Duration: 10/01/2026 to 09/30/2031

Administrative Advisor(s):

NIFA Reps:

Non-Technical Summary

Members of this project are exceptionally qualified to provide the interdisciplinary framework, infrastructure, facilities, and intellectual resources necessary to develop and disseminate precision livestock management systems. These systems are designed to promote ecologically, socially, and economically sustainable practices for rangeland-based livestock production.

Our project is dedicated to equipping land and livestock managers with the information and tools needed to optimize land resources for rangeland-based livestock production. This includes maintaining or enhancing vegetation diversity and biological processes, which are supported by healthy soils and desirable plant communities.

Through coordinated research activities, we aim to advance science-based understanding and applications that inform livestock management plans. These plans are designed to minimize costs, optimize productivity, and maintain or enhance rangeland forage resources. Precision agriculture data plays a crucial role in informing optimal and strategic supplementation practices, understanding the impact of production environments on nutrient needs, and optimizing nutrient delivery systems to extend the grazing period.

Furthermore, our research focuses on developing new tools to precisely manage rangelands, optimizing plant and soil biological processes. This is vital for the long-term economic outlook and resilience of rural communities, encompassing both public and private rangelands.

By leveraging our collective expertise and resources, we are committed to driving innovation and sustainability in rangeland-based livestock production, ultimately benefiting both the environment and the communities that depend on these systems.

Statement of Issues and Justification

Statement of Issues & Justification

Rangeland-based livestock grazing is the predominant agricultural industry in regions unsuitable for farming. However, the future of this industry faces significant challenges, including uncertain public land policies, anthropogenic development, climatic variability, and concerns related to threatened and endangered species. These factors threaten the long-term sustainability of rangeland-based livestock production and the rural communities that depend on it.

To address these challenges, it is imperative to develop precision livestock management strategies and tools that enable economically efficient and environmentally responsive livestock production. These strategies must also maintain or improve rangeland health, address wildlife habitat needs, and support local social networks. The complex mechanisms employed by ruminant livestock to navigate biotic and abiotic interactions throughout the production year often pose significant challenges for managers. Livestock behavior changes to maintain homeothermy, access preferred forages, acknowledge social dominance, engage in exploratory activities, and adapt to the grazing environment and ecosystem.

Precision technologies, such as virtual fencing, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), smart supplementation feeders, remote sensing, genetic testing, and selection, offer exciting and powerful tools for land and livestock managers. These technologies can enhance our ability to manage livestock more effectively and sustainably.

The breadth of knowledge required to advance this field is best achieved through a multidisciplinary, multi-institutional approach. A myriad of contributing factors must be studied to develop comprehensive solutions. Participating scientists and Extension specialists in this project bring extensive knowledge and experience in utilizing existing and emerging technologies with grazing livestock. This includes developing improved supplementation strategies, assessing and modifying animal behavior, assisting in strategic animal selection, developing statistical models and inferences, meeting natural resource management objectives, and creating outreach tools and materials for educational programs.

Our group of multistate and multidisciplinary scientists collaborates symbiotically to investigate the use of precision technologies to influence livestock behavior, nutrition, production efficiency, and natural resource management across diverse environments. Through this collaborative effort, we aim to drive innovation and sustainability in rangeland-based livestock production, ultimately benefiting both the environment and the communities that rely on these systems.

National Priorities

Our goals align with four of the priorities outlined in the USDA Science and Research Strategy “Five Priorities, One Vision.” Specifically, we focus on:

1. Accelerating Innovative Technologies & Practices: We are committed to advancing cutting-edge technologies and practices that enhance the efficiency and sustainability of livestock production. Our research aims to develop innovative solutions that can be rapidly adopted by the industry, driving progress and improving outcomes.
2. Driving Climate Smart Solutions: Recognizing the critical importance of addressing climate variability, our work emphasizes the development of strategies that mitigate environmental impacts. We aim to create livestock management practices that are both economically viable and environmentally responsible, contributing to a more sustainable future.
3. Cultivating Resilient Ecosystems: Our research is dedicated to promoting the health and resilience of ecosystems. By focusing on sustainable rangeland management, we strive to maintain and enhance biodiversity, soil health, and overall ecosystem function, ensuring long-term viability for livestock production.
4. Translating Research into Action: We prioritize the practical application of research findings. Our goal is to bridge the gap between scientific discovery and real-world implementation, providing stakeholders with actionable insights and tools that can be readily applied to improve livestock management practices.

