an Arizona population. European Whitefly Studies Network Newsletter. http://www.whitefly.org/whiteflyforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=32&PN=1. Caprio, M.J., T.J. Nowatzki, B.D. Siegfried, L.J. Meinke, R.J. Wright, and L.D. Chandler. 2006. Assessing the risk of resistance to aerial applications of methyl-Parathion in the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 483-493. Carriere Y, C. Ellers-Kirk, R. Biggs, B. Degain, B. Holley, C. Yafuso, P. Evans, T.J. Dennehy, and B.E. Tabashnik. 2005. Effects of cotton cultivar on fitness costs associated with resistance of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) to Bt cotton. J. Econ Entomol. 98: 947-954. Carriere Y, C. Ellers-Kirk, K. Kumar, S. Heuberger, M. Whitlow, L. Antilla, T.J. Dennehy, B.E. Tabashnik. 2005. Long-term evaluation of compliance with refuge requirements for Bt cotton. Pest Management Science 61:327-330. Davey, J. F. and McGrath, M.T. 2006. Sensitivity to the fungicide quinoxyfen of powdery mildew isolates collected from pumpkin in New York in 2004. Phytopathology 95. Dennehy, Timothy J., Benjamin A. DeGain, Virginia S. Harpold, Judith K. Brown, Shai Morin1, Jeff A. Fabrick, Frank Byrne, Robert L. Nichols. New whitefly biotype with high levels of resistance to insecticides. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. 5 pp. Dennehy, T.J., B. DeGain, G. Harpold, J. K. Brown, F. Byrne, S. Morin, R.L Nichols. 2006. First new world report of Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) reveals high levels of resistance to insecticides. RPM Newsletter 15:18-19. Dennehy, T.J., B.A. DeGain, V.S. Harpold, J.K. Brown, S. Morin, J.A. Fabrick and R.L. Nichols. 2005. New challenges to management of whitefly resistance to insecticides in Arizona. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Vegetable Report. 31 pp. Series P-144. D. N. Byrne and P. Baciewicz, eds. http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1382/index.html. Marklund, Samielle K., Teresa A. Hauser, Steven A. Kolmes, David B. Alexander and Raymond R. Bard, Ben DeGain, Virginia S. Harpold, and Timothy J. Dennehy. 2005. Influences of a neonicotinoid insecticide on cantaloupe plants (Cucumis melo) and Bemisia tabaci. Proc. 2005 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN. Pp 1594-1603. McGrath, M.T. 2006. Occurrence of fungicide resistance in Podosphaera xanthii on Long Island, NY, in 2004 and impact on cucurbit powdery mildew control. Phytopathology 95. McGrath, M. T. 2005. Evaluation of fungicide programs for managing pathogen resistance and powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V049. McGrath, M. T., and Davey, J. F. 2006. Evaluation of fungicide programs for managing powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V038. McGrath, M. T. 2005. Occurrence of resistance to QoI, DMI, and MBC fungicides in Podosphaera xanthii in 2004 and implication for controlling cucurbit powdery mildew. Resistant Pest Management 14(2). http://whalonlab.msu.edu/rpmnews/vol.14_no.2/globe/rpm_g_mcgrath.htm. Nowatzki, T.M., X. Zhou, L.J. Meinke, T.T. Vaughn, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein on the feeding behavior and longevity of adult western corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 927-930. Parimi, S., L.J. Meinke, B.W. French, L.D. Chandler, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Persistence and stability of methyl-parathion and aldrin resistance in western corn rootworms. Crop Protection. 25:269-274. Sappington, T.W., B.D. Siegfried, and T. Guillemaud. 2006. Coordinated Diabrotica genetics research: accelerating progress on an urgent insect pest problem. Amer. Entomol. 52: 92-99. Siqueira, H.A.A., J. Gonzalez-Cabrera, J. Ferre, R. Flannagan, and B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Cry1Ab binding analyses in resistant and susceptible strains of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 5318-5324. Sisterson, Mark S.,Yves Carrière, Timothy J. Dennehy, and Bruce E. Tabashnik. 2005. Evolution of resistance to transgenic crops: interactions between insect movement and field distribution. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 1751-1762. Tabashnik BE, R.W. Biggs, D.H. Higginson, S. Henderson, D.C. Unnithan, G.C. Unnithan, C. Ellers-Kirk, M.S. Sisterson, T.J. Dennehy, Y. Carriere, and S. Morin. 2005. Association between resistance to Bt cotton and cadherin genotype in pink bollworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 98:635-644. Tabashnik, B.E., T. J. Dennehy, and Yves Carrière. 2005. Delayed resistance to transgenic cotton in pink bollworm. Proc. National Academy of Sci. 102:15389.