Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Wednesday, October 22, 2003

Meeting was opened by Larry Schwankl at UC Davis. Members present were LeRoy Daugherty (Admin Ad.), Larry Schwankl, Clint Shock, Craig Stanley, Gary Clark, D. J. Hills, Jan Hopmans, Freddie Lamm, Bruce Lesikar, Howard Neibling, Mick O‘‘Neill, Larry Parsons, Clare Prestwich, Ken Shackel, Prem Singh, Hank Taber, Muluneh Yitayew, Elvin Roman, and Tom Trout.

LeRoy Daugherty, Administrative Advisor, discussed the new format for Multistate Research Proposals. The new procedure will be electronically submitted and will include objectives, impacts, and milestones. Emphasis should be placed on multistate cooperative projects. The project will be peer reviewed. There will be a stronger emphasis on accountability and stakeholder input. There is also interest in including extension and outreach in the proposal. Each person who wishes to become a member needs to initiate the Appendix E for membership and check with his Experiment Station Director.

State Reports were presented:

Freddie Lamm led discussion on the revision of the Project

CURRENT OBJECTIVES TO BE REVISED ? THESE MUST CHANGE FOR NEW PROJECT

1. To evaluate and refine microirrigation management strategies to promote natural resource protection and optimal crop production.
2. To improve, modify, and evaluate microirrigation system design and components for natural resource protection and optimal crop production.
3. To assess and develop decision criteria for adoption of microirrigation technologies.
4. To promote appropriate microirrigation technologies through formal and informal educational activities.

LeRoy Daugherty stated that milestones and coordinated efforts among states need to be included in the new proposal. Considerable discussion resulted as to how to approach revision of the project and centered on the following working title and objectives:

Reducing Barriers to Adoption of Microirrigation

1. Identify and Assess Significance from industry (perceptual, technical and management barriers)
- survey growers, Mfg, consultants, designers

2. Existing technical barriers
- clogging
- physical performance
- wastewater

3. Management Barriers
- Irrigation scheduling
- Water quality BMP?s
- Urban uses of microirrigation
- Nutrient management

Meeting was adjourned for the day at 6:00 PM

Thursday, October 23

The group met at 7:45 AM for the field tour which began with visiting an almond orchard irrigation study site investigating different irrigation methods ( microsprinkler, SDI, surface drip, single lines, multiple lines). After lunch we traveled to visit a vineyard in Napa Valley (Mondavi Winery). Thibaut Schlasch (Research Viticulturist) explained research on using controlled stress to improve quality of wine grapes. Measurements of stem water potential and soil moisture monitoring were use for irrigation scheduling decisions. After the field site visit, Thibaut hosted a wine-tasting session at the Mondavi winery.

Friday, October 24, 2003

Meeting was convened at 8:00 AM

It was decided to continue work on the project revision and rewrite. Clint Shock began with procedures for written state reports submittal for 2003. The group expressed thanks for the great tour on Thursday and Clint said he would get something for us to sign to send to those who participated in the tour.

Larry S. suggested that Vice Chair be responsible for putting together the annual report and President plan the next meeting.

Next meeting ? discussion centered on Nov 14-16, 2004 (Irrigation Association Meeting in Tampa, FL) Nov 16-19 (Tues-Fri) (W-128) or April 2005.

Ken S. moved Howard N. seconded to plan during the meeting for Nov 16-19, 2004 following the IA meeting ? motioned passed.

Ken S. moved that Gary Clark be nominated as the new Secretary of W-128. Motioned passed.

After lunch, H. Taber moved , K. Shackel seconded, that the minutes from the 2002 Meeting be approved. Motion passed.

C. Shock asked that report input for annual report to be submitted to him by Nov 7.

New Proposal

Gary Clark presented a draft of objectives explanation/justification. Considerable discussion continued to refine objectives and procedures and determine how different states plan to participate in specific objectives. After several iterations and much discussion the following objectives and writing assignments were proposed:

Proposed Working Objectives:
1. To identify and assess the significance of barriers to adoption of microirrigation.
Writing Coordinator, Freddie Lamm, flamm@oznet.ksu.edu
2. To reduce technical barriers associated with microirrigation system design, performance, and maintenance.
Writing Coordinators, Gary Clark and Larry Schwankl, gac@ksu.edu ljschwankl@ucdavis.edu
3. To reduce existing water and nutrient management barriers associated with microirrigation.
Writing Coordinators,
Sub objective a. Irrigation scheduling,
Ken Shackel, kashackel@ucdavis.edu
Sub objective b. Water and nutrient redistribution and management,
Craig Stanley, CDS@mail.ifas.ufl.edu

Deadlines for developing the new proposal:

October 28 ? Objective leaders have outline completed
November 3 ? E-mail to participants for input into the objective outlines
November 10 ? Responses from participants for specific objectives due
November 26 ? Objective leaders? input due to Freddie L./Larry S.
December 19 ? Final version of proposal due
December 19 ? Participants should contact Ag Exp. Stn. Dir of intent to participate
January 15 ? Formal review process begins

State Reports continued

Meeting was adjourned at 5:30PM


These minutes are respectfully submitted,


Craig Stanley, Secretary
W-128 Multi-state Research Project

Objective 1. To evaluate and refine microirrigation management strategies to promote natural resource protection and optimal crop production

Microirrigation continues to grow in various parts of the country as more information about installation, operation, maintenance and irrigation management is developed by scientists cooperating on this project. Expansion of drip-irrigated corn, onion, almonds grapes, apples and poplar trees is related to research efforts.