Our primary stakeholders include farmers, ranchers, and state and federal land managers. These individuals and organizations directly benefit from our research through improved livestock management practices that enhance productivity and sustainability. However, the impact of our work extends beyond these primary stakeholders.

Nationally and internationally, our research has broad applicability, influencing livestock production systems worldwide. Consumers of animal products are our secondary stakeholders, benefiting from reduced prices associated with more efficient production systems. By optimizing livestock management, we contribute to cost savings that are passed on to consumers, making animal products more affordable.

Our tertiary stakeholders are the citizens of communities whose economies are bolstered by profitable and sustainable animal industries. The multiplier effects of these industries enhance community economies, creating jobs, supporting local businesses, and fostering economic resilience.

Through our commitment to these priorities, we aim to drive meaningful change in the livestock industry, benefiting a wide range of stakeholders and contributing to the overall advancement of sustainable agricultural practices.

Related, Current, and Previous Work

Critical underpinnings for cow adaptability in a rangeland setting include grazing behavior, diet selection, forage intake, harvesting efficiency, nutrient partitioning, strategic supplementation, complementary forages to extend grazing seasons, and maintaining reproductive efficiency. Technological advances have enabled scientists to be more precise in the discovery of optimal, sustainable livestock production on Western rangelands.

Recent advancements in real-time global positioning system (GPS) tracking, accelerometers, and other sensor technologies have catalyzed the emergence of precision livestock management as a novel field of study. These technologies enable the remote detection of livestock diseases, assessment of animal well-being, and monitoring of grazing distribution, thereby allowing ranchers and land managers to respond promptly to any issues.

Ongoing research has demonstrated that accelerometers can effectively monitor livestock behavior and detect activity changes indicative of disease and parturition (Chang et al. 2024). Additionally, GPS tracking can identify parturition events by monitoring the spatial relationship between a ewe and the rest of the flock. This tracking capability also extends to detecting water system failures. The integration of GPS tracking and accelerometer monitoring has been shown to provide more accurate data than either technology used independently (Sprinkle et al., 2021b).

Real-time GPS tracking can pinpoint when livestock congregate in environmentally sensitive areas, enabling managers to take preemptive action to prevent resource degradation. The identification of genetic markers associated with terrain use, along with the reduced costs of GPS tracking and advancements in data processing, is expected to facilitate the development of tools for genetic selection aimed at optimizing livestock grazing distribution.

Overall, precision livestock management holds significant potential to enhance the welfare of livestock grazing on rangelands and forested areas, reduce labor costs, improve ranch profitability, and promote the sustainability of riparian zones and other environmentally sensitive areas on grazing lands globally.  Members of this Multistate Research Group have, or are currently, utilizing these and additional technological advances in field trials, including assembling low-cost GPS and accelerometer grazing collars (Sprinkle et al., 2021b), and utilizing virtual fence technology (Boyd et al., 2023; Murray et al., 2024), and remote sensing. This has enabled us to multiply the number of experimental units in our studies and increase the statistical power for discovering mechanistic and behavioral responses to an everchanging landscape.

We have employed the use of specialized equipment (GrowSafe Systems, Ltd., Airdrie, Alberta, Canada) to first classify beef cattle with respect to residual feed intake (RFI), which is expressed as the difference between expected feed intake (based upon body weight and growth) and actual feed intake (Koch et al., 1963). Cattle with negative RFI scores (less feed intake; more efficient) will have reduced feed intake. Industry has embraced the adoption of using RFI data for bull purchases. Research from Montana indicates that beef producers are willing to pay more for an RFI-efficient bull (McDonald et al., 2010). In a recent survey (Wulfhorst et al., 2010), beef cattle producers were evaluated for their perceptions about the adoption of RFI technology. Almost half (49%) of commercial producers indicated they were willing to adopt RFI as a measure of feed efficiency. Despite the willingness of producers to adopt RFI as a measure of overall efficiency, little is known about how RFI might affect other desirable traits, such as longevity and beef cattle efficiency on rangeland.  Therefore, it is important to evaluate divergently ranked cattle for this trait in a rangeland environment. 

Work in Idaho (Sprinkle et al., 2021a; Stegemiller et al., 2021) comparing efficient vs inefficient cattle on rangeland suggests that cattle with greater appetite (high rankings for residual feed intake) spend more time at lower elevations when temperatures elevate in late summer. Most likely, this is due to greater metabolic heat loading engendered by a larger digestive tract (Sprinkle et al., 2000).  This work has helped demonstrate that livestock differentially use rangeland areas and alter grazing behavior based on previously determined RFI; therefore, providing a selection tool for producers interested in selecting for specific management objectives and grazing behavior.

It is apparent that the increased selection which has occurred for RFI, and the influence of this trait in a rangeland environment, necessitates the need for additional research in a variety of environments. Similarly, the complexity of the interactions of environment and cow size and age warrant further investigation. A series of studies were conducted in Montana (Williams et al., 2018a, b; Wyffels et al., 2018) to assess how cow grazing distribution, resource use, and supplement intake varied among cows classified by weaning weight ratio and body weight in a winter, native rangeland, grazing system. This research utilized a SmartFeed Pro self-feeder system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) to determine individual supplement intake behavior, and grazing behavior/distribution on fall/winter rangelands.  The application of Growsafe, SmartFeed Pro, GreenFeed, SmartWater, SmartScale and Supersmart feeding systems in extensive rangeland environments will provide data that was not possible to obtain in the past. Specifically, we can measure supplement and water intake on a per animal basis as well as on a per day basis. Coupled with environmental data, we now have the tools to fine tune strategic supplementation of beef cattle for improved animal health and optimal management of beef cattle in limited nutrition environments.

Researchers have discovered cattle that climb higher on extensive rangelands could be identified with genetic markers (Bailey et al., 2015). By extending this research throughout the West, it may become possible to apply selection pressure on recently weaned calves with a blood sample (DNA) and a genotype test to identify replacement heifers that will at least behaviorally fit rugged rangeland pastures. We need to discover if this genetic trait for “hill climbing” is related to or complementary to genetic selection for feed efficiency.  Recent studies with a larger animal database have identified a correlation between feed efficiency and “hill climbing” (Pierce et al., 2020).

Despite the efforts to match the cow type and production to the rangeland environments, most western livestock producers are dependent on supplemental and harvested forage during the year. High elevation rangelands/ranches often have extended periods of snow cover. While a great deal of effort is made to reduce the reliance on harvested forage, most of the alternatives (stockpiled forage, straws and other crop residues) are also limited by nutritional quality and need substantial nutritional inputs to meet the nutritional demands of the cow/calf. Strategic supplementation is important for these producers and often critical to their success (DelCurto et al., 2000; Kunkle et al., 2000).

Most research on strategic supplementation to optimize the use of low-quality forages is based on group, pen, and/or herd averages. We have limited information about individual animal variation in the intake of supplements and the limited research available is often dependent on the use of markers to estimate intake. While marker derived data does indicate that substantial variation exist among individual animals (Bowman and Sowell, 1997), this procedure usually involves taking a series of fecal samples (usually 4 to 7 days) which limits our ability to evaluate daily variation in intake. As a result, we have limited knowledge of how environmental extremes impact supplement intake and supplement intake as a function of time. New technologies that include Growsafe, SmartFeed, GreenFeed, and Supersmart Feed measurement units will provide data that will assist in refining current management with cattle grazing dormant, low-quality, rangelands in the late fall and winter period.