Micro irrigation has the potential to reduce water use, leaving more water in streams, reservoirs, or groundwater. Surface water contamination of streams by runoff can be less with micro irrigation. Groundwater contamination by nitrate and pesticides can be sharply lower. The environmental benefits of micro irrigation can only be achieved if micro irrigation proves to be economically feasible through reductions in other costs not related to the added costs of the micro irrigation system and improvements in crop yield or quality.

Testing and demonstration of variable irrigation criteria, plant water needs, plant densities and fertilizer requirements provided growers scientific results to optimize their yields of corn, alfalfa, apples, grapes, onions, potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, and other horticultural and seed crops while reducing water inputs.

Plant-based RDI has allowed 40 to 50 percent reductions in irrigation water applied to prune trees, while maintaining or improving economic yields. Water savings in almonds have depended on soil type and depth, with the most substantial water savings on the deepest soils.

Work on grape irrigation for juice has encouraged more grape growers to install drip irrigation systems, especially for newly planted Niagara grapes, a growth component of the industry. Also there has been a significant increase in grower interest in and installations of irrigation systems for apples and wine grapes in the Northeast.

Drip-irrigated onion has demonstrated increases in onion yield and grade on sites that are difficult to irrigate using other systems. The expansion of drip-irrigated onion has been linked to vastly reduced N inputs and no irrigation-induced erosion and associated pollutant runoff. Thirty to 40 percent less water was required using SDI than with surface irrigation systems.

Production function, crop coefficient, and the water use efficiency of corn was established for arid environments under SDI.

The salinity study reveled that corn under subsurface drip irrigation can tolerate higher salinity levels than what is reported in the literature. This is a significant finding in that it will help farmers save water by using poor quality water and lower leaching fraction and achieve a good yield level. Determining the threshold salinity value for corn and the yield reduction per unit of salinity under subsurface drip irrigation will help farmers also develop best management practices necessary when using poor quality water for SDI.

Cooperative work between several states is testing poplar tree clones for productivity using drip irrigation under the constraint of high pH soils. New commercial poplar plantings are being established as a result of this work.

Modeling efforts are underway on soil water movement below and to the side of drip emitters. The effects of soil water movement on soil temperature, salinity, and root distribution are being estimated. Models of crop water use are also being tested.

Objective 2. To improve, modify, and evaluate microirrigation system design and components for natural resource protection and optimum production

Several field and laboratory tests were conducted across the country and in Guam to evaluate the effects of varying water temperature, stretching, and clogging on drip emitter water discharge rates. Two different products and two wall thickness values were evaluated. These tests were a continuation of the drip tape performance standard tests.

A field study was continued with four different microirrigation tubing products and livestock lagoon wastewater. All four products were heavy wall, polyethylene pipe drip tubing products. Two were designed for use with wastewater, and two had pressure compensating emitters. The study is evaluating the long-term performance and maintenance requirements of these products.

Tests in several states are evaluating the distance between drip tapes and the placement of drip tapes for optimal plant performance and irrigation efficiency. A versatile potato planter was designed and built in 2003 to allow variable distance between potato rows, between seed pieces within the rows, and variable drip tape placement with respect to the potato rows. The new planter was used to test three different drip-irrigated potato planting configurations at two potato plant populations in two states.

A GPS auto-guidance system was developed for placing and maintaining subsurface drip-tape in row crops. The objectives of this project were to determine the effect of spacing between cultivator disks and tractor forward speed on plant damage and the effect of deep tillage operations on drip tape damage. No significant plant damage occurred at 11.2 km/h forward speed and 5 cm cultivator disk spacing from the plant line. No significant damage to drip tape when fertilizer shanks were operated 5 cm from the drip tape at 5.6 km/h travel speed.

A survey determined that about 50% of the microirrigation systems in the California Central Valley used higher pump pressures than should be required for these systems. Twenty five percent of the systems had pump pressures in excess of 40 psi. Sources of the excess pressure loss included undersized filters and piping, excessive pressure regulation, and excessive pressure at the emitter.

Equipment and management practices were developed to safely and effectively apply soil fumigants through drip irrigation systems. The efficacy of drip-applied fumigants equaled or exceeded those applied through traditional shank application.
A device was developed and patented to measure pressure in thin-walled drip tape without puncturing the tape. The ?squeezer? measures force required to compress the tape a certain amount, and converts the force to a pressure.

Four tape depths were evaluated with different field crops; alfalfa, corn, and potatoes. Crops were evaluated for stand establishment, water-use, and final yield. Uniform potato plant stands were obtained in all tape depth treatments. Corn stand were directly related to tape depth ranging from a low of 64% in the 9-inch treatment to a high of 98% in the 3-inch treatment. Satisfactory alfalfa plant stands were not obtained. Management of appropriate water application levels at four drip-tape depths was difficult when investigating different crops.