Outreach and dissemination of research to peers, industry, and livestock/land managers has been a key aspect of the programs associated with many of the contributors of this project.  One such example was 5th Grazing Livestock Nutrition Conference held in 2016 at Park City, Utah. There were 18 invited speakers and 21 volunteered posters for this symposium and 139 individuals from around the world attended.  This project will organize the 6^th Grazing Livestock Nutrition Conference.

The following research project will provide information that helps ranchers and land managers optimize the use of western rangelands. Optimization will primarily focus on maximizing the use of these land resources for beef cattle production while maintaining or enhancing the vegetation diversity and the biological process that are mediated in part by healthy soils and desirable plant communities. The use of supplements to modify the grazing behavior and resource use while meeting both land and livestock management objectives will be a focal point of the research. In addition, we will look at beef cattle types as well as metrics to evaluate traits that are important for beef cattle production and the cow’s ability to be productive in a restrictive physical and nutritional environment. Finally, we will readily adopt new technology to study beef cattle grazing extensive rangeland environments. The use of electronic feeders, global positioning systems (GPS), geographical information systems (GIS), virtual fence technology, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) will be incorporated into the research protocols to meet our research objectives.

Objectives

Procedures and Activities

Methods

Our objectives are focused on the development and dissemination of information and tools needed by livestock and natural resource managers in improving efficiency of rangeland-based livestock production while maintaining or enhancing the vegetation diversity and the biological process that are mediated, in part, by healthy soils and desirable plant communities.  In addition, we hope to empower current and future scientists and natural resource professionals through mentoring and professional development opportunities.

Incorporate precision technologies to better inform ruminant livestock and natural resource management on rangelands (Objective 1)

This project will utilize a multidisciplinary research approach to integrate precision technologies into sustainable rangeland-based ruminant livestock and natural resource management. Field-based monitoring will be conducted using GPS collars, accelerometers, and other wearable sensors to track livestock movement, grazing behavior, and activity patterns. Remote sensing tools, including satellite imagery and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), will be employed to assess forage availability, vegetation health, and post-wildfire restoration outcomes. Precision supplementation strategies will be evaluated through controlled trials using automated feeders and real-time intake monitoring to determine impacts on animal performance and nutrient utilization. Environmental and behavioral modeling will be developed to link terrain, climate, and vegetation variables with livestock nutrient requirements and grazing patterns, incorporating machine learning techniques to refine predictive capabilities. Genomic and phenotypic analyses will be conducted to identify genetic markers associated with grazing behavior, adaptability, and productivity, enabling the development of selection tools for optimal livestock biotypes suited to western rangeland environments. Wildfire risk mitigation and restoration will be addressed through remote sensing and mapping of fire-prone areas and monitoring of vegetation recovery, with grazing strategies evaluated for their role in reducing fuel loads and enhancing ecosystem resilience.

• Refinement of methods for sustainable rangeland-based ruminant livestock
  • Supplementation strategies
  • Refinement of environmental impacts and grazing behavior on nutrient requirements
  • Assess livestock biotype interactions with western environmental attributes
  • Development of genomic tools to assist in livestock selection based on grazing behavior and production environment
• Evaluate efficacy, utility, and adoption of precision technologies related to sustainable livestock management
  • Use of satellite technology in grazing and/or land management
  • Unmanned aerial vehicles
  • Wildfire associated risk mitigation and restoration

Identification of variables impacting carbon cycles on rangelands (Objective 2)

This project will investigate key variables influencing carbon cycling on rangelands through a combination of field-based measurements and ecological modeling. Comparative studies will be conducted across grazed and ungrazed sites to quantify differences in soil carbon stocks, vegetation biomass, and microbial activity. Seasonal variation will be assessed through repeated sampling and monitoring of carbon fluxes, including soil respiration and plant productivity, across multiple time points. Site and environmental variability will be captured using stratified sampling across diverse topographies, soil types, and climatic zones. Vegetation type will be characterized using botanical surveys and spectral analysis from satellite and UAV imagery to evaluate its role in carbon sequestration potential. Data will be integrated into spatially explicit models to better understand the interactions among grazing management, ecological conditions, and carbon dynamics, ultimately informing sustainable land use practices.