Gopher damage continues to plague drip irrigated projects in various parts of the country. Exorbitant time is devoted to splicing drip tape rather than completing other critical duties, especially early in the season when tape damage leads directly to reduced crop stands. Heavier drip tubing placed on the soil surface had less gopher damage and was easier to repair.

Ultra-low-flow drip tape was compared to low-flow drip tape for water use and productivity in onion and potato.

Several types of soil moisture sensors and data loggers are being tested and compared for irrigation scheduling in several states. Three types of data loggers have been used to automatically read Watermark soil moisture sensors, two of which simplify data collection for growers.

Objective 3. To assess and develop decision criteria for adoption of microirrigation technologies.

A weighing lysimeter was installed and tested to determine crop coefficients for vegetable crops including broccoli, lettuce, peppers, and onion. A field facility was installed to compare surface drip, SDI, and furrow irrigation management and water use for vegetable crops.

Apple growers in the Northeast US are increasingly interested in irrigation due to several significant drought periods in the past 5 years. Apple crop coefficients may differ from those determined in arid climates. In 2002 we estimated water use by multiple replicate apple trees. Mid-season healthy average orchard water use averaged about 3.0 mm per ha (21 mm per week) from mid-June until the end of July. The actual Kc values peaked at about 0.8 in early July, lower than published values. The results showed that the published Kc values for apples for arid climates are approximately 30% too high for the Northeast.

Irrigation criterion for alfalfa seed production was examined in the arid west for the third year in 2003. Alfalfa seed yield using SDI was highest with about 14 to 20 acre-inches of water per acre, compared to wetter or drier treatments. This is less than half of reference evapotranspriation for alfalfa.

In cooperation with university scientists, growers compared drip irrigation systems to sprinkler irrigation systems for carrot and onion seed production. Carrot seed production with drip irrigation resulted in water savings and increased seed yield.
Employing a subsurface drip system to deliver irrigation water may decrease potential for disease infection and spread within the carrot canopy and may provide long term benefits of decreasing water and fertilizer use.

Objective 4. To promote appropriate microirrigation technologies through formal and informal educational activities

Numerous field days and grower demonstrations offered participants the opportunity to observe microirrigation in a field settings across the nation. Growers were able to gain ?hands-on? experience with drip irrigation systems and new design features. Testing and demonstration of variable irrigation criteria and variations in drip system designs provided growers scientific results to optimize their yields of vegetable, fruit, seed and cereal crops while minimizing input costs.

Extensive efforts are made by the participants of this project to provide timely extension materials and reports in formats useful to growers. Many of these materials have also been published on the Internet. Presentations are regularly made at grower association meetings. Undergraduate and graduate students have been included in research programs across the country.

Presentations were made demonstrating the benefits of RDI at the annual statewide dried plum and almond industry group meetings. A survey of dried plum growers showed that 6% of the growers state wide are using the pressure chamber to schedule irrigation.

A tensiometer demonstration trial was conducted with Amish growers of greenhouse tomatoes in SE Iowa. Although they installed microirrigation tubing they did not know when to water or how much to apply. Two equipment stations, each containing a 6-inch and 12-inch tensiometer, were established in each greenhouse and growers instructed on their use. Results indicated considerable soil moisture tension variability within a greenhouse.

The livestock wastewater SDI system is part of the Kansas State University, Waste Management Learning Center. An on-site overview on the use of microirrigation technologies for wastewater application was conducted for three undergraduate lab classes (about 15 students in each class) of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Agricultural Technology Management majors at Kansas State University.

Referred Journal Articles

Abdel-Fattah, H.M., K.A. Shackel, DC Slaughter. 2003. Methodology for determining almond shaker displacement and frequency. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 19:141-144.

Abdel-Fattah, H.M., K.A. Shackel, DC Slaughter. 2003. Substantial vertical tree displacements occur during almond shaker harvesting. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 19:145-150.

Abidine, A.Z., B.C. Heidman, S.K. Upadhyaya, and D.J. Hills. In Press. Application of RTK GPS based auto-guidance system in agricultural production, California Agriculture.

Anderson, L.J., L.H. Comas, A.N. Lakso and D.M. Eissenstat. 2003. Multiple factors in root survivorship: a four-year study in Concord grape. New Phytologist 158(3): 489-501.

Bassoi, L.H., J.W. Hopmans, L.A. de C. Jorge, C.M. De Alencar, and J.A.M.E. Silva. 2003. Grapevine root distribution in drip and microsprinkler irrigation using monolith and the soil profile method. Scientia Agricola. Vol. 60(2): 377-387.

Bryla, D.R., T.J. Trout, J.E. Ayars, and R.S. Johnson. Irrigation management practices for maximizing growth and improving crop water use efficiency in young peach trees. Hort Science (In Print)

Camp, C. A. and F. R. Lamm. 2003. Irrigation systems, subsurface drip. Encyclopedia of Water Science. pp. 560-564.

Clark, G. A. 2003. Irrigation design steps and elements. Encyclopedia of Water Science. pp. 454-458 .

Eldredge, E.P., C.C. Shock, and L.D. Saunders. 2003. Early and late harvest potato cultivar response to drip irrigation. In Yada, R.Y. (eds) Potatoes - Healthy Food for Humanity. Acta Horticulturae. 619:233-239.

Fereres, E., D. A. Goldhamer, L. R. Parsons. 2003. Irrigation water management of horticultural crops. HortScience 38(5): 1036-1042.

Lakso, A.N. 2003. Water relations of apples. P. 167-194. In: Apples: botany, production and uses. D.C. Ferree and I.A. Warrington (eds.), CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK.

Lakso, A.N., D.M. Eissenstat, L. Comas and R. Dunst. 2003. Effects of Irrigation and Pruning on Concord Grape Productivity and Seasonal Root Development. International Water and Irrigation 23 (2)32-34.

Lamm, F. R. and T. P. Trooien. 2003. Subsurface drip irrigation for corn production: A review of 10 years of research in Kansas. Irrig. Sci. 22(3-4):195-200.

Li, K-T., A.N. Lakso, R.M. Piccioni, and T.L. Robinson. 2003. Summer pruning reduces whole-canopy carbon fixation and transpiration in apple trees. J. Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 78:749-754.

Palada, M.C., S.M.A. Crossman, A.M. Davis and J.A. Kowalski. 2003. Yield and irrigation water use of vegetables grown with plastic and straw mulch in the Virgin Islands. International Water & Irrigation 23:21-25.

Palada, M.C., D.A. O?Keefe and J.M. Mitchell. 2003. Yield and water use of hot peppers under three irrigation regimes. HortScience 38(5):707 (abstract).

Palada, M.C., J.M. Mitchell and D.A. O?Keefe. 2003. Growth and yield response of Puerto Rican sweet pepper to levels of drip irrigation in the Virgin Islands. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Society (CFCS) 39th Annual Meeting, Grenada (in press).

Rogers, D. H., Lamm, F. R., and M. Alam. 2003. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) components: Minimum requirements. KSU Cooperative Ext. Irrigation Mgmt. Series, MF-2576. 4 pp.

Shock, C.C., 2003. Soil water potential measurement by granular matrix sensors. In Stewart, B.A. and Howell, T.A. (eds) The Encyclopedia of Water Science. Marcel Dekker. p 899-903.

Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, L.D. Saunders, and S.R. James. 2003. Umatilla Russet and Russet Legend potato yield and quality response to irrigation. HortScience. 38:1117-1121.

Talozi, S. A., and D. J. Hills. 2002. Hydraulic design considerations for microirrigation laterals in landscape. American Society of Agricultural Engineers Paper Number 02-2249. 23 pages including 1 table and 11 figures. July.

Teruel, D.A., D. Dourado-Neto, J.W. Hopmans, and K. Reichardt. 2001. Structural changes in soybean root system as a response to soil phosphorus availability. Scientia Agricola. Vol. 58:5-60 (In Portuguese).

Professional Presentations

Bryla, D.R., Trout, T.J., Johnson, R.S., Ayars, J.E. 2001. Improving growth in young peach trees by subsurface drip irrigation. HortScience 36:462-463.

Bryla, D.R., Trout, T.J., Ayars, J.E., Johnson, R.S. 2000. Irrigation management practices for improving water and nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity in young peach trees. National Irrigation Symposium. Proceedings of the 4th Decennial Symposium (Addendum), Phoenix, Arizona, Nov. 14-16.

Bryla, D.R. 2003. Water requirements and yield of peach trees irrigated by microjet sprinklers and subsurface drip. 4th International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, University of California, Davis, California, Sept. 1-5.

Bryla, D.R., Sefton, R.K., Soppe, R., Gartung, J.L., Trout, T.J., Ayars, J.E. 2002. Irrigation strategies for improving productivity and water use efficiency of vegetable crops in central California. 2002 Annual Meetings of the ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Indianapolis, Indiana, Nov. 10-14.

Etxeberria, E. and L. Parsons. 2003. Reduced fall and winter irrigation increases brix and delays flowering in Florida citrus. HortScience 38(5): 839.

Lakso, A.N., D.M. Eissenstat, L. Comas and R. Dunst. 2002. Effects of Irrigation and Pruning on Concord Grape Productivity and Seasonal Root Development. 2002 Proc. Irrig. Association (CD-ROM).

Lakso, A.N. Invited Dept. Seminar, Horticulture Department, Michigan State University.

Lakso, A.N. Grapevine water use in NY. American Society for Enology and Viticulture / Eastern Section.

Lakso, A.N. Measuring and modeling water use in apple trees in the humid Northeast US. International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, Davis CA.

Lamm, F. R., 2002. Advantages and disadvantages of subsurface drip irrigation. A presentation at the International Meeting on Advances in Drip/Micro Irrigation, Puerto de La Cruz, Tenerife, Canary Islands, December 2-5, 2002. Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias, Canary Islands.

Lamm, F. R., 2002. Advantages and disadvantages of subsurface drip irrigation. In Proc. International Meeting on Advances in Drip/Micro Irrigation, Puerto de La Cruz, Tenerife, Canary Islands, December 2-5, 2002. Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias, Canary Islands. 13 pp.

Lamm, F. R. and T. P. Trooien. 2003. Effect of dripline depth on field corn production in Kansas. In Proc. Irrigation Assn. Int?l. Irrigation Technical Conf., November 18-20, 2003, San Diego, CA.. Available from Irrigation Assn., Falls Church VA.