• Grazed versus ungrazed
• Season
• Site/environment variability
• Vegetation type

Dissemination of results/products that will be used to inform land and livestock managers, land management agencies, policy-makers, and the general public (Objective 3)

This objective is dedicated to enhancing the dissemination of programming approaches and related topics through publication, workshops, professional meetings, and outreach programming. To ensure the relevance and impact of our outreach programs, we will actively solicit input from group members on topics of interest. This will include key events such as the Montana Nutrition Conference and Livestock Forum, the Range Beef Cow Symposium, individual statewide Range Livestock Symposiums, youth camps, and field days.

We will leverage the extensive expertise in livestock production systems within our group by inviting members from other states to speak at these programs. This cross-pollination of knowledge will enrich the content and provide diverse perspectives, thereby enhancing the educational value for all participants.

To measure the effectiveness of our outreach programs, members will be encouraged to track not only the number of individuals reached but also the anticipated behavioral changes. This will be achieved through post-conference surveys and other evaluation methods, providing valuable feedback on the impact of our initiatives.

Coordination of research and outreach efforts will be a key focus at our annual meetings. Each station will be given the opportunity to report and discuss their research and outreach programs, accomplishments, and publications. These reports will be compiled into an annual report of the regional project, highlighting our collective achievements and identifying areas for further collaboration.

These discussions will illuminate commonalities and synergies that can lead to additional regional research and outreach efforts. By fostering a collaborative environment, we aim to drive innovation and improve the effectiveness of our programs.

A significant goal of this objective is to organize and host the 6th Grazing Livestock Nutrition Conference. This event will serve as a platform for sharing the latest research findings, discussing best practices, and networking with peers. By bringing together experts and practitioners, we aim to advance the field of grazing livestock nutrition and contribute to the overall success of our project.

Through these comprehensive efforts, we are committed to enhancing the quality and impact of our programming, fostering collaboration, and driving continuous improvement in our research and outreach activities.

Provide professional development and mentoring opportunities for committee participants, young scientists, stakeholders, and graduate students (Objective 4)

The Multistate Research Project is committed to fostering professional development and mentoring opportunities for committee participants, young scientists, and graduate students. To achieve this, we will integrate comprehensive discussions into each annual meeting, led by senior members of the committee. These discussions will cover a broad range of critical topics, including but not limited to, grantsmanship in grazing livestock research, collaborative research discussions, publishing in peer-reviewed journals, and experimental design.

These sessions are designed to provide invaluable guidance to graduate students and young scientists, equipping them with the skills and knowledge necessary to develop robust research programs, secure successful publications and grants, and prepare strong promotion and tenure packets. By engaging with experienced researchers, participants will gain insights into best practices and strategies for advancing their academic and professional careers.

Furthermore, we will facilitate opportunities for committee members and respective graduate students to visit each other's laboratories. These visits will promote an open exchange of cutting-edge technologies and laboratory methodologies, thereby expanding our collective research capacity. This initiative aims to nurture future collaborative efforts, fostering a culture of continuous learning and innovation within our research community.

By investing in the professional growth of our members and encouraging collaborative exchanges, we aim to build a dynamic and supportive research environment that drives scientific excellence and innovation. This commitment to professional development and collaboration will not only enhance individual careers but also contribute to the advancement of the field as a whole.

Milestones

(2027 or 2028): Host 6th Grazing Livestock Nutrition Conference. Summarize results obtained from experiments conducted by this Multistate Research Project utilizing precision technologies for rangeland-based livestock and natural resource management and present these results to the larger scientific community.

Outreach Plan

This project will have a multi-faceted approach to transfer knowledge, skills, and technologies to peers, graduate students, and stakeholders. This Multistate Research Project will facilitate collaborations, manuscript reviews, and develop new approaches to assist natural resource and livestock managers recognize, appreciate, and incorporate precision technologies into their livestock/rangeland management plan(s).

Transfer of information to the general public will occur through Extension faculty programming efforts through a series of symposiums and producer meetings.  A series of Extension fact sheets will be written based on the journal articles.  Segments of the fact sheets or summaries will be placed in Extension newsletters and local newspapers and livestock and forage-related magazines. Web-based information will be prepared with links to the project.

Development of venues that will disseminate the expertise of members within the group, as well as, nationally and internationally recognized leaders in rangeland-based livestock and natural resource management will be a priority.  In addition, this project will provide professional development and mentoring opportunities for committee participants, young scientists, stakeholders, and graduate students.  These professional development activities will promote more rapid acceptance and incorporation of precision technologies for natural resource and livestock management.

This workgroup will organize and host the 6th Grazing Livestock Nutrition Conference that will be held in 2027 or 2028.  It will highlight achievements and on-going projects of group members and national/international peers.

Expected Outcomes and Impacts

Projected Participation

View Appendix E: Participation

Educational Plan

Organization/Governance

The technical committee will organize and function in accordance with the procedures described in "Manual for Cooperative Regional Research."  The voting members will elect four officers (Chair, Secretary, Secretary-elect, and Treasurer).  These officers plus the immediate past Chair (after the first year) will constitute the executive committee. Specific task subcommittees and coordinators will be appointed as necessary to help coordinate activities among states.  The executive committee will conduct any necessary business between annual meetings of the technical committee.  The Chair will be responsible for presiding over the annual meeting of the technical committee, preparing the meeting agenda, and appointing any necessary subcommittees.  The Secretary will record and distribute the minutes of the annual meeting and prepare the annual project report for the year ending with the meeting at which he/she serves.  At the end of the annual meeting, the Secretary will become Chair and the Secretary-elect will become Secretary.  The Treasurer will manage the financial account for this Multistate Research Group and present an annual report in the year in which he/she serves.

Literature Cited

Bailey, D. W., S. Lunt, A. Lipka, M. G. Thomas, J. F. Medrano, A. Cánovas, G. Rincon, M. B. Stephenson, and D. Jensen. 2015. Genetic influences on cattle grazing distribution: Association of genetic markers with terrain use in cattle. Rangeland Ecol. & Manage. 68:142- 149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2015.02.001

Bowman, J. G. P. and B. F. Sowell. 1997. Delivery method and supplement consumption by grazing ruminants: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 75:543-550.

Boyd, C. S., R. O’Connor, J. Ranches, D. W. Bohnert, J. D. Bates, D. D. Johnson. K. W. Davies, T. Parker, and K. E. Doherty.  2023.  Creating fuel breaks with cattle and virtual fence. Rangeland Ecol. & Manage.  89:87-93.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.07.006

Chang AZ, Swain DL, Trotter MG. A multi-sensor approach to calving detection. Information Processing in Agriculture. 2024;11(1):45–64.

DelCurto, T., K. C. Olson, B. Hess and E. Huston. 2000. Optimal supplementation strategies for beef cattle consuming lowquality forages in the Western United States. J. Anim. Sci. Symposium Proc. 77:1-16. doi:10.2527/jas2000.77E-Suppl1v.

Koch, R. M., L. A. Wiger, D. Chambers, and K. E. Gregory. 1963. Efficiency of feed use in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 22:486-494.