Lamm, F. R. and T. P. Trooien. 2003. Effect of dripline depth on field corn production in Kansas. A presentation at the Irrigation Assn. International . Irrigation Technical Conference, November 18-20, 2003, San Diego, CA.. Available from Irrigation Assn., Falls Church VA.

O?Neill, Mick, Kevin Lombard, Dan Smeal, and Rick Arnold. 2003. Hybrid poplar for the Four Corners region. NMSU College of Agriculture, Annual All College Conference. January 6-8, 2003. New Mexico State University. Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.

O?Neill, Mick, John Mexal, and Kevin Lombard. 2003. Establishment of hybrid poplar under drip irrigation in the semi-arid Four Corners region. 8th North American Agroforestry Conference. June 23-25, 2003. Corvallis, Oregon, USA.

Shock, C.C., A. I. Akin, L. A. Unlenen, Erik B. G. Feibert, and Cedric A. Shock, 2003. Precise irrigation scheduling using soil moisture sensors. International Irrigation Show 2003 Proceedings, The Irrigation Association. San Diego, CA. November 18-20. 12p.

Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, and L.D. Saunders. 2003. Drip irrigation frequency and drip tape flow rate affect onion performance? American Society of Agronomy, Denver, CO.

Trout, T.J., and H.A. Ajwa. Application of soil fumigants through micro-irrigation systems. Paper #032021 presented at the 2003 Ann. Meet. of the ASAE, Las Vegas, NV.

Publications for Growers, in the Popular Press and Others

Akin, A.I., L.A. Unlenen, E.P. Eldredge, C.C. Shock, E.B.G. Feibert, and L.D. Saunders. 2003. Processing potato production with low-flow drip tape or ultra-low-flow tape. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1048. p 167-172. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2002/PotatoDripFlowAnRep2002.htm

Camera exposes tree root behavior for peach producers. Capital Press, Apr.,, 4, 2002.

Educational tour: farmers, residents to daylong agriculture presentation. Larry Meyer. Argus Observer. July 11, 2003. 111:162 pA1-A2.

Effectiveness of drip fumigation examined in strawberry fields. Ag Alert, Oct., 2003.

Eldredge, E.P., C.C. Shock, and L.D. Saunders. 2003. First year results of the 2002 to 2006 alfalfa forage variety trial. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1048. p 14-17. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2002/B5aDripAlf02.htm

Eye in the dirt. California Farmer, Feb. 2002 (cover article and photo)

Got Uniformity? Device puts the squeeze on drip irrigation pressure differences. The Grower, Sept/Oct, 2003.

How much water and fertilizer do young trees need? The Good Fruit Grower, July, 2001

Kincaid, D.C. and T.J. Trout. Fluid pressure measurement by mechanical compression of thin-walled tubing. U.S. Patent #6,622,565. 2003. (Patent).

Lakso, A.N. 2002. Getting a "feel" for water stress. Finger Lakes Vineyard Notes No. 7 (July 23), pp. 3-4.

Lamm, F. R. , D. H. Rogers, M. Alam and G. A. Clark. 2003. Design considerations for subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems. KSU Cooperative Ext. Irrigation Mgmt. Series, MF-2578. 8 pp.

Malheur Experiment Station field day showcases research. Karen Strickler. July 24, 2003. Western Canyon Chronicle. p11-16.

Neibling, W.H., M. Colt, S. Bell, J. Robbins. 2003. Watering Home Lawns and Landscapes. University of Idaho Current information Series #1098. 8pp.

New Pressure Tester Helps Fine-Tune Irrigation Systems. Agricultural Research. July 2003.

O?Neill, Mick, Renae Pablo, and Todd Begay 2003. Subsurface drip irrigation for field crops. In: O?Neill, M.K., R.N. Arnold, D. Smeal, T. Jim, C.K. Owen, and K.D. Kohler. 2003. Thirty-sixth Annual Progress Report: 2002 Cropping Season. NMSU Agricultural Science Center at Farmington. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. New Mexico State University. Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. pp. 127-139. http://aghort.nmsu.edu/Faculty-files/Farmington-NMSU-%20AnnRpt-2002%20.pdf

O?Neill, Mick and Kevin Lombard. 2003. Hybrid poplar production under drip irrigation in the Four Corners region. In: O?Neill, M.K., R.N. Arnold, D. Smeal, T. Jim, C.K. Owen, and K.D. Kohler. 2003. Thirty-sixth Annual Progress Report: 2002 Cropping Season. NMSU Agricultural Science Center at Farmington. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. New Mexico State University. Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. pp. 140-143. http://aghort.nmsu.edu/Faculty-files/Farmington-NMSU-%20AnnRpt-2002%20.pdf

Onions on drip. Karen Gentry. The Vegetable Growers News. August 2003. p1 and 4.

Parsons, L. 2003. Best management practices for fertilization. Florida Grower 96(2): 38-39.

Parsons, L. 2003. New book on water and citrus. Florida Grower 96(2): 34

Parsons, L. 2003. Improving fertilization practices. Florida Grower 96(6): 22.

Parsons, L. 2003. Shedding light on blight. Florida Grower 96(8): 64.

Parsons, L. 2003. Jim Griffiths: The voice of experience. Florida Grower 96(10): 20.

Plump peaches that require less water to grow are the goal of research. The Wall Street Journal and the L.A. Times, Nov. 2, 2000.

Putting down roots. Western Fruit Grower, Apr., 2001

Qureshi, Z.A. 2003. Impact of Late-Season Irrigation Management on Malting Barley Yield and Quality. Ph.D. Dissertation. Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Idaho. Moscow, ID. 220pp.

Rogers, D. H., Lamm, F. R., and M. Alam. 2003. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) components: Minimum requirements. KSU Cooperative Ext. Irrigation Mgmt. Series, MF-2576. 4 pp.

Rogers, D. H., Lamm, F. R., and M. Alam. 2003. Subsurface drip irrigation systems (SDI) water quality assessment guidelines. KSU Cooperative Ext. Irrigation Mgmt. Series, MF-2575. 8 pp.

Rogers, D. H., Lamm, F. R., M. Alam, and G. M. Powell. 2003. Shock chlorination for treatment for irrigation wells. KSU Cooperative Ext. Irrigation Mgmt. Series, MF-2589. 4 pp.

Scientist‘‘s hard work bears fruit. The Fresno Bee, Nov. 98, 2000.

Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, and L.D. Saunders. 2003. Micro-irrigation alternatives for hybrid poplar production, 2002 Trial. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1048. p 110-118. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2002/Popirr2002.htm

Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, and J. Eaton. 2003. Effect of pruning severity on the annual growth of hybrid poplar. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1048. p 119-124. (Conducted on micro-irrigated poplar). http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2002/popprune2002.htm

Shock, C.C. and S. Sullivan. 2003. Owyhee 5th Grade Field Day (This is a web site with a virtual field day on it sponsored by the Owyhee Watershed Council). This site was first published in 2002 and entirely rewritten for 2003. (The field day includes an introduction to irrigation methods, ideas of water use, and options for erosion control). http://www.cropinfo.net/owyheefieldday.htm

Shock, C.C., K. Kimberling, A. Tschida, K. Nelson, L. Jensen, and C.A. Shock, 2003. Soil moisture based irrigation scheduling to improve crops and the environment. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1048. p 227-234. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2002/Hansen2002.htm

Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, and L.D. Saunders. 2003. Irrigation frequency, drip tape flow rate, and onion performance. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1048. p 64-70. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2002/OnionDrip02.htm

Shock, C.C. and J. Klauzer. 2003. Growers conserve nitrogen fertilizer on drip-irrigated onion. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1048. p 61-63. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2002/OnionDripNitrogen02.htm

Shock, C.C., L.D. Saunders, G. Tschida, L.D. Saunders, and J. Klauzer. 2003. Relationship between water stress and seed yield of two drip-irrigated alfalfa varieties 2002. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1048. p 18-30. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2002/Alfseed02.htm

Shock, C.C., A. Akin, L.A. Unlenen, E.B.G. Feibert, K. Nelson and A. Tschida. 2003. A comparison of soil water potential and soil water content sensors. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1048. p 235-240. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2002/sensortest02.htm

Shock, C.C., E.P. Eldredge, and L.D. Saunders. 2003. Tuber bulking rate and quality of processing potato clones in relation to planting date. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1048. p 152-158. (Drip irrigated potato clone performance). http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2002/EarlyHarvProcVars.htm

Stanley, C. D., R. A. Clarke, B. L. McNeal, and B. W. MacLeod. 2003. Relationship of Chlorophyll a Concentration to Seasonal Water Quality in Lake Manatee, Florida. EDIS publication DLN SS430. Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

Stanley, C. D., R. A. Clarke, B. L. McNeal, and B. W. Macleod. 2003. Impact of agricultural land use on nitrate levels in Lake Manatee, Florida. EDIS publication DLN SS428. Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

Stanley, C. D., R. A. Clarke, B. L. McNeal, and B. W. MacLeod. 2003. Relationship of Chlorophyll a Concentration to Seasonal Water Quality in Lake Manatee, Florida. EDIS publication DLN SS430. Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

Stanley, C. D. and G. A. Clark. 2003. Effect of Reduced Water Table and Fertility Levels on Subirrigated Tomato Production in Southwest Florida. EDIS publication DLN SS249. Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

Stanley, C. D., R. A. Clarke, B. L. McNeal, and B. W. Macleod. 2003. Impact of agricultural land use on nitrate levels in Lake Manatee, Florida. EDIS publication DLN SS428. Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

Stanley, C. D and B. K. Harbaugh. 2003. Subirrigated Caladium Tuber Production and Water Use as Affected by Water Table Level. Florida. EDIS publication DLN SS247. Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

Stanley, C. D and B. K. Harbaugh. 2003. Subirrigated Caladium Tuber Production and Water Use as Affected by Water Table Level. Florida. EDIS publication DLN SS247. Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

Stanley, C. D. and G. A. Clark. 2003. Effect of Reduced Water Table and Fertility Levels on Subirrigated Tomato Production in Southwest Florida. EDIS publication DLN SS249. Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

Taber, H. G. (Ed.). Annual Fruit/Vegetable Progress Report. 2002. Iowa State Univ. Coop. Ext. FG-601, pp.65.