Kunkle, W. E., J. T. Johns, M. H. Poore, and D. B. Herd. 2000. Designing supplementation programs for beef cattle fed forage-based diets. J. Animal Sci. Symposium Proc. 77:1-11. doi:10.2527/jas2000.00218812007700ES0012x.

McDonald, T.J., G. W. Brester, A. Bekkerman, and J. A. Paterson. 2010. Case study: Searching for the ultimate cow: The economic value of residual feed intake at bull sales. Prof. Anim. Sci. 26:655-660.

Murray, B. D., K. L. Wagner, R. Reuter, and L. E. Goodman.  2024.  Use of Virtual Fencing to Implement Critical Conservation Practices.  Rangelands.  47(1): 41-49; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rala.2024.08.003

Pierce, C. F., S. E. Speidel, S. J. Coleman, R. M. Enns, D. W. Bailey, J. F. Medrano, A. Cánovas, P. J. Meiman, L. D. Howery, W. F. Mandeville, and M. G. Thomas.  2020.  Genome-wide association studies of beef cow terrain-use traits using Bayesian multiple-SNP regression.  Livestock Science.  Volume 232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103900.

Sprinkle, J. E., M. J. Ellison, J. B. Hall, J. V. Yelich, C. M. Willmore, and J. R. Brennan.  2021a. Grazing behavior and production for lactating cows differing in residual feed intake while grazing spring and summer rangeland.  Translational Animal Science, Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2021, txab063, https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab063

Sprinkle, J. E., J. W. Holloway, B. G. Warrington, W. Ellis, J. W. Stuth, T. D. A. Forbes, and L. W. Greene. 2000. Digeta kinetics, energy intake, grazing behavior, and body temperature of grazing beef cattle differing in adaptation to heat. J. Anim. Sci. 78:1608-1624.

Sprinkle, J. E., J. K. Sagers, J. B. Hall, M. J. Ellison, J. V. Yelich, J. R. Brennan, J. B. Taylor, and J. B. Lamb.  2021b.  Predicting Cattle Grazing Behavior on Rangeland using Accelerometers, Rangeland Ecology & Management, Volume 76, pp.157-170.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2020.10.001

Stegemiller, M. R., M. J. Ellison, J. B. Hall, J. E. Sprinkle, and B. M. Murdoch.  2021.  Identifying genetic variants affecting cattle grazing behavior experiencing mild heat load, Translational Animal Science.  Volume 5, Issue Supplement_S1, December 2021, pp. S61–S66, https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab151.

Williams, A.R., S. A. Wyffels, C. T. Parsons, J. M. Dafoe, D. L. Boss, J. G. P. Bowman, N. G. Davis, and T. DelCurto. 2018a. The influence of beef cow weaning weight ratio and cow size on winter grazing and supplement intake behavior. Transl. Anim. Sci. 2018.2:S84–S88doi: 10.1093/tas/txy045.

Williams, A.R., C. T. Parsons, J. M. Dafoe, D. L. Boss, J. G. P. Bowman, and T. DelCurto. 2018b. The influence of beef cow weaning weight ratio and cow size on feed intake behavior, milk production, and milk composition. Transl. Anim. Sci. 2018.2:S79–S83 doi: 10.1093/tas/txy044.

Wulfhorst, J. D., J. K. Ahola, S. L. Kane, L. D. Keenan, and R. A. Hill. 2010. Factors affecting beef cattle producer perspectives on feed efficiency. J. Anim. Sci. 88:3749-3758.

Wyffels, S. A., A. R. Williams, C. T. Parsons, J. M. Dafoe, D. L. Boss, T. DelCurto, N. G. Davis, and J. G. P. Bowman. 2018. The influence of age and environmental conditions on supplement intake and behavior of winter grazing beef cattle on mixed-grass rangelands. Transl. Anim. Sci. 2018.2:S89–S92 doi: 10.1093/tas/txy046.

Attachments

Land Grant Participating States/Institutions

Non Land Grant Participating States/Institutions