Weber, Mike, Brad Holliday, Marvin Butler, Claudia Campbell, Jim Klauzer, Leroy Buck, Tom Kirsch, Rich Lewis, Harold Siegenhagen, and Stan Sullivan. 2003. Drip irrigation on commercial seed carrots and onions in 2002. 2002 Central Oregon Agricultural Research Center Annual Report. http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/SR/SR1046/166.htm

Presentations to Growers

Alam, M., D. H. Rogers, F. R. Lamm and T. P. Trooien. 2003. Filtration: A basic component for SDI to avoid clogging hazards. A presentation at the Central Plains Irrigation Short Course, Colby, KS., Feb. 4-5, 2003.

Butler, Marvin. 2003. Drip irrigation on carrots grown for seed. Columbia Basin Seed Association Meeting, Moses lake, WA. Jan 21.

Butler, M. 2003. Drip irrigation on carrots grown for seed. Central Oregon Farm Fair, Feb. 5-6.

Eldredge, E.P., C.C. Shock, et al. 2003. Usefulness of Vydate for drip-irrigated potato? Malheur Experiment Station Field Day, July 9.

Eldredge, E.P. and C.C. Shock. 2003. Bulking rate of potato cultivars under drip irrigation. Malheur Experiment Station Field Day, July 9.

Farmers Workshop. June, 2003. This workshop was held for microirrigation technology transfer and information dissemination for watermelon production.

Feibert, E.B.G. and C.C. Shock. 2003. Optimal irrigation scheduling and N fertilization management for drip-irrigated onion production. Malheur Experiment Station Field Day, July 9.

Feibert, E.B.G. and C.C. Shock. 2003. Can onion production benefit from ultra low flow tape? Will this increase the yield of drip-irrigate onions? What irrigation frequency is needed? Malheur Experiment Station Field Day, July 9.

Feibert, E.B.G. and R. Flock. 2003. Micro irrigation management of poplar for saw log and peeler log production. Malheur Experiment Station Field Day, July 9.

Feibert, E.B.G. and R. Flock. 2003. Selection of poplar cultivars for their productivity under drip irrigation on alkaline soils. Malheur Experiment Station Field Day, July 9.

Jensen, L. and C. Yano. 2003. Vydate use in drip-irrigated onion. Malheur County Drip Irrigation Field Tour, July.

Jensen, L., C. Yano, and C.C. Shock. 2003. Irrigation practices in drip-irrigated onion. Malheur County Drip Irrigation Field Tour, July.

Klauzer, J. and C.C. Shock. 2003. Planting configurations and irrigation options for potato. Malheur County Drip Irrigation Field Tour, July.

Lamm, F. R., A. J. Schlegel, and G. A. Clark. 2003. Nitrogen fertilization for corn production using SDI. A presentation at the Water and the Future of Kansas Conference, Manhattan, KS., March 11, 2003.

Lamm, F. R., D. H. Rogers, and W. E. Spurgeon. 2003. Design and management considerations for subsurface drip irrigation systems. A presentation at the Central Plains Irrigation Short Course, Colby, KS., Feb. 4-5, 2003.

Lamm, F. R. 2003. KSU research for corn production using SDI: 14 years of progress. A presentation at the Central Plains Irrigation Short Course, Colby, KS., Feb. 4-5, 2003.

Lamm, F. R., D. M. O?Brien, D. H. Rogers, and T. J . Dumler. 2003. Center pivot sprinkler and SDI economic comparisons. A presentation at the Central Plains Irrigation Short Course, Colby, KS., Feb. 4-5, 2003.

Larson, L. et al. 2003. Water filtration for drip irrigation systems. Malheur County Drip Irrigation Field Tour, July.

Lakso, A. Water stress/irrigation and wine quality problems. NY Wine Industry Workshop, Geneva, NY 2003.

Lakso, A. Water Stress and Water use in Apples. Western NY Tree Fruit Schools.

Lakso, A. Water Balance in vineyards.

Lakso, A. Irrigation in Juice Grapes.

Lakso, A. Viticulture. 2003 Regional Grape Symposium.

Muscatine Island Summer Field Day and Tour, July 14, 2002. Participants visited a 200 acre microirrigation melon farm.

Neibling, W.H. "Irrigation management in the home lawn and garden". Presented at the master gardener training, Jerome, ID.

Neibling, W.H. "Managing center pivot irrigation". Presented at the 2003 Oregon Hay Growers Meeting, Christmas Valley and Burns, OR. About 20 and 50 attended.

Neibling, W.H. "The risks of deficit irrigation in alfalfa production" Presented at the 2003 Washington Hay Growers annual meeting, Pasco, WA. About 200 attended.

Neibling, W.H. "Managing alfalfa irrigation during water-short periods". Presented at the Eastern Idaho Hay Growers Meeting, Rexburg, ID. About 30 attended.

Neibling, W.H. "Irrigation management in the home lawn and garden". Presented at the master gardener training, Hailey, ID.

Neibling, W.H. "Managing center pivot systems in forage production" Presented as a breakout session at the Western Alfalfa and Forage Conference, Reno, NV. About 120 and 70 attended the two sessions.

Neibling, W.H. "Types of equipment and irrigation strategies for roses". Presented at the Twin Falls Rose Society meeting, 6/12/03.

Neibling, W.H. "Alfalfa water use efficiency and management: the risks of deficit irrigation" Presented at the general session of the Western Alfalfa and Forage Conference, Reno, NV. About 600 attended.

Neibling, W.H. "Managing center pivot systems in forage production". Presented at the 2003 Washington Hay Growers Meeting, Pasco, WA. About 200 attended.

Neibling, W.H. "Plant and soil properties important to irrigation system design and management". Presented to irrigation equipment dealer employees at the annual dealer employee workshop at the Idaho Irrigation Equipment Association Show.

Neibling, W.H. "Using Hansen meter output to schedule irrigation on potatoes in different soils". Presented at the IDWR / UI Irrigation field day, Rexburg, ID, 6/17/03.

Neibling, W.H. "Using soil moisture sensing equipment for water management in alfalfa production". Presented at the UI Forage Field Day, Kimberly, ID. About 60 attended.

Neibling, W.H. and W. Weihing. "How much water do you really need?" Presented at the UI / IDWR irrigation workshop, Montpelier, ID.

Neibling, W.H. "Irrigating alfalfa under water-short conditions". Presented at the Blaine/Camas Alfalfa School, Fairfield, ID. About 20 attended.

Neibling, W.H. "Irrigation management in the home lawn and garden". Presented at the master gardener training, Twin Falls, ID.

Neibling, W.H. "Management of alfalfa under water-short conditions, and late season irrigation of malting barley". Presented at the 2003 San Luis Valley Haygrowers Meeting, Monte Vista, CO. About 150 attended.

Neibling, W.H. "Alfalfa Water Use Efficiency and Management". Presented at the 2003 Oregon Hay Growers meeting, Christmas Valley and Burns, OR. About 20 and 50 attended.

O?Neill, Mick. 2003. Highlights of drip-irrigated hybrid poplar plantation. Briefing to management of Western Excelsior, Inc. September 18, 2003. Farmington, NM. F. Personnel Development.

O?Neill, Mick. 2003. Highlights of drip-irrigated hybrid poplar plantation. Briefing to management of the Navajo Agricultural Products Industry. August 14 & 18, 2003. Farmington, NM.

O?Neill, Mick. 2003. Drip Irrigation. Seminar presented at the Nenahnezad Chapter House, Navajo Nation. March 13, 2003. Nenahnezad, NM.

O?Neill, Mick. 2003. Overview of Oregon trip with particular attention on drip irrigation of hybrid poplar. Presentation to management of the Navajo Agricultural Products Industry. July 29, 2003. Farmington, NM.

Qureshi, Z and W.H. Neibling. "Coordination of irrigation and harvest of alfalfa to minimize drying time without sacrificing yield. Presented at the 2003 Idaho Irrigation Equipment Association Show, Idaho Falls on both January 8th and 9th.

Qureshi, Z and W.H. Neibling. "Coordination of irrigation and harvest of alfalfa to minimize drying time without sacrificing yield. Presented at the 2003 Idaho Irrigation Equipment Association Show, Idaho Falls on both January 8th and 9th.

Rogers, D. H., F. R. Lamm, and M. Alam. 2003. SDI water quality assessment guidelines. A presentation at the Central Plains Irrigation Short Course, Colby, KS., Feb. 4-5, 2003.

Shock, C.C. and E.P. Eldredge. 2003. Alfalfa variety performance using buried drip irrigation. Malheur County Drip Irrigation Field Tour, July.

Shock, C. C. 2003. Automation of drip irrigation research. WSU Prosser, WA. January 13.

Shock, C. C. 2003. Alfalfa seed drip irrigation research. Oregon and Idaho Alfalfa Seed Growers‘‘ Winter Meeting, Four Rivers Cultural Center, Ontario, OR January 15.

Shock, C.C. 2003. Potato irrigation management. Potato Production Workshop, Oregon Potato Conference, January 27.

Shock, C.A, C.C. Shock, M.K. Hansen, and A. Hawkins. 2003. Automated reading of soil moisture sensors for irrigation scheduling in drip-irrigated onion. Malheur County Drip Irrigation Field Tour, July.

Shock, C.C., E.P. Eldredge, et. al. 2003. Planting configurations for drip-irrigated Umatilla potato. Malheur Experiment Station Field Day, July 9.

Shock, C.C., E.P. Eldredge, et. al. 2003. A trial to examine the relationship between plant population and marketable yield for drip-irrigated red potato production. Malheur Experiment Station Field Day, July 9.

Shock, C.C. 2003. Avoiding potato dark-ends. Potato Production Workshop, Oregon Potato Conference, January 27.

Shock, C.C. 2003. Monitoring soil moisture movement under low flow and ultra low flow drip tape and irrigation strategies for drip-irrigated onion. Malheur Experiment Station Field Day, July 9. Malheur Experiment Station Field Day, July 9.

Shock, C.A. 2003. Automation of reading Watermarks for irrigation scheduling in onions. Malheur Experiment Station Field Day, July 9.

Summer internship program for high school students. July 2003. Trained one student in microirrigation.

Taber, H.G. Irrigation scheduling techniques for pepper production. Presentation at field day.